Course Name / Code : Electrical Machine II/ EE8401

Degree/Branch : B.E/ EEE

Semester / Section :V

UNIT – I – SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Constructional details – Types of rotors –winding factors- emf equation – Synchronous reactance –
Armature reaction – Phasor diagrams of non salient pole synchronous generator connected to infinite bus--
Synchronizing and parallel operation – Synchronizing torque -Change of excitation and mechanical input-
Voltage regulation – EMF, MMF, ZPF and A.S.A methods – steady state power angle characteristics– Two
reaction theory –slip test -short circuit transients - Capability Curves.
PART – A
1. What is meant by armature reaction in alternator? [N/D 2015]
The effect of armature flux on the main field flux is known as armature reaction.

2. Define voltage regulation of an alternator. [N/D 2015], [A/M 2016], [A/M 2017]
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as, the increase in terminal voltage whwn full load is
removed, assuming field current and speed remaining the same.
E V
Percentage Regulation = o   100 ,
V
where E0No load terminal voltage, V Full load rated terminal voltage

3. How can you distinguish between the two types of large synchronous generator from their
appearance? [A/M 2016]
1. Salient pole alternator 2.Non-Salient pole alternator
4. Distinguish between full-pitch coil and short-pitch coil. [N/D 2016]
Pole pitch is the center to center distance between two adjacent poles. One pole pitch is 180 degrees
electrical. Coil span is defined as peripheral distance between two sides of a coil. If the coil span is equal
to the pole pitch, then the armature winding is said to be full pitched one. If the coil span is less than the
pole pitch, then the winding is referred as short pitched

5. What are the conditions of parallel operation of alternator? [N/D 2016]

1. The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be the same as that of bus bars.
2. The frequency of incoming alternator must be the same as that of bus bars.
3. The phase of the incoming alternator must be same as that of bus bar voltage relative to the load i.e. the
phase voltage of the incoming machine and the bus bar should be in phase opposition.
4. The phase sequence of the voltage of incoming alternator must be the same that of bus-bar voltage.

6. What is the necessity of chording in the armature winding of a synchronous machine?

[N/D 2017]
 It shortens the ends of the winding and, therefore, there is a saving in the conductor’s material.
 It Reduces the effects of distorting harmonics and thus the waveform of the generated voltage is
improved and making it a sine wave.
7. What do you mean by single layer and double layer winding? [A/M 2017]
Single Layer Winding:
In this type of winding, the complete slot is containing only one coil side of a coil. This type of winding is
not normally used for machines having commutators. In single layer windings permit the use of semi
enclosed and closed types of slots. Also the coils can be pushed through the slots from one end of the core
and are connected during the process of windings at the other end.
Double Layer Winding:
It consists of identical coils with one coil side of each coil in top half of the slot and the other coil side in
bottom half of another slot which is nearly one pole pitch away. It consists of two coil sides per slot. Each
layer may contain more than one coil side if large number of coils are required. For placing double layer
windings, usually open slots are used.

8. Two reaction theory is applied only to salient pole machines. Sate the reason. [A/M 2018]
The Non-salient pole rotor has a uniform air-gap and therefore, its reactance remains the same, irrespective
of the spatial position of rotor. But in salient pole machines, the air-gap is not uniform and its reactance
varies with the rotor position. Because of non-uniformity of the reluctance of the magnetic paths, the mmf
of the armature is divided into two components viz,
(i) one component is located along the axis of salient pole rotor known direct axis component (ii) the other
component is located perpendicular to the axis of salient pole rotor known as quadrature axis component.
These facts form the basis of the two-reaction theory applied to salient pole machines.

9. What are the advantages of salient pole type construction used for synchronous machine? [A/M
2018]
1. They allow better ventilation
2. The pole faces are so shaped that the radial air gap length increases from pole centre to the pole tips so
that flux distribution in the air-gap is sinusoidal in shape which will help the machine to generate
sinusoidal emf
3.Due to variable reluctance the machine develops additional reluctance power which is independent of
excitation.

10. What is the relation between speed and frequency of an alternator? Or Write the equation for
frequency of emf induced in an alternator. [N/D 2018]
120 f
NS  ,
P
where, NS Synchronous Speed in rpm, f frequency in Hz, PNumber of poles

11. Distinguish between the “Synchronous reactance’ and the ‘Potier reactance’ of a synchronous
generator. [A/M 2019]
Synchronous reactance Potier reactance
The sum of armature reaction reactance and the Potier reactance is the air gap reactance (leakage
leakage reactance are called as the Synchronous reactance) of the synchronous machine at full load
reactance (Xs) (rated voltage and current of armature).
Need to perform open circuit test & short circuit
Need to perform open circuit test & ZPF test
test

12. Why the concept of Two reaction theory is applied only to salient pole machines? [A/M 2019]
In non-salient pole type alternators the air gap is uniform. Due to uniform air gap, the field flux as well as
armature flux vary sinusoidally in the air gap. In non-salient type alternators, air gap length is constant and
reactance is also constant. Due to this the mmf of armature and field act upon the same magnetic circuit all
the time hence can be added vectorially. But in salient pole type alternator the length of the air gap varies
and the reluctance also varies. Hence the armature flux and field flux cannot vary sinusoidally in the air
gap. The reluctances of the magnetic circuits on which mmf act are different in case of salient pole
alternators.

