A Review of Flood Risk Assessment

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A Review of Flood Risk Assessment
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DOI: 10.22161/ijeab/1.4.62
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International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-1, Issue-4, Nov-Dec- 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/1.4.62 ISSN: 2456-1878
A Review of Flood Risk Assessment

*Karamat Ali1, 2, Roshan M. Bajracharya1, Hriday Lal. Koirala3
1
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Aquatic Ecology Center, Kathmandu University, Nepal
2
Department of Environmental Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
3
Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
Abstract— Floods are one of the most common hazards in I. INTRODUCTION

the world and cause loss of lives, livelihood and property The etymology of the term “Hazard” probably began from
destruction. The objective of this study was to review and the French language which meant “put something at stake in
synthesize concepts and techniques of flood hazard, a game of change played with dice” in 1300 A.D. In
vulnerability and risk assessment with reference to the English, the word hazard was first referred in 1540s as
Himalayan region. Flood risk is a function and a product of “Chance of loss or harm, risk” (Ghimire, 2010; Sharma,
hazard and vulnerability. The impact of flood and flash 2013). In the beginning the term ‘hazard’ was understood as
flood (slow onset and rapid onset) events at a particular ‘natural hazards’ which was defined as those elements of
sitecan reflect key socioeconomic factors and the physical environment, harmful to man and caused by
environmental services, like number of people at risk, affect forces extraneous to him (Burton et al., 1978). UNDRO
on ecological services and capability of human population (1983) defined it as the probability of occurrence, within a
for recovery. Risk assessment is important in making specific period of time in a given area, which is potentially
decisions, policies and managing floods. Using PRISMA damaging phenomenon. The term hazard in a wider sense,
methodology of literature review, 120 articles were as a threat and future source of danger, which has potential
retrieved using PubMed and Google Scholar database. 90 to cause harm to people, human activity, property and loss
articles were included in the initial review. 30 articles were of environmental amenities (ADPC, 2015). UNISDR (2009)
excluded from the review after reading the whole content defines a hazard as a dangerous phenomenon, which affect
because they did not match the objectives of the literature human activity or livelihood, services, socioeconomic
review and the inclusion criteria. Flood hazard assessment disruption and environmental damages. There are some
techniques are based on various parameters such as important characteristics of a hazard such as magnitude or
meteorological, hydrological and socioeconomic. There are scale, intensity and frequency of events. A natural
four important steps in flood risk assessment such as phenomenon which may occur in a human occupied area
characterizing the area, determining hazard level and with the probability of causing loss or damage is called a
intensity, assessing vulnerability and risk. Recently, hazard event. A physical event in a remote area that does
advancement in GIS, remote sensing and hydraulic not affect human beings is not considering a disastrous
modeling technology has been extensively used in event (Bohle, 2001).
formulating models used for flood hazard calculation and Hazard can be categorized as natural and anthropogenic
risk analysis. The occurrence of floods in mountainous hazard. Natural hazard can be classified a geophysical
regions are now more common related to past and in the (earthquake, landslides, volcanic activity), hydro-
future, itseems more frequent due to global warming. meteorological (floods, tropical storms, drought), and
Community based flood warning systems can go a long way biological (disease epidemic).Anthropogenic hazard
in helping rural communities, as well as flood management incorporates the human processes such as climate change,
agencies, to prepare for flash floods. The enhancement of fire, mining of non-renewable resources, environmental
community resilience through socioeconomic empowerment degradation and technological hazards (UNISDR, 2009).
and strengthened adaptive capacity can play a vital role in The hydro-meteorological phenomenon is the process of
flood disaster management. atmospheric and hydrologic that may cause loss of life,
Keywords— flood, hazard, vulnerability, risk, GIS, global injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of
warming, disaster. livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption
and environmental damage is called a hydro-meteorological
hazard. These hazards include tropical cyclones,
www.ijeab.com Page | 1065

thunderstorm, hailstorm, tornados, heavy snowfall, people. The major rivers of the world originate from these
avalanches and coastal storm surges, floods including flash areas (ICIMOD, 2002). The Seasonality of streamflow in
floods, heat waves and drought (Balikie, et al., 1994). mountainous basins has been found to be extremely
Floods are the most lethal kind of hydro-meteorological sensitive to global warming and the concern about the
disaster on the earth’s surface (Ologunorisa, 2004). Flood is increase of flood risk in these areas is rapidly raising (Diaz
the most impressive interaction between man and his et al., 2003; Barnett et al., 2005; Bates et al., 2008; Marty,
environment, which put emphasis on both the sheer force of 2008).
