Identification of Smallmouth, Guadalupe/Spotted

and Largemouth Bass

Smallmouth Bass

A Vertical barring along the sides.

B Jaw does not extend beyond the back
margin of the eye when mouth is closed.
C Brownish-green color; white belly
area does not extend high on the sides.

Guadalupe and Spotted Bass

A Irregular lateral stripe is similar to, but

more broken than in largemouth bass.
B Jaw does not extend beyond the back
margin of the eye when mouth is closed.
C Spots on scales form "rows" of strips on
whitish belly area.

Largemouth Bass

A Definite lateral stripe

B Jaw extends well behind the back
margin of the eye when mouth is
closed.
Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)
Other Names
Black Bass, Green Trout, Bigmouth Bass,
Lineside Bass
Description
Largemouth bass grow 4 to 6 inches (10 to
15 cm) during their first year, 8 to 12 inches
(20 to 30 cm) in two years, 16 inches (40
cm) in three years. They are usually green
with dark blotches that form a horizontal
stripe along the middle of the fish on either side. The underside ranges in color from light green to
almost white. They have a nearly divided dorsal fin with the anterior portion containing nine spines and
the posterior portion containing 12 to 13 soft rays. Their upper jaw reaches far beyond the rear margin of
the eye.
Life History
Except for humans, adult largemouth bass are the top predators in the aquatic ecosystem. Fry feed
primarily on zooplankton and insect larvae. At about two inches in length they become active predators.
Adults feed almost exclusively on other fish and large invertebrates such as crayfish. Larger fish prey
upon smaller bass. In Texas spawning begins in the spring when water temperatures reach about 60°F.
This could occur as early as February or as late as May, depending one where one is in the state. Males
build the nests in two to eight feet of water. Largemouth bass prefer to nest in quieter, more vegetated
water than other black bass, but will use any substrate besides soft mud, including submerged logs. As in
Guadalupe bass, once the female has laid eggs in the nest (2,000 to 43,000) she is chased away by the
male who then guards the precious eggs. The young, called fry, hatch in five to ten days. Fry remain in a
group or "school" near the nest and under the male's watch for several days after hatching. Their lifespan
is on average 16 years. Immature largemouth bass may tend to congregate in schools, but adults are
usually solitary. Sometimes several bass will gather in a very small area, but they do not interact.
Largemouth bass hide among plants, roots or limbs to strike their prey.
Habitat
Largemouth bass seek protective cover such as logs, rock ledges, vegetation, and man-made structures.
They prefer clear quiet water, but will survive quite well in a variety of habitats.
Distribution
Largemouth bass were originally distributed throughout most of what is now the United States east of
the Rockies, including many rivers and lakes in Texas, with limited populations in southeastern Canada
and northeastern Mexico. Because of its importance as a game fish, the species has been introduced into
many other areas worldwide, including nearly all of Mexico and south into Central and South America.
Other
Two subspecies of largemouth bass exist in Texas: the native Micropterus salmoides salmoides and the
Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus, which has been introduced into many Texas
lakes. The largemouth bass is by far the most sought-after fish in Texas. When anglers were asked to
"name the fish you prefer to catch in freshwater in Texas", they chose largemouth bass three to one over
striped bass, four to one over white bass, nearly five to one over channel catfish, and nearly ten to one
over flathead catfish and white crappie. Because of the strong interest in largemouth bass fishing, there
are hundreds of bass angling clubs in Texas devoted to fishing and conservation. Bass fishing adds
greatly to the Texas economy each year and largemouth bass are highly prized for their value as food.
Because of the species' popularity, it has been introduced into many waters in which it did not originally
occur. As with nearly all aquatic species, pollution and drought are the biggest threats to the largemouth
bass population.
Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu)
Other Names
Brown Bass, Brownie, Bronze Bass
Description
The smallmouth bass is generally green with dark vertical bands rather than a horizontal band along the
side. There are 13-15 soft rays in the dorsal fin, and the upper jaw never extends beyond the eye. Known
maximum size in Texas exceeds 7.5 pounds. Micropterus is Greek meaning "small fin" [see Guadalupe
bass for further explanation]. The species epithet dolomieu refers to the French mineralogist M.
Dolomieu.
Life History
In small streams a fish's activity may be limited to just one stream pool or extend into several. Spawning
occurs in the spring. When water temperatures approach 60°F males move into spawning areas. Nests
are usually located near shore in lakes; downstream from boulders or some other obstruction that offers
protection against strong current in streams. Mature females may contain 2000-15,000 golden yellow
eggs. Males may spawn with several females on a single nest. On average each nest contains about
2,500 eggs, but nests may contain as many as 10,000 eggs. Eggs hatch in about 10 days if water
temperatures are in the mid-50's (°F), but can hatch in 2-3 days if temperatures are in the mid-70's (°F).
Males guard the nest from the time eggs are laid until fry begin to disperse, a period of up to a month.
As in other black bass, fry begin to feed on zooplankton, switching to insect larvae and finally fish and
crayfish as they grow.
Habitat
Smallmouth bass prefer large clear-water lakes (greater than 100 acres, more than 30 feet deep) and cool
streams with clear water and gravel substrate.
Distribution
Smallmouth bass originally ranged north into Minnesota and southern Quebec, south to the Tennessee
River in Alabama and west to eastern Oklahoma and southwestern Arkansas. Today there are few states,
east or west of the Rocky Mountains, where populations have not become established. Florida and
Louisiana are apparently free of smallmouth bass. In Texas the species has been stocked in numerous
areas, particularly streams of the Edwards Plateau.
Spotted Bass (Micropterus punctulatus)
Other Names
Kentucky Spotted Bass, Spotted Black Bass
Description
Micropterus is Greek meaning "small fin" [see Guadalupe bass for further explanation]. The species
epithet punctulatus, Latin for "dotted", refers to rows of dark spots on the lower sides. Coloration is
similar to that of Guadalupe bass, but does not extend as low on the body.
Life History
Although a large proportion reach maturity within a year, spotted bass found in spawning areas are
usually three to four years old. Rock and gravel are usually chosen as suitable spawning areas at water
temperatures of 57-74°F. Nest depths may vary widely. Females may lay between 1,150 and 47,000
eggs. Males guard the eggs during incubation and for up to four weeks after they have hatched. As
young fish grow their diet shifts from zooplankton to insects, and finally to fish and crayfish.
Habitat
Spotted bass seem to be segregated by habitat type from closely related species. They tend to be found
in areas with more current than largemouth bass, and they usually inhabit areas that are too warm,
turbid, and sluggish for smallmouth bass.
Distribution
Spotted bass are distributed throughout the Ohio River basin as well as the central and lower Mississippi
River basin. The species may be found in Gulf Coast states from Texas east to Florida. Spotted bass are
native to portions of East Texas from the Guadalupe River to the Red River, exclusive of the Edwards
Plateau region.
Other
Despite the fact that spotted bass are not nearly so large and numerous as largemouth bass (in Texas
their maximum size is less than one-third that of largemouth bass), they are excellent fighters. Spotted
bass are very popular in east Texas, particularly in the Sabine, Neches, and Cypress Rivers. Known
maximum size in Texas exceeds 5.5 pounds.
Guadalupe Bass (Micropterus treculii)
Other Names
Black Bass, Guadalupe Spotted Bass
Description
Micropterus is Greek, meaning "small
fin" and is a rather unfortunate
misnomer arising from an injured type
specimen that made it appear that the
posterior rays of the soft dorsal fin
formed a small separate fin. Treculi refers to Trecul, the French compatriot of Vaillant and Bocourt.
Trecul actually caught the specimen. The Guadalupe bass is generally green in color and may be
distinguished from similar species found in Texas in that it doesn't have vertical bars like smallmouth
bass, its jaw doesn't extend beyond the eyes as in largemouth bass, and coloration extends much lower
on the body than in spotted bass.
Life History

