Winning Notrump Leads PDF

David Bird &
Taf Anthias
Winning
Notrump
Leads
AN HONORS eBOOK FROM MASTER POINT PRESS

Text © 2011 David Bird & Taf Anthias
All rights reserved.
Honors eBooks is an imprint of Master Point Press. All contents,

editing and design (excluding cover design) are the sole
responsibility of the authors.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 4
Chapter 1 Should I lead a major or a minor? 7
Chapter 2 Should I lead from my longest suit? 21
Chapter 3 Which card is best from this holding? 42
Chapter 4 Leading from a weak hand 63
Chapter 5 Leading after a Stayman sequence 73
Chapter 6 Leading after a transfer sequence 92
Chapter 7 Leading when they have bid two suits 103
Chapter 8 Leading against 1NT 115
Chapter 9 Leading when they have bid one suit 127
Chapter 10 Leading when partner has opened 140
Chapter 11 Leading after a limit raise 152
Chapter 12 Leading into a 2NT opening 173
Chapter 13 Leading against 6NT 184
Chapter 14 Methodology 195
Table of contents 3
INTRODUCTION
The opponents’ bidding is 1NT - 3NT, let’s say, and you look down at this
hand: ♠ A Q J 8 ♥ 9 6 ♦ J 9 7 6 4 ♣ A 2. How do you decide what to lead?
Do you rely on past experience of leading from similar hands? Even if you
play several sessions of bridge a week and somehow record in your memory
what happens to each opening lead, you will have nowhere near enough data
to assist you on future occasions. Many players rely on general guidelines,
such as ‘lead the fourth-best of your longest and strongest suit’, but this is
often far from a winning strategy.
In this book we will look at various opening lead situations against
contracts in notrump. To discover which opening lead is best for a given West
hand, we will use computer software to create 5000 deals that match the given
North-South bidding. (The West hand will remain the same and the other
three hands will be chosen randomly.) The software will then play the deals
automatically, seeing which of the 13 possible opening leads works out best
— at both IMPs and match-point pairs. By analyzing the results we will be
able to draw some conclusions as to which types of lead are the most
successful.
The results for the particular West hand above are shown as:
Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

♠A 36.7% 4.37
♠Q 33.6% 4.29
♥9 32.1% 3.66
♦6 33.6% 3.78
♣A 27.5% 3.55
When you play an IMPs match, rubber bridge or Chicago, the main aim is
to beat the contract. The first column (‘Beats contract’) tells you how often
the various possible leads will allow you to do this. You can see that the ♠A
is the best opening lead at IMPs, beating 3NT 36.7% of the time.
When you play match-point pairs, your aim is to do better than the other
players holding the same cards as you and your partner, whether or not the
contract can be beaten. Preventing an overtrick may be worth an enormous
4 Introduction
amount, allowing you to beat all the defenders who let declarer make a trick
more. We will assess the various opening leads at match-points by calculating
the average number of tricks that the defenders can then make. On this West
hand, the ♠A lead is best at match-points too. It will allow the defenders to
score an average of 4.37 tricks per deal. As you see, a fourth-best diamond
lead is nowhere near as good, trailing the top-spade lead by a massive 0.6
tricks per deal.
The chapters in this book will look at 1NT, 2NT, 3NT and 6NT contracts.
They address the difference that it makes when the opponents bid one or more
suits on their way to a notrump contract, also how your best lead is affected if
they used Stayman or a transfer bid. Special criteria apply when your hand is
particularly weak, or particularly strong. You need to think differently when
the opponents have used a limit bid of 2NT, either stopping there or
advancing to 3NT. We will also address auctions where your partner opens
the bidding and the opponents end up in a notrump contract. Should you
always lead partner’s suit or perhaps try some suit of your own?
By the time you reach the end of the book, you will have accumulated
more knowledge about notrump opening leads than would be possible in a
lifetime spent at the bridge table. Make the opening leads advocated by our
computer simulations (the automated play of 5000 deals containing the
chosen West hand), and you will improve your results at both IMPs and
match-point pairs. We think that some of the recommended opening leads will
surprise you!
David Bird and Taf Anthias
Introduction 5
Many thanks to Bill Daly for checking the proof of this book.
Chapter 1
Should I lead a major or a minor?
The auction 1NT-3NT gives you valuable information about the responder’s
hand. He does not hold a 5-card major or he would have started with a
transfer bid. He is also unlikely to hold a 4-card major, since he did not use
Stayman. Some players raise directly to 3NT when they have a 4-card major
and 4-3-3-3 shape. The majority of your opponents bid Stayman with this
shape (we are assured by North American bridge colleagues) and that is the
assumption that we will make.
What about the opener’s
♠ 2.44
hand? We assume the most
popular style around the world: ♥ 2.44
a strong 1NT of 15-17 points. ♦ 4.06
We will see later that there was ♣ 4.06
hardly any difference in our ♠ 3.59 ♠ 3.59
results and recommended ♥ 3.59 Average ♥ 3.59
opening leads when we ♦ 2.91 Suit Lengths ♦ 2.91
assumed a 12-14 1NT instead. It ♣ 2.91 ♣ 2.91
is standard practice to open a ♠ 3.38
strong 1NT on 5-3-3-2 hands ♥ 3.38
containing a 5-card major, ♦ 3.12
otherwise you can run into rebid ♣ 3.12
problems. The opener will hold
a 5-card major roughly 10% of West North East South
the time. Nevertheless, declarer 1NT
and the dummy, between them, pass 3NT all pass
are likely to hold fewer cards in
the major suits than in the minor suits.
Should I lead a major or a minor? 7

Our computer software created 100,000 deals conforming to a 1NT - 3NT
auction. The resultant average suit lengths are shown in the diagram above.
Between them, declarer and the dummy hold an average of 5.82 cards in each
major, while East/West hold 7.18. The flipside of this is that East/West hold
an average of 5.82 cards in each minor against North/South’s 7.18.
This has a huge implication: after an auction of 1NT-3NT, it is usually
better to lead a major suit than a minor suit. In the present chapter we will
look more closely at this situation, seeing the effect of the major-suit bias. For
the first four chapters, you should assume that South deals and opens 1NT,
raised to 3NT by North. There is no further bidding and West has to choose
an opening lead.
(If North/South would not use Stayman on 4-3-3-3 shape, their average
length in each major increases from 5.82 to 5.94. This marginally reduces the
major-suit lead bias, as we will see.)
The major-minor bias
Hand 1
What would you lead from: ♠ Q J 10 3 ♥ K 9 7 2 ♦ Q J 10 3 ♣ 5 ?
First thoughts This West hand will allow us to assess the major-suit bias,
by comparing the results for the spade and diamond leads.

♠Q 31.5% 3.80
♥2 24.0% 3.43
♦Q 26.9% 3.63
♣5 24.9% 3.52
At IMPs, rubber bridge or Chicago, the ♠Q lead beats 3NT 4.6% more
often than the ♦Q. A profile of the deals in the simulation tells us that,
opposite this particular West hand, East will hold an average of 3.3 spades
and only 2.7 diamonds. The chance of East holding a top spade is ♠A
(13.4%), ♠K (21.2%). In diamonds the prospects are not so good: ♦A
(11.0%), ♦K (16.7%).
8 Should I lead a major or a minor?

Leading from four cards to the king is rarely a good lead. You can see
from the table that the humble ♣5 is a better bet than a heart, despite being in
a minor suit.
We mentioned in the introduction that we would assume a 15-17 point
1NT throughout this book. However, all the results and lead recommendations
apply equally well when the opponents are playing a weak 1NT of 12-14
points. For example, when we ran a simulation on the same West hand, with
North-South playing a weak 1NT that would not include a 5-card major, these
were the results:
(12-14 1NT) Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

♠Q 30.5% 3.84
♥2 23.2% 3.48
♦Q 25.8% 3.65
♣5 24.2% 3.55
The ranking order of the four leads is the same. There is no appreciable
difference to the major-minor bias, because in the strong 1NT case South
would rarely hold five spades when West holds four. The fact that South will
hold around three points fewer and the dummy three points more may slightly
improve declarer’s communications (reducing the ‘Beats Contract’ numbers
by a small amount) but it will not affect the recommended opening leads.
To complete the picture, we will revert to a 15-17 1NT and set the
simulations to include all 4-3-3-3 hands in the auction 1NT - 3NT, even when
the 4-card suit is a major. We will then be able to see how the major-suit bias
is affected when you play against opponents who do not use a Stayman
enquiry on 4-3-3-3 shape. Here are the results:
(No 4-3-3-3
Stayman) Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)
♠Q 29.5% 3.75
♥2 22.8% 3.39
♦Q 26.2% 3.61
♣5 23.1% 3.47
There is a dip in the major-suit bias, as one would expect, but the overall
effect is minimal.

Hand 2
What would you lead from: ♠ 5 2 ♥ A J 10 7 ♦ Q J 9 4 ♣ J 9 2 ?
First thoughts The broken sequence in diamonds catches the eye but will
the major-suit bias deprive it of victory? Let’s see:

♠5 25.1% 3.47
♥J 22.6% 3.48
♦Q 23.2% 3.37
♣2 22.7% 3.37
The Q-J-9-x holding (a ‘broken sequence’) is normally rated as an

attractive lead, but the major-suit bias lifts the spade doubleton to first place.
Hand 3
What would you lead from: ♠ J 8 6 ♥ 9 5 ♦ K Q 7 2 ♣ K J 7 2 ?
First thoughts Leading from an honor combination often costs a trick and
the compensating rewards are limited when you hold only a 4-card suit.
Perhaps the major-suit bias means you should choose one of the short suits?

♠6 21.3% 3.43
♥9 20.6% 3.41
♦K 13.2% 3.16
♦2 14.1% 3.16
♣2 15.7% 3.25
The ♠6 lead is 7% better than the ♦2, with little to choose between the
major-suit leads. So that we can judge the bias in favor of major-suit leads, we
will swap the majors and minors on this hand. What would you lead here:
♠KQ72 ♥KJ72 ♦J86 ♣95 ?

♠K 16.8% 3.19
♠2 12.7% 2.83
♥2 12.0% 2.85
♦6 11.9% 2.90
♣9 12.3% 2.92
A lead from ♠K Q 7 2 is now best, provided you lead the king rather than
the 2. In other words a 7% deficit has been changed into a 5% advantage. A
swing of 12% due to the switching of the major suits to the minor suits!
You can see that the major-suit bias has a huge effect on choosing the best
opening lead. That’s why we have placed this chapter at the start of the book.
The table contains other points of interest. It is better to lead the ♠K than
the ♠2. However, when the combination was in diamonds (a minor suit) it
was marginally better to lead the ♦2. How can that be? One of the main
benefits of leading the king is that you may be able to drop a doubleton jack
from declarer or the dummy. This is more likely to happen in a major suit
because declarer holds fewer major-suit cards than minor-suit cards.
The final point to note is that leads from a 4-card suit headed by one or
two honors are not particularly effective. You can see from the second table
how closely the passive short-suit leads compete, despite being in a minor
suit.
Hand 4
What would you lead from: ♠ A Q 7 ♥ A J 3 ♦ 10 8 5 2 ♣ 10 9 6 ?
First thoughts A-Q-x and A-J-x are not normally rated as good leads.
When in a major suit, and up against nothing special in the minors, they may
well come out on top. Let’s see.

