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INTRODUCTION

1.1 Concept of wireless telecommunication:

Wireless telecommunication can be divided into two broad categories: mobile
communications and fixed wireless communications. Each category has its own unique
market in terms of customer needs and technology requirements. The mobile
communications market requires mobility or non-tethered communications. Fixed
wireless refers to the operation of wireless devices or systems in fixed locations such as
homes and offices. Mobile communication facilitates telephonic conversation in a fast
moving vehicle. This means that phones moves along with a person thereby moving
telephone is linked to a person and not to a place. In these words our reach becomes
broader and world shrinks into a Global village.
1.1.1 Mobile communication objectives
The important objectives of the mobile communication are
•Any time anywhere communication
•Mobility & Roaming
•High capacity & subs. density
•Efficient use of radio spectrum
•Seamless Network Architecture
•Low cost
•Innovative Services
•Standard Interfaces

India is one of the fastest growing countries of the world in the field of mobile
telecommunications. As it grows up the needs of the users is going to be increased, we
can say that GSM technology has been the major obstacle for mass adoption of a true
Cellular experience and achieving a seamless Cellular communication. RF Network
Optimization is an ongoing activity for all wireless networks. By gathering, analyzing

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network data and revising network parameters using proper RF Planning and
Optimization, efficient and effective cellular communication is achieved.

GSM network consist of different cells and each cell transmit signals to and
receive signals from the mobile station, for proper working of base station many
parameters are defined before functioning the base station such as the coverage area of a
cell depends on different factors including the transmitting power of the base station,
obstructing buildings in cells, height of the base station and location of base station etc.
The Drive Test (DT) is performed in GSM network to assure the availability, integrity, &
reliability of the network.

How to optimize the BTS successfully is the real challenge. As we move further
ahead the need for better technologies and reliability of services, integration and cost
effective solutions have become a necessity for service providers. If the optimization is
successfully performed means you achieve the QoS, reliability, availability, more profit
and more customers.

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 2. GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

This unit describes the basic layout of the GSM System architecture in terms of
the major entities involved
After completion of this lesson the student is able to:
• Describe the basic layout of the GSM System architecture
• Describe the major entities and their functions

2.1 NETWORK STRUCTURE

Every telephone network needs a well-designed structure in order to route
incoming called to the correct exchange and finally to the called subscriber. In a mobile
network, this structure is of great importance because of the mobility of all its subscribers
[1-4]. In the GSM system, the network is divided into the following partitioned areas.

• GSM service area;

• PLMN service area;
• MSC service area;
• Location area;
• Cells.

The GSM service is the total area served by the combination of all member countries
where a mobile can be serviced. The next level is the PLMN service area. There can be
several within a country, based on its size. The links between a GSM/PLMN network and
other PSTN, ISDN, or PLMN network will be on the level of international or national
transit exchange. All incoming calls for a GSM/PLMN network will be routed to a
gateway MSC. A gateway MSC works as an incoming transit exchange for the
GSM/PLMN. In a GSM/PLMN network, all mobile-terminated calls will be routed to a
gateway MSC. Call connections between PLMNs, or to fixed networks, must be routed
through certain designated MSCs called a gateway MSC. The gateway MSC contains the
interworking functions to make these connections. They also route incoming calls to the

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proper MSC within the network. The next level of division is the MSC/VLR service area.
In one PLMN there can be several MSC/VLR service area. MSC/VLR is a role controller
of calls within its jurisdiction. In order to route a call to a mobile subscriber, the path
through links to the MSC in the MSC area where the subscriber is currently located. The
mobile location can be uniquely identified since the MS is registered in a VLR, which is
generally associated with an MSC.
The next division level is that of the LA’s within a MSC/VLR combination.
There are several LA’s within one MSc/VLR combination. A LA is a part of the
MSC/VLR service area in which a MS may move freely without updating location
information to the MSC/VLR exchange that control the LA. Within a LA a paging
message is broadcast in order to find the called mobile subscriber. The LA can be
identified by the system using the Location Area Identity (LAI). The LA is used by the
GSM system to search for a subscriber in a active state.
Lastly, a LA is divided into many cells. A cell is an identity served by one BTS.
The MS distinguishes between cells using the Base Station Identification code (BSIC)
that the cell site broadcast over the air.

2.2 MOBILE STATION (MS):

The MS includes radio equipment and the man machine interface (MMI) that a
subscribe needs in order to access the services provided by the GSM PLMN. The MS
may include provisions for data communication as well as voice.
Each MS is identified by an IMEI that is permanently stored in the mobile unit.
Upon request, the MS sends this number over the signaling channel to the MSC. The
IMEI can be used to identify mobile units that are reported stolen or operating
incorrectly.
Functions of MS
The primary functions of MS are to transmit and receive voice and data over the air
interface of the GSM system. MS performs the signal processing function of digitizing,
encoding, error protecting, encrypting, and modulating the transmitted signals. It also
performs the inverse functions on the received signals from the BS.

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 Network
Architecture

1 MSC=16 BSC
1 BSC=1024 TRU
HLR
OSS

B
T
S

A-bis
BSC
BSC In MSC/VLR
te

B PSTN
interface rf ISDN
T
S ac
e
MSC
Air interface VLR
Data
B Network
T s
S

Fig: 2.1Network Architecture

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MS keeps the GSM network informed of its location during both national and
international roaming, even when it is inactive. This enables the system to page in its
present LA.
Power Levels
These are five different categories of mobile telephone units specified by the
European GSM system: 20W, 8W, 5W, 2W, and 0.8W. These correspond to 43-dBm, 39-
dBm, 37-dBm, 33-dBm, and 29-dBm power levels.

2.3 IDENTIFIACTION NUMBERS

• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
An IMSI is assigned to each authorized GSM user. It consists of a mobile country code
(MSC), mobile network code (MNC), and a PLMN unique mobile subscriber
identification number (MSIN). The IMSI is not hardware-specific. Instead, it is
maintained on a SC by an authorized subscriber and is the only absolute identity that a
subscriber has within the GSM system. The IMSI consists of the MCC followed by the
NMSI and shall not exceed 15 digits.
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
A TMSI is a MSC-VLR specific alias that is designed to maintain user confidentiality. It
is assigned only after successful subscriber authentication. The correlation of a TMSI to
an IMSI only occurs during a mobile subscriber’s initial transaction with an MSC (for
example, location updating).
Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN):
The MS international number must be dialed after the international prefix in order to
obtain a mobile subscriber in another country. The MSISDN numbers is composed of the
country code (CC) followed by the National Significant Number (N(S)N), which shall
not exceed 15 digits.
• The Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)
The MSRN is allocated on temporary basis when the MS roams into another numbering
area. The MSRN number is used by the HLR for rerouting calls to the MS. It is assigned
upon demand by the HLR on a per-call basis. The MSRN for PSTN/ISDN routing shall

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have the same structure as international ISDN numbers in the area in which the MSRN is
allocated. The HLR knows in what MSC/VLR service area the subscriber is located. At
the reception of the MSRN, HLR sends it to the GMSC, which can now route the call to
the MSC/VLR exchange where the called subscriber is currently registered.
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
The IMEI is the unique identity of the equipment used by a subscriber by each PLMN
and is used to determine authorized (white), unauthorized (black), and
malfunctioning (gray) GSM hardware. In conjunction with the IMSI, it is used to
ensure that only authorized usera are granted access to the system. An IMEI is
never sent in cipher mode by MS.

2.4 BASE STATION SYSTEM (BSS)

The BSS is a set of BS equipment consisting of a Radio transmitter/receiver
called BTS (Base Transceiver Station)and a controller called BSC (Base Station
Controller). The radio equipment of a BSS may be composed of one or more cells. A
BSS may consist of one or more BTS. A single transceiver within BTS supports eight
basic radio channels of the same TDM frame. A BSC is a network component in the
PLMN that function for control of one or more BTS.
A BTS is a network component that serves one cell and is controlled by a BSC.
BTS is typically able to handle three to five radio carries, carrying between 24 and 40
simultaneous communication .An important component of the BSS that is considered in
the GSM architecture as a part of the BTS is the Transcoder/Rate Adapter Unit (TRAU).
The TRAU is the equipment in which coding and decoding is carried out as well as rate
adoption in case of data. Although the specifications consider the TRAU as a subpart of
the BTS, it can be sited away from the BTS (at MSC), and even between the BSC and the
MSC.
Functions of BTS
As stated, the primary responsibility of the BTS is to transmit and receive radio signals
from a mobile unit over an air interface. To perform this function completely, the signals
are encoded, encrypted, multiplexed, modulated, and then fed to the antenna system at
the cell sit
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2.4.1 BTS-BSC Configurations
There are several BTS-BSC configurations: single site; single cell; single site; multicell;
and multisite, multicell. These configurations are chosen based on the rular or urban
application. These configurations make the GSM system economical since the operation
has options to adapt the best layout based on the traffic requirement. Thus, in some sense,
system optimization is possible by the proper choice of the configuration. In rural areas,
most BSs are installed to provide maximum coverage rather than maximum capacity.

2.4.2 BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)

The BSC, as discussed, is connected to the MSC on one side and to the BTS on
the other. The BSC performs the Radio Resource (RR) management for the cells under its
control. It assigns and release frequencies and timeslots for all MSs in its own area. The
BSC performs the intercell handover for MSs moving between BTS in its control. It also
reallocates frequencies to the BTSs in its area to meet locally heavy demands during peak
hours or on special events. The BSC controls the power transmission of both BSSs and
MSs in its area. The minimum power level for a mobile unit is broadcast over the BCCH.
The BSC provides the time and frequency synchronization reference signals broadcast by
its BTSs. The BSC also measures the time delay of received MS signals relative to the
BTS clock. If the received MS signal is not centered in its assigned timeslot at the BTS,
The BSC can direct the BTS to notify the MS to advance the timing such that proper
synchronization takes place. The functions of BSC are as follows.
The BSC may also perform traffic concentration to reduce the number of
transmission lines from the BSC to its BTSs, as discussed in the last sections.

2.5 SWITCHING SUBSYSTEMS:

2.5.1MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER (MSC) and GATEWAY SWITCHING
CENTER (GMSC):
The network and the switching subsystem together include the main switching
functions of GSM as well as the databases needed for subscriber data and mobility
management (VLR). The main role of the MSC is to manage the communications
between the GSM users and other telecommunication network users. The MSC has

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interface with the BSS on one side (through which MSC VLR is in contact with GSM
users) and the external networks on the other (ISDN/PSTN/PSPDN). The main difference
between a MSC and an exchange in a fixed network is that the MSC has to take into
account the impact of the allocation of RRs and the mobile nature of the subscribers and
has to perform, in addition, at least, activities required for the location registration and
handover.
The MSC must also handle different types of numbers and identities related to
the same MS and contained in different registers: IMSI, TMSI, ISDN number, and
MSRN. In general identities are used in the interface between the MSC and the MS,
while numbers are used in the fixed part of the network, such as, for routing.

2.5.2 VLR (VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER)

The VLR is collocated with an MSC. A MS roaming in an MSC area is controlled
by the VLR responsible for that area. When a MS appears in a LA, it starts a registration
procedure. The MSC for that area notices this registration and transfers to the VLR the
identity of the LA where the MS is situated. A VLR may be in charge of one or several
MSC LA’s. The VLR constitutes the databases that support the MSC in the storage and
retrieval of the data of subscribers present in its area. When an MS enters the MSC area
borders, it signals its arrival to the MSC that stores it does identify in the VLR. The
information necessary to manage the MS is contained in the HLR and is transferred to the
VLR so that they can be easily retrieved if so required.

2.5.3 HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR)

The HLR is a database that permanently stores data related to a given set of
subscribers. The HLR is the reference database for subscriber parameters. Various
identification numbers and addresses as well as authentication parameters, services
subscribed, and special routing information are stored. Current subscriber status including
a subscriber’s temporary roaming number and associated VLR if the mobile is roaming,
are maintained.
The HLR provides data needed to route calls to all MS-SIMs home based in its
MSC area, even when they are roaming out of area or in other GSM networks. The HLR
provides the current location data needed to support searching for and paging the MS-
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SIM for incoming calls, wherever the MS-SIM may be. The HLR is responsible for
storage and provision of SIM authentication and encryption parameters needed by the
MSC where the MS-SIM is operating. It obtains these parameters from the AUC.
The HLR maintains record of which supplementary service each user has
subscribed to and provides permission control in granting services. The HLR stores the
identification of SMS gateways that have messages for the subscriber under the SMS
until they can be transmitted to the subscriber and receipt is knowledge.