Guadalupe bass do not grow to large size because they are adapted to small streams. However, a
propensity for fast flowing water, and their ability to utilize fast water to their advantage when hooked,
make them a desirable sport fish species. Their preference for small streams enhances their allure to
anglers because of the natural setting where small streams are usually found. Specimens in excess of 3.5
pounds have been landed.

Both males and females become sexually mature when they are one year old. Guadalupe bass spawning
begins as early as March and continues through May and June. A secondary spawn is possible in late
summer or early fall. Like all other black bass, Guadalupe bass build gravel nests for spawning,
preferably in shallow water. As with spotted bass and smallmouth bass, males tend to build nests in
areas with higher flow rates than largemouth bass. When a male has successfully attracted a female to
the nest she may lay 400 to over 9,000 eggs. The female is then chased away and the male stands guard
over the incubating eggs. After hatching, fry feed on invertebrates and switch to piscivory as they grow
older. Very young fish and older adults tend to include more invertebrates in their diet than do
largemouth bass. Juveniles and younger adults tend to include more fish in their diets than do
largemouth bass.

Habitat
Typically, Guadalupe bass are found in flowing water, whereas largemouth bass are found in quiet
water.
Distribution
The Guadalupe bass is found only in Texas and has been named the official state fish. It is endemic to
the northern and eastern Edwards Plateau including headwaters of the San Antonio River, the Guadalupe
River above Gonzales, the Colorado River north of Austin, and portions of the Brazos River drainage.
Relatively small populations can also be found outside of the Edwards Plateau, primarily in the lower
Colorado River. Introduced populations exist in the Nueces River system.
Other
The Guadalupe bass, like other "black bass" including largemouth, smallmouth, and spotted bass, is not
a true bass at all but a member of the sunfish family Centrarchidae.
Identification of Yellow,
White, Striped and
Hybrid Striped Bass
Yellow Bass

A Stripes distinct, broken above anal fin

B Color - silvery yellow
C Dorsal fins joined
D Does not have a tooth patch near the midline
towards the back of the tongue

White Bass

A Stripes faint, only one extends to tail

B Body deep, more than 1/3 length
C Has one tooth patch near the midline towards the
back of the tongue

Striped Bass

A Stripes distinct, several extend to tail

B Body slender, less than 1/3 length
C Has two, distinct tooth patches near the
midline towards the back of the tongue