♠A 30.5% 4.00
♥A 29.5% 3.91
♥7 21.8% 3.63
♦2 26.7% 3.83
♣10 26.0% 3.80
The two ace leads head the table. Let’s remind ourselves why the lead of
an ace can work so much better than expected. One reason is that you will

have a chance to switch elsewhere if partner discourages the first suit. Here is
a deal from the simulation, where the ♠A lead succeeds in this fashion.
♠K
♥ 10 6
♦KJ9543
♣KJ43
♠AQ4 ♠98732
♥AJ3
N ♥K9854
♦ 10 8 6 2 W E ♦7
♣ 10 9 6 S ♣72
♠ J 10 6 5
♥Q72
♦AQ
♣AQ85
West North East South
1NT
pass 3NT all pass
You lead the ♠A and are pleased to see dummy go down with a singleton
♠K (what a brilliant player you are!) On this trick East plays a discouraging
♠2. You can beat the contract now by switching to the ♥3, provided partner
returns a heart and not a spade. (He will expect you to be quite short in spades
because you led an ace not accompanied by a king.)
Hand 5
What would you lead from: ♠ Q 9 6 5 ♥ 10 4 ♦ K 8 2 ♣ Q J 10 2 ?
First thoughts Is the major-suit bias enough to close the gap between the
sequence in clubs and the queen-high spades? Will the major-suit doubleton
fare well again? Here are the numbers:

♠5 23.1% 3.32
♥10 25.0% 3.31
♦2 19.3% 3.15
♣Q 23.2% 3.41

It’s a close race! The heart doubleton is best at IMPs, but the club
sequence has the advantage at match-points. The closeness of the black-suit
leads at IMPs is a further indication of the major-suit bias, since the club
holding with its honor sequence is much stronger.
Should I lead a 4-card major or a 5-card minor?
Hand 6
What would you lead from: ♠ Q J 10 4 ♥ 8 3 ♦ A 10 8 5 3 ♣ J 6 ?
First thoughts Which lead would you choose — the ♠Q or the ♦5? The
holding in the diamond suit has more potential for establishing the five
defensive tricks needed to beat 3NT, perhaps. Against that, the queen-high
honor sequence is in a major. Let’s see the results:

♠Q 24.3% 3.57
♥8 18.8% 3.15
♦5 18.7% 3.10
♣J 13.6% 3.00
The spade sequence wins easily, with the fourth-best diamond no better
than the doubleton heart. This hand is linked to the next one, where we switch
the spade and diamond holdings. We will see how much difference that
makes.
Hand 7
What would you lead from: ♠ A 10 8 5 3 ♥ 8 3 ♦ Q J 10 4 ♣ J 6 ?
First thoughts On the previous hand, the Q-J-10-4 holding (then in spades)
finished 5% ahead of the A-10-8-5-3 holding (then in diamonds). We will see
whether that lead is diminished or completely lost when the suits are changed.

♠5 28.7% 3.44
♥8 21.8% 3.38
♦Q 23.2% 3.53
♣J 17.3% 3.19
Yes, the 5% lead becomes a 5.5% deficit — all due to the expectation of
suit length in your partner’s hand. The safer diamond lead remains the best
shot at match-points.
Hand 8
What would you lead from: ♠ K 4 ♥ Q 8 6 3 ♦ K 8 ♣ J 9 7 4 2 ?
First thoughts It is particularly unattractive to lead from a doubleton king.

How will the two longer holdings compare?

♠K 15.1% 2.82
♥3 17.3% 3.14
♦K 6.9% 2.45
♣4 17.7% 3.13
The heart and club leads are evenly matched. We see that, in rough terms,
a 4-card major-suit lead is equivalent to a 5-card minor-suit lead.
Should I lead a short major or a 5-card minor?
Hand 9
What would you lead from: ♠ 4 3 ♥ 5 4 ♦ 9 6 4 2 ♣ K Q 8 3 2 ?
First thoughts The guideline ‘fourth best of the longest and strongest’
would leave you in no doubt what to lead. Does it give you the right answer
when the suit is a minor?

♠4 10.2% 2.68
♥5 10.3% 2.67
♦6/4/2 6.3% 2.57
♣K 10.1% 2.58
♣3 6.6% 2.37
A triple tie at IMPs, with the minuscule major-suit doubletons the equal
of the 5-card club holding. At match-points you should lead one of the major-
suit doubletons. The difference of 0.1 in the Average Tricks column (between
a spade and the ♣K) is more of an advantage than you might think. An extra
trick can be worth as much as half a top (if, for example, all the scores on the
sheet are either 630 or 600). So, an extra trick on every tenth board would
certainly carry you to a better finishing position.
Hand 10
What would you lead from: ♠ Q 6 ♥ K 5 ♦ 10 8 7 3 ♣ J 10 4 3 2 ?
First thoughts Spurred on by the results from the previous hand, we will
see how doubleton honor leads fare in the major suits. Not the type of lead
that you see very often, but perhaps they work well.

♠Q 14.3% 2.90
♥K 14.6% 2.76
♦3 11.0% 2.88
♣3 11.7% 2.85
The ♥K edges it at IMPs, giving you a marginally better chance of setting

up a long suit in partner’s hand. The ♠Q is better at match-points.
What is the effect when East is the dealer?

On our results so far, South opened 1NT as the dealer. Perhaps you are
wondering what effect it would have if East was the dealer and had passed in
front of the 1NT opening.

Since East could not then hold a weak-two opening in either major (nor a
1♥ or 1♠ opening), it would presumably make the doubleton leads in the
major suits less effective. Well, there is no need to guess on the matter. We
will rerun the Hand 10 simulation with East as the dealer. Our software will
then exclude deals where East would have opened with a weak two-bid (or
any other opening bid). These are the new results:
(East dealer) Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

♠Q 11.6% 2.74
♥K 11.3% 2.52
♦3 9.1% 2.78
♣3 9.5% 2.75
Compare these results with those on the previous page. The major-suit
doubletons retain their advantage, although it is reduced. All the numbers are
slightly lower because the East hand is now more likely to be balanced;
declarer will therefore benefit from better breaks in his suits.
Hand 11
What would you lead from: ♠ A 7 ♥ 8 5 ♦ K J 9 6 3 ♣ A 10 7 2 ?
First thoughts Now the 5-card minor is stronger and there are two side
entries. Can we forget about major-suit bias, holding this hand?

♠A 23.9% 3.78
♥8 23.9% 3.77
♦6 31.6% 3.96
♣2 19.2% 3.67
Yes, of course, the diamond lead wins. You have a great chance of
scoring three or four diamond tricks to go with your two outside aces.
Hand 12
What would you lead from: ♠ K 10 5 ♥ A 5 ♦ 10 8 6 5 3 2 ♣ 8 4 ?

First thoughts This time our short major-suit holdings face a 6-card minor,
albeit a very weak one. It will be no surprise if the 6-card suit fails to win.
Partner is unlikely to have enough help in diamonds to establish that suit.
Indeed, he is quite likely to have a singleton diamond.

♠5 18.1% 3.34
♥A 27.8% 3.55
♦5 19.8% 3.44
♣8 15.2% 3.28
The ♥A is easily best at IMPs and heads the field at match-points, too.
Let’s see a typical deal from the simulation where a lead of the ♥A will beat
3NT:
♠QJ2
♥43
♦J7
♣ K 10 7 5 3 2
♠ K 10 5 ♠9643
N
♥A2 ♥ J 10 9 7 6
♦ 10 6 5 4 3 2
W E ♦A8
♣84
S ♣A6
♠A87
♥KQ85
♦KQ9
♣QJ9
1NT
pass 3NT all pass
Ace and another heart removes one of declarer’s stoppers in the suit. He
sets up the clubs and partner clears the hearts. Declarer has only eight tricks
and cannot find a ninth before East enjoys the established cards in hearts for
one down.
As you see, a diamond lead is too slow. East wins with the ♦A and
declarer is safe whether East returns the ♦8 or the ♥J.

CONCLUSIONS - Should I lead a major or a minor?
• On average, after an auction of 1NT - 3NT, the defenders hold 7.2

cards between them in each major-suit. Declarer and the dummy hold
only 5.8. This creates a significant bias towards major-suit opening
leads.
• When you have similar holdings in a major and a minor, you should
lead the major suit. It goes further than that. Even when a minor-suit
holding is better, it may well be right to lead a major suit.
• A passive lead from a short major suit is better than leading from four
cards to an honor in a minor suit.
• In rough terms, a lead from a 4-card major is equivalent to a lead

from a 5-card minor.
• We assume a 15-17 point 1NT in this book, but the results and
recommended opening leads apply equally well when the opponents
are playing a 12-14 point 1NT (or any other range).
• We assume that the responder will, rightly or wrongly, bid Stayman

with 4-3-3-3 shape including a 4-card major. If your opponents would
instead raise directly to 3NT, this slightly reduces the bias towards
major-suit leads. The overall effect is minimal.
• When your partner has failed to open the bidding, the prospect for
short-suit leads is reduced — particularly in a major suit.

Pick a Winner!
You are invited to judge which is the best available lead from the twelve West
hands below. Note also if you think that a different lead would be best at
match-points. The simulation results are given on the next page.
Auction is 1NT - 3NT
1. ♠ A 7 2. ♠ J 6 4 3. ♠ Q J 10 7
♥J8763 ♥QJ ♥8642
♦QJ54 ♦ A 10 8 2 ♦KQJ7
♣93 ♣K973 ♣5
4. ♠ Q J 8 5 5. ♠98 6. ♠ 10 7
♥63 ♥6 ♥ Q 10 9
♦K54 ♦KQ762 ♦J964
♣ Q 10 6 2 ♣KJ853 ♣ Q J 10 4
7. ♠ Q 8 7 6 3 8. ♠A8 9. ♠64
♥7 ♥KQ82 ♥KJ84
♦J75 ♦KQ82 ♦ J 10 7
♣QJ94 ♣743 ♣ 10 7 6 5
10. ♠ 9 2 11. ♠ 9 6 12. ♠ Q 8 6 5

♥853 ♥J7652 ♥QJ3
♦A962 ♦K2 ♦ K 10 8 5 2
♣K962 ♣ Q J 10 2 ♣9

Answers
Here are the best leads from the West hands on the previous page, as
calculated from 5000-deal simulations. The annotations (I) and (M) indicate
that the best lead is different when playing Matchpoints rather than IMPs.
Auction is 1NT - 3NT IMPs MPs
1. ♠ A 7 ♥ J 8 7 6 3 ♦ Q J 5 4 ♣ 9 3 1st ♠A 21.4% 3.24