2.5.4 AUTHENTICATION CENTER (AUC)

The AUC stores information that is necessary to protect communication through
the air interface against intrusions, to which the mobile is vulnerable. The legitimacy of
the subscriber is established through authentication and ciphering, which protects the user
information against unwanted disclosure. Authentication information and ciphering keys
are stored in a database within the AUC, which protects the user information against
unwanted disclosure and access.
In the authentication procedure, the key Ki is never transmitted to the mobile over
the air path, only a random number is sent. In order to gain access to the system, the
mobile must provide the correct Signed Response (SRES) in answer to a random number
(RAND) generated by AUC.
Also, Ki and the cipher key Kc are never transmitted across the air interface
between the BTS and the MS. Only the random challenge and the calculated response are
transmitted. Thus, the value of Ki and Kc are kept secure. The cipher key, on the other
hand, is transmitted on the SS7 link between the home HLR/AUC and the visited MSC,
which is a point of potential vulnerability. On the other hand, the random number and
cipher key is supposed to change with each phone call, so finding them on one call will
not benefit using them on the next call.

2.6 INTERWORKING FUNCTION

• GSM provided a wide range of data services to its subscribers. The GSM
system interface with the various forms of public and private data networks

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 currently available. It is the job of the IWF to provide this interfacing
capability.
The IWF, which in essence is a part of MSC, provides the subscriber with access to data
rate and protocol conversion facilities so that data can be transmitted between GSM Data
Terminal Equipment (DTE) and a land-line DTE.

2.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTER (OMC)

The OMC provides alarm-handling functions to report and log alarms generated
by the other network entities. The maintenance personnel at the OMC can define that
criticality of the alarm. Maintenance covers both technical and administrative actions to
maintain and correct the system operation, or to restore normal operations after a
breakdown, in the shortest possible time.
The fault management functions of the OMC allow network devices to be
manually or automatically removed from or restored to service. The status of network
devices can be checked, and tests and diagnostics on various devices can be invoked. For
example, diagnostics may be initiated remotely by the OMC. A mobile call trace facility
can also be invoked. The performance management functions included collecting traffic
statistics from the GSM network entities and archiving them in disk files or displaying
them for analysis.
The OMC provides system change control for the software revisions and
configuration data bases in the network entities or uploaded to the OMC. The OMC also
keeps track of the different software versions running on different subsystem of the GSM.

2.8 INTERFACES

This describes the interfaces defined in the GSM specifications, the interconnecting
logical links between various network entities. The most involved and complex interface
is the air interface; which is called Um. Other interfaces are Abis between BSC and BTS
A interface between BSC and MSC.
after completion of this unit the student is able to
 Identify the different channels defined on the Um interface

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  Understand the channel structure of the Um interface, the Abis
interface, the A interfaces and proprietary M interface.
For the connection of the different nodes in the GSM network, different interfaces
are defined in the GSM specifications. The GSM interfaces discussed in this lesson are:
The main GSM interfaces are
(1) Air interface or Um interface (2)Abis interface (3) A interface(4)Proprietary M
interface
The following figure shows the location of the different interfaces in GSM network:

Um
Abis
BTS
Fig 2.2 GSM interface structure
Air interface or U m –interface:
MS
The Air Interface is the interface between the BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

BSC
and the MS (Mobile Station). The air interface is required for supporting:
— Universal use of any compatible mobile station in a GSM network
— A maximum spectral efficiency

BTS Abis
A bis –interface:
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BS
 The A bis -interface is the interface between the BSC (Base Station Controller)
and the BTS. The interface comprises traffic and control channels. Functions
implemented at the A bis -interface are:
— Voice-data traffic exchange
— Signaling exchange between the BSC and the BTS
— Transporting synchronization information from the BSC to the BTS

A-interface :
The A-interface is the interface between the BSC and the MSC.
M-Interface:
It is often necessary to include a TRAU (Transcoder and Rate adaptation Unit ).The
TRAU adapts the transmission bit rate of the A interface(64Kbps) to the Abis
interface(16Kbps)The interface between the BSC and the TRAU is known as M –interface.

U m –interface:
One of the most important interfaces is the Um or Air interface. This interface is
thoroughly specified to achieve a full compatibility between mobile stations of various
manufacturers and networks of different operators.

3. MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
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 Network attachment is the process of selecting an appropriate cell (radio
frequency) by the mobile station to provide the available resources and making its
location known to the network.
The process starts when the mobile station is switched on and ends when the
mobile station enters the idle mode .In the idle mode the mobile station does not have a
traffic channel allocated to make or receive a call, but the PLMN is aware of the
existence of the mobile station within the chosen cell.
The network attachment process consists of the following tasks.

3.1 Cell identification

When the mobile station is switched on it attempts to make contact with a GSM PLMN
by performing the following actions
• Measure the BCCH channels.
• Search for a suitable cell
The MS measures the signal strength of the BCCH channels received. It stores in a list
Information about 30 of these BCCH channels ,such as the signal strength and the
frequency corresponding to these BCCH channels.

PLMN selection
A suitable PLMN is chosen.
Cell selection
Cell selection is the process of selecting an appropriate cell(radio frequency) by
the MS to provide the available services

3.2 Location Update

In order to initiate call or to receive a call ,the mobile station tunes to the control
channel (BCCH+CCCH) of the chosen cell. Then it registers its presence in this
cell(registration process) by means of a location update procedure.

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 NETWORK ATTACHMENT PROCESS

The MS switched on
SWITCH
ON Location unknown to the network

MEASURE STRONGEST BCCH

CELL identification
CHANNELS
IDENTIFICATION

PLMN SELECTION SELECT A SUITABLE PLMN

CELL SELECTION SELECT A SUITABLE CELL

LOCATION UPDATE Registers presence to

the network

LOCATION KNOWN TO THE

IDLE NETWORK
MODE

Fig 3.1 Network attachment process

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3.3 PLMN SELECTION MECHANISM
The particular PLMN to be contacted can be selected either in one of the
following modes:

Automatic mode
In automatic mode the mobile station will chose which PLMNs to try all by itself.
The automatic mode is based on the existence of the preferred list, which is stored in the
non-volatile memory in the SIM. This list includes a number of PLMN identities in order
of preference and is under control of the user. The most preferred is usually the home
PLMN.
The automatic mode is normally used when the mobile station operates on its home
PLMN (that is the PLMN the MS is subscribed to)

Manual Mode
In manual mode, the user is presented a list containing all found PLMNs. The user
chooses one of the PLMNs from the list.

3.4 CELL SELECTION CRITERIA

The mobile station attempts to find a suitable cell by passing thro the list in the
descending order of received signal strength; the first BCCH channel which satisfy a set
of requirements is selected.
The requirements that a cell must satisfy are:
1. It should be a cell of the selected PLMN. The mobile station checks whether the cell is
part of the selected PLMN
2. It should not be “barred”. The PLMN operator may decide not to allow mobile
stations to access certain cells .These cells may, for example, only be used for
handover traffic. Barred cell information is broadcast on the BCCH to instruct mobile
stations not to access these cells.

3. The radio path loss between the mobile station and the selected BTS must be below a
threshold set by the PLMN operator.

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3.5 LOCATING A MOBILE STATION

Call to an active mobile station

As an active MS moves around in the coverage area of PLMN, it reports its
movement so that it can be located when required using the location update
procedure.
When the MSC in the network needs to establish a call to an MS operating in its
area the following happens:
A page message is broadcast which contains the identification code of the MS
Not every base station controller (BSC) in the network is requested to transmit the page
message. The broadcast is limited to a cluster of radio cells that together form a location
area .The last reported position of the MS identifies the location area to be used for the
broadcast.
The MS monitors the page messages transmitted by the radio cell in which it is
located and, on detecting its own identification code, responds by transmitting a page
response message to the BTS.
Communication is then established between the MSC and MS via the BTS that
received the page response message.
3.6 Location registration

Local Related Data Base

Two data bases are used by location management to store MS location related
data: Visitor Location Register (VLR) and Home Location Register (HLR).

3.7 Location update process

Phase of a location update The following table lists the location update process
State Description
1. Request for service: the MS detects that it has entered a new location area and
requests to update its location. The new MSC/VLR
identifies the MS

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 2. Authentication: The new MSC/VLR requests to the AUC for authentication
parameters the MS is authenticated.
3. Ciphering: Using the parameters which were made available earlier
during the authentication the uplink and the down link are
ciphered.
4. Update HLR/VLR: The new MSC/VLR requests to updates the MS location in
the HLR. The MS is de-registered in the old VLR.
5. TMSI re-allocation: The MS is assigned a new TMSI.
Optional phases: The authentication and ciphering phases are optional: They might not
take place in a Location Update, depending on the service supplier’s decision.

Call scenarios: The location Updates process and its different phases are explained in
more detail using call scenarios shown in the following signal flow diagrams:

3.8 Request For Service Phase

Steps in request for service phase
In the following location updates scenario. It is assumed that a MS enters a new
location area that is under control of different VLR preferred to as the “new VLR” than
the one where the MS is currently registered (referred to as the “old VLR”).

The following figure shows the steps of request for service phase; which is the first stage
of the the mobile location update scenario. The MS enters a new cell area, listen to the
Location Area Identity (LAI) being transmitted on the broadcasting channel (BCCH).
And compares this LAI with the last LAI (stored in the SIM) representing the last area
where the mobile was regretered.

1. The MS detects that it has entered a new location area and transmits a channel
request message over the Random Access Channel (RACH)
2. Once the BSS receives the channel request message, it allocates a Stand-alone
Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) and forwards this channel assignment
information to the MS over the Access Grant Channel (AGCH). It is over the
SDCCH that the MS will communicate with the BSS and MSC.

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 LOCATION
MS BSS

1.REQUEST FOR SER

Fig 3.1 The mobile location update scenario.

CHANNEL REQUEST
3 MS transmits a location update request message to the BSS over the SDCCH. Included
in this message are MS Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) and the old
Location Area Identification (old LAI). The MS can identify itself either with its IMSI or

RACH
TMSI. In this example we’ll assume that the mobile provided a TMSI. The BSS
forwards the location update request message to the MSC4 The VLR analyzes the LAI
supplied in the message and determines that the TMSI received is associated with a
SDCCH ASSIGNMENT
different VLR (old VLR). In order to proceed with the registration, The IMSI of the MS
must be determined. The new VLR derives the identity of the old VLR by using the

AGCH
received LAI. Supplied in the location update request message. It also requests the old
VLR to supply the IMSI for a particular TMSI.

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LOCATION UPDATE REQUES TTM
 4. RADIO NETWORK PLANNING

Since the early days of GSM development, GSM system network planning has undergone
extensive modification so as to fulfill the ever-increasing demand from operators and
mobile users with issues related to capacity and coverage. Radio network planning is
perhaps. the most important part of the whole design process owing to its proximity to
mobile users. Before going into details of the process, we first look at some fundamental
issues.

4.1 BASICS OF RADIO NETWORK PLANNING

4.1.1 The Scope of Radio Network Planning

The radio network is the part of the network that includes the base station (BTS) and the
mobile station (MS) and the interface between them, as shown in Figure 2.1. As this is
the part of the network that is directly connected to the mobile user, it assumes
considerable importance. The base station has a radio connection with the mobile, and
this base station should be capable of communicating with the mobile station within a
certain coverage area, and of maintaining call quality standards. The radio network
should be able to offer sufficient capacity and coverage.
4.1.2 Cell Shape
In mobile networks we talk in terms of 'cells'. One base station can have many cells. In
general, a cell can be defined as the area covered by one sector, i.e. one antenna system.
The hexagonal nature of the cell is artificial shape (Figure 2.1). This is the shape that is
closest to being circular, which represents the ideal coverage of the power transmitted by
the base station antenna.

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 Figure 4.1 The scope of radio network planning

The circular shapes are themselves inconvenient as they have overlapping areas of
coverage; but, in reality, their shapes look like the one shown in the 'practical' view in
Figure 2.2. A practical network will have cells of no geometric shapes, with some areas
not having the required signal strength for various reasons.