natural events and man’s insufficient efforts to control them Risk as the production of hazards such physical and
(Khan and Rehman, 2005). There are several types of floods statistical aspect of the flooding and vulnerability is the
such as riverine flooding, flash flood, urban drainage, exposure of people and assets to floods and susceptibility of
ground failures, fluctuating lake level, coastal flooding and the elements at risk to suffer from flood damage (Cutter,
erosion. The dynamics of riverine flooding vary with 1996).The concept of vulnerability has been a powerful
terrain. In flat areas, floods my shallow, slow-moving for analytical tool for describing states of susceptibility to
days or even weeks. In hilly and mountainous area, floods harm, powerlessness, and marginality of both physical and
may come minutes after a heavy rain. The short notice, social system (Adger, 2006). The concept of vulnerability
large depths and high velocities of flash floods make these implies a measure of risk associated with the physical,
types of floods particularly dangerous. Among the common social, and economic aspects and implications resulting
types of riverine flooding are overbanks flooding, flash from the system’s ability to cope with the resulting event.
floods, dam and levee failure, alluvial fans, ice jam flooding The word disaster is used in diverse ways, mostly to refer to
and moveable bed streams (Borga, et al., 2014). A flash any sudden, unexpected misfortune, regardless of number of
flood is generally defined as a rapid onset flood of short people, size of region or, country or even theentire world
duration with a relatively high peak discharge (WMO, (Proag, 2014).
2010). A rapid and extreme flow of high water into a Smith and Petley (2009) analyzed that risk is a statistical
normally dry area, or a rapid water level rise in a stream or concept and probability refer to a negative event or
creek above a predetermined flood level (USNWS, 2010). condition which effect people, infrastructure and
IPCC (2007) studies revealed that, there is no evidence that environment. Risk an integral part of life. Risk is derived
the trend of global warming will discontinue. The the Chinese word “Weji-Ji” combines the characters
implications of global warming affect future flood disasters. meaning opportunity/chance and danger; it always involved
There are also concerns about continued growth and some balance between profit and loss (Smith, 1996). Risk
development in floodplains interfering with natural systems referred to chance of loss of life or property, or injury,
and ecological processes and highlighting that human damage, or disruption to economic activity due to a
behavior is a contributor to the problem of flooding. particular event for a given area and reference period. Risk
Encroachment in the form of unsustainable land use and is the combination of hazard and vulnerability (ICIMOD,
rapid economic development practices may often make a 2010). The research of flood risk is a multidisciplinary
sizeable contribution to increase of risk and vulnerability character and subject of interest for hydrologist,
(Wheater and Evansb, 2009). According to Dilley et al. sociologists, economists, environmentalists and geographers
(2005) estimated that more than one third of the world’s (Solıń et al., 2011; Solıń 2012). Hazard assessment
land area is flood prone, which affecting around 82 percent mapping delineates flood hazard areas in the river basin by
of the world population. In 90 countries, about 196 million local knowledge, hydro-meteorological, geomorphologic
people are exposed to catastrophic flooding and 170,000 and socio-economic data can be used (Tsay, 2013; Forkuo,
deaths were associated with floods worldwide between 2011). Geographic information system (GIS) and remote
1980 and 2010 (UNDP (2004). Flooding is the most sensing provides a broad range of tools for determining area
common among the all environmental hazards and it affected by floods and for forecasting areas that are likely to
regularly claims over huge number of lives per year and be flooded due to high water level in a river. Remote
adversely affects millions of the people world-wide (Smith, sensing technology along with GIS has become the key tool
1996). for flood monitoring in recent years ((Getahun and Gebre,
Mountain regions occupy approximately one fifth of the 2015; Pradhan, et al., 2009).
earth’s land surface and cover 54 % of Asia’s land mass. The need of research in flood hazard, vulnerability and risk
Mountainous regions are inhabited by 800 millions of assessment has been stress in literature (Askew, 1999;

Smith, 1999; Ologunorisa, 2001). The objective of this Hazard (H) means the probability of occurrence, within a
paper to review, synthesize concepts and techniques of risk specified period of time in a given area and potentially
assessment into a coherent piece and give an overview of damaging natural phenomenon.
recent literature related to flood hazard, vulnerability and Vulnerability (V) means the degree of loss to a given
risk. element at risk or set of such elements resulting from the
occurrence of a natural phenomenon of a given magnitude.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS Element at risk (E) mean the population, building and civil
Using PRISMA methodology of literature review, 120 engineering works, economic activities, public services,
articles were retrieved using Pub med and Google Scholar utilities and infrastructure in a given area.