2nd ♥6 17.2% 3.21
2. ♠ J 6 4 ♥ Q J ♦ A 10 8 2 ♣ K 9 7 3 1st ♥Q 16.8% 3.32
2nd ♠4 15.0% 3.25
3. ♠ Q J 10 7 ♥ 8 6 4 2 ♦ K Q J 7 ♣ 5 1st(I) ♠Q 23.2% 3.35
1st(M) ♦K 22.0% 3.49
4. ♠ Q J 8 5 ♥ 6 3 ♦ K 5 4 ♣ Q 10 6 2 1st ♠Q 22.0% 3.28
2nd ♥6 21.2% 3.10
5. ♠ 9 8 ♥ 6 ♦ K Q 7 6 2 ♣ K J 8 5 3 1st ♠9 14.7% 3.24
2nd ♥6 13.2% 3.21
6. ♠ 10 7 ♥ Q 10 9 ♦ J 9 6 4 ♣ Q J 10 4 1st ♠10 23.9% 3.46
2nd ♥10 22.2% 3.36
7. ♠ Q 8 7 6 3 ♥ 7 ♦ J 7 5 ♣ Q J 9 4 1st ♠6 12.9% 2.79
2nd ♥7 10.8% 2.77
8. ♠ A 8 ♥ K Q 8 2 ♦ K Q 8 2 ♣ 7 4 3 1st ♥K 24.3% 3.89
2nd ♣7/3 17.3% 3.56
9. ♠ 6 4 ♥ K J 8 4 ♦ J 10 7 ♣ 10 7 6 5 1st ♠6 19.9% 3.08
2nd ♥4 15.1% 3.02
10. ♠ 9 2 ♥ 8 5 3 ♦ A 9 6 2 ♣ K 9 6 2 1st ♥8/3 18.4% 3.28
2nd ♠9 16.6% 3.21
11. ♠ 9 6 ♥ J 7 6 5 2 ♦ K 2 ♣ Q J 10 2 1st ♥5 21.0% 3.16
2nd ♠9 19.8% 3.10
12. ♠ Q 8 6 5 ♥ Q J 3 ♦ K 10 8 5 2 ♣ 9 1st ♥Q 25.0% 3.43
2nd ♦5 20.5% 3.16

Chapter 2
Should I lead from my longest suit?
In this chapter we will look at the general guideline ‘Lead from your longest
and strongest suit against 3NT’, noting further situations where it is better to
lead from one of your shorter suits. Some of the results surprised us and may
surprise you, too!
When you lead from a short suit, your aim is to find partner with a long
holding opposite. Your expectation of suit length in partner’s hand depends
on whether the suit is a major or a minor. Look at this table, which applies to
a 1NT - 3NT auction:
West suit length 1 2 3 4 5 6

Expected East length (♥/♠) 5.4 4.7 4.0 3.3 2.6 2.0
‘Fourth-best from(♦your
Expected East length /♣) longest
3.8 and
3.3 strongest’
2.9 2.4 2.0 1.6
As you see, the more cards you hold yourself, the greater is the
expectation of combined suit length. When you hold a shortage, the
expectation from partner’s hand is very much more in a major suit.
One of the best ways to defeat 3NT is to establish and enjoy a suit where
either you or your partner holds a 5-card suit. Major-suit leads from a 5-card
suit are excellent prospects, with partner holding an average 2.6 cards
opposite. You can see from the table why major-suit doubleton leads fare
surprisingly well. Partner will hold an average of 4.7 cards opposite and is an
odds-on favorite to hold five cards or more.
When you lead from a 4-card minor, the combined expectation of cards in
that suit (between you and your partner) is only 6.4, exactly the same as when
you lead a major-suit singleton!
Hand 1
What would you lead from: ♠ K 10 8 6 3 ♥ K 2 ♦ A 8 3 ♣ 9 7 3 ?
Should I lead from my longest suit? 21

First thoughts If we told you that a spade lead was no good, you would
rightly demand a full refund. Let’s see the figures:

♠6 32.4% 3.63
♥K 15.2% 3.11
♦3 19.0% 3.40
♣7/3 21.1% 3.49
Leading away from the ♠K may well cost you a trick initially (leading
from an ace, king or queen costs around half a trick, on average). It is usually
worth this investment when you lead from a 5-card suit, because there is a fair
chance that you can establish several long cards in exchange.
A spade lead is also best at match-point pairs.
Hand 2
What would you lead from: ♠ 8 5 ♥ K J 9 6 2 ♦ A 4 ♣ K J 7 2 ?
First thoughts A lead in either hearts or clubs may well cost you a trick
initially. The ‘longest and strongest’ guideline points you towards the heart
lead because you have the chance of establishing an extra long card,
compared with a club lead. These are the simulation results:

♠8 24.1% 3.49
♥6 35.3% 3.60
♦A 18.6% 3.31
♣2 18.6% 3.36
There is a huge difference between a heart and a club lead. A heart lead
gives you almost twice the chance of beating the contract.
The 0.24 tricks-per-deal difference between the two long-suit leads at
match-points is quite a margin. If you make one trick more than a rival pair on
2 deals in every 10, you will finish well ahead of them.
Hand 3
What would you lead from: ♠ K J 7 2 ♥ 10 9 4 ♦ Q J 3 ♣ 7 4 2 ?
22 Should I lead from my longest suit?

First thoughts Is it better to lead from a strong 4-card suit, following the
guideline, or a safer 3-card suit? Should you pay the up-front cost of leading
from an honor?

♠2 18.0% 3.12
♥10 20.5% 3.21
♦Q 14.0% 2.75
♣7/4/2 17.4% 3.11
A passive heart lead is better than a spade lead. We saw in the first
chapter that major-suit leads work better than minor-suit leads. When you
compare the two minor-suit leads here, you may be surprised that the club
lead is a better prospect. That is because there is a price to pay when you lead
away from an honor holding, even a seemingly attractive combination with
two touching honors. A profile of this simulation showed that East held an
average of only 2.88 diamonds — including the ♦A (12.5%), the ♦K (17.3%)
and the ♦10 (32.2%). So, there is a reasonable chance of finding ♦A-10-x-x
or ♦K-10-x-x in the dummy, with declarer holding the other top honor. A
diamond lead would then allow him to score four tricks in the suit.
You hold four cards in your second-longest suit
Hand 4
What would you lead from: ♠ 10 2 ♥ K Q J 8 ♦ A 10 6 4 3 2 ♣ 8 ?
First thoughts Every book on opening leads places the K-Q-J sequence
close to the summit of its recommended list. Let’s see how it compares with
leading from a 6-card alternative suit, headed by the ace.

♠10 24.8% 3.37
♥K 41.6% 4.20
♦A 28.7% 3.49
♦4 24.5% 3.38
♣8 19.9% 3.29

The ♥K is a very clear winner, at both IMPs and match-point pairs. There
is a good reason why you may get disappointing results when you lead from a
6-card minor suit after a 1NT-3NT auction. The opponents hold no great
length in the majors, or the responder would have looked for an 8-card fit.
They are therefore very likely to hold six cards between them in your long
minor suit, leaving your partner with only a singleton. This gives you little
chance of establishing your 6-card suit.
An interesting result from the table is that the ♦A lead gives you a better
chance of beating 3NT than the ♦4. This is because you will have a second
opportunity to attack hearts (which is what you should have done in the first
place!) Let’s see a deal from the simulation where this is the case:
♠J73
♥642
♦8
♣ A Q J 10 5 4
♠ 10 2 ♠9865
♥KQJ8
N ♥ A 10 7 5
♦ A 10 6 4 3 2 W E ♦QJ5
♣8 S ♣62
♠AKQ4
♥93
♦K97
♣K973
1NT
pass 3NT all pass
A low diamond lead would allow declarer to run eleven tricks. If you
happened to lead the ♦A, you might well think again (when East signaled
with the ♦Q and dummy’s clubs were so threatening) and switch to the ♥K.
So, it is not recommended to lead an ace from a 6-card suit. If the suit is worth
leading in its own right, it will generally be right to lead fourth-best.
Hand 5
What would you lead from: ♠ 10 ♥ Q J 9 2 ♦ A 9 6 5 4 ♣ 6 5 3 ?

First thoughts A broken sequence in a 4-card major jousts with ace-fifth in
a minor. Would you choose a heart or a diamond?

♠10 12.3% 2.95
♥Q 18.8% 3.36
♦A 12.8% 2.89
♦5 14.0% 2.94
♣6/5/3 11.7% 2.92
The ♥Q lead is better than a low diamond at IMPs. It has an even more
significant edge at match-points, topping the list by a giant 0.4 tricks per deal.
Looking at the possible leads in the diamond suit, we note that the edge
for the ace lead (in Hand 4) has vanished. That’s because the ability to switch
to the excellent ♥K-Q-J sequence is not there. As we mentioned, if you are
going to lead from a long suit headed by the ace, it is generally right to lead a
low card.
Hand 6
What would you lead from: ♠ A Q J 8 ♥ 9 6 ♦ J 9 7 6 4 ♣ A 2 ?
First thoughts Next we compare a chunky 4-card major with a much

weaker 5-card minor. Would you lead a spade or a diamond?

♠A 36.7% 4.37
♠Q 33.6% 4.29
♥9 32.1% 3.66
♦6 33.6% 3.78
♣A 27.5% 3.55
This is more a test of memory than bridge judgment, since it was the West
hand we featured in the Introduction! A spade lead is best, with the ♠A being
the right honor to choose. A spade lead will succeed immediately when
partner holds the ♠K. It will work well also when it sets up three spade tricks
and partner has an early winner in one of the red suits.

Hand 7
What would you lead from: ♠ 10 8 5 ♥ Q 10 9 4 3 ♦ A K J 3 ♣ 6 ?
First thoughts This time the 4-card suit is iron-clad and the 5-card suit is
stronger too. Which red suit would you choose?

♠5 30.2% 3.59
♥10 29.7% 3.59
♦A/K 36.4% 4.08
♦3 14.8% 3.26
♣6 27.2% 3.51
Why does the ♦A lead give you a better chance that a heart lead? It is
partly because it will give you a double chance. You can persevere with
diamonds if that seems a good idea; you can also switch to hearts without
having surrendered the lead. Look at this deal from the simulation:
♠94
♥A
♦9754
♣QJ9832
♠ 10 8 5 ♠Q72
♥ Q 10 9 4 3
N ♥J652
♦AKJ3 W E ♦82
♣6 S ♣A754
♠AKJ63
♥K87
♦ Q 10 6
♣ K 10
1NT
pass 3NT all pass
You lead the ♦A and dummy goes down with a threatening club suit.
Having retained the lead, you can switch to a heart, removing the side entry to
dummy. Declarer may take advantage of being in the dummy by finessing the

♠J to pick up five tricks in the suit. East will subsequently hold up the ♣A for
one round, however. Five spades, two hearts and one club will bring
declarer’s total to eight and he will have no way to score a ninth trick.
As you see, a heart lead was really best on this deal. By leading the ♦A,
you ‘ride on the back’ of the heart lead — obtaining the same benefits.
Hand 8
What would you lead from: ♠ 10 3 ♥ K 8 5 2 ♦ 9 8 ♣ Q 10 7 6 2 ?
First thoughts How would many players rank the leads here? Club best,
then a heart, then the spade doubleton (because it is a major) and last the
diamond doubleton? Many would guess that way. Let’s see if they would be
right.