Figure 4.2 Cell shapes

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4.1.3 Elements in Radio Network:
Mobile Station (MS):
The mobile station is made up of two parts, as shown in Figure 2.3: the handset
and the subscriber identity module (SIM). The SIM is personalized and is unique
to the subscriber. The handset or the terminal equipment should have qualities
similar to those of fixed phones in terms of quality, apart from being user friendly.
The equipment also has functionalities

Figure 4.3 Block diagram of a GSM mobile station

'Like GMSK modulation and demodulation up to channel coding/decoding. It needs to be

dual-tone multi-frequency generation and should have a long-lasting battery.
Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
The transceiver (TRX) consists basically of a low-frequency unit and a high-frequency
unit. The low-frequency unit is responsible for digital signal processing and the high fre-
quency unit is responsible for GMSK modulation and demodulation.
4.1.4 Channel Configuration in GSM:
There are two types of channels in the air interface: physical channels and logical
channels. The physical channel is all the time slots (TS) of the STS. There are again two
types in this: half-rate (HR) and full-rate (FR). The FR channel is a 13 kbps coded speech
or .data channel with a raw data rate of9.6, 4.8 or 2.6 kbps, while the HR supports 7,4.8
or 2.4 kbps. 'Logical channel' refers to the specific type of information that is carried by
the physical channel. Logical channels can also be divided into two types: traffic
channels (TCH) and control.

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 Figure 4.4 Block diagram of a base transceiver station

Table 4.1 Control channels

Channel Abbreviation Function/application

Access grant channel AGCH Resource allocation (subscriber access
(DL) authorization)
Broadcast common control BCCH Dissemination of general information
channel (DL)
Cell broadcast channel CBCH Transmits the cell broadcast messages
(DL)
Fast associated control FACCH For user network signalling
channel (UL/DL)
PCH
Paging channel (OL) Paging for a mobile terminal
RACH Resource request made by mobile
Random access channel
(UL) Terminal
Slow associated control SACCH Used for transport of radio layer
.
channel (UL/DL) parameters
Standalone dedicated control SDCCH For user network signalling
channel (UL/DL)
Synchronization channel SCH Synchronization of mobile terminal
(OL)

channels (CCH). Traffic channels are used to carry user data (speech/data) while the
control channels carry the signaling and control information. The logical control channels

23
are of two types: common and dedicated channels. Table 2.1 summarizes the control
channel types.

4.2 RADIO NETWORK PLANNING PROCESS

The main aim of radio network planning is to provide a cost-effective solution for the
radio network in terms of coverage, capacity and quality. The network planning process
and design criteria vary from region to region depending upon the dominating factor,
which could be capacity or coverage. The radio network design process itself is not the
only process in the' whole network design, as it has to work in close coordination with the
planning processes of the core and especially the transmission network. But for ease of
explanation, a simplified process just for radio network planning is shown in Figure 2.5.
The process of radio network planning starts with collection of the input parameters
such as the network requirements of capacity, coverage and quality. These inputs are then
used to make the

Figure 4.5 The radio network planning process

theoretical coverage and capacity plans. Definition of coverage would include defining
the coverage areas, service probability and related signal strength. Definition of capacity
would include the subscriber and traffic profile in the region and whole area, availability
of the frequency bands, frequency planning methods, and other information such as guard
band and frequency band division. The radio planner also needs information on the radio
access system and the antenna system performance associated with it.
The pre-planning process results in theoretical coverage and capacity plans. There are
coverage-driven areas and capacity-driven areas in a given network region. The average
cell capacity requirement per service area is estimated for each phase of network design,
to identify the cut-over phase where network design will change from a coverage-driven
to a capacity-driven process. While the objective of coverage planning in the coverage-
24
driven areas is to find the minimum number of sites for producing the required coverage,
radio planners often have to experiment with both coverage and capacity, as the capacity
requirements may have to increase the number of sites, resulting in a more effective
frequency usage and minimal interference.
Candidate sites are then searched for, and one of these is selected based on the inputs
from the transmission planning and installation engineers. Civil engineers are also needed
to do a feasibility study of constructing the base station at that site.
After site selection, assignment of the frequency channel for each cell is done in a
manner that causes minimal interference and maintains the desired quality. Frequency
allocation is based on the cell-to-cell channel to interference (C/I) ratio. The frequency
plans need to be fine-tuned based on drive test results and network management statistics.
,
Parameter plans are drawn up for each of the cell sites. There is a parameter set for
each cell that is used for network launch and expansion. This set may include cell service
area definitions, channel configurations, handover and power control, adjacency
definitions, and network-specific parameters.
The final radio plan consists of the coverage plans. capacity estimations, interference
plans. power budget calculations, parameter set plans, frequency plans etc.

5. RADIO NETWORK OPTIMIZATION

Since the early days of GSM development, GSM system network planning has
undergone extensive modification so as to fulfill the ever-increasing demand from
operators and mobile users with issues related to capacity and coverage. Radio network
planning is perhaps the most important part of the whole design process owing to its

25
proximity to mobile users. Before going into details of the process, we first look at some
fundamental issues.

5.1 RADIO NETWORK OPTIMISATION

Radio Frequency (RF) refers specifically to the electromagnetic field, or radio

wave, that is generated when an alternating current is input to an antenna. This field can
be used for wireless broadcasting and communications over a significant portion of the
electromagnetic radiation spectrum -- from about 9 kilohertz (kHz) to thousands of
gigahertz (GHz) -- referred to as the RF spectrum. As the frequency is increased beyond
the RF spectrum, electromagnetic energy takes the form of infrared, visible light,
ultraviolet, X rays and gamma rays.

Many types of wireless devices make use of RF fields: radio, television, cordless
phones, cell phones, satellite communication systems, and many measuring and
instrumentation systems used in manufacturing. Some wireless devices, such as remote
control boxes and cordless mice, operate at infrared or visible light frequencies.

The RF spectrum is divided into several ranges, or bands. Each of these bands,
other than the lowest frequency segment, represents an increase of frequency
corresponding to an order of magnitude (power of ten). FCC rules, combined with the
continuing evolution of digital technology, sparked the development of spread spectrum
data communication radios. These radios offer significant performance and operation
benefits to end-users.
During optimization, the operator must view the network or station from the
perspective of its user. Drive testing can be viewed as the first step in the optimization
process, with the goal of collecting measurement data as a function of location. Once the
data has been collected over the desired RF coverage area, it is output to post-processing
software where the actual coverage of one or more site can be mapped. This data
provides a solid tool to help identify the real market reached and also for the optimization
group in its quest for a problems free network. Is a new site required? Where should it be

26
located? Where are the interference or coverage problem areas? Field measurements can
help answer these questions and assist in the problem solving process.

The conventional radio signal which these devices use is referred to as narrow-band,
which means that it contains all of its power in a very narrow portion of the radio
frequency bandwidth. Due to the relatively small portion of the radio band that an
individual radio transmission occupies, the FCC has traditionally favored these
conventional radios. However, as a result of the very narrow frequency, these radios are
often prone to interference (a single interfering signal at or near their frequency can easily
render the radio inoperable).

The introduction of complex data services coupled with the immense growth in
voice services have placed critical performance demands on wireless access networks.
This situation is complicated by the need for 'all-you can-eat' pricing to attract existing
customers to perform trial on new offerings and to draw customers away from the
competition. Wireless access networks continue to hinder the delivery of these
capabilities to the market.

To address this challenge, radio technology standards are evolving rapidly.

Service providers offering cdma2000 have introduced EV-DO technology and are
looking beyond, to the next technology over the horizon. The rapid evolution of network
technology greatly benefits end-users, but at the expense of service providers who must
make significant and frequent capital investments to adopt these solutions.

In an environment with such frequent churn of infrastructure hardware and

software, focusing on the optimal use of existing network infrastructure and minimizing
the purchase of additional components are crucial. Service providers who fail to track the
service levels of their competitors may rapidly lose customers to their competition. Those
who meet customer needs by over-engineering suffer significant penalties due to
excessive capital expenditure and are not able to keep the per-user costs down.

27
 Fig. 5.1 Call drop rate moving average

Frequent RF optimization is required to best utilize embedded networks, enabling them to

provide high QoS with minimum capital investment. RF optimization solutions can
provide several benefits (Figure above)

Fig. 5.2 Carrier upgrades per period

After the deployment of new RF power settings, voice quality is improved and call drop
rates are lowered. Meanwhile, the load on the network achieves better balance after RF
optimization, delaying the need for carrier upgrades.

28
5.2 NETWORK OPTIMIZATION:

A proposed solution for RF network performance optimization is shown in Figure ,

below.

Fig 5.3 RF network performance optimization

A combination of internal software tools and customer-specific interfaces offers a

comprehensive solution for the optimization of a radio network without requiring drive
tests or cell site visits. This solution includes the following components:

5.2.1 Network configuration data:

Several inputs to the simulation model are required to accurately represent a live
network. Network configuration data is used to track the current equipment deployed in
the field. By setting interfaces that directly read the outputs from network management
systems, up-to-date network configuration data can be maintained.

Likewise, the data can be crossed check to identify areas where it may not be
consistent. Network configuration data includes network settings that are not specific to a
particular cell site. These include maximum mobile transmit power, antenna related
information, specific information on cell sites (such as the number of sectors channel

29
elements installed), specific information on sectors (such as the number of carriers and
their location) and specific information on carriers (such as overhead power settings).

5.2.2 Traffic data:

While some solutions can operate from long-term averages that can range to a month,
changing geospatial demands placed by highly mobile users require improved granularity
of analysis.

The proposed solution retrieves traffic data on an hourly basis such that it can be
tailored to allow use of traffic data down to the hour-by-hour level for environments in
which higher levels of aggregation produce ineffective solutions.

5.3 Simulation model:

Using hourly traffic inputs and daily network configuration data inputs, the simulation
model mimics a live network as closely as possible. The detailed software simulation
model features:

1) Integration of forward and reverse link models into a combined simulation model;

2) Vendor-specific carrier assignment; and

3) Monte-Carlo techniques which instantiate users and consider separately the SIR
requirements, traffic models and level of mobility for each user type.

The simulation core allows the analysis to proceed at a level of fidelity not possible when
using general analytical and heuristic approaches.

5.4 Calibration:

30
 It is necessary to calibrate the simulation model against the actual network to
ensure that the simulation's response to network changes accurately reflects the response
of an actual live network.

This process is time consuming and requires significant case-by-case insight into
the workings of the actual network and the simulation model. The solution discussed here
provides automatic calibration in which the simulation adapts itself to more closely
resemble the actual network.

Simulated metrics are compared against actual measurements from the network. If
the measurements do not match within a prescribed tolerance, an iterative adaptive
calibration procedure is used to perturb the probabilistic model of network usage.

5.5 Optimization:

CDMA-based systems such as the current cdma2000 and UMTS networks enable
the adjustment of many parameters, but service providers often adhere to the
manufacturer's default settings. This is because manual modification of these parameters
can produce poor network performance, given the complex, non-linear interrelationship
between these parameters.

The proposed solution computes needed adjustments in RF overhead power to

balance the network load in a way that increases network traffic-handling capacity. It
does so by shifting the network load from heavily loaded sectors to lightly loaded ones,
ensuring that coverage holes are not created in the process. Similar optimization
algorithms can also be applied to tilt optimization when the network has remote tilt
antennas.

5.6 Prediction

31
 The proposed solution provides predictive graphical and tabular reports for the
set of recommended RF overhead power adjustments provided by the optimization
algorithms.

Graphical reports aid in providing visual insight into the consequences of the
changes in terms of coverage and service availability. These graphical reports include a
best server plot that shows the strongest pilot signal level Ec, another best server plot that
describes the chip energy to noise and interference power spectral density ratio Ec/Io as
well as an estimate of locations with available voice services.

Tabular reports are used to inspect the proposed changes before they are
automatically uploaded into the network. There is a report for each sector, which includes
a list of the network parameters extracted automatically from the network management
system and used as input to the simulation model.

There is also another report for each sector in which overhead channel power
modifications are recommended. The latter report includes the values of the pilot, paging
and sync channels as they currently exist and as they should be set after deployment.

5.7 Deployment:

Recommended RF overhead power adjustments can be deployed instantaneously

in a network via Deploy and Restore scripts, thus saving the cost of sending field crews
to the site.

Employing the proposed solution allows these changes to be easily uploaded into
the network, enabling the changes to be made more frequently than before. This allows
designers to perform network optimization in near real time to meet temporal changes in
the geographic distribution of customers.

5.8 Data collection:

32
 After the deployment of recommended RF power adjustments, real-time data is
collected on the network to verify the results and responses predicted in the simulation
model.

Several key performance metrics are monitored for this. Using this data, designers
can track the period when new RF optimization recommendations are needed. The
system also learns from this data such that it can perform better in the next
implementation.

5.9 Verification:

The effectiveness of the recommended RF overhead power adjustments can be

analyzed after several weeks of deployment, in which sufficient data has been collected.

The proposed solution includes several tabular reports. One report will show the
pilot channel power and average power loading before and after the deployment for each
sector in which overhead channel power modifications were made and for relevant
sectors in the vicinity of those sectors.

