Journal of Crop and Weed, 9(2):76-80(2013)

The potential of Ettawa goat manure and urine management

to support the productive and sustainable farming
M. FERICHANI
Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture
University of Sebelas Maret (UNS)
Central Java Province, Indonesia
Received: 18-09-2013, Revised: 29-10-2013, Accepted: 5-11-2013
ABSTRACT
This research was integrated with the empowerment programme namely IBM (Science and Technology for the People)
which aimed to find the solid organic fertilizer (SOF) and liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) of ettawa goat to support the
productive and sustainable farming.The programme was carried out in Yogyakarta Province during May to November,
2012 involving partners like KUBE Co-operative Business Association- Adi Jaya and KUBE Rizki Annisa in Sleman District
as well as Institute of Joglo Minar Tani in Bantul District of Indonesia. The research which was integrated to the
empowerment programme was carried out through serial process of training for corporate people; procurement of SOF and
LOF production devices and materials; production process of SOF and LOF; demonstration in plots (demoplots) and
laboratory test for fertilizers’ quality. The process and the results of the demoplots were recorded and were measured
through economic approach to know the farm potentials. 20 demoplots for rice crops each of size 200 m2 while the
vegetables were planted in the back yard and garden consisting of purple egg plant, green egg plant, tomato, chili, and dark
mustard greens. Demoplots for rice crops were cultivated using local variety namely Menthik Susu through implementing
method of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in pro-organic version while the vegetables were done in pure organic
version. The laboratory test report for LOF created by partners contents N, P and K as well as the other essential elements
such as Ca, Fe, Mn, and Mg. The demoplots results show that SOF and LOF made from ettawa goat manure and urine have
a good potential for rice farming as depicted through B/C ratio of 12.44 higher than 5.83 of conventional system through the
reduced use of synthetic fertilizers uses by 58.3%. Implementation to vegetable crops using self-produced SOF and LOF
also shows considerable business feasibilities that B/C values of 33.28, 43.52, 40.00, 47.04 for purple egg crops, green egg
crops, tomato and chili respectively.
Keywords: Ettawa goat, essential elements, organic fertilizers and SRI method
Goat manure and urine scientifically are Sutanto (2002) asserts that N, P and K
good materials to be processed into quality organic contents for fertilizers made from sheep manure and
fertilizers either solid or liquid form. Based on data urine are 0.65% , 0.22% : 0.12% and 1.40% : 0,01% :
presented in Table 1, it is visible that nitrogen (N) and
0.54% respectively. The compositions show that
potassium (K) contents of sheep manure are higher liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) contents higher N and
than cow, chicken and duck manure while Phosphorus K than solid organic fertilizer (SOF) moreover, it also
(P) and calcium (Ca) contents are only lesser than concludes that sheep or goat manure and urine have
chicken manure. good potentials to be managed to supply quality
organic fertilizers.
Table 1: Composition of organic fertilizer based on cattle manure and fowl manure
Sl. No. Macro nutrient Nutrient contents of manure (pon ton-1)
Cow Chicken Duck Sheep
1. Nitrogen (N) 10.0 25.0 10.0 28.0
2. Phosphorus (P) 2.0 11.0 2.8 4.2
3. Potassium (K) 8.0 10.0 7.6 20.0
4. Calcium (Ca) 5.0 36.0 11.4 11.7

Source: Rosmarkan and Yuwono (2002)

The cattle owners of Ettawa can be characterized by- 2. Most of the cattle owners are not yet capable of
1. Most of the cattle owners are not yet capable of processing technology of goat manure and urine
managing the way to collect goat manure and for the production of quality organic fertilizers;
urine particularly oiented to the waste processing; 3. Low intentions of the cattle owners to optimize the
organic fertilizers uses to their farming activities.
Email:[email protected]