♠10 17.7% 3.10
♥2 15.7% 3.08
♦9 14.1% 3.01
♣6 17.5% 3.04
The spade doubleton is marginally ahead of the lead from club length.
Perhaps you are surprised that a spade lead is rated ahead of a heart. Leading
from four cards to a high honor is not an attractive lead. Such a lead may give
away a trick initially and limited compensation comes your way in terms of
setting up long cards.
Major-suit doubleton leads are showing well in our simulations so far. It
is not so surprising when you think that partner is likely to hold five cards
opposite; he would probably have chosen to lead the suit, had he been on lead.
Hand 9
What would you lead from: ♠ J 9 8 6 2 ♥ K Q 5 4 ♦ 2 ♣ 6 4 2 ?
First thoughts It seems to be a close decision between the majors. The

spade holding will need quite a bit of assistance from partner before it can be
established. You need to get five tricks from somewhere, however, and it may
represent the best chance. Let’s see.

♠6 19.4% 2.96
♥K 18.4% 3.24
♥4 16.5% 2.97
♦2 13.1% 2.79
♣6/4/2 15.7% 2.86
You will have noticed that on almost all the West hands so far, the best
lead at IMPs is also the best lead at match-points. This hand-type is one of the
few exceptions. The moderate 5-card spade suit gives you slightly more
chance of beating the contract. At match-points, the ♥K is better by 0.3 tricks
per deal, a substantial margin. Look at the two possible leads in hearts. Again
we see that it is usually right to lead an honor from two touching honors,
whatever the third-best card may be. This will sometimes save declarer a
guess, it is true, and we will discuss this in Chapter 3.
Comparing 4-card and 3-card leads
Next we will look at some 4-card combinations, seeing whether a 3-card lead
in some other suit is preferable.
Hand 10
What would you lead from: ♠ Q 7 5 3 ♥ K 8 3 ♦ 9 7 6 4 ♣ 10 3 ?
First thoughts No doubt the major-suit leads will come out on top.
Traditional thinking suggests that a spade is better than a heart.

♠3 15.0% 3.01
♥3 18.2% 3.05
♦7/6/4 13.7% 2.93
♣10 12.1% 2.86
The heart lead is ahead! How can that be? It’s because the best chance of
beating 3NT is to make tricks in a 5-card suit held by one of the defenders.

On our 5000-deal simulation with this West hand, East held five or more
spades on 8.8% of the deals and five or more hearts on 27.6%. East’s average
point-count was 8.5, so there was a fair chance that he would have a side entry
when it was possible to establish the heart suit.
Hand 11
What would you lead from: ♠ A J 8 7 ♥ Q J 7 ♦ 10 7 5 ♣ Q 10 9 ?
First thoughts Which major-suit holding do you prefer? A low spade lead
seems all too likely to surrender a trick. Let’s see the results:

♠7 21.0% 3.45
♥Q 30.1% 3.72
♦5 22.9% 3.51
♣10 14.2% 3.10
That’s a big advantage for the ♥Q, at both forms of the game. It works
better than a lead from ♦Q-J-3 on Hand 3 because here the suit is a major. A
profile of the simulation puts East with an average of 4.0 hearts, including the
♥A (11.2%), the ♥K (19.4%) and the ♥10 (46.5%). There is relatively little
chance that the ♥Q lead will give away a trick.
How do leads from low cards compare?
Hand 12
What would you lead from: ♠ 10 4 ♥ 10 7 4 ♦ Q J 7 5 ♣ A 10 8 3 ?
First thoughts Is it better to lead from two low or three low? The major-
suit leads will doubtless end on top, but which one is better?

♠10 25.2% 3.54
♥7/4 26.8% 3.59
♦Q 18.7% 3.31
♦5 20.7% 3.41
♣3 18.9% 3.38
The passive leads in the majors do indeed head the table, with a slight
advantage to the tripleton. We thought the spade lead might edge to the front,
but no doubt it will be hard work to establish partner’s spade suit.
Hand 13
What would you lead from: ♠ 9 8 3 ♥ 9 8 6 2 ♦ A 10 8 ♣ A J 4 ?
First thoughts Is it better to lead from three low or four low? Again we
expect the major-suit leads to come out on top, but which will win?

♠9/8 29.9% 3.84
♥9/8 30.9% 3.89
♦A 22.1% 3.58
♣A 19.8% 3.51
The two spot-card leads are neck-and-neck. We were rather expecting the
spade lead to be better, because there is a greater expectation of length
opposite. Three heart tricks plus the two aces would beat the game, however,
so three or four useful hearts in the East hand may be enough.
When should I lead from a 3-card suit?
Hand 14
What would you lead from: ♠ A K 3 ♥ 8 6 2 ♦ K 9 6 5 3 2 ♣ 8 ?
First thoughts Some players would lead the ♦5, hoping to set up this suit,
using the ♠A-K as entries. Perhaps it is better to lead the ♠A, allowing you to

look at the dummy. If it goes down with something like ♠Q-J-x-x, you will
have the chance to switch elsewhere, perhaps guided by a suit-preference
signal from your partner. Let’s see the results:

♠A 37.6% 4.10
♥6/2 21.2% 3.41
♦5 19.6% 3.32
♣8 17.9% 3.30
Not much doubt there. The ♠A is a huge winner at both forms of the
game. When you hold A-K-x in a major suit (and the opponents have not
looked for a major-suit fit), the odds are good that partner holds at least four
cards there. Give him the queen of the suit and you are well on your way to
beating the contract.
Lead a diamond instead and the prospects are nowhere near as promising.
Your partner is likely to hold a singleton diamond and it will be difficult to
establish the suit. Declarer may run for home when you had the contract
beaten in your A-K-x suit.
Hand 15
What would you lead from: ♠ Q 10 8 7 6 4 ♥ K Q 5 ♦ 9 ♣ Q 7 5 ?
First thoughts We have just seen that A-K-x is a strong lead. How about its
younger brother, K-Q-x? When the holding is in a major suit, there is a fair
chance that partner will hold some length opposite. You may then be off to a
strong start in establishing the five tricks that you need. Let’s see.

♠7 18.0% 3.03
♥K 23.0% 3.29
♦9 14.3% 2.97
♣5 12.2% 2.73
At both forms of the game, the strong tripleton is a better lead than the
respectable 6-card suit.

Hand 16
What would you lead from: ♠ Q J 5 ♥ 8 5 3 ♦ J 9 5 3 2 ♣ 10 4 ?
First thoughts We move one notch lower now and look at leading from a
Q-J-x combination. Would that be your choice here?

♠Q 15.9% 2.97
♥8/5/3 11.9% 2.69
♦3 9.9% 2.60
♣10 7.4% 2.49
The lead from the strong tripleton is best, once again. The margin is
particularly impressive when playing match-points.
Hand 17
What would you lead from: ♠ Q J 7 5 4 2 ♥ K 8 5 ♦ 9 8 3 2 ♣ — ?
First thoughts Next we will look at a few tripletons containing only one
honor. How would you compare the two major-suit leads from this hand?

♠Q 19.9% 3.11
♠5 19.7% 3.02
♥5 19.0% 3.06
♦8/3/2 15.0% 2.95
It’s amazing that the heart lead competes so well against a spade lead
from a 6-card suit headed by two touching honors. As we have seen on other
hands, leads from a 6-card suit are overrated.
Perhaps you are surprised that leading a spade honor is slightly better than
leading fourth-best. Let’s pluck a deal from the simulation that shows how
this can be possible:

♠ 10 6
♥ J 10 6
♦ A 10 5
♣ A 10 9 8 6
♠QJ7542 ♠83
♥K85
N ♥AQ2
♦9832 W E ♦85
♣— S ♣KJ7532
♠AK9
♥9743
♦KQJ6
♣Q4
1NT
pass 3NT all pass
Suppose you lead the ♠5. This will give declarer three spade tricks and a
total of eight quick tricks. He can then set up a ninth by leading towards the
♣Q or developing a heart trick. If instead you lead the ♠Q, declarer has only
two spade tricks. He cannot set up a heart trick because East will clear the
spade suit when he wins the first round of hearts. Nor can declarer establish
the clubs without the defenders scoring three hearts and two clubs.
When should I lead from a doubleton honor?
The most promising doubletons, so far as opening leads are concerned, are
those with two touching honors: A-K, K-Q or Q-J. Perhaps these represent a
better lead than a moderate suit of five cards or so? We will see.
Hand 18
What would you lead from: ♠ 10 8 6 ♥ K Q ♦ 10 9 8 5 2 ♣ 9 8 4 ?
First thoughts Setting up the diamonds will be an arduous task. Perhaps it

is better to lead the ♥K and hope to score further heart tricks in partner’s
hand. He is likely to have an entry or two to assist this process.

♠8 8.0% 2.60
♥K 18.3% 3.09
♦10 6.2% 2.54
♣9/8 5.1% 2.50
Just look how hopeless a diamond lead is! You can bet that many players
would choose a diamond lead, not even considering a heart. The ♥K gives
you almost three times the chance of beating 3NT and is hugely better at Pairs
too. That’s one to remember.
In Chapter 1 we considered the effect of East being the dealer rather than
South. What difference would it have made if East were the dealer on this
particular hand and had launched the auction with an initial Pass? It would
mean that East could not hold a weak 2♥ opening. In effect, it would remove
from the scene a large number of East hands that would benefit from a heart
opening lead.
There is no need to guess how the results would change. Once again, we
can simply rerun the simulation with East as the dealer. The software will
then exclude deals on which East would have made any opening bid. These
are the new results:

♠8 5.2% 2.53
♥K 10.4% 2.77
♦10 4.9% 2.51
♣9/8 3.8% 2.47
The recommended lead and the ranking order of the four leads remain the
same. The probability that the ♥K lead will beat the contract takes an 8%
dive. Indeed, all the numbers have gone down. One reason is that East cannot
now hold an opening one-bid. Another is that once all East’s weak-two bids
are excluded, the declarer will benefit from more favorable breaks.
Hand 19
What would you lead from: ♠ Q 10 7 6 4 2 ♥ Q J ♦ J 3 2 ♣ 9 2 ?

First thoughts Most players would surely choose a spade from that West
hand, but perhaps the ♥Q-J is a stronger lead than is generally appreciated.
Let’s see.

♠6 7.7% 2.40
♥Q 13.5% 2.71
♦2 5.2% 2.29
♣9 5.2% 2.34
That’s another big margin in favor of the strong doubleton lead. Let’s
scan through the simulation output, looking for a typical deal where a heart
lead beats the contract.
♠J93
♥ 10 2
♦ A 10 9 7
♣ A 10 5 3
♠ Q 10 7 6 4 2 ♠K8
♥QJ
N ♥A9864
♦J53 W E ♦82
♣92 S ♣K764
♠A5
♥K753
♦KQ64
♣QJ8
1NT
pass 3NT all pass
West leads the ♥Q and declarer wins with the ♥K. When he runs the ♣Q,
East wins and lays down the ♥A, trusting West to unblock the jack if he has
led from ♥Q-J-x. The contract duly goes one down.
Even though East had some help in spades, a spade lead would be
ineffective. A lead from a 6-card suit is all the more likely to be disappointing
when your hand is weak and contains few side entries.