Another report will tabulate key performance metrics both in the pre- and post
deployment periods for each sector in which overhead channel power modifications were
made and for relevant sectors in the vicinity of those sectors.

5.10 Basics of radio network optimization:

Optimization involves monitoring, verifying and improving the performance of
the radio network. It starts somewhere near the last phase of radio network planning, i.e.
during parameter planning. A cellular network covers a large area and provides capacity
to many people, so there are lots of parameters involved that are variable and have to be
continuously monitored and corrected. Apart from this, the network is always growing
through increasing subscriber numbers and increases in traffic. This means that the
optimization process should be on-going, to increase the efficiency of the network
leading to revenue generation from the network.

33
 As we have seen, radio network planners first focus on three main areas:
coverage, capacity and frequency planning then follows site selection, parameter
planning, etc. In the optimization process the same issues are addressed, with the
difference that sites are already selected and antenna locations are fixed, but subscribers
are as mobile as ever, with continuous growth taking place.
Once a radio network is designed and operational, its performance is monitored.
The performance is compared against chosen key performance indicators (KPIs). After
fine-tuning, the results (parameters) are then applied to the network to get the desired
performance. Optimization can be considered to be a separate process or as a part of the
network planning process.
The main focus of radio network optimization is on areas such as power control,
quality, handovers, subscriber traffic, and resource availability (and access)
measurements.

Fig. 5.4 Radio network optimization

5.10.1Key Performance Indicators

34
 For radio network optimization (or for that matter any other network
optimization), it is necessary to have decided on key performance indicators. These KPIs
are parameters that are to be observed closely when the network monitoring process is
going on. Mainly, the term KPI is used for parameters related to voice and data channels,
but network performance can be broadly characterized into coverage, capacity and
quality criteria also that cover the speech and data aspects.

5.10.2 Key Indicators-Voice Quality

The performance of the radio network is measured in terms of KPIs related to voice
quality, based on statistics generated from the radio network. Drive tests and network
management systems (described later) are the best methods for generating these
performance statistics.
The most important of these from the operator's perspective are the BER (bit error
rate), the FER (frame error rate) and the DCR (dropped call rate).
The BER is based on measurement of the received signal bits before decoding
takes place, while the FER is an indicator after the incoming signal has been decoded.
Correlation between the ER and the FER is dependent on various factors such as the
channel coding schemes or the frequency hopping techniques used. As speech quality
variation with the FER is quite uniform, FER is generally used as the quality performance
indicator for speech. The FER can be measured by using statistics obtained by
performing a drive test. Drive testing can generate both the uplink and the downlink FER.
The dropped call rate, as the name suggests, is a measure of the calls dropped in the
network. A dropped call can be defined as one that gets terminated on its own after being
established. As the DCR gives a quick overview of network quality and revenues lost,
this easily makes it one of the most important parameters in network optimization. Both
the drive test results and the NMS statistics are used to evaluate this parameter. At the
frame level, the DCR is measured against the SACCH frame. If the SACCH frame is not
received, then it is considered to be dropped call. There is some relation between the
number of dropped calls and voice quality. If the voice quality were not a limiting factor,
35
perhaps the dropped call rate would be very low in the network. Calls can drop in the
network due to quality degradation, which may be due to many factors such as capacity
limitations, interference, unfavorable propagation conditions, blocking, etc. The DCR is
related to the call success rate (CSR) and the handover success rate. The CSR indicates
the proportion of calls that were completed after being generated, while the handover rate
indicates the quality of the mobility management/RRM in the radio network.
.
KPls can be subdivided according to the areas of functioning, such as area level,
cell level (including the adjacent level), and TRX level. Area-level KPls can include
SDCCH requests, the dropped SDCCH total, dropped SDCCH Abis failures, outgoing
MSC control handover (HO) attempts, outgoing BSC control HO attempts, intra-cell HO
attempts, etc. Cell-level KPls may include SDCCH traffic BH (av.), SDCCH blocking
BH (av.), dropped SDCCH total and distribution per cause, UL quality level distribution,
DL quality/level distribution etc. The TRX level includes the likes of UL and DL quality
distribution.

5.10.3 Network Performance Monitoring

The whole process of network performance monitoring consists of two steps: monitoring
the performance of the key parameters, and assessment of the performance of these
parameters with respect to capacity and coverage.
The KPIs are collected along with field measurements such as drive tests. For the field
measurements, the tools used are ones that can analyze the traffic, capacity, and quality
of the calls, and the network as a whole. And finally, when 'faulty' parameters have been
identified and correct values are determined, the radio planner puts them in his network
planning tool to analyze the change before these parameters are actually
changed/implemented in the field.

5.11 GSM Network Optimization Methodology

36
Hardware Analysis
• Analysis of potential hardware problems in the network not detected by ‘normal’ fault
management methods.
Performance Statistics
• Analysis of performance statistics, with standard graphical information sheet for each
cell.
• Analysis of potential hardware problems in the network not detected by ‘normal’ fault
management methods.
Call Trace Analysis
• Detects problems with antenna tilts.
• Detects problems with Base Transceiver Subsystem (BTS) output power.
Frequency Planning Optimization
• Re-definition of handovers and assigned frequencies.

37
 6. DRIVE TEST TOOL

With the rapid growth of the wireless industry, GSM (Global System for Mobile
communications) networks are rolling out and expanding at a high rate. The industry is also
becoming intensely competitive. In this environment, high quality of service is a
competitive advantage for a service provider. Quality of service can be characterized by
such factors as contiguity of coverage, accessibility to the network, speech quality and
number of dropped calls. Service providers must continually strive to improve their quality
of service if they want to keep customers. If too much time is spent simply reacting to
customer complaints, there may not be enough time to improve overall service quality.
Therefore, service providers need the ability to fix complaint-producing problems quickly.

The primary tool used by most service providers to solve network problems is a
drive-test system. A conventional drive-test system is comprised of a test mobile phone,
software to control and log data from the phone, and a Global Positioning System (GPS)
receiver for position information. A test mobile gives a customer’s view of the network,
but can only indicate the type of problem that exists. It cannot show the cause of the
problem. Several other limitations of a phone-only drive-test system are covered in this
application note. These limitations are overcome if a GSM receiver is integrated with the
phone. Refer to Figure 6.1.

Agilent provides phone-based, receiver-based, and integrated phone- and

receiver-based drive-test solutions. This application note focuses on the receiver-based
drive-test solution for GSM networks.

38
 Fig. 6.1 Optimization process by using drive test

6.1DRIVE TESTING

The quality of the network is ultimately determined by the satisfaction of the users of
the network, the subscribers. Drive tests give the 'feel' of the designed network as it is
39
experienced in the field. The testing process starts with selection of the 'live' region ofthe
network where the tests need to be performed, and the drive testing path. Before starting
the tests the engineer should have the appropriate kits that include mobile equipment
(usually three mobiles), drive testing software (on a laptop), and a GPS (global
positioning system) unit.
When the drive testing starts, two mobiles are used to generate calls with a gap of few
seconds (usually 15-20 s). The third mobile is usually used for testing the coverage. It
makes one continuous call, and if this call drops it will attempt another call. The purpose
of this testing to collect enough samples at a reasonable speed and in a reasonable time. If
there are lots of dropped calls, the problem is analysed to find a solution for it and to
propose changes.
6.1.1 Network Management System Statistics:
After the launch of the network, drive tests are perfonned periodically. In contrast,
the statistics are monitored on the NMS daily with the help of counters. The NMS usually
measures the functionalities such as call setup failures, dropped calls, and handovers
(successes and failures). It also gives data related to traffic and blocking in the radio
network, apart from giving data related to quality issues such as frequency hopping, FER
and BER, .field strength, etc. An example of area-level KPI statistics.

6.1.2 Network Performance Assessment:

The performance indicators are listed below:
• amount of traffic and blocking
• resource availability and access
• handovers (same cell/adjacent cell, success and failure)
• receiver level and quality .
• power control.

6.1.3 Coverage:
Drive test results will give the penetration level of signals in different regions of
the network. These results can then be compared with the plans made before the network
launch. In urban areas, coverage is generally found to be less at the farthest parts of the
40
network, in the areas behind high buildings and inside buildings. These issues become
serious when important areas and buildings are not having the desired level of signal even
when care has been taken during the network-planning phase. This leads to an immediate
scrutiny of the antenna locations, heights and tilt. The problems are usually sorted out by
moving the antenna locations and altering the tilting of the antennas. If optimization is
being done after a long time, new sites can also be added.
Coverage also becomes critical in rural areas, where the capacity of the cell sites is
already low. Populated areas and highways usually constitute the regions that should
have the desired level of coverage. A factor that may lower the signal level could be
propagation conditions, so study of link budget calculations along with the terrain profile
becomes a critical part of the rural optimization. For highway coverage, additions of new
sites may be one of the solutions.

6.1.4 Capacity:
Data collected from the network management system is usually used to assess the
capacity of the network. As coverage and capacity are interrelated, data collected from
drive tests is also used for capacity assessment. The two aspects of this assessment are
dropped calls and congestion. Generally, capacity-related problems arise when the
network optimization is taking place after a long period of time. Radio network
optimization also includes providing new capacity to new hot-spots, or enhancing indoor
coverage. Once the regional/area Coverage is planned and executed in the normal
planning phase, optimization should take into consideration the provision of as much
coverage as possible to the places that would expect high traffic, such as inside office
buildings, inside shopping malls, tunnels, etc.

6.1.5 Quality:
The quality of the radio network is dependent on its coverage, capacity and
frequency allocation. Most of the severe problems in a radio network can be attributed to
signal interference. For uplink quality, BER statistics are used, and for downlink FER
statistics are used. When interference exists in the network; the source needs to be found.
The entire frequency plan is checked again to determine whether the source is internal or

41
external. The problems may be caused by flaws in the frequency plan, in the
configuration plans (e.g. antenna tilts), inaccurate correction factors used in propagation
models, etc.

6.1.6 Parameter Tuning:

The ending of the assessment process sees the beginning of the complex process
of fine-tuning of parameters. The main parameters that are fine-tuned are signalling
parameters, radio resource" parameters, handover parameters and power control
parameters. The concepts that are discussed in the radio planning process and the KPI
values should be achieved after the process is complete.

6.2 BENEFITS:
1. Saves time and money using built-in problem finders.

2. Allows sharing of drive-test results through summary reports.

3. Provides configurable workspaces to promote team engineering.

4. Features complete CDMA2000 support.

5. Speeds problem resolution to reduce churn.

6.3 KEY FEATURES:

1. Air interface and data testing all in one powerful tool.

2. Scripts to automate voice, data, and Markov calls.

3. Multiple Access Terminals (ATs) and phones to test multiple frequencies.

4. 1x and 1xEV-DO data service measurements.

5. Code domain power scanning.

6. Multi-band spectral analysis.

7. User-customized views.

42
 7. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

We have conducted the drive test using the AGILENT software, which is very quick
and efficient in scanning the spectrum. Figures shown below are some of the
screenshots which help us in analyzing the network easily.

Fig 7.1 Top View of Gachibowli area

The blue spots in the fig represent the cell towers (antennas) which are present in and
near Gachibowli area. This is the top view of the area were in we have conducted the
drive test. This helps us in getting the idea about the position of neighboring BTSs.

43
The fig shown below is the analysis part of the drive test. Here we measure all the
parameters related to the network using the software. AGILENT software is installed in
two mobile phones and is connected to laptop.

Fig 7.2 Screen shot showing analysis of a Long call

One acts as transmitter and other acts as receiver. When a call is made from one mobile
to another, the mobile grabs the signals and the software present in it helps in providing
the parameters value related to the call in that area. The values of the parameters are
analyzed and the problems in the network are found out. These problems are solved by
taking respective measures. The values keep on changing at each and every position and
time. In the fig shown below the blue color indication represents the quality of signal at

44
that particular area. The red, yellow and green colors represent the receiver level of
signal.

The data grabbed by the software are represented in the excel sheet. Excel sheet
consist of parameters like the LAC (local area code) of the call originated, Cell ID,RX
level(Full) ,RXlevel ,RXQual ,FER(Frame Error Rate),etc……The drive test is
conducted for both long calls and short calls. The parameters that are to be concentrated
for long call are cell ID, handover sequence, FER. The parameters that are to be
concentrated for short call are RX level, RX quality and FER. These parameters are
analyzed and necessary steps are taken to optimize the network to provide better service
to the costumers.