Hybrid Striped Bass

Note: For hybrids, all characteristics should be

considered in combination, as characteristics in individual
fish may vary.
A Stripes distinct, usually broken, several extend to tail
B Body deep, more than 1/3 length
C Has two tooth patches near the midline towards the
back of the tongue. Tooth patches may be distinct or
close together.
White Bass (Morone chrysops)
Other Names
Sand Bass, Barfish, Streaker, Silver Bass
Description
Morone is of unknown derivation. The species epithet chrysops is Greek meaning "golden eye." As with
other true basses, the dorsal fin is clearly double, separated into spiny and soft-rayed portions. White
bass are silvery shading from dark-gray or black on the back to white on the belly. Several incomplete
lines or stripes run horizontally on each side of the body. Adults resemble young striped bass, and the
two are often confused. However, striped bass have two distinct tooth patches on the back of the tongue,
and white bass have one tooth patch. Striped bass have two sharp points on each gill cover, as opposed
to white bass which have one, and the second spine on the anal fin is about half the length of the third
spine in striped bass, whereas it is about two-thirds the length of the third spine in white bass.
Life History
White bass are active early spring spawners. Schools of males migrate upstream to spawning areas as
much as a month before females. There is no nest preparation. Spawning occurs either near the surface,
or in midwater. Running water with a gravel or rock substrate is preferred. Females rise to the surface
and several males crowd around as the eggs and sperm are released. Large females sometimes release
nearly a million small eggs during the spawning season. After release eggs sink to the bottom and
become attached to rocks, hatching in 2-3 days. Fry grow rapidly, feeding on small invertebrates. White
bass may grow eight or nine inches during the first year. Adults are usually found in schools. Feeding
occurs near the surface where fish, crustaceans, and emerging insects are found in abundance. Gizzard
and threadfin shad are the preferred food items. White bass more than four years of age are rare.
Distribution
White bass are native to the the central US west of the Appalachians, including the Great Lakes, as well
as river systems in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys. In Texas the species is native to the Red River
drainage.
Other
White bass are the fifth most preferred species among licensed Texas anglers. Schools of white bass
feeding on shad generate much excitement in the fishing community. Once a school has been located,
successful anglers often fish the surface with spoons or spinners. Bottom fishing at night with live bait
may also produce great success. White bass are excellent fighters, and are considered superb table fare.
Yellow Bass (Morone mississippiensis)
Other Names
Striper
Description
The meaning of the word Morone is unknown. The species epithet mississippiensis refers to the
Mississippi River from which the species was first described. Although yellow bass are sometimes
confused with white bass or young striped bass, there are several distinguishing characteristics. First, the
belly may take on a yellow color, from which the species derives its common name. Second, unlike
other temperate bass, the two lowermost stripes are distinctively broken just posterior to the middle.
Also, the second and third anal spines are approximately equal in length.
Distribution
Although native populations do exist in areas of Oklahoma, Texas, and Mississippi, the species was
primarily restricted to the Mississippi River from Minnesota to Louisiana. Introduced populations ocurr
as far west as Arizona, as far north as Wisconsin and Iowa, and as far east as central Tennessee. In
Texas, yellow bass range from the Red River south to the San Jacinto drainage.
Other
Yellow bass are often found in schools. Like white bass, they may be captured using spoons, spinners,
or live minnows. Due to their small size, averaging only about half a pound, and slow growth rate they
are not highly sought by most anglers (a trophy fish may weigh one pound or less).
Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis)
Other Names
Striper, Rockfish, Lineside
Description
The striped bass is the largest member of the sea
bass family, often called "temperate" or "true" bass
to distinguish it from species such as largemouth,
smallmouth, and spotted bass which are actually
members of the sunfish family Centrarchidae. Although Morone is of unknown derivation, saxatilis is
Latin meaning "dwelling among rocks." As with other true basses, the dorsal fin is clearly separated into
spiny and soft-rayed portions. Striped bass are silvery, shading to olive-green on the back and white on
the belly, with seven or eight uninterrupted horizontal stripes on each side of the body. Younger fish
may resemble white bass (Morone chrysops). However, striped bass have two distinct tooth patches on
the back of the tongue, whereas white bass have one tooth patch. Striped bass have two sharp points on
each gill cover, and white bass have one. Additionally, the second spine on the anal fin is about half the
length of the third spine in striped bass, and about two-thirds the length of the third spine in white bass.
Life History
The striped bass can live in both freshwater and saltwater environments. In coastal populations,
individuals may ascend streams and travel as much as 100 miles inland to spawn. There are land-locked
populations that complete their entire life cycle in freshwater. These generally ascend tributaries of the
