Lecture (Per Unit System) PDF

Power System Analysis Lecture topic-1
EEE361
Topics will discuss:

1) The Per-unit system.
2) Symmetrical three-phase faults.
3) Symmetrical components.
4) Power system stability.
5) Multi-machine stability studies.
Reference books:
1) Power System Analysis and Design- Glover, Sarma, Overbye (4th edition)
2) Power System Analysis- Hadi Saadat
3) Elements of Power System Analysis- William D. Stevenson Jr. (4th edition)
4) First course in Power System- Ned Mohon
Department of EEE, CUET Page 1 of 4

EEE361
The Per-unit System

The solution of an interconnected power system having several different voltage
levels requires the cumbersome transformation of all impedances to a single voltage
level. However, power system engineers have devised the per-unit system such that the
various physical quantities such as power, voltage, current and impedance are expressed
as a decimal fraction or multiples of base quantities. In this system, the different voltage
levels disappear, and a power network involving generators, transformers and lines (of
different voltage levels) reduces to a system of simple impedances. The per-unit value of
any quantity as defined as:
actual quantity
Quantity in per - unit  ...........................(1)
base value of quantity
Obs! Per-unit conversions on affects magnitudes, not the angles. Also, per-unit quantities
no longer have units (i.e. a voltage is 1.0 pu; not 1 p.u. volts)
The advantages of the per-unit system for analysis are described below:
1) The per-unit system gives us a clear idea of relative magnitudes of various
quantities, such as voltage, current, power and impedance.
2) The per-unit impedance of equipment of the same general type based upon their
own ratings fall in a narrow range regardless of the rating of equipment. Whereas
their impedances in ohms vary greatly with the ratings.
3) The per-unit impedances, voltages and currents of transformers are the same
regardless of whether they are referred to the primary or the secondary side.
 Different voltage levels disappear across the entire system.
 The system reduces to a system of simple impedances.
4) The per-unit systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of
complex power system problems.
5) The circuit laws are valid in per-unit systems, and the power and voltage
equations are simplified since the factors of 3 and 3 are eliminated in the per-
unit system.

EEE361
 Two independent base values can be arbitrarily selected at one-point in a power

system.
 Usually the base voltage VbaseLN and base complex power S base1 are selected for
either a single-phase circuit or for one phase of a three-phase circuit.
The following relations are exist:
Pbase 1  Q base 1  S base 1 .......... .......... ........(2 )

S base 1
I base  .......... .......... .......... .......... .....(3)
VbaseLN
2
VbaseLN V baseLN
Z base  R base  X base   ......(4)
I base S base 1
1
Ybase  G base  Bbase  .......... .......... .....(5)
Z base
When several components (such as transformers) are involved, it is then necessary

to convert the per-unit impedance of a device from its nameplate ratings to the system
base values as:
Z actual Z p.u .old Z baseold

Z p.u .new  
Z basenew Z basenew
2
Vbaseold
S baseold
 Z p.u .new  Z p.u .old 2
Vbasenew
S basenew
2
V   S basenew 
 Z p.u .new  Z p.u .old  baseold    ...............(6)
 Vbasenew  S
 baseold 

EEE361
Balanced three-phase circuits can be solved in per-unit on a per-phase basis after

converting  -load impedances to equivalent Y-impedances.
Usually VbaseLL and S base 3 are selected. Common power base is 100 MVA.
Then the following relations are exist:

S base 3
S base1  ................................................(7)
3
VbaseLL
VbaseLN  .................................................(8)
3
Pbase 3  Qbase 3  S base 3 ...................................(9)
S base1 S base 3
I base   ............................(10)
VbaseLN 3 VbaseLL
2
1 VbaseLN VbaseLN V2
Z base  Rbase  X base     baseLL .....(11)
Ybase I base S base1 S base 3
Illustrations with numerical examples:
1) Per-unit impedance: single-phase transformer.

2) Per-unit circuit: three-zone single-phase network.
3) Per-unit and actual currents in balanced three-phase networks.

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Power System Analysis Lecture topic-1

Topics will discuss:

Department of EEE, CUET Page 1 of 4

The Per-unit System

Department of EEE, CUET Page 2 of 4

 Two independent base values can be arbitrarily selected at one-point in a power

either a single-phase circuit or for one phase of a three-phase circuit.

The following relations are exist:

Pbase 1  Q base 1  S base 1 .......... .......... ........(2 )

When several components (such as transformers) are involved, it is then necessary

Z actual Z p.u .old Z baseold

Department of EEE, CUET Page 3 of 4

Balanced three-phase circuits can be solved in per-unit on a per-phase basis after

Then the following relations are exist:

Illustrations with numerical examples:

1) Per-unit impedance: single-phase transformer.

Department of EEE, CUET Page 4 of 4

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