Hand 20
What would you lead from: ♠ Q J 8 ♥ Q J ♦ 10 8 7 2 ♣ J 9 7 6 ?
First thoughts How does a strong doubleton lead compare with a strong
tripleton (also headed by two honors)? You would perhaps expect Q-J-x to
work better than Q-J, but when you hold only two cards in a suit partner is
more likely to hold five cards opposite. The table will reveal all:

♠Q 13.0% 2.96
♥Q 14.1% 2.97
♦2 8.4% 2.77
♣6 6.9% 2.67
There is a slight edge for the doubleton Q-J. Opposite this particular West
hand, East will hold an average of 4.7 hearts and only 3.9 spades. East will
hold exactly five hearts 38% of the time and five spades only 22% of the time.
We can begin to see why the doubleton lead works unexpectedly well.
Hand 21
What would you lead from: ♠ K Q ♥ K Q 7 ♦ 10 7 6 4 3 ♣ 9 5 2 ?
First thoughts We will do a similar comparison with two K-Q

combinations, to see if the doubleton fares better again.

♠K 10.1% 2.98
♥K 13.0% 3.03
♦4 6.2% 2.83
♣9/5/2 5.8% 2.80
This time the tripleton lead is slightly ahead. Why is that? There is more
chance of a blockage hindering the defense when you lead from K-Q
doubleton. When you lead from Q-J, a partner with K-10-x-x-x has the chance
to overtake on the second round. When you lead from K-Q, he cannot
overtake from J-10-x-x-x.

Hand 22
What would you lead from: ♠ Q 4 ♥ J 9 7 6 ♦ Q 8 ♣ Q 8 7 4 3 ?
First thoughts How good is that doubleton spade holding? In particular, is

it a better lead than a club from five cards to an honor?

♠Q 10.5% 2.44
♥6 6.8% 2.44
♦Q 4.5% 2.23
♣4 7.4% 2.39
The ♠Q is best. This is not a particular surprise, since establishing one of

the longer suits will not be easy and the hand contains little by way of entries.
Partner is marked with spade length and the best (albeit rather small) chance
of beating 3NT is to score some spade tricks in his hand.
Maybe the situation would alter if the ♦Q were changed to the ♦A,
providing a definite entry. There’s no need to guess on the matter. With no
expense spared, we will run another simulation…
Hand 23
What would you lead from: ♠ Q 4 ♥ J 9 7 6 ♦ A 8 ♣ Q 8 7 4 3 ?

♠Q 14.4% 2.93
♥6 14.8% 3.05
♦A 10.4% 2.79
♣4 19.3% 3.06
The ♠Q loses her 3% advantage over a club and is now 5% behind — a

swing of 8% due solely to the presence of the ♦A. Why is this? A side entry
increases the chance of establishing and enjoying the club suit. It also reduces
the average strength of the East hand, lessening the prospects of scoring spade
tricks there.
This instructive example reminds us that choosing a good opening lead is
not just a matter of remembering some splendid table headed by A-K-Q. You
may have to use your brain!

When should I lead a singleton?
We end the chapter with a brief look at the type of deal where a singleton lead
gives you the best chance, at both forms of the game.
Hand 24
What would you lead from: ♠ 10 ♥ 9 7 6 5 ♦ 10 9 8 ♣ Q 9 8 5 3 ?
First thoughts Suppose you surveyed a group of players at your local club.
You might expect support for a club, diamond or heart lead, but surely not for
a spade lead. Let’s see the figures.

♠10 13.1% 2.81
♥7/6/5 8.1% 2.69
♦10 6.1% 2.53
♣5 8.2% 2.52
If you are aghast to find a singleton lead at the top of the rankings, look at
the expectation of spade and heart length in partner’s hand, opposite this
particular West hand. A profile of this simulation revealed that East holds an
average of 5.4 spades and at least five spades 83% of the time. He holds an
average of 3.2 hearts and at least five hearts only 6% of the time. That’s not
the end if it. With an average of 10.8 HCPs, East is likely to have a side entry
or two.
Opposite this West hand, East will hold an average of 8.6 cards in the
major suits and only 4.4 in the minor suits. That is why the minor-suit leads
perform so disappointingly.
Hand 25
What would you lead from: ♠ 10 9 7 4 ♥ Q ♦ J 9 7 6 4 ♣ J 5 3 ?
First thoughts Is it any different when the singleton is an honor card? Does
the ♥Q deserve to catch your eye here?

♠10 5.6% 2.47
♥Q 9.5% 2.60
♦6 4.6% 2.31
♣3 3.2% 2.22
Indeed it should. The chance of breaking 3NT on any lead is low, with
your hand being so weak, but the ♥Q lead gives you the best chance.
CONCLUSIONS - Should I lead from my longest suit?
• After an auction of 1NT - 3NT, leads from a 4-card suit headed by

one or two honors are over-rated. You give away around half a trick
by leading from an ace, king or queen and stand to gain little in return
by way of established tricks.
• When comparing two major-suit leads (or minor-suit leads), it is

usually better to lead from two low or three low, rather than four
cards headed by one or two honors. Leads from a major-suit
doubleton fare surprisingly well, because partner is likely to hold at
least five cards opposite.
• When comparing two major-suit leads (or minor-suit leads), there is

little to choose between a lead from four cards or three cards — for
example, ♠K-8-5-2 and ♥K-7-6. The 3-card lead is just as likely to
beat the contract, unless your hand is strong and contains most of the
side entries.
• When you have four cards in one major and a singleton in the other, it
is often better to lead the singleton.

Pick a Winner!
Should I lead from my longest suit?
You are invited to judge which is the best lead from the twelve West hands
below. Note down if you think the best lead would differ between IMPs and
match-points. The simulation results are given overleaf.
1. ♠ 10 9 8 5 3 2 2. ♠KQ8 3. ♠Q742
♥ Q J 10 2 ♥83 ♥AK4
♦A ♦ 10 9 3 2 ♦ 10 7 5
♣ 10 2 ♣8652 ♣ J 10 5
4. ♠ J 9 7 5 5. ♠Q862 6. ♠KQ83
♥J53 ♥KQJ ♥ K 10 8 3 2
♦K9 ♦ 10 6 ♦J5
♣8732 ♣ 10 9 8 4 ♣ 10 2
7. ♠ Q J 7 8. ♠ A 10 8 7 4 9. ♠A
♥ K 10 7 6 4 3 ♥KQ5 ♥9762
♦ J 10 4 ♦ 10 6 2 ♦ J 10 7 6 4 2
♣4 ♣94 ♣ 10 4
10. ♠ K Q 10 8 11. ♠ Q J 12. ♠ J 10 4

♥ Q 10 9 7 2 ♥ Q 10 4 2 ♥KQ
♦ 10 9 8 ♦ 10 7 2 ♦9863
♣Q ♣QJ83 ♣J742

Answers
Here are the best leads from the twelve West hands on the previous page, as
calculated from 5000-deal simulations.
1. ♠ 10 9 8 5 3 2 ♥ Q J 10 2 ♦ A ♣ 10 2 1st ♥Q 28.4% 3.75

2nd ♠10 25.2% 3.42
2. ♠ K Q 8 ♥ 8 3 ♦ 10 9 3 2 ♣ 8 6 5 2 1st ♠K 19.9% 3.21
2nd ♥8 13.6% 2.80
3. ♠ Q 7 4 2 ♥ A K 4 ♦ 10 7 5 ♣ J 10 5 1st ♥A 32.5% 3.88
2nd ♠2 14.5% 3.14
4. ♠ J 9 7 5 ♥ J 5 3 ♦ K 9 ♣ 8 7 3 2 1st ♥3 17.2% 2.98
2nd ♠5 15.0% 2.93
5. ♠ Q 8 6 2 ♥ K Q J ♦ 10 6 ♣ 10 9 8 4 1st ♥K 22.3% 3.48
2nd ♠2 11.2% 2.87
6. ♠ K Q 8 3 ♥ K 10 8 3 2 ♦ J 5 ♣ 10 2 1st(I) ♥3 22.4% 3.11
1st(M) ♠K 21.7% 3.42
7. ♠ Q J 7 ♥ K 10 7 6 4 3 ♦ J 10 4 ♣ 4 1st ♠Q 22.2% 3.27
2nd ♥6 18.4% 3.03
8. ♠ A 10 8 7 4 ♥ K Q 5 ♦ 10 6 2 ♣ 9 4 1st(I) ♠A 29.2% 3.52
1st(M) ♥K 28.2% 3.77
9. ♠ A ♥ 9 7 6 2 ♦ J 10 7 6 4 2 ♣ 10 4 1st ♠A 10.2% 2.79
2nd ♦J 7.6% 2.62
10. ♠ K Q 10 8 ♥ Q 10 9 7 2 ♦ 10 9 8 ♣ Q 1st ♠K 19.4% 3.32
2nd ♥10 16.9% 2.82
11. ♠ Q J ♥ Q 10 4 2 ♦ 10 7 2 ♣ Q J 8 3 1st ♠Q 17.7% 3.16
2nd ♥2 11.9% 2.95
12. ♠ J 10 4 ♥ K Q ♦ 9 8 6 3 ♣ J 7 4 2 1st ♥K 13.9% 2.92
2nd ♠J 7.7% 2.65

Chapter 3
Which card is best from this holding?
In this chapter we will look at some suit combinations and see which card
represents the best lead — both at IMPs and match-points.
When leading against notrump contracts, conventional thinking is that
you should lead the king from K-Q-J-x(-x) or K-Q-10-x(-x) but usually lead
fourth-best from K-Q-x-x(-x). Similarly you lead the 10 from an interior
sequence such as K-10-9-x(-x) but a low card from K-10-x-x(-x). We will
check whether these general guidelines hold water when tested against a large
number of 3NT deals. As in previous chapters, assume that South deals and
opens 1NT, raised to 3NT.
Should I lead an honor or a low card from a long suit?
Hand 1
What would you lead from: ♠ J 7 6 ♥ 8 2 ♦ Q J 6 ♣ A K 10 7 2 ?
First thoughts The text-books recommend leading the ace from a suit
headed by the A-K-Q or A-K-J. What if you hold the A-K accompanied by
spot-cards? An ace lead here might allow you to drop Q-x in declarer’s hand
or the dummy, possibly then finding partner with the jack. A low lead could
improve your communications with partner. Let’s see what the figures are:

♠6 23.8% 3.71
♥8 23.2% 3.71
♦Q 12.7% 3.03
♣A 39.2% 4.08
♣7 32.4% 3.70
42 Which card is best from this holding?