7.1 DRIVE TEST RESULTS BEFORE OPTIMISATION

45
Fig 7.3 Screen shot showing Receiver quality and level of signal before optimization

SHORT CALL BEFORE OPTIMISATION:

Latitu Longit Cell BCC B ARF RxLe RxQu Mode

de ude ID H SIC CN v al
17.436 78.3647 40213 70 28 70 -54 0 Dedicat
86 6 ed
17.436 78.3648 40212 70 28 70 -51 0 Dedicat
85 1 ed
17.436 78.3648 40212 70 28 70 -57 0 Dedicat
84 8 ed
17.436 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -56 0 Dedicat
83 8 ed
17.436 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -59 0 Dedicat
82 4 ed
17.436 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -59 0 Dedicat
81 6 ed
17.436 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -63 0 Dedicat
79 8 ed
17.436 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -58 0 Dedicat
78 1 ed
17.436 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -59 0 Dedicat
77 4 ed
17.436 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -56 0 Dedicat
75 6 ed
17.436 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -61 0 Dedicat
74 8 ed
17.436 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -65 0 Dedicat
72 1 ed
17.436 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -64 0 Dedicat
71 3 ed
17.436 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -64 0 Dedicat
69 7 ed
17.436 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -80 0 Dedicat
68 3 ed
17.436 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -85 0 Dedicat
66 3 ed
17.436 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -84 0 Dedicat
65 6 ed
17.436 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -85 0 Dedicat
63 9 ed
46
17.436 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -85 0 Dedicat
62 2 ed
17.436 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -84 0 Dedicat
6 4 ed
17.436 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -82 0 Dedicat
59 7 ed
17.436 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -87 0 Dedicat
58 9 ed
17.436 78.3654 40212 70 28 70 -90 0 Dedicat
56 3 ed
17.436 78.3654 40212 70 28 70 -92 0 Dedicat
55 5 ed
17.436 78.3654 40212 70 28 70 -95 0 Dedicat
53 8 ed
17.436 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 Dedicat
52 5 ed
17.436 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -85 0 Dedicat
51 2 ed
17.436 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -87 0 Dedicat
5 4 ed
17.436 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -91 0 Dedicat
49 6 ed
17.436 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -90 0 Dedicat
47 8 ed
17.436 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 Dedicat
46 1 ed
17.436 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 Dedicat
45 2 ed
17.436 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -87 0 Dedicat
43 5 ed
17.436 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -89 0 Dedicat
42 7 ed
17.436 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -90 0 Dedicat
43 1 ed
17.436 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -92 0 Dedicat
44 3 ed
17.436 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -87 0 Dedicat
46 5 ed
17.436 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -87 0 Dedicat
48 7 ed
Latitu Longit Cell BCC B ARF RxLe RxQu Mode
de ude ID H SIC CN v al
17.436 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 Dedicat
48 7 ed
17.436 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 Dedicat
5 8 ed
17.436 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 Dedicat
52 9 ed
17.436 78.3658 40212 70 28 -94 Idle
54 1
47
17.436 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -95 0 Dedicat
56 2 ed
17.436 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -92 0 Dedicat
58 4 ed
17.436 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -92 0 Dedicat
6 5 ed
17.436 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -92 0 Dedicat
62 7 ed
17.436 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 Dedicat
63 8 ed
17.436 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 Dedicat
65 9 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 Dedicat
67 2 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -87 Dedicat
68 1 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -87 0 Dedicat
69 2 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -87 0 Dedicat
7 3 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -89 0 Dedicat
72 4 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -89 0 Dedicat
74 4 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -89 0 Dedicat
76 4 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -89 0 Dedicat
78 4 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -89 0 Dedicat
8 4 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -89 0 Dedicat
82 4 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -85 0 Dedicat
83 3 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -85 0 Dedicat
85 3 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -85 0 Dedicat
86 2 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 Dedicat
87 1 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 Dedicat
88 2 ed
17.436 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 Dedicat
89 8 ed
17.436 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -88 0 Dedicat
9 8 ed
17.436 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -88 0 Dedicat
91 6 ed
17.436 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -88 0 Dedicat
93 4 ed
48
17.436 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -85 4 Dedicat
94 2 ed
17.436 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -85 4 Dedicat
96 2 ed
17.436 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -85 1 Dedicat
98 7 ed
17.437 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -90 0 Dedicat
4 ed
17.437 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -90 0 Dedicat
02 1 ed
17.437 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -90 0 Dedicat
03 8 ed
17.437 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -90 0 Dedicat
05 6 ed
17.437 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -95 0 Dedicat
07 4 ed
17.437 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -95 0 Dedicat
08 1 ed
17.437 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -95 0 Dedicat
1 8 ed
17.437 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -95 0 Dedicat
11 5 ed
17.437 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -92 0 Dedicat
13 3 ed
Latitu Longit Cell BCC B ARF RxLe RxQu Mode
de ude ID H SIC CN v al
17.437 78.3654 40212 70 28 70 -92 0 Dedicat
17 7 ed
17.437 78.3654 40212 70 28 70 -91 2 Dedicat
18 4 ed
17.437 78.3654 40212 70 28 70 -91 0 Dedicat
2 2 ed
17.437 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -91 0 Dedicat
22 9 ed
17.437 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -91 0 Dedicat
24 6 ed
17.437 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -90 0 Dedicat
26 2 ed
17.437 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -90 0 Dedicat
27 ed
17.437 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -90 0 Dedicat
29 8 ed
17.437 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -90 0 Dedicat
3 6 ed
17.437 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -99 0 Dedicat
31 3 ed
17.437 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -98 0 Dedicat
33 1 ed
17.437 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -98 0 Dedicat
35 9 ed
49
17.437 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -98 0 Dedicat
37 7 ed
17.437 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -97 0 Dedicat
39 3 ed
17.437 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -97 0 Dedicat
42 ed
17.437 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -97 0 Dedicat
44 8 ed
17.437 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -110 0 Dedicat
47 5 ed
17.437 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -110 0 Dedicat
49 2 ed
17.437 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -110 0 Dedicat
52 8 ed
17.437 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -110 0 Dedicat
55 5 ed
17.437 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -110 0 Dedicat
57 2 ed
17.437 78.3648 40211 74 25 74 -101 0 Dedicat
6 9 ed
17.437 78.3648 40212 70 28 70 -101 0 Dedicat
62 6 ed
17.437 78.3648 40212 70 28 -101 0 Dedicat
64 3 ed
17.437 78.3648 40212 70 28 -101 0 Dedicat
67 ed
17.437 78.3647 40211 74 25 74 -101 0 Dedicat
69 7 ed
17.437 78.3647 40211 74 25 74 -101 0 Dedicat
72 4 ed
17.437 78.3647 40211 74 25 74 -101 0 Dedicat
74 1 ed
17.437 78.3646 40211 74 25 74 -95 0 Dedicat
76 8 ed
17.437 78.3646 40211 74 25 74 -95 0 Dedicat
79 5 ed
17.437 78.3646 40211 74 25 74 -96 0 Dedicat
82 2 ed
17.437 78.3645 40211 74 25 74 -96 0 Dedicat
84 9 ed
17.437 78.3645 40211 74 25 74 -96 0 Dedicat
87 5 ed
17.437 78.3645 40211 74 25 74 -55 0 Dedicat
89 2 ed
17.437 78.3644 40211 74 25 74 -54 0 Dedicat
92 9 ed
17.437 78.3644 40211 74 25 74 -60 0 Dedicat
94 7 ed
17.437 78.3644 40211 74 25 74 -67 0 Dedicat
96 4 ed
50
17.437 78.3644 40211 74 25 74 -65 0 Dedicat
98 1 ed
17.438 78.3643 40211 74 25 74 -62 0 Dedicat
01 8 ed
17.438 78.3643 40211 74 25 74 -63 0 Dedicat
02 6 ed
17.438 78.3643 40211 74 25 74 -63 0 Dedicat
04 4 ed
Latitu Longit Cell BCC B ARF RxLe RxQu Mode
de ude ID H SIC CN v al
17.438 78.3643 40211 74 25 -65 0 Idle
07
17.438 78.3642 40211 74 25 74 -65 4 Dedicat
08 9 ed
17.438 78.3642 40211 74 25 74 -65 4 Dedicat
09 7 ed
17.438 78.3642 40211 74 25 74 -64 3 Dedicat
1 5 ed
17.438 78.3642 40211 74 25 74 -64 3 Dedicat
11 3 ed
17.438 78.3642 40211 74 25 74 -64 0 Dedicat
12 2 ed
17.438 78.3642 40211 74 25 74 -64 0 Dedicat
13 1 ed
17.438 78.3642 40211 74 25 -63 Idle
14
17.438 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -63 3 Dedicat
15 8 ed
17.438 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -63 0 Dedicat
16 7 ed
17.438 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -63 0 Dedicat
17 6 ed
17.438 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -63 5 Dedicat
18 4 ed
17.438 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -63 0 Dedicat
19 2 ed
17.438 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -59 0 Dedicat
21 ed
17.438 78.3640 40211 74 25 74 -53 0 Dedicat
22 8 ed
17.438 78.3640 40211 74 25 74 -63 0 Dedicat
24 7 ed
17.438 78.3640 40211 74 25 74 -55 0 Dedicat
25 4 ed
17.438 78.3640 40211 74 25 74 -56 0 Dedicat
26 3 ed
17.438 78.3640 40211 74 25 74 -68 0 Dedicat
28 1 ed
17.438 78.3639 40211 74 25 74 -63 0 Dedicat
29 8 ed
51
17.438 78.3639 40211 74 25 74 -65 0 Dedicat
3 7 ed
17.438 78.3639 40211 74 25 74 -65 4 Dedicat
31 5 ed
17.438 78.3639 40211 74 25 74 -65 0 Dedicat
32 3 ed
17.438 78.3639 40211 74 25 74 -63 0 Dedicat
34 1 ed
17.438 78.3638 40211 74 25 74 -63 0 Dedicat
35 9 ed
17.438 78.3638 40211 74 25 74 -66 0 Dedicat
37 8 ed
17.438 78.3638 40211 74 25 74 -62 0 Dedicat
38 6 ed
17.438 78.3638 40211 74 25 74 -63 0 Dedicat
39 4 ed
17.438 78.3638 40211 74 25 74 -63 0 Dedicat
41 3 ed
17.438 78.3638 40211 74 25 74 -63 0 Dedicat
42 2 ed
17.438 78.3638 40211 74 25 74 -62 0 Dedicat
44 ed
17.438 78.3637 40211 74 25 74 -63 4 Dedicat
45 8 ed
17.438 78.3637 40211 74 25 74 -70 2 Dedicat
47 6 ed
17.438 78.3637 40211 74 25 74 -72 3 Dedicat
48 4 ed
17.438 78.3637 40211 74 25 74 -73 0 Dedicat
49 2 ed
17.438 78.3637 40211 74 25 74 -66 0 Dedicat
51 ed
17.438 78.3636 40211 74 25 74 -76 3 Dedicat
52 8 ed
17.438 78.3636 40211 74 25 74 -74 0 Dedicat
54 6 ed
17.438 78.3636 40211 74 25 74 -74 0 Dedicat
55 4 ed
17.438 78.3636 40211 74 25 74 -69 0 Dedicat
57 2 ed
17.438 78.3636 40211 74 25 74 -69 0 Dedicat
58 ed
Latitu Longit Cell BCC B ARF RxLe RxQu Mode
de ude ID H SIC CN v al
17.438 78.3635 40211 74 25 74 -70 0 Dedicat
6 6 ed
17.438 78.3635 40211 74 25 74 -88 3 Dedicat
61 5 ed
17.438 78.3635 40211 74 25 74 -68 0 Dedicat
63 2 ed
52
17.438 78.3635 40211 74 25 74 -74 0 Dedicat
64 1 ed
17.438 78.3634 40211 74 25 74 -69 2 Dedicat
66 9 ed
17.438 78.3634 40211 74 25 74 -69 0 Dedicat
67 6 ed
17.438 78.3634 40211 74 25 74 -69 5 Dedicat
69 4 ed
17.438 78.3634 40211 74 25 74 -73 3 Dedicat
7 2 ed
17.438 78.3633 40211 74 25 74 -73 3 Dedicat
72 9 ed
17.438 78.3633 40211 74 25 74 -73 0 Dedicat
74 7 ed
17.438 78.3633 40211 74 25 74 -73 0 Dedicat
76 4 ed
17.438 78.3633 40211 74 25 74 -74 0 Dedicat
78 2 ed
17.438 78.3632 40211 74 25 74 -80 0 Dedicat
8 9 ed
17.438 78.3632 40211 74 25 74 -77 0 Dedicat
82 6 ed
17.438 78.3632 40211 74 25 74 -89 3 Dedicat
84 3 ed
17.438 78.3632 40211 74 25 74 -89 0 Dedicat
86 ed
17.438 78.3631 40211 74 25 74 -89 0 Dedicat
88 7 ed
17.438 78.3631 40211 74 25 74 -84 0 Dedicat
9 3 ed
17.438 78.3631 40211 74 25 74 -80 0 Dedicat
93 ed
17.438 78.3630 40211 74 25 74 -87 0 Dedicat
95 7 ed
17.438 78.3630 40211 74 25 74 -84 0 Dedicat
97 3 ed
17.439 78.363 40211 74 25 74 -84 0 Dedicat
ed
17.439 78.3629 40211 74 25 74 -84 0 Dedicat
02 6 ed
17.439 78.3629 40211 74 25 74 -83 0 Dedicat
05 3 ed
17.439 78.3629 40211 74 25 74 -89 3 Dedicat
07 ed
17.439 78.3628 40801 69 24 69 -54 0 Dedicat
09 6 ed
17.439 78.3628 40801 69 24 69 -61 0 Dedicat
12 3 ed
17.439 78.3628 40801 69 24 69 -56 0 Dedicat
14 ed
53
17.439 78.3627 40211 74 25 74 -56 0 Dedicat
16 6 ed
17.439 78.3627 40801 69 24 69 -56 0 Dedicat
19 3 ed
17.439 78.3627 40211 74 25 74 -56 0 Dedicat
21 ed
17.439 78.3626 40211 74 25 74 -55 0 Dedicat
24 6 ed
17.439 78.3626 40801 69 25 74 -55 0 Dedicat
27 3 ed
17.439 78.3625 40211 74 25 74 -55 0 Dedicat
29 9 ed