database. 90 articles were included in initial review. 30 Risk (R) means the expected degree of loss due to a
articles were excluded from the review after reading the particular natural phenomenon. Risk analysis can be defined
whole content because they did not match the objectives of as a systematic use of available information to determine
the literature review and the inclusion criteria. Key words how often specified events may occur and the magnitude of
used to search the articles are: Flood and floods types, flash their likely consequences.
floods, hazard and disaster, type of hazards, flood hazard Flood risk is a function and a product of hazard and
assessment, flood vulnerability assessment, floods risk vulnerability, “Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability”
assessment, flood hazard mapping, GIS based flood hazard (Ologunorisa, 2001).
assessment, Socio-economic impacts of floods, application Risk Assessment Techniques
of remote sensing and GIS for floods hazard mapping and Meteorological Parameters
Disaster management, Climate change and flooding, Global Meteorologically flood can be defined as situation over a
warming and it impacts, floods risk in mountain areas, region or place where that rainfall is mostly heavy and
monsoon and floods, poverty and floods. higher than the normal climatologically mean value. The
Scientific literatures were searched from journal articles, definition and criteria for flood is vary in different realms
books, proceedings and others published article starting such as in South Asia, when seasonal rainfall is an excess
from the year 1995 to the year 2015. over a normal meteorological subdivision is regarded as
The major journals included in this review paper were from moderated, and an extremely excessive rainfall over the
various journals such as, Journal of Flood Risk Assessment, normal mean value as a sever flood. (Parthasarathy, et al.,
Geophysical Research Letters, Journal of Water Resources 1987; Ologunorisa, 2001). There is combination of factors
Management, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, contribute to the severe flood such as heavy winter
Journal of Natural Hazards, Hydrology of Mountain Areas, snowfall, high summer temperature, development of
Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, Mountain unusual low pressure, change in direction of track and
Research and Development, Indian society of Remote anomaly of rainfall. This severe weather can be explained in
Sensing, Hydrological Science Journal, International terms of climate change, but from individualevent, climate
Journal of Geomantics and Geosciences, Arabian Journal of change cannot be confirmed until supported by long-time
Geosciences, Global Environmental Change, International meteorologicaldata(Atta-ur-Rahman, 2010; Atta-ur-
Journal of Disaster Prevention and Management, ICIMOD Rahman, 2003). The total seasonal rainfall of June through
Archive, Journal of Risk Analysis. Though the articles September as well as it time developed an index that has
published in the last 20 years were the prime concern been evolved for identifying a year as hydrological
initially but data from a few older articles were also flood/drought in different parts of Indian, Pakistan and
extracted in order to give meaning to the paper. Bangladesh (Mirza, 2003; Ologunorisa, 2004).
The quality of weather forecasting models has significantly
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION improved during the last years. These models can provide
Theoretical Clarification important information on temperature, wind, and
Flood hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment requires an precipitation for forecasting of any meteorological event.
understanding of the causes of a potential disaster. Forecasting cannot assess accurately the location and the
According to Ken Granger (2002) and UNCHS-HABITAT extent of precipitation. In particular, information on the
(1981) has defined the term hazard, vulnerability, element location and intensity of local convective heavy rainfall is
at risk and risk are in the following way: still insufficient for the direct forecast of flash floods
(Koutsoyiannis, 2009). A coherent global climatology of

flooding cannotbe easily constructed from stream discharge The ability of a society in a physically vulnerable zone to
frequency and magnitude statistics. The difficultly arises acclimatize to flash flood or disaster risk determines
because the frequency and magnitude of floods vary socioeconomic vulnerability.Adaptive capacity of a people
between and within drainage networks because of itself is a function of social andeconomic development. Due
variability in basin characteristics. This kind of variability is to increase in population, poverty, limited availability of
complicated due to diversity in weather systems (Hayden, land, communities develop new settlements along river
1988). banks or flash flood debris fan, which indicates a good
Hydrological parameters example of high vulnerable to flash floods. As compare to
Hydrologic response of the basins as represented by the those communities with good access to communication,
available stream gauge network is a result of the physical financial institutions, markets and diversified income
response of several of the physiographic regions contained sources have stronger adaptive capacity and are hence, less
within the basins (Smakhtin, 2001). Hydrological variables vulnerable (ICIMOD, 2007; ICIMOD, 2008; Birkmann,
are very important to monitor flood risk. For such an 2007). Chen (2010) and Tung (2011) describes that
assessment it is necessary to analyze the change in assessing socio-economic vulnerability determines how
hydrological conditions and especially the characteristics of factors of population distribution, agricultural activities,
heavy precipitation, at the regional to local hydrological industry, and infrastructure influence the process of
scale. Hydro-climatologically parameters are essential for assessing flooding vulnerability, simulate flooding
understanding the interaction between the atmosphere and situations under different rainfall scenarios and
hydrosphere (Smakhtin, et al., 2001). implementation of land use and coping strategies for
The hydrological records and analysis of the flood wave has planning flood-prone areas.