lakes or reservoirs where they spend their lives. Spawning begins in the spring when water temperatures
approach 60°F. Typically, one female is accompanied by several males during the spawning act.
Running water is necessary to keep eggs in motion until hatching. In general, at least 50 miles of stream
is required for successful hatches. Stripers may reach a size of 10 to 12 inches during the first year.
Males are generally mature in two years, and females in three to four. Adults are primarily piscivorous,
feeding predominantly on members of the herring family such as gizzard shad and threadfin shad.
Alewife and glut herring are often found in their stomachs in the northern states.
Habitat
The striped bass is anadromous, native to a variety of habitats including shores, bays, and estuaries.
Distribution
The striped bass is a coastal species that moves far upstream during spawning migrations in coastal
rivers. The native range is along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains from New
Brunswick south to Florida and west into Louisiana. The species has been introduced at scattered
locations throughout the central US. There have also been introductions as far west as the Colorado
River in Arizona, and at various sites in California. Although not native to Texas, the species has been
stocked in a number of reservoirs. Because stream flow is required for a successful hatch, most reservoir
populations are not self-sustaining and must be maintained through stocking. One notable exception is
Lake Texoma along the Red River in northeastern Texas.
Other
Striped bass are the fourth most preferred species among licensed Texas anglers. It is estimated that the
economic impact of striper fishing in the Lake Texoma area alone totals well in excess of $20 million.
Stripers are often captured using artificial lures that imitate small fish, such as silver spoons. Deep
running lures can also be effective, as may live bait, or cut bait. In Texas, stripers in excess of 50 pounds
have been landed. Although specimens exceeding 100 pounds have been caught in saltwater, to date a
67.5-pounder was the largest individual reported from inland waters.
Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
Other Names
Willow Cat, Forked-tail Cat, Fiddler,
Spotted Cat, Lady Cat
Description
Ictalurus is Greek and punctatus is
Latin, meaning "fish cat" and
"spotted", respectively. Channel
catfish are easily distinguished from all others, except blue catfish, by their deeply forked tail fin. Unlike
flathead catfish, the upper jaw projects beyond the lower jaw. Coloration is olive-brown to slate-blue on
the back and sides, shading to silvery-white on the belly. Typically, numerous small, black spots are
present, but may be obscured in large adults. The anal fin has 24-29 soft rays, in contrast to the blue
catfish which always has 30 or more rays in the anal fin.
Life History
Channel catfish spawn in late spring or early summer when water temperatures reach 75°F. Males select
nest sites which are normally dark secluded areas such as cavities in drift piles, logs, undercut banks,
rocks, cans, etc. A golden-yellow gelatinous egg mass is deposited in the bottom of the nest. Males
guard the nest, and may actually eat some of the eggs if they are disturbed. The eggs, if not devoured,
typically hatch in about a week. Fry remain in the nest, under the guardianship of the male, for about
another week. In clear water, young fish appear to be much more susceptible to predation and survival
rates during the first year of life are much lower. Channel catfish less than 4 inches in length feed
primarily on small insects. Adults are largely omnivorous, feeding on insects, mollusks, crustaceans,
fish, and even some plant material. Sexual maturity is reached in two or three years in captivity, whereas
data from natural populations indicates channel catfish in Texas reach sexual maturity in 3-6 years. Most
are mature by the time they reach 12 inches in length.
Habitat
Channel catfish are most abundant in large streams with low or moderate current.
Distribution
Channel catfish are native to North America east of the Rockies from southern Canada, south into
northeastern Mexico, and east of the Appalachians with the exception of much of the coastal plain north
of Florida. The species has been widely introduced in other areas as far west as California. Today
channel catfish range throughout Texas, however, it is believed that the species was not native to the
upper Rio Grande and Pecos basins.
Other
Channel catfish ranks behind only bass and crappie as the most preferred fish to catch in Texas. Popular
with trotliners as well as rod-and-reel anglers, channel cats may be captured on a wide variety of baits
including liver, worms, grasshoppers, shrimp, chicken, cheese and stinkbait, among others.
Undoubtedly, part of the reason for their popularity is their delicious flavor when cooked. Channel
catfish in excess of 36 pounds have been landed in Texas waters. The North American record stands at
58 pounds.
Black Crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus)
Other Names
White Perch, Calico Bass
Description
Pomoxis is Greek for "opercle sharp", and refers to the fact that the fish's gill covers have spines. The
species epithet nigromaculatus is Latin and means "black spotted." The black crappie is easily confused
with the white crappie. However, it is deeper bodied than the white crappie, and silvery-green in color.
There are no distinct vertical bars, rather there are irregular black blotches. The dorsal fin has seven or
eight spines. Males do not develop specialized breeding coloration during spawning season.
Life History