76
 Ferichani

The impact which emerges as the laboratory for fertilizers’ quality. The process and the
consequence of the above considerations is the results of the demoplots were recorded and were
environmental condition getting dirty, odor and measured through economic approach to know the
unhealthy, and finally it is going to disturb the cattle farming potential.The number of demoplots for rice
and the people. Related to the correlation between crops were 20 plots of 200 m2 while the vegetables
organic material and farming, Iswandi et al. (2011) constituted of purple egg crop (40 crops), green egg
assert that the rising of organic materials will foster crop (40 crops), tomato crop (40 crops), chili crop (40
the increasing of soil organisms such as Azospirillum crops), and dark mustard green crop (20 m2; 600
and Azotobacter having role in N fixation and P crops; 20 × 15 cm for wide spacing) and were planted
soluble microbes (Aspergillus niger). Lin et al. in the back yard and garden. Demoplots for rice crops
(2011) assert that the addition of organic fertilizers were cultivated with local variety namely Menthik
improve the rizosphere area of plants. Susu adopting method of System of Rice
Optimized use of organic fertilizer improves Intensification (SRI) in pro-organic version compared
the ecology of the environment as well as economy of to conventional method while the vegetables were
the farmer concerned. Research findings show that by grown as pure organic. Used LOF and SOF in this
means of the increasing organic fertilizers and research were made by the co-operativecooperative
decreasing synthetic fertilizers accompanied with cattlemen and co-operative farmers.
appropriate rice cultivation system enable to raise the SRI is a farming method which encompasses
rice farming feasibility through diminishing cost of several basic elements i.e. using young seedling (8 –
production, increasing the harvest and selling price 15 days); using single seedling; using wider spacing
(Ferichani and Prasetya, 2011; Uphoff et al, 2011 and generally 25×25cm or 30×30cm; shallow
Sato, et al., 2011). Increased use of organic fertilizers transplanting (just below the surface 1 to 2 cm); weed
in organic horticulture also renders positive B/C management to aerate the soil to reduce bio-physic-
(benefit cost ratio) values for several kinds of crops chemical competition; enhancing use of organic
such as carrot, shallot and lettuce (Pracaya, 2012). matters as much as possible; intermittent irrigation
Price will be better for food crops, vegetable through no continuous flooding of paddy fields
crops and fruit crops which are cultivated organically. (Laulanie, 1993). The pro-organic SRI method in this
This is an agribusiness opportunity, particularly for research was carried out by decreasing synthetic
farmers who have resources as raw materials for SOF fertilizer to only 25 kg 1000 m-2 (Urea 19kg+ 3kg of
and LOF. Based on the brief description above, this SP36+ KCl 3kg) from 60 kg 1000-1 m2 as the common
action research was aimed to know the potential of usage of the local farmers. The doses for SOF were
ettawa goat manure and urine management towards 1.5 ton 1000-1 m2 and that of LOF was 250 ml 14 liter-
1
productive horticulture and rice cultivation; and the sprayed every10 days.
organic fertilizers business. The conventional method of rice cultivation
at the study area encompasses several elements such
MATERIALS AND METHODS
as flooding the farming land regularly and
The research was integrated with an dominantly; burning the rice straws; spacing of 20×20
empowerment program namely IBM (Science and cm or (18×18 cm) even some of them using irregular
Technology for the People) from Dipa BLU Funding, order; the use of synthetic fertilizers of around 60kg
Directorate of High Education of Indonesia, 1000-1 m2 and synthetic pesticides; using old seedlings
decentralized by University of Sebelas Maret, and in transplanting from 25 to 40 days old; using of seeds
was carried out in Yogyakarta Province during May to about 7 to 10kg 1000-1 m2. The study was taken up
November 2012 through the involvement of partners for the farmers using both the conventional and SRI
like KUBE (Co-operative Business Association) Adi method of rice cultivation. The measurement was
Jaya and KUBE Rizki Annisa which in Sleman done based on cooperative farmers’ yields at the same
District as well as Institute of Joglo Minar Tani in crop season with the implementation of SRI.
Bantul District. KUBE Adi Jaya is an ettawa goat The dosage of LOF in cultivating vegetables
cattlemen association while KUBE Rizki Annisa is an either for green egg crop, purple egg crop, tomato or
ettawa goat cattlemen’s wives association in Sayegan chili was 150 ml 10 to 14 ltr-1 of water sprayed every
subdistrict of Sleman district. Institute of Joglo Minar 7 days while the SOF was given by 1.5 kg per hill. A
Tani (Jomint) is an organization which focuses on treatment for dark mustard green was different for the
sustainable agriculture and rural development in dosage of SOF unless for LOF that it was 1.5kg m-1,
Bantul district. and there is no additional synthetic fertilizer for
The research was carried out through horticulture.
training, procurement of SOF and LOF production
devices, production process of SOF and LOF in
demonstration plots (demoplots) and tested in

J. Crop and Weed, 9(2) 77

Potential of Ettawa goat manure

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of laboratory test on LOF at