been used to improve manipulation with waters using weirs, Physical vulnerability relates to buildings, infrastructure and
flood diversion canals and retentions. This hydrological agriculture. Although the focus is on physical assets, it also
analysis highlighting particularly to prevent disastrous includes the potential loss of crops and other infrastructure
floods in different parts of world.Flooding from rain -on- necessary to livelihood. Vulnerability analysis should
snow events are most damaging floods in rivers and these examine the risk faced by critical facilities, which are vital
large floods inundate communities and farms lands (Trinic, to the functioning of societies in disaster situations, such as
1997;Kattelmann, 1997). The analysis of previous floods, hospitals and dispensaries, emergency services, transport,
volumes, duration,and the assessment of damages and the communication systems, essential services (Rose, 2007).
evaluation of possible changes in the flood behavior are Social vulnerable groups include women, mentally and
particularly useful for the flood hazard management. An physically handicapped persons, children, and elderly
assessment of the change in floods severity and intensity persons, the poor people, refugees, and livestock. Economic
can be analyzed at much smaller scales than the global or vulnerability assesses the risk of hazard-causing losses to
continental level. economic assets and processes. These falls into two groups:
Socio-Economic Vulnerability Direct damages to physical and social infrastructures, repair
Socio-economic vulnerability refers to a common set of or replacement cost and crop damage while indirect losses
indicators to explore differences in social and economic refers to loss in production, employment, vital services,
vulnerability between places. Vulnerability has frequently income disparities (Cutter, et al., 2001). There is also
been characterized as a function of both a system’s increase in the incidence of psychiatric disorders in the
exposure and sensitivity to stress and its capacity to absorb flood affected population; some common problems are
or cope with effects of these stressors (Gunderson and acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety
Holling, 2001).The concept of vulnerability has been a disorders, depression and alcohol and drug abuse (Ali, et al.,
powerful analytical tool for describing states of 2015). The Environmental components includes indicators
susceptibility to harm, powerlessness, and marginality of which refer to damage to the environment caused by flood
both physical and social systems, and for guiding normative events or manmade interferences which could increase the
analysis of actions to enhance well-being through reduction vulnerability of certain areas (Merz, et al., 2007).
of risk (Janssen, et al., 2006). A vulnerability measure GIS and Remote sensing techniques
focused on human well-being therefore incorporates Geographic Information system (GIS) is computer based
material aspects and outcomes of vulnerability (Adger and system that provides capabilities for input, data
Winkels, 2006). management, data storage and retrieval, manipulation,

analysis and output to handle spatial data (Aronoff, 1995; High resolution satellite imageries can be used to study to
Bhatt,et al., 1995). GIS technology is essential in the hazard classify non flooded areas and flooded zones and to
and flood related problems which support surface water delineate human settlement at village level. GIS and remote
modeling and flood hazard exposure (Boyle et al, 1998; sensing techniques are cost effective and efficient way to
Greene & Cruise, 1995; Paudyal). GIS and remote sensing create a moderate resolution database for identifying human
focus on delineation of flood zones, preparation of flood settlement that are highly vulnerable to flooding (Henderson
hazard and risk maps (Bhatt, et al., 2013). According to and Xia, 1997).