Like other members of the sunfish family, black crappie are nest builders. They nest in the spring,
generally when water temperatures reach 60°F. The biology of black crappie is very similar to that of
white crappie. Growth in terms of weight is very similar between the two species. White crappie tend to
have higher growth rates in terms of length, but black crappie are more robust in body construction.
Black crappie adults feed on fewer fish, and more insects and crustaceans, than do white crappie.
Distribution
The native range of the species was very similar to that of the white crappie, except that it extended
slightly further north into Canada and east to the coastal plain south of Virginia. Currently, populations
of black crappie can be found in each of the 48 contiguous United States. In Texas, black crappie are
native to the central portions of the state exclusive of the Edwards Plateau, and have been widely
introduced. However, black crappie are abundant primarily in clear, acidic waters of east Texas.
Other
Black crappie predominate in the acidic waters of east and northeast Texas. Black crappie over 3.5
pounds and almost 4.5 pounds have been captured from Texas public waters and private waters,
respectively.
White Crappie (Pomoxis annularis)
Other Names
White Perch, Sac-a-lait
Description
Pomoxis is Greek for "opercle sharp" and refers to the fact that the fish's gill covers have spines. The
word annularis is Latin for "having rings" and refers to the dark bands (vertical bars) around the body.
The white crappie is deep-bodied and silvery in color, ranging from silvery-white on the belly to a
silvery-green or even dark green on the back. There are several vertical bars on the sides. The dorsal fin
has a maximum of six spines. Males may develop dark coloration in the throat region during the spring
spawning season.
Life History
Like other members of the sunfish family, white crappie are nest builders. They are similar to bluegills
in that they tend to nest in relatively large "beds", and they have very high reproductive potential which
often leads to overpopulation and stunting in small lakes and impoundments. White crappie nest in the
spring, generally when water temperatures reach 65°F to 70°F. However, spawning activity has been
observed at temperatures as low as 56°F. Fry hatch in three to five days, but remain attached to nest
substrate by an adhesive substance from the egg for a few more days. Just before leaving the nest, fry
free themselves by vigorous swimming actions. Once free, they begin feeding on microscopic animals.
Although fry do not appear to school, fingerlings do. Schools with large numbers of individuals are
often found in the middle of lakes. Typically, white crappie grow three to five inches in length the first
year, and reach seven to eight inches during the second year. Maturity is usually reached in two to three
years. Adults feed on small fish and insects.
Distribution
The native range of white crappie included the area west of the Appalachian Mountains north to
southern Ontario and south to the Gulf of Mexico. The range extended west to Minnesota and South
Dakota in the north, and to northeastern Mexico in the south. Today the range extends east to the
Atlantic coast, and west to include California and portions of Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Montana,
Colorado, Utah, and North Dakota. White crappie are native to the eastern two-thirds of Texas, but the
species can now be found statewide except for the upper portions of the Rio Grande and Pecos
drainages.
Other
Taken together, "crappie" (white and black combined) is the most popular panfish in Texas. The crappie
group is the third most preferred group overall, ranking behind only "bass" and "catfish." Crappie are
sought after by both bank and boat anglers. Typically, minnows are the preferred bait, often producing
monumental results when an aggregation is located, usually around submerged trees, boat docks, or
other submerged structures. White crappie in excess of 4.5 pounds have been landed in Texas waters.
Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
Other Names
Bream, Brim, Perch, Sunfish, Sunperch
Description
Lepomis, the generic name, is Greek and
means "scaled gill cover". The species
epithet macrochirus is also Greek and
means "large hand" which may refer to
the body shape or its size. Bluegills may
be distinguished from other sunfish by
the dark spot at the base of the dorsal fin,
vertical bars on their sides, and a
relatively small mouth. The spiny dorsal
fin usually has 10 spines (but may have
as many as 11 or as few as 9), and is
broadly connected to the soft dorsal. The
anal fin has three spines. The back and
upper sides are usually dark olive green blending to lavender, brown, copper, or orange on the sides, and
reddish-orange or yellow on the belly. Colors are more intense in breeding males, and vertical bars may
take on a reddish hue.
Life History
Bluegills begin spawning when water temperatures reach about 70°F. Spawning may peak in May or
June, but continues until water temperatures cool in the fall. Because of their long spawning season,
bluegills have very high reproductive potential, which often results in overpopulation in the face of low
predation or low fishing pressure. Nests are created in shallow water, one to two feet in depth. Gravel
substrate is preferred. Fifty or more nests may be crowded into a small area, thus creating a spawning
bed. Males guard the nest until the eggs hatch and fry leave. Young fish feed on plankton, but as they
grow the diet shifts to aquatic insects and their larvae. Up to 50% of their diet may consist of midge
larvae.
Distribution