Laboratory of Integrated Research and Test,
Through an apt management of Ettawa goat
University of Gadjah Mada, can be seen in Table- 2.
manure and urine, both can be potential SOF and LOF
Those contents indicate that LOF is able to be
both for cattlemen and farmer households. Use values
complementing each other with SOF to improve
of SOF and LOF are for improving and for increasing
environmental quality and to accomplish nutrition
farming yields through environmental improvements
needs of crops, and finally they will raise the yield.
while the economic value is reflected from the
The influence in implementing of SOF and
business potentials of them. Both values were
LOF to rice crops by means of SRI method compared
provable along the action research on horticulture in
to conventional method can be seen in table- 3.
the backyard and garden as well as on rice cultivation
Optimizing SOF and LOF to support implementation
in the farming land owned by Jomint’s staff.
of SRI is able to increase the yield higher than
Table 2: Nutrient contents of LOF derived from conventional method by 25% whereas implementation
Ettawa goat urine of SRI done through decreasing of synthetic fertilizers
use by 58.3%. Economically, this is capable of
No Element Content (%) raising the B/C value of SRI compared to
1. N 0.56 conventional 12.44 vs. 5.83. B/C value by 12.44
points means that every unit of cost is going to give
2. P 0.013 back revenue by 12.44 times. Decreasing uses of
3. K 0.993 seeds and synthetic fertilizers supported by optimizing
4. Ca 0.04 ettawa goat manure and urine based SOF and LOF
uses obviously can reduce the total variable cost, and
5. Fe 31×10-4 it raises the market sentiment over the price of pro-
6. Mn 99×10-4 organic rice grain becoming higher than non-organic
one.
7. Mg 0.078
The other findings through this action
Source: The Report of Laboratory Test No. 6981.a/LPPT- research are the application of SOF and LOF to
UGM/U/IX/2012 horticulture that can be seen in table -4. These also
LOF and SOF was made by co-operative give good results shown from considerable feasibility
cattlemen from ettawa goat urine and manure as the of vegetables farm supported by SOF and LOF which
primary material along with the addition of some render B/C values of purple egg crops, green egg
materials such as bio-activators, sugar, rotten fruits, crops, tomato and chili reaching up to 33.28: 43.52:
bamboo leave, etc. Bio-activator known as local 40.00: and 47.04, respectively. While for the farmers
microorganism, in this case have a function as who have no resources of ettawa goat manure and
decomposers of the materials which can be urine, based on general price of organic fertilizers
propagated by using local materials such as chops of both liquid and solid, keep having an agribusiness
pineapple, banana, shallot, etc; by adding sugar and opportunity shown from the B/C value of them viz.
fermenting for couple of days. The primary materials 6.12: 7.00: 6.35: and 7.65 respectively. The
and additional materials are used since those facilitate implementation of SOF and LOF on dark mustard
fermenting as well as increase the content N, P, K and green crops gives good feasibility proven from the
minerals (Sutanto, 2002). Their combination of value higher than 1 point viz. 12.55 while if it is
primary materials and additional materials finally will considering SOF and LOF as outside resources, B/C
be completing each other. For SOF process, primary value keeps feasible viz. 3.88. The other important
and additional materials are united in bulk; are point is that vegetable commodities yielded in this
watered with solution of bio-activators plus sugar; and research were sold to the local booth in the rural area
cover it with rice stems or others. The same process under standard prices of non organic products, so the
should be followed to create LOF, but the materials of revenue and B/C value of them can be raised
LOF are to be placed in a pail, drum or other relatively since price of organic products are higher 3
container which has a casing to cover to optimize the to 6 times than non organic ones.
un-aerobic process.