Gashaw and Legesse (2011), Flood hazard mapping is a Flash Flood Risk Assessment
vital component for mitigation and appropriate land use Flash floods are floods that rise and fall rapidly with little or
planning in flood prone areas. It creates easily read, rapidly no advance warning. Flash floods are common in
accessible charts and maps, which facilitates the mountainous regions of Karakoram, Himalayaand
administrators and planners to identify areas of risk and HinduKush. They are usually caused by intense rainfall or a
prioritize their mitigation/response efforts. sudden, outburst of a landslide dam or glacier lake or by
Remote sensing has substantial contribution in flood failure of artificial hydraulic structures (Bahadurzai and
monitoring and damage assessment. Flood monitoring using Shrestha, 2008; ICIMOD, 2011). Flash flood risk
satellite data provides an effective method to get quick and assessment is essential in making decisions and in the
precise overview of flooded areas. High resolution imagery management of flood risk. Flash flood risk assessment has
and digital elevation model (DEM) can be used in ArcGIS four steps such as characterizing the area, determining
to develop flood prone areas (Jeyaseelan, 2004; Kussul, et hazard level and intensity, assessing vulnerability and
al., 2008). DEM can be used to show areas of different assessing risk. Characterizing an area prone to flash floods
vulnerability to flood hazard. A flow accumulation models is important for hazard and vulnerability assessment, some
can be used in the DEM and the DEM can be reclassified important information’s are, geography, geology and
into high risk, moderate risk and low risk zones using equal geomorphology, hydrology and hydraulics, vegetation, land
interval of separation based on elevation (Lillesand, et al., use and historical analysis (Borga, et al., 2014;Shrestha,
2004; Forkuo, 2008; Forkuo, 2010). Panchromatic satellite 2005). Hazard analysis includes defining the strength of the
image data can be used for flood hazard assessment with the flash flood and scenarios in the area where it will occur.
help of various digital image processing techniques, such Assessing physical and socio-economic vulnerability is an
as, image to image registration, texture analysis, Edge- important step in flash flood risk assessment. Physical
sharpening filter and image classification methods(Wang, vulnerability includes susceptibility and exposure while
2004; Jain et al., 2005). socio-economic vulnerability based on quantitative and
Demirkesenet al., (2006) observed that delineating flood qualitative indicators. Assessing hazard and vulnerability
extent areas and water bodies are always the most important has four levels (High, moderate, moderately low and low.
concern to deal with flood mapping process. LANDSAT Four levels of hazards and four levels of total vulnerability
images are typically the primary preference because of their are considered as risk level scale which can be classified
convenient obtainment. LANDSAT, SRTM, ASTER DEM into five different risk levels: very high, high, moderate,
is known as an economical and efficient method for moderately low and low (Bahadurzai and Shrestha, 2008;
mapping flood hazard and deal with the problem of Cutter, 1996).
inadequate data source in developing countries (Wang, Global Warming and Flood risk in Mountainous Areas
2004). A combination of GIS extension, DEM and HEC- Climate change has been suggested to be a cause for
RAS model can be used to delineate floodplain and increasing losses from extreme weather events (IPCC,
visualizing the spatial extent of different flood scenarios 2007).Climate change and global warming have been
and determining flooded areas at risk (Yang, et al., 2006). progressively more under media scrutiny over the past 20
Remote sensing and GIS pay vital role in flood vulnerability years.During this period, the concerns over global warming
assessment of human settlements. GIS and remote sensing and climate change issues have gradually shifted froma
techniques help in the identification of locations of high mainly scientific concern to mainstream media (Singh and
grounds during the extreme hydrological events. It also Kumar, 1997). In 1990, the IPCC confirmed the increase of
helps to identify the settlements fall in a zone that is greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere and the resulting
expected to experience a high flood discharge cause global warming of the earth.
extraordinary damage to life and property (Cannon, 2000).

Flooding caused by extensive and long-lasting rainfalls, Flood early warning systems is important in mountainous
partly connected with the melting of snow and ice, occurs regions which include a chain of activities: understanding
mostly in plain areas. Local, sudden floods/flash flooding in and mapping flood vulnerability,monitoring rainfall and
small catchments that is mainly caused by short and highly water levels, forecasting impending events, processing, and
intensive precipitation/ thunderstorms. Flash floods occur disseminating andcommunicating understandable warnings
primarily in hill and mountainous areas due to prevailing to decision makers and the population so that they can take
convective rainfall mechanisms(Allmano, et al., 2009; appropriate and timely actions in response (UNISDR 2007,
Mokrech, et al., 2008). The mean global temperature has IUCN, 2009).