Bluegills appear to have been native to the eastern half of the United States, southeastern Canada and
northeastern Mexico, exclusive of the coastal plain north of Virginia. Today, as a result of countless
intentional as well as no doubt unintentional introductions, bluegill are found throughout the US and
northern Mexico. Bluegills are found throughout Texas. Three subspecies are present: Lepomis
macrochirus macrochirus which is native to the northeastern half of the state, Lepomis macrochirus
speciosus which is native to the central, southern, and western portions of the state, and Lepomis
macrochirus purpurescens, a native of Atlantic coast states which has been introduced widely as a sport
and forage fish.
Other
Although less than one percent of licensed Texas anglers say they "prefer" to catch sunfish, bluegill and
other sunfish are nevertheless a vital part of many freshwater fisheries nationwide, including Texas.
Many pre-license age anglers begin their fishing careers by bank fishing for bluegills and other sunfish.
Bluegills provide plenty of fight, pound for pound. In Texas, bluegills approaching two pounds have
been landed in public waters, and fish over three pounds are known from private tanks. The largest
bluegill on record was 4 pounds 12 ounces, landed in 1950 from Ketona Lake in Alabama.
Green Sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus)
Other Names
Goggle-eye, Rock Bass, Branch Perch
Description
The green sunfish, like warmouth, has a large mouth and a heavy, black bass body shape. The body is
dark green, almost blue, dorsally, fading to lighter green on the sides, and yellow to white ventrally.
Faint vertical bars are apparent on the sides. Some scales have turquoise spots. Lepomis, the generic
name, is Greek and means "scaled gill cover." The species epithet cyanellus is also Greek and means
"blue.
Life History
The green sunfish is a very versatile species, able to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions,
and tends to do very well when competition with other sunfish is minimal. Its ability to tolerate
environmental extremes makes it ideal for survival in prairie streams where conditions are not stable,
and it is often the first sunfish species to repopulate depleted areas. Green sunfish nest in shallow water
colonies where nests are often closely packed. Gravel or rocky bottom sites are usually preferred for nest
building. Spawning occurs in late spring, when water temperatures rise above 70°F, and may continue
throughout the summer. Hybridization with other sunfish species is very common. Males aggressively
defend their nests for 6-7 days after eggs are deposited, at which time fry are usually free-swimming.
Because of their enormous reproductive potential, green sunfish often overpopulate small lakes and
ponds. Adults feed on insects and small fish.
Distribution
Originally the distribution of green sunfish appears to have been limited to the central plains west of the
Appalachian Mountains and east of the Rocky Mountains, including northeastern Mexico. However, due
to introductions the species has become nearly ubiquitous in the United States with the exception of
Florida and parts of the northwest. Green sunfish are found throughout Texas.
Other
Due to their propensity to overpopulate and so become stunted, green sunfish rarely reach a desirable
size for angling. The largest reported specimen caught in Texas to date was 1.3 pounds. In private
ponds, specimens over 2 pounds have been recorded.
Longear Sunfish (Lepomis megalotis)
Other Names
Cherry Bream
Description
Lepomis, the generic name, is Greek and means "scaled gill cover." The species epithet megalotis is
Greek and means "great ear." The name is derived from the fact that longear sunfish have an elongated
opercle flap. This flap, always trimmed in white in adults, is unique and makes field identification
relatively easy if hybridization has not occurred. Longear sunfish are quite colorful. Males are often
bright orange or scarlet, and the head and fins usually have turquoise markings. Dorsal and anal fins, and
their associated spines, are similar to those of redear sunfish.
Life History
Longear sunfish are primarily found in small streams and creeks. Like other sunfish they are often
associated with vegetation, avoiding strong currents by inhabiting pools, inlets, and waters off the main
stream channel. Spawning occurs throughout late spring and early summer. Males scoop nests out of
gravel bars. Females are enticed to lay their eggs on a particular nest by a male who swims out to meet
her, swimming around her rapidly and displaying his brilliant spawning colors. After the eggs have been
laid, males chase the females away and guard the nest vigorously despite their small size, chasing away
all intruders. Males may continue to guard the nest for a week or more after hatching, until larvae have
dispersed. Insects and even small fish become part of the diet as fish approach adulthood. Longear
sunfish rarely exceed six inches in length.
Distribution
Longear sunfish are restricted to freshwater areas west of the Appalachian Mountains. Scattered
populations occur as far north and west as southern Quebec and Minnesota, and as far south and west as
north central Mexico and New Mexico. The species is found throughout Texas except for the headwaters
of the Canadian and Brazos rivers.
Other
Because of its small size, the species' importance to anglers derives in three ways. Since they are
relatively easy to capture with simple, natural baits such as earthworms, longears are an important
species for young anglers with little experience. Like most sunfish, they provide more than enough fight