J. Crop and Weed, 9(2) 78

 Ferichani

Table 3: Comparison between SOF and LOF supported SRI and conventional method per 1000 m2
SOF and LOF supported SRI Conventional method
Details Value per unit Amount Details Value per unit Amount
($US) ($US) ($US) ($US)
Synthetic fertilizers (25 kg) Synthetic fertilizers (60 kg)
a. Urea (19 kg) 0.25 4.75 a. Urea (40 kg) 0.25 10.00
b. SP36 (3 kg) 0.25 0.75 b. SP36 (10 kg) 0.25 2.50
c. KCl (3 kg) 0.50 1.50 c. KCl (10 kg) 0.50 5.00
Seeds (1kg) 0.75 0.75 Seeds (4.26 kg) 0.75 3.20
2
Tillage (1000 m ) 10.00 10.00 Tillage (1000 m) 10.00 10.00
2 2
Transplanting ( 1000 m ) 6.00 6.00 Transplanting (1000 m ) 6.00 6.00
Bio-activator 0.50
Materials of SOF 1.50
Materials of LOF 0.20
Total variable cost 26.05 Total variable cost 36.70
Yield (kg of pre-sun 810.00 Yield (kg of pre-sun 648.00
drying grain) drying grain)
Value (kg) 0.40 Value ($US kg-1) 0.33
Revenue 324.00 Revenue ($US) 213.84
Profit 297.95 Profit 177.14
B/C ratio 12.44 B/C ratio 5.83
Source: Primary data analysis, 2012
For most people particularly cattlemen, 0.33 Ca (Sutanto, 2002). It means that 1.5 tons of
manure and urine of cattle are neglected things which manure like in this research enables to provide 10.5
render the environment getting dirty and odor, so kg N: 3.3 kg P: 3.6 kg K: 4.95 Ca, indeed if the
finally they will be disturbing the health of goats percentage of organic material is more than it, the
itself, cattlemen and neighborhood. Yet, it seems nutrition contents will be bigger relatively. LOF itself
becoming a trend for most of them unless for some of is provided as a complement fertilizer to support the
them who have been active in organic farming other macro and micro nutrition. This obviously
movement as trending issues at current era. enables to reduce the synthetic fertilizers uses and
Those of ettawa goat through several process also to reduce the variable cost. Environmentally and
encompassing collecting, materials procurement, economically, SOF and LOF have given good benefits
processing and storage are going to be valuable things to farming both rice cultivation and horticulture
as organic fertilizers. Collecting urine and manure proven through this research.
particularly the former is only need a little effort Considerable feasibilities of agribusiness as
through modifying the cages in order to make them the results of this research is duly able to boost the
collected well. Materials procurement itself actually cattlemen, farmers even government to realize pro
is a piece of cake proven through this action research organic move massively through optimizing manure
since they are provided around the people like what and urine of ettawa goat or others to their farms either
have been explained above. Composing process of on their rice field, back yard, garden, etc. As an
manure can be done at roofed or opened area, but the alternative and eco-friendly energy sources, ettawa
former is better, while for urine can be done in a pail, goat manure and urine are basis of quality organic
drum, etc. fertilizers which enable to raise the crops productivity.
For a consideration, 33.1% organic materials Finally, this habitual change is able to raise food
of sheep manure contents 0.70% N: 0.22% P: 0.24 K: security although in household level.

J. Crop and Weed, 9(2) 79

Potential of Ettawa goat manure

Table 4: Cost and results of horticulture using organic fertilizers based on Ettawa goat manure and urine
SOF and LOF as outside resources
Purple-egg crop Green-egg crop Tomato Chili Dark mustard
green
Cost
SOF and LOF by buying
Value Amount Value Amount Value Amount Value Amount Value Amount
unit-1 ($US) unit-1 ($US) per unit ($US) unit-1 ($US) unit-1 ($US)
-1
SOF ($US kg ) 0.05 3.0 0.05 3.0 0.05 3.0 0.05 3.0 0.05 1.5
LOF ($US liter-1) 1.50 3.0 1.50 3.0 1.50 3.0 1.50 3.0 1.50 0.9
Seedlings ($US 0.02 0.8 0.02 0.8 0.02 0.8 0.02 0.8 1* 0.5
stem-1)
Total ($US) 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 2.9
Yield (kg) 104.00 162.00 100.00 42.00 75 bunches
Value ($US kg-1) 0.40 0.40 0.50 1.40 0.15
Revenue 41.60 54.40 50.00 58.80 11.25
Profit 34.80 47.60 43.20 52.00 8.35
B/C ratio 6.12 7.00 6.35 7.65 3.88
SOF and LOF as self-products
Cost Value Amount Value Amount Value Amount Value Amount Value Amount
stem-1 ($US) stem-1 ($US) stem-1 ($US) stem-1 ($US) pack-1 ($US)
Seedlings ($US 0.02 0.80 0.02 0.80 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.08 1* 0.50
per stem)
Bio activators ($US) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
MaterialsofSOF($US) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Materials of LOF ($US) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.10
Total ($US) 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 0.90
Yield (kg) 104 162.0 100.0 42.00 75 bunches
Value 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.40 0.15
($US kg-1)
Revenue ($US) 41.6 54.4 50.0 58.80 11.25
Profit ($US) 34.8 47.6 43.2 52.00 8.35
B/C ratio 33.28 43.52 40.0 47.04 12.5
Note: * $US per pack, Source: Primary data analysis, 2012
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Lin, X., Defeng, Z. and Xinjun, L. 2011. Effects of
The research was integrated with an water management and organic fertilization with
empowerment program namely IBM (Science and SRI crop practices on hybrid rice performance and
Technology for the People) from Dipa BLU Funding, rhizosphere dynamics. Int. J. Paddy Water Env.,
Directorate of High Education of Indonesia, 9: 33-39
decentralized by University of Sebelas Maret. Many Rosmarkam, A. and Yuwono, N.W. 2002. Ilmu
thanks to Joglo Minar Tani (Mas Dani, Mas Tadi, Pak kesuburan tanah. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta.
Udi, Tirun and Mbah Parman), KUBE Adi Jaya (Pak Sato, S., Yamaji, E. and Kuroda, T. 2011. Strategies
Endar) and KUBE Rizki Annisa (Mba Dwi). and engineering adaptations to disseminate SRI
methods in large-scale irrigation systems in
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