Table 7.1 Short call before optimization

LONG CALL BEFORE OPTIMISATION:

Latitud Longitu Cell BCCH BSIC ARFC RxLev RxQu mode

e de ID N al
17.4368 78.3648 40212 70 28 70 -66 0 dedicated
1 6
17.4367 78.3648 40212 70 28 70 -95 0 dedicated
8 8
17.4367 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -95 5 dedicated
7 3
17.4367 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -86 4 dedicated
6 5
17.4367 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -85 3 dedicated
5 7
17.4367 78.3654 40212 70 28 70 -82 1 dedicated
4 5
17.4367 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -91 0 dedicated
3 1
17.4367 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -85 0 dedicated
2 4
17.4367 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -90 0 dedicated
1 6
17.4366 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -99 2 dedicated
9 1
17.4366 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -88 0 dedicated
7 4
17.4366 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -84 0 dedicated
5 7
54
17.4366 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -83 2 dedicated
3 1
17.4366 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -80 0 dedicated
2 4
17.4365 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -84 0 dedicated
8 1
17.4365 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -93 5 dedicated
6 6
17.4365 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -87 0 dedicated
4 9
17.4365 78.3654 40212 70 28 70 -95 1 dedicated
2 3
17.4364 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -85 0 dedicated
8 1
17.4364 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -82 5 dedicated
7 1
17.4364 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -81 0 dedicated
5 5
17.4364 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -80 0 dedicated
3 8
17.4364 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -79 5 dedicated
2 2
17.4364 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -83 2 dedicated
1 9
17.4364 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -83 2 dedicated
2 2
17.4364 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -91 0 dedicated
4 5
17.4364 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -83 4 dedicated
6 8
17.4364 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -83 0 dedicated
9 4
17.4367 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -82 0 dedicated
5 4
17.4367 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -82 0 dedicated
8 4
17.4368 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -82 4 dedicated
3 1
17.4368 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -85 0 dedicated
7 8
17.4368 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -85 2 dedicated
9 6
17.4369 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -78 0 dedicated
1 3
17.4369 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -78 3 dedicated
4 9
17.4369 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -78 0 dedicated
7 5
17.4369 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -87 0 dedicated
9 1
55
17.4370 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -87 3 dedicated
3 6
17.4370 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -87 0 dedicated
6 2
Latitud Longitu Cell BCC B ARF RxLev RxQu Mode
e de ID H SIC CN al
17.4371 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -75 0 dedicated
3 1
17.4372 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -84 0 dedicated
3 4
17.4372 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -78 2 dedicated
7 9
17.4373 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -86 0 dedicated
4 8
17.4373 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -86 4 dedicated
8 3
17.4374 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -74 0 dedicated
3 7
17.4374 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -74 1 dedicated
7 3
17.4375 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -82 0 dedicated
2 7
17.4375 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -82 5 dedicated
6 2
17.4376 78.3648 40212 70 28 70 -80 0 dedicated
4 2
17.4376 78.3647 40211 74 25 74 -59 3 dedicated
8 7
17.4377 78.3647 40211 74 25 74 -59 0 dedicated
2 2
17.4377 78.3646 40211 74 25 74 -61 0 dedicated
6 7
17.4378 78.3646 40211 74 25 74 -61 0 dedicated
1 2
17.4378 78.3645 40211 74 25 74 -64 2 dedicated
5 6
17.4378 78.3645 40211 74 25 74 -64 0 dedicated
9 1
17.4379 78.3644 40211 74 25 74 -65 0 dedicated
3 6
17.4379 78.3644 40211 74 25 74 -65 3 dedicated
7 1
17.4380 78.3643 40211 74 25 74 -66 0 dedicated
3 2
17.4380 78.3642 40211 74 25 74 -76 0 dedicated
6 8
17.4380 78.3642 40211 74 25 74 -76 0 dedicated
9 4
17.4381 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -72 5 dedicated
2 9
56
17.4381 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -73 0 dedicated
3 7
17.4381 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -78 0 dedicated
5 4
17.4381 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -93 5 dedicated
7 2
17.4382 78.3640 40211 74 25 74 -85 4 dedicated
2 5
17.4382 78.3640 40211 74 25 74 -82 0 dedicated
4 2
17.4382 78.3645 40211 74 25 74 -82 0 dedicated
6 2
17.4382 78.3639 40211 74 25 74 -90 2 dedicated
9 7
17.4383 78.3639 40211 74 25 74 -90 2 dedicated
2 3
17.4383 78.3639 40211 74 25 74 -76 0 dedicated
4 4
17.4383 78.3638 40211 74 25 74 -76 5 dedicated
7 6
17.4384 78.3637 40211 74 25 74 -85 0 dedicated
3 9
17.4384 78.3637 40211 74 25 74 -87 0 dedicated
6 6
17.4384 78.3637 40211 74 25 74 -87 0 dedicated
9 2
17.4385 78.3636 40211 74 25 74 -86 0 dedicated
2 9
17.4385 78.3636 40211 74 25 74 -86 0 dedicated
6 4
17.4385 78.3635 40211 74 25 74 -89 0 dedicated
9 9
17.4386 78.3635 40211 74 25 74 -89 0 dedicated
2 5
17.4386 78.3634 40211 74 25 74 -82 5 dedicated
6 9
17.4386 78.3634 40211 74 25 74 -82 5 dedicated
9 4
Latitud Longitu Cell BCC B ARF RxLev RxQu Mode
e de ID H SIC CN al
17.4387 78.3633 40211 74 25 74 -81 4 dedicated
6 3
17.4388 78.3632 40211 74 25 74 -95 0 dedicated
4 4
17.4388 78.3631 40211 74 25 74 -96 0 dedicated
7 8
17.4389 78.3631 40211 74 25 74 -99 0 dedicated
1 4
17.4389 78.3630 40211 74 25 74 -83 1 dedicated
4 8
57
17.4392 78.3625 40211 74 25 74 -75 0 dedicated
9 9
17.4393 78.3625 40211 74 25 74 -75 2 dedicated
4 3
17.4393 78.3624 40211 74 25 74 -75 2 dedicated
8 8
17.4394 78.3624 40211 74 25 74 -75 0 dedicated
2 2
17.4394 78.3623 40211 74 25 74 -78 0 dedicated
7 7
17.4395 78.3623 40211 74 25 74 -78 0 dedicated
1 1
17.4395 78.3622 40211 74 25 74 -78 0 dedicated
5 6
17.4395 78.3622 40211 74 25 74 -76 4 dedicated
9 1
17.4396 78.3621 40211 74 25 74 -76 0 dedicated
3 5
17.4396 78.3621 40211 74 25 74 -76 0 dedicated
7 4
17.4397 78.3620 40211 74 25 74 -76 4 dedicated
1 4
17.4397 78.3619 40211 74 25 74 -80 0 dedicated
5 9
17.4398 78.3618 40211 74 25 74 -80 4 dedicated
4 9
17.4398 78.3618 40211 74 25 74 -80 0 dedicated
8 3
17.4399 78.3617 40211 74 25 74 -80 0 dedicated
1 8
17.4399 78.3617 40211 74 25 74 -89 4 dedicated
5 3
17.4399 78.3616 40211 74 25 74 -89 4 dedicated
9 8
17.4400 78.3616 40211 74 25 74 -78 0 dedicated
2 3
17.4400 78.3615 40211 74 25 74 -78 0 dedicated
6 8
17.4401 78.3614 40211 74 25 74 -82 0 dedicated
4 6
17.4401 78.3614 40211 74 25 74 -84 0 dedicated
3 6
17.4401 78.3614 40211 74 25 74 -84 4 dedicated
7 1
17.4402 78.3613 40211 74 25 74 -79 4 dedicated
1 5
17.4402 78.3612 40211 74 25 74 -79 0 dedicated
5 9
17.4402 78.3612 40211 74 25 74 -85 2 dedicated
9 3
58
17.4403 78.3611 40211 74 25 74 -85 0 dedicated
3 6
17.4403 78.3611 40211 74 25 74 -88 0 dedicated
7 1
17.4404 78.3609 40211 74 25 74 -86 2 dedicated
4 8
17.4404 78.3609 40211 74 25 74 -89 0 dedicated
7 2
17.4405 78.3608 40211 74 25 74 -89 0 dedicated
1 7
17.4405 78.3608 40211 74 25 74 -89 4 dedicated
4 1
17.4405 78.3607 40211 74 25 74 -93 3 dedicated
8 5
17.4406 78.3606 40211 74 25 74 -93 3 dedicated
1 9
17.4406 78.3606 40211 74 25 74 -96 4 dedicated
4 4
17.4406 78.3605 40211 74 25 74 -96 4 dedicated
8 8
17.4407 78.3605 40211 74 25 74 -88 0 dedicated
1 3
Latitud Longitu Cell BCC B ARF RxLev RxQu Mode
e de ID H SIC CN al
17.4407 78.3604 40211 74 25 74 -76 4 dedicated
8 1
17.4408 78.3603 40211 74 25 74 -76 0 dedicated
2 5
17.4408 78.3603 40211 74 25 74 -83 2 dedicated
5 8
17.4408 78.3602 40211 74 25 74 -83 0 dedicated
9 4
17.4409 78.3601 40211 74 25 74 -82 4 dedicated
3 8
17.4409 78.3601 40211 74 25 74 -82 4 dedicated
7 1
17.4410 78.3600 40211 74 25 74 -85 4 dedicated
1 5
17.4410 78.3599 40211 74 25 74 -85 2 dedicated
4 9
17.4410 78.3599 40211 74 25 74 -81 0 dedicated
9 3
17.4411 78.3598 40211 74 25 74 -81 0 dedicated
2 7
17.4411 78.3598 40211 74 25 74 -82 2 dedicated
6 1
17.4412 78.3597 40211 74 25 74 -82 0 dedicated
3 2
17.4412 78.3596 40211 74 25 74 -82 2 dedicated
6 4
59
17.4413 78.3595 40211 74 17 77 -84 0 dedicated
3 3
17.4413 78.3594 47351 77 17 77 -66 2 dedicated
6 7
17.4414 78.3593 47351 77 17 77 -63 2 dedicated
3 7
17.4414 78.3593 47351 77 17 77 -63 0 dedicated
6 1
17.4414 78.3592 47351 77 17 77 -63 4 dedicated
9 6
17.4415 78.3592 47351 77 17 77 -63 4 dedicated
2 1
17.4415 78.3591 47351 77 17 77 -68 4 dedicated
5 5
17.4415 78.3591 47351 77 17 77 -68 2 dedicated
7 3
17.4416 78.3589 47351 77 17 77 -76 2 dedicated
2 8
17.4416 78.3589 47351 77 17 77 -77 3 dedicated
4 2
17.4416 78.3588 47351 77 17 77 -77 3 dedicated
7 6
17.4416 78.3588 47351 77 17 77 -82 3 dedicated
9 8
17.4417 78.3587 47351 77 17 77 -82 3 dedicated
1 4
17.4417 78.3586 47351 77 17 77 -87 0 dedicated
4 9
17.4417 78.3586 47351 77 17 77 -80 0 dedicated
6 3
17.4417 78.3585 47351 77 17 77 -90 0 dedicated
8 7
17.4418 78.3585 47351 77 17 77 -90 0 dedicated
1 7
17.4418 78.3584 47351 77 17 77 -90 5 dedicated
4 4
17.4418 78.3583 47351 77 17 77 -79 5 dedicated
9 3
17.4419 78.3582 47351 77 17 77 -90 0 dedicated
2 3
17.4419 78.3581 47351 77 17 77 -90 0 dedicated
5 6
17.4419 78.3580 47351 77 17 77 -79 0 dedicated
8 9
17.4420 78.3578 47351 77 17 77 -79 3 dedicated
9 3
17.4421 78.3577 47351 77 17 77 -79 5 dedicated
2 7
17.4421 78.3577 47351 77 17 77 -79 5 dedicated
4 7
60
17.4421 78.3576 47351 77 17 77 -80 0 dedicated
7 4
17.4422 78.3575 47351 77 17 77 -80 4 dedicated
2 2
17.4422 78.3574 47351 77 17 77 -80 0 dedicated
5 5
Latitud Longitu Cell BCC B ARF RxLev RxQu Mode
e de ID H SIC CN al
17.4423 78.3572 47351 77 17 77 -82 0 dedicated
3 7
17.4423 78.3572 47351 77 17 77 -82 2 dedicated
5 1
17.4423 78.3571 47351 77 17 77 -58 0 dedicated
7 5
17.4424 78.3570 47351 77 17 77 -89 3 dedicated
2 3
17.4424 78.3569 47351 77 17 77 -89 3 dedicated
4 7
17.4424 78.3569 47351 77 17 77 -89 0 dedicated
7 1
17.4425 78.3567 47351 77 17 77 -89 2 dedicated
3 8
17.4425 78.3567 47351 77 17 77 -89 2 dedicated
5 2
17.4425 78.3566 47351 77 17 77 -89 0 dedicated
8 5
17.4426 78.3565 47351 77 17 77 -88 4 dedicated
1 9
17.4426 78.3565 47351 77 17 77 -88 0 dedicated
3 2
17.4426 78.3564 47351 77 17 77 -88 0 dedicated
6 6
17.4426 78.3564 47351 77 17 77 -87 0 dedicated
9 5
17.4427 78.3563 47351 77 17 77 -61 4 dedicated
1 4
17.4427 78.3562 47351 77 17 77 -60 0 dedicated
4 7
17.4427 78.3562 47351 77 17 77 -60 4 dedicated
7 1
17.4428 78.3560 47351 77 17 77 -62 0 dedicated
2 9
17.4428 78.3560 47351 77 17 77 -62 1 dedicated
5 2
17.4428 78.3559 47351 77 17 77 -62 0 dedicated
8 6
17.4429 78.3558 47351 77 17 77 -57 0 dedicated
1 9
17.4429 78.3558 47351 77 17 77 -57 0 dedicated
3 3
61
17.4429 78.3557 47351 77 17 77 -56 5 dedicated
6 6
17.4429 78.3557 47351 77 17 77 -56 0 dedicated
9 4
17.4430 78.3556 47351 77 17 77 -53 0 dedicated
2 3
17.4430 78.3555 47351 77 17 77 -53 5 dedicated
5 6
17.4430 78.3555 47351 77 17 77 -55 5 dedicated
8 6
17.4431 78.3554 47351 77 17 77 -55 0 dedicated
1 3
17.4431 78.3553 47351 77 17 77 -52 0 dedicated
4 6
17.4431 78.3553 47351 77 17 77 -52 3 dedicated
6 4
17.4431 78.3552 47351 77 17 77 -52 4 dedicated
9 3
17.4432 78.3551 47351 77 17 77 -52 0 dedicated
2 6
17.4432 78.3551 47351 77 17 77 -51 4 dedicated
5 3
17.4432 78.3550 47351 77 17 77 -51 0 dedicated
8 4