for their small size. Longears may feed on the surface, providing the fly fishermen with a challenge, and
finally, they are often a prized bait fish for trotliners.
Redbreast Sunfish (Lepomis auritus)
Other Names
Yellowbelly Sunfish, Redbreasted Bream
Description
This sunfish possesses a yellow belly that is sometimes an orange or a rusty color. It might have been
better named the longear, as its opercle flap or ear is considerably longer than the opercle flap of the
longear sunfish. In adults, the ear often reaches a length of one inch or more; it is narrow and usually not
wider than the eye. The lower margin of the flap is usually pale. The redbreast is one of our larger
sunfish, occasionally attaining weights of one pound or more.
Life History
In typical sunfish fashion, the redbreast spawns in beds or colonies on sand or gravel where the water is
one to three feet deep. After hatching, the young may remain schooled for several weeks before
scattering. Adults feed on insects, snails, crayfish, and small fish.
Distribution
Redbreast sunfish were introduced into Texas from their original range, the streams of the eastern US
that drain into the Atlantic Ocean. This species now occurs throughout the eastern and southern parts of
Texas as far west as some streams of the Pecos drainage.
Other
At one time, this sunfish was raised by state hatcheries and widely distributed. Good populations of
large redbreast can be found in the clear streams of central Texas, primarily in the San Marcos area.
Redear Sunfish (Lepomis microlophus)
Other Names
Shellcracker, Georgia Bream, Cherry Gill, Sunny, Sun Perch
Description
Lepomis, the generic name, is Greek and means "scaled gill cover." The species epithet microlophus is
Greek for "small nape." The redear is a deep-bodied sunfish with a relatively small mouth. Color ranges
from dark olive green above to almost white on the belly. The sides are usually yellow to green. The
spinous dorsal fin, which is anterior to the soft dorsal fin, is normally equipped with 10 spines, although
9 or 11 spines are sometimes observed, and it is broadly connected to the soft dorsal fin. The anal fin has
three spines. The species' most distinct characteristic is the red edge on the opercle ("ear") flap of the
male (orange on the female). The opercle flap is never greatly elongated as it is in species such as the
redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) or the longear sunfish (L. megalotis).
Life History
Redear sunfish often utilize snails as a major food item, hence the common name "shellcracker."
However, insect larvae and cladocerans may also be found in their diet. The species is usually found
near the bottom in warm water with little current and abundant aquatic vegetation. Redears normally
reach sexual maturity by the end of their second year. They spawn during the warm months of late
spring and early summer, and in deeper water than most other sunfish, congregating in spawning "beds."
Nests are saucer-shaped depressions in gravel or silt, and are sometimes so close they almost touch.
There are usually one or two peaks of activity during spawning season. Few individuals survive more
than six summers.
Distribution
Redear sunfish were originally found in the southeastern US from Texas north to a line even with
southern Illinois and east to the Atlantic Ocean. As a result of introductions, the range has been
expanded and now extends west into New Mexico and north into Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania. In
Texas the species is native to the eastern two-thirds of the state from the Red River to the Rio Grande. It
has been widely introduced throughout the state.
Other
Unlike some other sunfish species, redears rarely approach the surface to take flies or other artificial top
baits. They may, however, be readily captured using natural bait such as earthworms and grubs. Redear
are often taken in early summer when they are concentrated on spawning beds.
Warmouth (Lepomis gulosus)
Other Names
Redeye, Goggle-eye, Red-eyed Bream, Stump Knocker, Mudgapper, Mo-mouth, Morgan, Molly, Rock
Bass, Open Mouth, Weed Bass, Wood Bass, Strawberry "perch", Mud Bass, Warmouth Bass
Description
The warmouth is somewhat larger than either rock bass or green sunfish (with which it is often
confused) but very similar otherwise in that it is large-mouthed and heavy-bodied. Adult warmouth are
dark, with mottled brown coloration. Their belly is generally golden, and males have a bright orange
spot at the base of the dorsal fin. Three to five reddish-brown streaks radiate from the eyes, and the gill
flaps are often red. Warmouth have three spines in the anal fin, 10 spines in the dorsal fin, and small
teeth are present on the tongue. These fish range in size from 4 to10 inches (10.2 to 25 cm), but can
grow to more than 12 inches (31 cm), and weigh up to 2.25 pounds (1 kg).
Life History
Young warmouth feed on zooplankton and small insects. Adults feed on insects, mollusks, and small
fish. Their predators include larger fish, water snakes, turtles, and herons. Warmouth reach sexual
maturity at 3 to 4 inches (7.5 to 10cm), and spawn in the spring, when water temperatures reach 71° F
(21.5° C), and continuing through the summer. Males construct a disc-shaped nest by fanning their tails
and removing silt and debris over nesting site. Nests are made in 1.5 to 4 feet (0.45 to 1.23 m) of water
near a stump, clump of vegetation or other large, submerged object. Females produce 4,000 to 63,000
eggs during spawning season. After an incubation period of three days, the young hatch. The fry leave
the nest five to six days after hatching and grow to 1 to 2 inches (25.4 to 50.8 mm) by the fall. Their life
span is not known.