risen by 0.3-0.6 Co since the end of the 19th century, and Flood Risk Management
0.2-0.3 Co of this increase occurred in the last 40 years Floods are one of the most common hazards in the world,
(Feyen, et al., 2009).In mountainous regions temperature affecting people’s lives and livelihoods (Uddin, et al.,
determines the situation of precipitation and in turn 2013). Flood hazard management epitomize the multi-
considerablyaffects runoff formation. The seasonalityof dimensional nature of much environmental management. It
streamflow in mountainous basins has been found to be is a problem integrates aspects of the natural sciences, the
exceptionally sensitive to global warming (Diaz et al., social sciences, and engineering. It is significant for the
2003;Barnett et al., 2005; Bates et al., 2008; Marty, efficiency and efficacy of the decision making process to
2008).While the anxiety about the increase of flood risk in recognize the complexity (Penning, 1996). Flood risk
theseareas is rapidly raising (Olsen et al., 1998; Palmer management is an organized process of using administrative
andRalsanen, 2002). In the scientific literature there is still a directives, organizations, and operational skills and
lack of consensus about the effects of temperature capacities to implement strategies, policies, and improved
variationson floods (Mudelsee et al., 2003; Birsan et al., coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of
2005). flood hazard and the possibility of disaster (Mitchell, et al.,
Klien and Konnen (2003) analyzing peak discharge time- 2010). The term management is used in at least two
series recorded in different gauging stations in the Swiss different ways in the literature on floods, either excluding or
Alps found significant increase of flood peaks during the including risk analysis. The first understanding is based on
last century.The impacts of an intensification of the the hydrological reliability of existing flood defense
hydrological cycle, most notably in connection with the structures. Management is interpreted, therefore, as
possibility of an increasing occurrence of extreme events decisions and actions undertaken to mitigate the remaining
are also important to the millions of people living risk above flood protection design standards (Hooijer et al.,
downstream of mountain river basins. The HinduKush, 2004; Oumeraci, 2004). The second understanding defines
Karakoram and Himalayan(HKH) region is extremely management as decisions and actions undertaken to
vulnerable to various types of water-induced disasters, management covers the risk analysis, risk assessment and
particularly floods and landslides (ICIMOD, 2010). A risk reduction (Plate 1999, Sayers et al., 2002, Hall et al.,
significant increase in heavy rainfall events in future will 2003).
result in an increased flood risk to society, physical For a comprehensive approach, UNDRO (1991) has
infrastructure, and water quality. Increases in the frequency identified four tasks and components: Risk analysis, Risk
and severity of floods and droughts are projected to have an assessment and Risk reduction. Risk analysis provides
adverse effect on sustainable development. Shrestha et al information on previous, current and future flood risks, risk
(2003) suggest that the number of flood days and assessment deals with their perception and evaluation and
consecutive days of flood events have been increasing in risk reduction is dedicated to interventions with a potential
mountainous regions of South Asia. Increases in glacial to decrease the risks. Flood analysis included; hazard
melting and likely increases in runoff will also intensify the determination, vulnerability determination and risk
risk of glacial lake outburst floods.Unpredictable determination. Risk assessment included; risk perception
precipitation and increased glacial melting might aggravate and risk weighting. Risk reduction is based on pre-flood
the flooding that is already common in mountain areas such reduction, flood event reduction and pre-
as riverine floods, flash floods, glacial lake outburst floods, interventions(Correia, et al., 1997). The concept of flood
and breached landslide dams(Bajracharya, et al., 2007; risk management now is an activity of several professional
ICIMOD, 2009; Shrestha, 2009). communities: hydrologist, engineering, economist, social
scientist, environmentalist, ecologist and planners. The

concepts used in these professions and between them species, and landscapes. Assessing socioeconomic
internationally do not share a common terminology; thus vulnerability based on the adaptive capacity of a society and
there is a need to develop coordination among these status of economic activities or it is a combination of
professions for accepted disaster management language qualitative and quantitative indicators.Four levels of hazard
(NCR, 2002). Community based flood warning systems can and four levels of total vulnerability (high, moderate,
go a long way inhelping communities, as well as flood moderately low and low) can be used in risk assessment.
management agencies, to prepare for flash floods.The Risk level scale can be categorizedinto five different risk
enhancement of community resilience through levels, such as very high, high, moderate, moderately low
socioeconomic empowerment and strengthened adaptive and low. A significant increase in heavy rainfall events in
capacity can pay a vital role in flood disaster management the future will result in an increased flood risk to society,
(Deka, 2008; Goswami, 1998, Hazarika, 2010). physical infrastructure, and water quality. The enhancement
of community resilience through socioeconomic
IV. CONCLUSION empowerment and strengthened adaptive capacity can play
In this paper, we have reviewed and synthesized concepts a vital role in flood disaster management.
and techniques of flood hazard, vulnerability and risk
assessment into a coherent piece and give an overview of REFERENCES
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