Table 7.2 Long call before optimization

From the above results the signal strength achieved was 80% which is good but not up to
the bench mark. So there is need to optimize these results to reach the bench mark and to
provide better service to the subscribers.
7.2 DRIVE TEST RESULTS AFTER OPTIMISATION:

62
 Fig 7.4 Screen shot showing Receiver quality and level of signal after optimization

LONG CALL AFTER OPTIMISATION:

VERIFYING BCCH AND MAIO VALUES:

We found that there isn’t any change in the BCCH and MAIO values , hence we are
moving to the next step of verification.
CHANGING THE ORIENTATION OF THE ANTENNA
The values shown above were before changing the orientation of the antenna. Initially we
found the orientation to be 6 degrees. After changing the increasing the orientation by 1

63
degree of each sector, we conducted a drive test again and obtained the below results
which are nearer to the bench values.

Fig 7.2 Screen shot after changing the orientation of antenna

Latitud Longitu Cell BCCH BSIC ARFC RxLev RxQu Mode

e de ID N al
17.4368 78.3648 40212 70 28 70 -66 0 Dedicated

64
 1 6
17.4367 78.3648 40212 70 28 70 -75 0 Dedicated
8 8
17.4367 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -75 0 Dedicated
7 3
17.4367 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -76 0 Dedicated
6 5
17.4367 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -75 0 Dedicated
5 7
17.4367 78.365 40212 70 28 70 -72 0 Dedicated
4
17.4367 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -61 0 Dedicated
3 1
17.4367 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -65 0 Dedicated
2 4
17.4367 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -70 0 Dedicated
1 6
17.4366 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -77 2 Dedicated
9 1
17.4366 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -68 0 Dedicated
7 4
17.4366 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -64 0 Dedicated
5 7
17.4366 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -63 0 Dedicated
3 1
17.4366 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -60 0 Dedicated
2 4
17.4365 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -64 0 Dedicated
8 1
17.4365 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -74 0 Dedicated
6 6
17.4365 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -74 0 Dedicated
4 9
17.4365 78.3654 40212 70 28 70 -67 1 Dedicated
2 3
17.4364 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -65 0 Dedicated
8 1
17.4364 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -72 0 Dedicated
7 1
17.4364 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -71 0 Dedicated
5 5
17.4364 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -70 0 Dedicated
3 8
17.4364 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -74 0 Dedicated
2 2
17.4364 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -73 2 Dedicated
1 9
17.4364 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -72 2 Dedicated
2 2