In the long run, leading the ace will give you much better results than
leading a low club — at both forms of the game.
Hand 2
What would you lead from: ♠92 ♥74 ♦AK7542 ♣964?
First thoughts Now your A-K combination is accompanied by low spot-

cards. A fourth-best lead is likely to gain when partner holds ♦Q-x, also when
he has a low doubleton and declarer has to surrender the lead during the play.
Let’s look at the figures:

♠9 11.1% 3.04
♥7 10.8% 3.04
♦A/K 17.0% 3.48
♦5 20.3% 2.93
♣6/4 7.2% 2.90
At IMPs, a low diamond lead is better than an honor. You may be

surprised that this will beat the contract only 20.3% of the time. Opposite this
West hand, partner will hold an average of only 1.6 diamonds. Even if nine
tricks cannot be run without partner winning the lead, he may have no
diamond to return.
This is a key factor when choosing the best opening lead at match-points.
If you lead a low diamond, your side may never score a diamond trick! At
this form of the game, the ace lead gives you an advantage of 0.55 tricks per
deal.
Hand 3
What would you lead from: ♠ K Q 9 6 3 ♥ 8 7 4 ♦ 9 2 ♣ A 10 2 ?
First thoughts Everyone leads a top honor from K-Q-J and K-Q-10
combinations. (In some systems, the queen is led rather than the king.) Is an
honor lead still right when the next card is the nine?
Which card is best from this holding? 43

♠K/Q 40.0% 4.08
♠6 32.5% 3.52
♥8/7 27.2% 3.51
♦9 22.3% 3.36
♣A 18.7% 3.18
♣2 15.8% 3.13
The top honor lead is a big winner from a K-Q-9 combination. One deal
proves nothing but here is a typical layout from our simulation, reminding us
how a king lead may be necessary to beat the contract:
♠A84
♥ 10 9 6
♦A6
♣J9763
♠KQ962 ♠ 10 7 5
♥874
N ♥KQJ5
♦92 W E ♦ J 10 7 3
♣ A 10 2 S ♣84
♠J2
♥A32
♦KQ854
♣KQ5
1NT
pass 3NT all pass
If you lead the ♠K, the defenders will claim four spades and the ♣A. On
the lead of the ♠6, declarer scores his ♠J and has time to establish the clubs.
Hand 4
What would you lead from: ♠ K Q 6 5 2 ♥ 8 7 4 ♦ 9 2 ♣ A 10 2 ?
First thoughts The third-best card is a lowly six-spot. Many players would
lead a low card now, since a lead of the king might result in a blockage if
partner held ♠A-x or ♠J-x. Let’s see the result of the simulation:

♠K 33.7% 3.87
♠5 30.5% 3.47
♥8/7 26.0% 3.47
♦9 20.9% 3.32
♣A 18.8% 3.17
♣2 16.0% 3.12
Although the advantage has narrowed, the top honor lead is still best.
Leading a top honor is particularly important at match-points. You will avoid
giving a cheap trick to ♠J-x, whether or not the contract can be beaten.
How often does an honor lead save declarer a guess?

Our double-dummy simulations have implied that it is profitable to lead from
touching honors more often than traditional text-books imply. Occasionally
the lead of a king from such as ♠K-Q-6-5-2 will save declarer a guess. Look
at this single-suit position, for example:
♠J94
♠KQ652 ♠ 10 8
♠A73
If you lead low against a real-life declarer, he may play dummy’s ♠9,
which will create a second trick for him when your spades are headed by the
K-10 or the Q-10. When the cards lie as shown, the defenders can then
establish four tricks in the suit. (A low lead would not succeed at double-
dummy because the all-seeing computer declarer would rise with dummy’s
jack.)
If instead you lead the king, declarer can place you with the K-Q and will
score two tricks in the suit. This sort of position may throw doubt on the
validity of using double-dummy simulation, so we have taken some trouble to
evaluate how often these ‘save declarer a guess’ positions arise.
We have written software that analyzes the frequency of the various
honor positions for North/South on one of our 5000-deal simulations. Look
back at Hand 4, where the ♠K lead was rated best from ♠K-Q-6-5-2. How

often would such a lead have saved declarer a guess in the suit? These are the
figures from our profile:
North South Probability

AJ9 x x (+) 0.36%
AJx 9 x (+) 0.54%
J9x A x (+) 1.44%
Jxx A 9 (+) 1.20%
Leading the king will save declarer a guess in the suit on 3.54% of the
deals. Does this wipe out the 3.2% advantage awarded to the ♠K lead in our
table for on Hand 4, above? No, because on many of the deals the contract
would still be made, however declarer plays the spades (or would go down
whatever the spade play). Also, on some deals declarer cannot afford to lose a
spade trick because he fears a switch elsewhere; he might then play dummy’s
jack even after a low lead. Note, finally, that the massive 0.4 tricks match-
point difference would scarcely be dented by this effect.
So, we have ‘come clean’ on this aspect of double-dummy simulation.
There is a similar effect when you lead a top card from A-K-x-x-x. This may
save declarer a guess when dummy has Q-10-x, or the Q-x-x in dummy with
the 10 in declarer’s hand. When you lead an honor from Q-J-x-x-x, you may
find dummy with K-10-x and declarer with A-8-x. Whenever our simulation
results recommend an honor lead from touching honors, you can mentally
subtract a percentage point or two from the double-dummy ratings, to allow
for the effects against a living, breathing declarer.
Hand 5
What would you lead from: ♠QJ943 ♥J74 ♦A9 ♣874 ?
First thoughts Next we look at combinations headed by the Q-J. The

standard lead from Q-J-9 is a top honor. Let’s check that this is right:

♠Q 27.4% 3.43
♠4 27.1% 3.29
♥4 18.1% 3.10
♦A 11.7% 2.82
♣8/7 13.7 % 2.93

When your broken sequence is queen-high, the technical advantage of a
top-honor lead is less.
Leading a low card comes into the reckoning at IMPs because you may
avoid a blockage when partner has a doubleton honor. Look at this single-suit
diagram:
♠ 10 8
♠QJ943 ♠A7
♠K652
Lead the ♠4 and all is easy. Partner wins with the ♠A and returns the suit.
If instead you make the ‘standard lead’ of the ♠Q, East’s doubleton honor
will cause a problem. East will doubtless play the ♠A on the first trick and
return the ♠7. You win with the ♠J, but South’s ♠6 now gives him a second
stopper in the suit.
Against that, a low spade lead may give declarer an extra trick. Opposite
this West hand East will hold the ♠A (13.5% of the time), the ♠K (18.8%)
and the ♠10 (39.6%). Whenever he holds none of the three missing honors,
declarer may score an undeserved trick with the ♠10:
♠A7
♠QJ943 ♠862
♠ K 10 5
Situations such as these largely cancel each other out at IMPs (as the
‘Beats Contract’ figures in our table show). In the long run it may be better to
lead the ♠Q, if only because it paints a clearer picture for your partner.
Should I lead low or an honor from a 4-card suit?

When you hold only four cards in the suit that you lead, you are hoping
partner can assist you there. There may still be advantage in leading an honor
from two touching cards — even when your third-best card is not a useful
one.

Hand 6
What would you lead from: ♠ A K 5 4 ♥ 8 7 6 5 2 ♦ 10 4 ♣ A 9 ?
First thoughts Would you lead a heart or a spade? If your choice is a

spade, should you lead a top honor or the fourth-best card? Make up your
mind and then look at the results:

♠A/K 47.1% 4.63
♠4 34.1% 4.17
♥7/2 39.4% 4.22
♦10 34.0% 4.03
♣A 39.1% 4.24
All the opening leads fare very well. That is because declarer is unlikely
to be able to run nine tricks immediately. You will probably have a second
chance to grab four spade tricks (if they’re available), even if you start with a
heart and find partner with nothing special there.
Look next at the two spade leads. It is easily better to start with a top
spade, rather than the fourth-best card. This will allow you to drop a
doubleton ♠Q from declarer or the dummy. There is no need to worry about
partner holding such as ♠9-8-4 when declarer’s cards break 3-3, because you
have the ♣A as a quick entry.
Perhaps you noted that leading the ♠4 might work well when dummy has
♠Q-10-4 and your partner holds the ♠J (also when the ♠Q is in dummy and
declarer has the ♠10). Yes, but a profile of this simulation showed that such
situations arose on only 2.75% of the deals.
Hand 7
What would you lead from: ♠ K Q 5 2 ♥ J 9 5 ♦ A 10 7 4 ♣ 8 7 ?
First thoughts Will you lead a spade. If so, which spade? Let’s take a look
at the results from the simulation.

♠K/Q 27.0% 3.72
♠2 21.8% 3.34
♥5 23.1% 3.39
♦4 16.0% 3.20
♣8 20.0% 3.32
Again we see the perhaps surprising result that you should lead an honor
from two touching honors, regardless of the top accompanying card. This
carries a particularly strong advantage, compared with leading fourth-best,
when playing match-points. Let’s see a deal from the simulation that
illustrates why this is so:
♠A76
♥87
♦62
♣AKJ642
♠KQ52 ♠ 10 8 4 3
♥J95
N ♥Q432
♦ A 10 7 4 W E ♦J85
♣87 S ♣ 10 5
♠J9
♥ A K 10 6
♦KQ93
♣Q93
1NT
pass 3NT all pass
The contract cannot be beaten, but at match-points declarer would dearly

like to make at least one overtrick. If you lead the ♠K, you have the chance to
continue with the ♠Q when declarer ducks the trick. Admittedly, this may
depend on your preferred signaling style. Declarer is then held to nine tricks.
If instead you lead the ♠2, declarer wins with the ♠J and has ten top
tricks. Not only that, he has the tempo to set up an eleventh trick in diamonds.
The discussion about ‘saving declarer a guess’, after Hand 4, will still be
fresh in your minds. On our present deal West holds only four cards headed
by the K-Q. This leaves slightly more room for declarer and the dummy to

hold a combination where the opening lead may spare declarer a losing
option. Let’s look at the figures from the profile:
North South Probability

AJ9 x x (+) 0.24%
AJx 9 x (+) 0.52%
J9x A x (+) 2.02%
Jxx A 9 (+) 2.02%
Declarer will be rescued from a guess on 4.8% of the deals. On many of

these the contract would be secure anyway, whatever the chosen play in
spades (or would go down anyway). So, leading a top honor is still best from
♠K-Q-5-2 even if you mentally shave off 3% or so from the margin shown in
the table.
Hand 8
What would you lead from: ♠QJ96 ♥K874 ♦A6 ♣J93?
First thoughts The text-books advocate the lead of the queen, rather than
the ♠6, from this broken sequence. As well as checking whether this is good
advice, we will be able to see how much better a lead from a broken sequence
is, compared with a heart lead from four cards to an unaccompanied honor.

♠Q 24.2% 3.60
♠6 18.5% 3.34
♥4 17.3% 3.23
♦A 14.7% 3.11
♣3 16.7% 3.19
There are no surprises this time and the queen is the best card to lead, by a
fair margin.
Hand 9
What would you lead from: ♠A9 ♥QJ64 ♦962 ♣A854 ?

First thoughts Now the accompanying spot cards are low and many
players would lead the ♥4. Perhaps the ♥Q is better, nevertheless. We will
see.