Warmouth are quite secretive. They seek cover in rocky banks, stumps or weeds, or near other large
objects, where they can hide and wait for food. They are sight feeders. When in breeding condition, the
males' eyes turn red. After the female lays her eggs, the male fertilizes the eggs and aggressively defends
the nest, eggs and fry from any intruder-including other females. Warmouth hybridize (crossbreed) with
bluegill and green sunfish. They can survive in polluted, low oxygenated waters where other sunfish
cannot. Warmouth are often confused with rock bass. The difference between the two is in the anal fin:
warmouth have three spines on the anal fin ray and rock bass have six spines.
Habitat
Lakes, ponds, swamps, and quiet areas of streams with muddy bottoms and vegetation are preferred
habitat for the warmouth.
Distribution
Warmouth are found in the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins, from western Pennsylvania to
Minnesota, south to the Gulf of Mexico; and the Atlantic and Gulf drainages from the Rappahannock
River in Virginia to the Rio Grande in Texas and New Mexico.
Other
Warmouth are members of the sunfish family, which
includes the largemouth bass. They are also known by
more colorful local names such as redeye, goggle-eye,
red-eyed bream, stump knocker, mudgapper, mo-mouth,
morgan, molly, rock bass, open mouth, weed bass, wood
bass, strawberry "perch" and mud bass. Because
warmouth hit hard and are easily caught, they are popular
with some anglers. They are good to eat when caught in
clean water, but because they are bottom-feeders like
catfish, the flesh can have a strong flavor.