65
17.4364 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -74 0 Dedicated
4 5
17.4364 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -73 0 Dedicated
6 8
17.4364 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -73 0 Dedicated
9 8
17.4367 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -58 0 Dedicated
5 4
17.4367 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -65 0 Dedicated
8 4
17.4368 78.3659 40212 70 28 70 -63 4 Dedicated
3 1
17.4368 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -57 0 Dedicated
7 8
17.4368 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -57 0 Dedicated
9 6
17.4369 78.3658 40212 70 28 70 -60 0 Dedicated
1 3
17.4369 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -58 0 Dedicated
4 9
17.4369 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -58 0 Dedicated
7 5
17.4369 78.3657 40212 70 28 70 -62 0 Dedicated
9 1
17.4370 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -62 0 Dedicated
3 6
17.4370 78.3656 40212 70 28 70 -69 0 Dedicated
6 2
Latitud Longitu Cell BCCH BSIC ARFC RxLev RxQu Mode
e de ID N al
17.4371 78.3655 40212 70 28 70 -68 0 Dedicated
3 1
17.4372 78.3653 40212 70 28 70 -64 0 Dedicated
3 4
17.4372 78.3652 40212 70 28 70 -68 0 Dedicated
7 9
17.4373 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -64 0 Dedicated
4 8
17.4373 78.3651 40212 70 28 70 -60 0 Dedicated
8 3
17.4374 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -57 0 Dedicated
3 7
17.4374 78.3650 40212 70 28 70 -57 0 Dedicated
7 3
17.4375 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -58 0 Dedicated
2 7
17.4375 78.3649 40212 70 28 70 -58 0 Dedicated
6 2
17.4376 78.3648 40212 70 28 70 -58 0 Dedicated
4 2
66
17.4376 78.3647 40211 74 25 74 -59 0 Dedicated
8 7
17.4377 78.3647 40211 74 25 74 -59 0 Dedicated
2 2
17.4377 78.3646 40211 74 25 74 -61 0 Dedicated
6 7
17.4378 78.3646 40211 74 25 74 -61 0 Dedicated
1 2
17.4378 78.3645 40211 74 25 74 -64 0 Dedicated
5 6
17.4378 78.3645 40211 74 25 74 -64 0 Dedicated
9 1
17.4379 78.3644 40211 74 25 74 -65 0 Dedicated
3 6
17.4379 78.3644 40211 74 25 74 -65 0 Dedicated
7 1
17.4380 78.3643 40211 74 25 74 -66 0 Dedicated
3 2
17.4380 78.3642 40211 74 25 74 -74 0 Dedicated
6 8
17.4380 78.3642 40211 74 25 74 -73 0 Dedicated
9 4
17.4381 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -72 0 Dedicated
2 9
17.4381 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -71 0 Dedicated
3 7
17.4381 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -68 0 Dedicated
5 4
17.4381 78.3641 40211 74 25 74 -63 3 Dedicated
7 2
17.4382 78.3640 40211 74 25 74 -65 4 Dedicated
2 5
17.4382 78.3640 40211 74 25 74 -67 0 Dedicated
4 2
17.4382 78.3640 40211 74 25 74 -67 0 Dedicated
6 5
17.4382 78.3639 40211 74 25 74 -68 2 Dedicated
9 7
17.4383 78.3639 40211 74 25 74 -69 2 Dedicated
2 3
17.4383 78.3639 40211 74 25 74 -73 0 Dedicated
4 5
17.4383 78.3638 40211 74 25 74 -73 0 Dedicated
7 6
17.4384 78.3637 40211 74 25 74 -75 0 Dedicated
3 9
17.4384 78.3637 40211 74 25 74 -75 0 Dedicated
6 6
17.4384 78.3637 40211 74 25 74 -74 0 Dedicated
9 2
67
17.4385 78.3636 40211 74 25 74 -76 0 Dedicated
2 9
17.4385 78.3636 40211 74 25 74 -75 0 Dedicated
6 4
17.4385 78.3635 40211 74 25 74 -75 0 Dedicated
9 9
17.4386 78.3635 40211 74 25 74 -75 0 Dedicated
2 5
17.4386 78.3634 40211 74 25 74 -74 3 Dedicated
6 9
Latitud Longitu Cell BCCH BSIC ARFC RxLev RxQu Mode
e de ID N al
17.4387 78.3633 40211 74 25 74 -70 0 Dedicated
6 3
17.4388 78.3632 40211 74 25 74 -75 0 Dedicated
4 4
17.4388 78.3631 40211 74 25 74 -76 0 Dedicated
7 8
17.4389 78.3631 40211 74 25 74 -72 0 Dedicated
1 4
17.4389 78.3630 40211 74 25 74 -73 0 Dedicated
4 8
17.4392 78.3625 40211 74 25 74 -62 0 Dedicated
9 9
17.4393 78.3625 40211 74 25 74 -62 0 Dedicated
4 3
17.4393 78.3624 40211 74 25 74 -56 0 Dedicated
8 8
17.4394 78.3624 40211 74 25 74 -56 0 Dedicated
2 2
17.4394 78.3623 40211 74 25 74 -52 0 Dedicated
7 7
17.4395 78.3623 40211 74 25 74 -52 0 Dedicated
1 1
17.4395 78.3622 40211 74 25 74 -53 0 Dedicated
5 6
17.4395 78.3622 40211 74 25 74 -53 0 Dedicated
9 1
17.4396 78.3621 40211 74 25 74 -52 0 Dedicated
3 5
17.4396 78.3621 40211 74 25 74 -52 0 Dedicated
7 6
17.4397 78.3620 40211 74 25 74 -55 0 Dedicated
1 4
17.4397 78.3619 40211 74 25 74 -55 0 Dedicated
5 9
17.4398 78.3618 40211 74 25 74 -59 0 Dedicated
4 9
17.4398 78.3618 40211 74 25 74 -65 0 Dedicated
8 3
68
17.4399 78.3617 40211 74 25 74 -65 0 Dedicated
1 8
17.4399 78.3617 40211 74 25 74 -70 0 Dedicated
5 3
17.4399 78.3616 40211 74 25 74 -70 0 Dedicated
9 8
17.4400 78.3616 40211 74 25 74 -68 0 Dedicated
2 3
17.4400 78.3615 40211 74 25 74 -68 0 Dedicated
6 8
17.4401 78.3614 40211 74 25 74 -72 0 Dedicated
4 6
17.4401 78.3614 40211 74 25 74 -75 0 Dedicated
3 6
17.4401 78.3614 40211 74 25 74 -76 0 Dedicated
7 1
17.4402 78.3613 40211 74 25 74 -69 0 Dedicated
1 5
17.4402 78.3612 40211 74 25 74 -72 0 Dedicated
5 9
17.4402 78.3612 40211 74 25 74 -75 0 Dedicated
9 3
17.4403 78.3611 40211 74 25 74 -73 0 Dedicated
3 6
17.4403 78.3611 40211 74 25 74 -72 0 Dedicated
7 1
17.4404 78.3609 40211 74 25 74 -69 0 Dedicated
4 8
17.4404 78.3609 40211 74 25 74 -70 0 Dedicated
7 2
17.4405 78.3608 40211 74 25 74 -72 0 Dedicated
1 7
17.4405 78.3608 40211 74 25 74 -73 0 Dedicated
4 1
17.4405 78.3607 40211 74 25 74 -74 3 Dedicated
8 5
17.4406 78.3606 40211 74 25 74 -75 3 Dedicated
1 9
17.4406 78.3606 40211 74 25 74 -76 2 Dedicated
4 4
17.4406 78.3605 40211 74 25 74 -71 3 Dedicated
8 8
17.4407 78.3605 40211 74 25 74 -70 0 Dedicated
1 3
Latitud Longitu Cell BCCH BSIC ARFC RxLev RxQu Mode
e de ID N al
17.4407 78.3604 40211 74 25 74 -66 0 Dedicated
8 1
17.4408 78.3603 40211 74 25 74 -66 0 Dedicated
2 5
69
17.4408 78.3603 40211 74 25 74 -73 0 Dedicated
5 3
17.4408 78.3602 40211 74 25 74 -72 0 Dedicated
9 4
17.4409 78.3601 40211 74 25 74 -71 0 Dedicated
3 8
17.4409 78.3601 40211 74 25 74 -72 0 Dedicated
7 1
17.4410 78.3600 40211 74 25 74 -75 0 Dedicated
1 5
17.4410 78.3599 40211 74 25 74 -77 0 Dedicated
4 9
17.4410 78.3599 40211 74 25 74 -71 0 Dedicated
9 3
17.4411 78.3598 40211 74 25 74 -73 0 Dedicated
2 7
17.4411 78.3598 40211 74 25 74 -72 0 Dedicated
6 1
17.4412 78.3597 40211 74 25 74 -69 0 Dedicated
3 6
17.4412 78.3596 40211 74 25 74 -68 0 Dedicated
6 4
17.4413 78.3595 40211 74 17 77 -74 0 Dedicated
3 3
17.4413 78.3594 47351 77 17 77 -66 2 Dedicated
6 7
17.4414 78.3593 47351 77 17 77 -63 0 Dedicated
3 7
17.4414 78.3593 47351 77 17 77 -63 0 Dedicated
6 1
17.4414 78.3592 47351 77 17 77 -63 0 Dedicated
9 6
17.4415 78.3592 47351 77 17 77 -63 0 Dedicated
2 1
17.4415 78.3591 47351 77 17 77 -68 0 Dedicated
5 5
17.4415 78.3591 47351 77 17 77 -68 0 Dedicated
7 8
17.4416 78.3589 47351 77 17 77 -69 0 Dedicated
2 8
17.4416 78.3589 47351 77 17 77 -71 2 Dedicated
4 2
17.4416 78.3588 47351 77 17 77 -71 2 Dedicated
7 6
17.4416 78.3588 47351 77 17 77 -72 2 Dedicated
9 9
17.4417 78.3587 47351 77 17 77 -72 3 Dedicated
1 4
17.4417 78.3586 47351 77 17 77 -67 0 Dedicated
4 9
70
17.4417 78.3586 47351 77 17 77 -67 0 Dedicated
6 3
17.4417 78.3585 47351 77 17 77 -64 0 Dedicated
8 7
17.4418 78.3585 47351 77 17 77 -65 0 Dedicated
1 6
17.4418 78.3584 47351 77 17 77 -62 0 Dedicated
4 4
17.4418 78.3583 47351 77 17 77 -61 0 Dedicated
9 6
17.4419 78.3582 47351 77 17 77 -61 0 Dedicated
2 3
17.4419 78.3581 47351 77 17 77 -61 0 Dedicated
5 6
17.4419 78.3580 47351 77 17 77 -62 0 Dedicated
8 9
17.4420 78.3578 47351 77 17 77 -65 2 Dedicated
9 3
17.4421 78.3577 47351 77 17 77 -72 2 Dedicated
2 7
17.4421 78.3577 47351 77 17 77 -72 1 Dedicated
4 7
17.4421 78.3576 47351 77 17 77 -60 0 Dedicated
7 4
17.4422 78.3575 47351 77 17 77 -58 0 Dedicated
2 2
Latitud Longitu Cell BCCH BSIC ARFC RxLev RxQu Mode
e de ID N al
17.4423 78.3572 47351 77 17 77 -59 0 Dedicated
3 7
17.4423 78.3572 47351 77 17 77 -59 0 Dedicated
5 1
17.4423 78.3571 47351 77 17 77 -58 0 Dedicated
7 5
17.4424 78.3570 47351 77 17 77 -72 3 Dedicated
2 3
17.4424 78.3569 47351 77 17 77 -72 3 Dedicated
4 7
17.4424 78.3569 47351 77 17 77 -64 0 Dedicated
7 1
17.4425 78.3567 47351 77 17 77 -70 2 Dedicated
3 8
17.4425 78.3567 47351 77 17 77 -70 2 Dedicated
5 2
17.4425 78.3566 47351 77 17 77 -66 0 Dedicated
8 5
17.4426 78.3565 47351 77 17 77 -66 0 Dedicated
1 9
17.4426 78.3565 47351 77 17 77 -60 0 Dedicated
3 2
71
17.4426 78.3564 47351 77 17 77 -60 0 Dedicated
6 6
17.4426 78.3564 47351 77 17 77 -61 0 Dedicated
9 6
17.4427 78.3563 47351 77 17 77 -61 0 Dedicated
1 4
17.4427 78.3562 47351 77 17 77 -60 0 Dedicated
4 7
17.4427 78.3562 47351 77 17 77 -60 0 Dedicated
7 1
17.4428 78.3560 47351 77 17 77 -62 0 Dedicated
2 9
17.4428 78.3560 47351 77 17 77 -62 0 Dedicated
5 2
17.4428 78.3559 47351 77 17 77 -62 0 Dedicated
8 6
17.4429 78.3558 47351 77 17 77 -57 0 Dedicated
1 9
17.4429 78.3558 47351 77 17 77 -57 0 Dedicated
3 3
17.4429 78.3557 47351 77 17 77 -56 0 Dedicated
6 6
17.4429 78.3557 47351 77 17 77 -56 0 Dedicated
9 5
17.4430 78.3556 47351 77 17 77 -53 0 Dedicated
2 3
17.4430 78.3555 47351 77 17 77 -53 0 Dedicated
5 6
17.4430 78.3555 47351 77 17 77 -55 0 Dedicated
8 5
17.4431 78.3554 47351 77 17 77 -55 0 Dedicated
1 3
17.4431 78.3553 47351 77 17 77 -52 0 Dedicated
4 6
17.4431 78.3553 47351 77 17 77 -52 0 Dedicated
6 4
17.4431 78.3552 47351 77 17 77 -52 0 Dedicated
9 3
17.4432 78.3551 47351 77 17 77 -52 0 Dedicated
2 6
17.4432 78.3551 47351 77 17 77 -51 0 Dedicated
5 6
17.4432 78.3550 47351 77 17 77 -51 0 Dedicated
8 4

Table 7.3 Long call after optimization

72
We have successfully completed the optimization process and we were able to increase
the signal strength level from 80% to 98% at the end of the final test drive by changing
the antenna orientation and RF cables. These results are shown in the above tables.

7.3 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS:

In this project, here is scenario of the final test drive of any BTS, so in this the
areas which are colored show the signal strength at different location of any site.
The green area show the strong signal coverage, light green color show the less
strong than green but acceptable for communication, and the yellow color is less stronger
than light green but is acceptable and the red area and black area show the week signal
coverage.
The bench marks for any drive test are given in the following table:

TRAI Bench Marks for QOS

PARAMETERS

1. Call Setup SuccessRate > 98%

2. Drop Call Rate < 3%

3. TCH Blocking Rate < 2%

4. SDCCH Blocking Rate < 1%

5. Rx.Quality(0-5) > 95%

6. Handover Success Rate > 98%

7. Co Channel > 98%

Interference ratio

Table 7.4 TRAI bench marks

73
Every service provider has to submit the drive test report to TRAI for every six months.
The format shown in the table.

Appraisal of Quality of Service – Wireless Service (Drive Test)

Name of the operator: BSNL City (Drive test conducted): HYD

S.no Route details Gachibowli area

1. Coverage-signal strength
1.1 Total calls made (A)/ total samples 5783
1.2 Number of calls with signal strength between 0 to -75 dBm 4598
1.3 Number of calls with signal strength between -75 to -85 dBm 603
1.4 Number of calls with signal strength between -85 to -120 dBm 582
2. Voice Quality
2.1 Total Rx Qual Samples – A 5770
2.2 Rx Qual samples with 0-5 value – B 5714
2.3 %age samples with good voice quality = B/A x 100 99.02
2.4 No. of Rx Qual samples with value 6 or more = A-B 56
2.5 No. of Rx Qual samples with value 6 or more due to poor
network coverage
2.6 No. of Rx Qual samples with value 6 or more due to
interference
3. Call Success Rate (CSR)
3.1 Total number of call attempts – A 12
3.2 Total Calls successfully established – B 11
3.3 Call success rate (%age) = (B/A) x 100 91.66
4. %age Blocked calls = 100% - CSR 8.33
5. Call Drop Rate
5.1 Total Calls successfully established – A 10
5.2 Total calls dropped after being established – B 1
5.3 Call Drop Rate (%age) = (B/A) x 100 10

TABLE 7.5 TRAI report

The table shown above shows the results of our final test drive and they are up to the
bench mark.

74
Analysis of Drive Test Results

Observation Cause Solution

1. Antenna Orientations & Physical check of Orientations &

Tilt Tilt.
Coverage
Poor
2. High VSWR Value Check RF connectors & RF cables
(Low RX
Level)
Check the DRX power &
3. TX Power
connectors

Check the BCCH & MAIO

frequencies
1. Intereference
Reduction of Antenna height,
Orientation & Tilt

Check the DRX power &

2. Low Rx level
connectors
Poor RX
Quality Check the neighbour list &
3. H/O failure definitions

Check the neghbour parameters

4. Assignment Failure Check DRX & Check VSWR &

Ratio RF cable connectivity

5. Hard Ware Problem DRX problem

Observation Cause Solution

Handover 1. Not defining
Defining the proper neighbours.
Failure proper neighbours
2. Improper Check the neghbour parameters
Neighbour
75
 Parameter
values
3. Due to TCH
Augmentation of DRIs
congn.
1. Not defining
Defining the proper neighbours.
proper neighbours
2. Low Rx level Check the DRX power & connectors
Check the BCCH & MAIO frequencies
3. Interference Reduction of Antenna height, Orientation
& Tilt
Call Drop
Check the neighbour list & definitions
4. H/O failure
Check the neghbour parameters
5. Assignment Check DRX & Check VSWR & RF cable
Failure Ratio connectivity
6. Hard Ware
DRX problem
Problem

8. CONCLUSION

As the demand for cellular services increases, operators need to be able to test and
troubleshoot their networks to ensure performance quality. Drive Test is the ideal
solution for testing GSM networks offering cellular and data services. In drive test
operators test the network performance, using the same services offered to their

76
subscriber, In addition to providing data measurements on such parameter as throughput
and delays. The drive test saves time and money by identifying problems immediately,
provides the most complete GSM Services supports, and increase customer satisfaction to
reduce churn.

9. BIBILOGRAPHY

Books Referred:

1. Cellular Communication Networksby Gerald Williams partial fulfillment of

the term project requirements for ECE 404, Computer Networks, at Lehigh University.

2. TEMS Investigation GSM 5.1 by Ericson’s

3. MapInfo Professional by Map Info Corporation

4. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

Websites Referred:

5. http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/gsm/index.asp

6. http://www.alino.biz/Images/tems2.htm

7. http://www.hubpages.com

77