♠A 21.4% 3.42
♥Q 29.8% 3.78
♥4 27.5% 3.64
♦9/6/2 18.6% 3.42
♣A 17.1% 3.40
♣4 14.0% 3.35
The ♥Q has a 2.3% edge over a fourth-best card, not a huge amount but
still worthwhile. There is more of a margin at match-points. Let’s see a typical
deal from the simulation where a lead of the queen is necessary.
♠2
♥K7
♦Q87543
♣Q932
♠A9 ♠J8763
♥QJ64
N ♥9852
♦962 W E ♦ K 10
♣A854 S ♣K6
♠ K Q 10 5 4
♥ A 10 3
♦AJ
♣ J 10 7
1NT
pass 3NT all pass
If you lead the ♥4, declarer wins with the ♥10 and plays the ace and jack
of diamonds. On a heart return, say, he wins in the dummy and runs the
diamonds, discarding three spades and one club. He then leads a spade to the
king and is sure to bring his total to nine. Either the dummy will score two
club tricks or declarer will make a spade and the ♥A. If your opening lead is
the ♥Q, declarer has no chance of making the contract.

Hand 10
What would you lead from: ♠ J 10 6 5 ♥ J 7 5 4 ♦ Q 8 6 ♣ A 6 ?
First thoughts We will end this section by looking at a 4-card suit headed
by the J-10. Is the jack lead best and how much better is a spade lead than a
heart lead?

♠J 19.5% 3.31
♠5 19.1% 3.22
♥4 19.1% 3.22
♦6 14.0% 2.91
♣A 15.4% 3.05
All very close but we have yet another hand where it is right to lead one
of touching honors, regardless of the size of the next-best card. Add it to the
portfolio.
Which lead is best from an interior sequence?

Conventional wisdom is to lead the top of an interior sequence — for
example, the jack from K-J-10-5-4. We will check if this is good advice.
Hand 11
What would you lead from: ♠872 ♥AQJ42 ♦763 ♣82 ?
First thoughts This lead problem was posed by Hugh Kelsey and John
Matheson in their 1991 book Improve Your Opening Leads. It seems right to
lead a heart but would you choose the ♥Q or the ♥4?

♠8/7 26.4% 3.35
♥Q 31.5% 3.27
♥4 32.1% 3.21
♦7/6 23.7% 3.25
♣8 22.5% 3.20

The authors analyzed that a low heart lead would gain (a) when partner
held ♥K-x and declarer or the dummy held four cards, (b) when partner held
♥x-x and declarer or the dummy held ♥K-x, and (c) when partner held ♥10-x
and declarer chose to win from ♥K-x-x-x. Leading the queen would gain
when dummy held ♥K-10-x (or ♥K-x-x with declarer holding ♥10-x). They
concluded: ‘It appears that the lead of a small heart has a definite edge.’
It is not a very big edge, as it happens, but the Scottish aces were right to
award their top mark to a low heart, as far as IMPs are concerned. When
declarer holds such as ♥K-10-8, it will probably not cost to let him win
cheaply at Trick 1. If your partner gains the lead and returns a heart, you will
score four heart tricks anyway.
As you see, a passive spade lead will give you the best long-term returns
at match-points.
Hand 12
What would you lead from: ♠ K J 10 6 4 ♥ K J 10 5 ♦ 8 7 4 ♣ 9 ?
First thoughts It will surely be better to lead a spade than a heart. What
will the balance be between leading the jack or a low card?

♠J 30.2% 3.31
♠6 29.1% 3.25
♥J 22.8% 3.29
♥5 19.6% 3.17
♦8/7/4 23.5% 3.28
♣9 22.1% 3.22
There is a slight advantage in leading the jack, top of an internal

sequence, rather than fourth-best. This is more apparent from the 4-card heart
holding. That’s because declarer is likely to hold longer hearts than spades
and a low heart lead might then allow him to score a cheap extra trick.
The passive spot-card leads in the minors compete surprisingly well and
another simulation showed that they overtook both the long-suit leads when
the majors and minors were swapped.

Hand 13
What would you lead from: ♠ K 2 ♥ 8 5 ♦ Q 10 9 2 ♣ A 10 9 6 2 ?
First thoughts Most players would lead the ♣10. The club holding is
clearly ‘longest and strongest’ and the 10 is the top of the interior sequence.
Let’s check the figures.

♠K 19.6% 3.39
♥8 27.8% 3.75
♦10 21.8% 3.51
♦2 22.6% 3.53
♣10 25.8% 3.63
♣6 26.6% 3.66
The heart doubleton edges ahead of the club sequence. In both of the
minor suits there is no advantage at all in leading top of the interior sequence.
Well, that’s interesting. The lower the honor at the top of your interior
sequence, the less worthwhile it is to lead the honor rather than fourth-best.
Here’s a club lay-out from the simulation where leading the ♣6 fares best.
♣8743
♣ A 10 9 6 2 ♣QJ
♣K5
Lead the ♣6 to the ♣J and ♣K and you can overtake partner’s ♣Q later.
Lead a traditional ♣10, South winning with the ♣K, and you cannot overtake
partner’s ♣Q without promoting dummy’s clubs into a second stopper. The
effect is the same if declarer plays low at Trick 1.
Hand 14
What would you lead from: ♠Q982 ♥K984 ♦7 ♣J982 ?
First thoughts When you hold the 9-8 under your honor, this is not
normally considered an interior sequence. Should you lead the 9?

♠9 22.6% 3.35
♠2 22.1% 3.33
♥9 22.0% 3.33
♥5 21.9% 3.33
♦7 19.1% 3.25
♣9 20.9% 3.27
♣2 20.6% 3.26
There is very little benefit in leading the 9. When you factor in the
disadvantage that partner may be unable to judge whether the 9 is from an
‘interior sequence’ or a short suit, you will probably conclude that you should
lead fourth-best from these combinations.
Let’s take a break. Somewhere in the simulation there must be a few deals
where it is necessary to lead the ♠9 to beat 3NT. Let’s see if we can find one:
♠J
♥ 10 7 2
♦96542
♣AKQ7
♠Q982 ♠A7653
♥K984
N ♥65
♦7 W E ♦ Q J 10
♣J982 S ♣ 10 6 4
♠ K 10 4
♥AQJ3
♦AK83
♣53
1NT
pass 3NT all pass
Ah, a potential blockage position! Suppose you lead the ♠2 against 3NT.
East has to play the ace, to prevent declarer from scoring two spade tricks.
The defenders’ spades are now blocked. After a spade return to the 10 and
queen, you clear the suit. Meanwhile, declarer should throw a club and a
diamond from dummy (he needs to keep three hearts, to protect himself
against a first-round duck from West). Declarer continues with the ♦A-K but

the suit refuses to break. He then crosses to dummy with a club and runs the
♥10. If West wins, he can cash only one spade and the contract will be made.
If West holds up the ♥K, declarer will repeat the heart finesse. Again nine
tricks will come his way.
As you see, a lead of the ♠9 will beat the contract; West will be able to
cross to the East hand subsequently by leading the ♠2.
Which lead is best from three or four low cards?

What do you lead from a holding such as ♣9-7-5-2? In the United Kingdom
many players lead the second-best card, the ♣7. They tell partner that they are
leading from a weak suit, while at the same time preserving the top card. In
the USA it is popular to lead the ♣5 from four-low (showing count) and the
lowest card from three-low. Elsewhere, you will still find some players
leading a top-of-nothing ♣9. In this section we will see if it makes much
difference, in a technical sense, which card you like to lead.
Hand 15
What would you lead from: ♠ 10 7 4 ♥ 9 6 4 ♦ A 9 7 ♣ 9 7 5 2 ?
First thoughts We can expect the major-suit leads to come out on top.
Meanwhile we can take note of whether it makes any difference which spot
cards you might choose.

♠10 17.2% 3.18
♠7/4 17.8% 3.22
♥9 17.8% 3.19
♥6/4 18.2% 3.22
♦7 10.1% 2.90
♣9 12.5% 3.00
♣7/5/2 13.2% 3.04
The major-suit tripletons are better than a club lead by around 5% and the
advantage of leading low rather than top-of-nothing (which some players

favor) is relatively small. Leading the 9 from 9-7-5-2 will cost you
occasionally, as one would expect.
Hand 16
What would you lead from: ♠ 10 8 5 2 ♥ 10 9 6 3 ♦ A 5 ♣ K J 7 ?
First thoughts Now we look at four cards headed by the 10. Presumably it
will cost a bit to lead ‘top of nothing’ from that spade holding. It is anyone’s
guess whether you should lead ten or low from the heart holding.

♠10 27.5% 3.66
♠2 29.2% 3.73
♥10 29.4% 3.75
♥3 29.2% 3.74
♦A 23.7% 3.50
♣7 18.2% 3.36
It is better to lead low from the spade holding, as expected. In hearts, the
card you choose will make little difference.
Unusual leads from a suit headed by the ace

We have seen that it is usually right to lead high from a suit headed by the
ace-king, even if the third-best card is a spot-card. In this section, we will look
at a couple of West hands where it works well to lead an ace that is not
accompanied by the king.
Hand 17
What would you lead from: ♠ A Q 10 8 3 ♥ A 6 ♦ 9 8 4 ♣ J 6 5 ?
First thoughts There is some merit in leading the ♠A in this situation. A

sight of the dummy will often let you know which card to play next. With the
♥A alongside, you don’t need to worry about conserving your ♠A as an
entry. What does the simulation tell us?

♠A 38.7% 4.06
♠8 32.7% 3.76
♥A 30.5% 3.92
♦9 21.9% 3.59
♣5 20.7% 3.52
The ace is right from this spade holding, at both forms of the game. Let’s
see a deal from the simulation, to remind us why the ace lead may work well.
♠K97
♥82
♦732
♣AK974
♠ A Q 10 8 3 ♠642
♥A6
N ♥9753
♦984 W E ♦ J 10 6 5
♣J65 S ♣Q3
♠J5
♥ K Q J 10 4
♦AKQ
♣ 10 8 2
1NT
pass 3NT all pass
Look first at how poorly a low spade lead fares. Declarer can win with the
♠J and set up the hearts while dummy’s ♠K remains as a second guard in the
suit. If you lead the ♠A, you have the chance to continue with the ♠Q,
pinning South’s ♠J and setting up five winners for the defense.
It is this sort of situation that most players think of when leading the ace
from such a combination. A look through our simulation shows that the high
rating for the ♠A lead is mainly due to something quite different. It allows
you (in theory) to switch to a heart when partner has a strong holding headed
by the K-Q. Of course, finding such a switch is all too easy at double-dummy
— as in our simulations. It can be more difficult when defending at the table.
Suppose that East holds ♥K-Q-10-7-5-3 on this deal. You will have little
chance of diagnosing this in the West seat and a spade continuation may well

allow declarer to make the contract. The ♠A lead is still best, no doubt, but
not by as much as our table suggests.
Hand 18
What would you lead from: ♠ A Q 8 2 ♥ A Q 9 6 ♦ 9 7 3 ♣ J 10 ?
First thoughts Should you lead from one of the major suits, even though
you may give declarer an undeserved trick with his king? If you like the idea
of a major-suit lead, which card will you lead?