PART – B

Constructional details – Types of rotors :

1. Describe with neat sketches, the constructional details of a salient pole type alternator. OR Describe the
principle and construction of slow speed operation generator with neat diagram. OR Explain the
construction and working principle of alternator in detail. (13) [N/D 2016], [A/M 2018], [N/D 2018]

Winding factors- emf equation:

2. Derive the emf equation of an alternator. (8) [N/D 2015], [N/D 2016], [N/D 2017], [N/D 2018]

Armature reaction – Phasor diagrams of non salient pole synchronous generator connected to
infinite bus:
3. Define armature reaction and explain the effect of armature reaction on different power factor loads of
synchronous generator. (8) [N/D 2015]
4. Explain the concept of armature reaction and mention the methods to reduce this effect. (8)
[A/M 2016]

Voltage regulation – EMF, MMF, ZPF and A.S.A methods:

5. List the methods used to predetermine the voltage regulation of synchronous machine and explain the
MMF method or Ampere-Turn method or Optimistic method. (13) [N/D 2016], [N/D 2017], [N/D 2018]
6. Explain step by step method of potier triangle method of determining the regulation of an alternator. (13)
OR Explain the procedure for POTIER method to calculate voltage regulation of alternator. (13)
[A/M 2018], [A/M 2017]
7. Explain the method of determining the voltage regulation of an alternator by Synchronous impedance
method or EMF method or Pessimistic method.

Synchronizing and parallel operation – Synchronizing torque -Change of excitation and mechanical
input - steady state power angle characteristics :
8. What is meant by Synchronizing? State the conditions for paralleling alternator with infinite bus bars. (5)
[N/D 2017]
9. Discuss the parallel operation of two alternators with identical speed load characteristics.
10. What is synchronizing power of an alternator? Derive an expression for the synchronizing power
between the two alternators connected in parallel.
11. Bring out the characteristics of two alternators working in parallel. What is the effect of change in
excitation and effect of change in steam supply on load sharing?

Two reaction theory –slip test:

12. Describe how the direct and quadrature axis reactances of a salient pole synchronous machine can be
estimated by means of slip test. (7) [N/D 2017]
13. Explain briefly the Two Reaction Theory.

PART – C

1. A 3 phase, Y-connected, 1000 KVA, 2000 V, 50 Hz alternator gave the following open circuit and short
circuit test readings:
 Field Current (A) 10 20 25 30 40 50
O.C. Voltage (V) 800 1500 1760 2000 2350 2600
S.C. armature current (A) - 200 250 300 - -
The armature effective resistance per phase is 0.2Ω. Draw the characteristic curves and determine the full
load percentage regulation at (i) 0.8 p.f. lagging, (ii) 0.8. p.f leading by MMF method. (16) [N/D 2015],
[A/M 2017]

2. A three phase star connected alternator is rated at 1600 KVA, 13500 V. The armature resistance and
synchronous reactance are 1.5 Ω and 30 Ω per phase respectively. Calculate the percentage voltage
regulation for a load of 1280 KW at at 0.8 p.f lagging and 0.8 p.f leading.

3. A three phase, 16 pole alternator has a star connected winding with 144 slots and 10 conductors per slot.
The flux per pole is 0.04 wb and it is sinusoidally distributed. The speed is 375 rpm. Find frequency, phase
emf and line emf. The coil span is 1600 electrical.

4. A 100 KVA, 3000 V, 50 Hz, three phase star connected alternator has an effective armature resistance of
0.2 Ω. The field current of 40 A produces a short circuit current of 200 A and an open circuit emf of
1040(line value). Calculate the full load voltage regulation at 0.8 p.f lagging and 0.8 p.f leading.

5. A three phase, 6 pole star connected alternator revolves at 1000 rpm. The stator has 90 slots and 8
conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.05 wb and it is sinusoidally distributed. Calculate the voltage
generated by the machine, if the winding is full pitched.

6. An 11 KV, 1000 KVA, three phase star connected alternator has a resistance of 2 Ω per phase. The
open circuit and full load zero power factor characteristics are given below. Find the voltage regulation of
the alternator for full load current at 0.8 p.f lagging by Potier method.
Field Current (A) 40 50 110 140 180
OC terminal voltage (V)
5800 7000 12500 13750 15000
(line value)
Line voltage zero p.f (A) 0 1500 8500 10500 12500

7. A three phase, 12 pole, 500 rpm, star connected alternator has 144 slots and 8 conductors per slots. The
coils are full pitched and the flux per pole is 0.08 wb. Determine the phase and line emf’s. What will be the
phase voltage if the coils are connected to form a balanced two-phase winding? (15) [N/D 2018]

8. A 3-phase, 50Hz, star-connected alternator with 2-layer winding is running at 600 rpm. It has 12
turns/coil, 4 slots/pole/phase and a coil pitch of 10 slots. If the flux per pole is 0.035 Wb sinusoidally
distributed, find the phase and line emfs induced. Assume that the total turns/phase are series connected.
(13) [A/M 2019]

9. A 3-phase, star connected, 1000KVA, 11KV alternator has rated current of 52.5 A. The ac resistance of
the winding per phase is 0.45Ω. The test results are given below:
OC test: Field current=12.5A, Voltage between lines=422V
SC test: Field current=12.5A, line current=52.5A.
Determine the full load voltage regulation of the alternator at (i) 0.8pf lagging and (ii) 0.8 p.f. leading. (13)
[A/M 2019]