♠A 31.9% 3.88
♠2 22.1% 3.61
♥A 32.0% 3.86
♥6 21.6% 3.56
♦7/3 22.1% 3.69
♣J 21.5% 3.68
Few players would think of leading an ace but it is easily best, at both
IMPs and match-points. You avoid committing to a particular major and can
take a look at the dummy. Here’s a deal where an ace lead might pay off:
♠9
♥ K 10 5
♦QJ842
♣Q974
♠AQ82 ♠ K 10 7 4
♥AQ96
N ♥873
♦973 W E ♦ 10 5
♣ J 10 S ♣8632
♠J653
♥J42
♦AK6
♣AK5
1NT
pass 3NT all pass

With South’s values packed in the minors, North would have struck gold
by looking for a minor-suit game. Unlucky! Meanwhile, you lead the ♥A
against South’s 3NT contract. East plays a discouraging ♥3 and you decide
that your best chance of beating the same is to score four spade tricks. When
you switch to the ♠2, East wins with the ♠K and returns the ♠10, putting the
game one down.
Deals will arise where you cannot judge the best play at Trick 2.
However, you have a huge 10% advantage to play with and an ace lead is
easily best.
CONCLUSIONS - Which card is best from this holding?
• When your suit is headed by touching honors, it is usually best to lead a

top card — even from such as K-Q-7-5-2, where your third-best card
gives you nowhere near a ‘broken sequence’.
• The advantage of leading a top card is greatest from suits headed by the
A-K or K-Q, progressively less so from Q-J, J-10 or 10-9.
• Although an honor lead from K-Q-6-2 or Q-J-7-4 will occasionally save

declarer a guess, this reduces only marginally the benefit of such leads.
• There is some advantage in leading ‘top of an interior sequence’ from a

suit headed by the K-J-10, particularly when the suit contains only four
cards. The advantage is less when your interior sequence is the 10-9.
• From holdings such as K-9-8-3, Q-9-8-6 or J-9-8-2, there is little

advantage in leading the 9, treating the 9-8 as an interior sequence.
Leading fourth-best is the clearest lead for your partner to read.

Pick a Winner!
Which card is best from this holding?
You are invited to judge the best available lead from the twelve West hands
below, noting if you think that a different lead would be preferable at match-
points. The simulation results are given on the next page.
1. ♠ A 4 2. ♠ Q J 8 6 2 3. ♠ J 10 8 6 2
♥875 ♥J74 ♥ Q 10 3
♦ 10 6 ♦A9 ♦K75
♣ A J 10 8 6 5 ♣874 ♣ K 10
4. ♠ A Q 10 5. ♠KQ982 6. ♠Q97
♥J76 ♥K985 ♥ 10 9 4
♦AK32 ♦3 ♦AK752
♣J75 ♣652 ♣ 10 9
7. ♠ 7 6 3 8. ♠ J 10 9 3 9. ♠A74
♥82 ♥KQ653 ♥ 10 9 5
♦872 ♦A2 ♦KQ8632
♣AQJ42 ♣75 ♣7
10. ♠ 10 8 7 2 11. ♠ 7 4 12. ♠ Q 10 8

♥ 10 9 6 3 ♥AQJ94 ♥J3
♦AQ4 ♦8742 ♦94
♣K8 ♣ A 10 ♣ A J 10 7 6 2

Answers
1. ♠ A 4 ♥ 8 7 5 ♦ 10 6 ♣ A J 10 8 6 5 1st(I) ♣A 28.6% 3.87

1st(M) ♠A 27.3% 3.89
2. ♠ Q J 8 6 2 ♥ J 7 4 ♦ A 9 ♣ 8 7 4 1st ♠6 28.0% 3.42
2nd ♥4 17.4% 3.07
3. ♠ J 10 8 6 2 ♥ Q 10 3 ♦ K J 5 ♣ K 10 1st ♠J 27.3% 3.48
2nd ♥10 19.9% 3.18
4. ♠ A Q 10 ♥ J 7 6 ♦ A K 3 2 ♣ J 7 5 1st ♦A 20.7% 4.08
2nd ♠A 19.1% 3.82
5. ♠ K Q 9 8 2 ♥ K 9 8 5 ♦ 3 ♣ 6 5 2 1st ♠K 33.5% 3.59
2nd ♥9 18.8% 3.06
6. ♠ Q 9 7 ♥ 10 9 4 ♦ A K 7 5 2 ♣ 10 9 1st ♦A 33.1% 3.87
2nd ♥10 20.4% 3.48
7. ♠ 7 6 3 ♥ 8 2 ♦ 8 7 2 ♣ A Q J 4 2 1st(I) ♣4 21.7% 2.92
1st(M) ♠7/3 20.0% 3.23
8. ♠ J 10 9 3 ♥ K Q 6 5 3 ♦ A 2 ♣ 7 5 1st ♥K 35.0% 3.91
2nd ♠J 26.2% 3.57
9. ♠ A 7 4 ♥ 10 9 5 ♦ K Q 8 6 3 2 ♣ 7 1st ♦K 25.7% 3.71
2nd ♠A 21.1% 3.32
10. ♠ 10 8 7 2 ♥ 10 9 6 3 ♦ A Q 4 ♣ K 8 1st ♠8 32.0% 3.79
2nd ♥10 31.3% 3.78
11. ♠ 7 4 ♥ A Q J 9 4 ♦ 8 7 4 2 ♣ A 10 1st ♥A 69.6% 4.87
2nd ♥Q 67.6% 4.78
12. ♠ Q 10 8 ♥ J 3 ♦ 9 4 ♣ A J 10 7 6 2 1st ♣J 23.4% 3.48
2nd ♠10 19.3% 3.30

Chapter 4
Leading from a weak hand
What should your general thoughts be when choosing an opening lead from a
weak hand against 3NT? It is less likely than normal that a lead from a 5-card
suit will work well. Even if you manage to establish the suit at some stage,
you may not have an entry to enjoy the long cards.
When you have fewer than 5 points in your hand, partner is likely to hold
the stoppers in declarer’s suits. It is usually more profitable to lead from a
short suit, hoping to set up the best suit in partner’s hand.
In this chapter we will look at several weak hands, evaluating the
prospects for the various opening leads. Even if you are a hardened bridge
veteran, some of the answers may cause you to raise an eyebrow! (As before,
assume that the bidding has been 1NT - 3NT.)
Looking for partner’s suit
Hand 1
What would you lead from: ♠ 10 8 7 5 2 ♥ J 9 ♦ 10 4 ♣ J 10 9 7 ?
First thoughts Many players would assess the problem as a choice

between the black suits. Spades is a major and you have five of them. Against
that, the sequence in clubs offers some safety. These are the simulation
results:

♠5 14.4% 3.02
♥J 19.5% 3.12
♦10 11.1% 2.87
♣J 12.4% 3.00
Leading from a weak hand 63

The strong major-suit bias has its effect. Because the hand is weak it is
better to lead the shorter major, aiming to set up partner’s suit.
Hand 2
What would you lead from: ♠ 10 8 4 ♥ 9 ♦ 10 7 6 5 2 ♣ 10 8 3 2 ?
First thoughts Two short holdings in the majors, two longer ones in the
minors. The ♦5 would be a popular choice in a club game, but after Hand 1
we cannot expect that to be the winner.

♠4 9.3% 2.64
♥9 13.5% 2.79
♦5 6.0% 2.46
♣2 4.7% 2.40
The singleton heart is the best lead at both IMPs and match-points! The
♠4 from the 3-card holding comes in second, with the longer minor-suit leads
well to the rear.
Suppose you were playing IMPs and led a heart, beating the contract
when you found partner with a great suit. Can you imagine the look that some
opponents would give you? And yet the heart is the best lead in the long run,
as shown by our 5000-deal simulation.
Hand 3
What would you lead from: ♠ 9 5 3 2 ♥ J 4 2 ♦ 10 7 ♣ J 6 5 3 ?
First thoughts The major-suit bias will take effect but is it better to lead
from a 4-card or a 3-card suit?

♠5/2 8.5% 2.63
♥2 11.0% 2.71
♦10 6.4% 2.46
♣3 6.2% 2.50
64 Leading from a weak hand

It is best at both forms of the game to lead from your 3-card hearts.
Leading from your shorter major will give you more chance of hitting partner
with a 5-card suit; he will then hold the side entries to benefit from this.
Hand 4
What would you lead from: ♠ A 3 ♥ 9 6 5 ♦ 10 6 4 3 2 ♣ 7 6 5 ?
First thoughts You would need enormous diamonds from partner for a
lead in that suit to beat the contract. Perhaps a lead from one of the shorter
suits is better.

♠A 20.5% 3.16
♥6/5 12.8% 2.95
♦3 10.2% 2.80
♣7/6/5 8.3% 2.73
The ♠A wins by a respectable margin. Partner is likely to hold five

spades and your best chance of beating 3NT is to set up his spade suit and
hope that he then has a quick entry to enjoy the winners.
This is a typical deal from our simulation:
♠K87
♥ A 10 4
♦KJ87
♣QJ9
♠A3 ♠Q9654
♥965
N ♥8732
♦ 10 5 4 3 2 W E ♦—
♣765 S ♣ A 10 8 3
♠ J 10 2
♥KQJ
♦AQ96
♣K42
1NT
pass 3NT all pass

Ace and another spade sets up East’s suit and declarer has only eight
tricks to take. When he eventually plays a club, East will win with the ace and
cash his remaining spades.
‘You led from ace doubleton?!’ cries South. You can mention quietly to
him that the ace lead from such a hand is absolutely automatic nowadays.
Hand 5
What would you lead from: ♠ 7 6 5 3 ♥ Q 7 ♦ Q 10 9 7 5 4 3 ♣ — ?
First thoughts Prospects of beating 3NT are not good here, with your hand
being so weak, but which lead will give you the best chance? Will you hope
that partner can help you in diamonds, or lead one of the shorter suits?

♠7/6/3 11.8% 2.72
♥Q 17.3% 2.82
♦10 11.0% 2.60
The ♥Q lead, looking for partner’s good suit, is the best shot. The
opponents did not look for a major-suit fit, so you can expect partner to hold
length in your shorter major. What’s more, you are contributing a queen
towards setting up the suit.
Hand 6
What would you lead from: ♠ 8 2 ♥ J 2 ♦ 10 9 8 4 3 ♣ J 10 9 5 ?
First thoughts Next we compare major-suit doubletons against two minor-

suit sequences headed by a low honor card.

♠8 17.4% 3.12
♥J 18.0% 3.06
♦10 11.0% 2.94
♣J 9.3% 2.85
The major-suit doubletons win it. Once again, partner will hold length in
the majors along with some entries to enjoy any cards that may be established.

Hand 7
What would you lead from: ♠ 9 ♥ Q J 9 2 ♦ 9 3 ♣ 9 8 6 4 3 2 ?
First thoughts This time you have a broken sequence in hearts. A club
lead does not look promising, with your dearth of entries. Will you lead the
♥Q or possibly one of your short suits?

♠9 13.2% 2.70
♥Q 11.2% 2.87
♦9 6.1% 2.40
♣4 8.5% 2.56
The ♥Q lead is ahead of a club lead but… can that be right? At IMPs a
spade lead is even better! You are unlikely to find partner with more than four
hearts. Even if he has an honor and you can set up three heart tricks by
leading the suit, you will still need two quick tricks to add to the pile. Partner
is marked with long spades. Leading your spade singleton and finding him
with a good suit is the best chance of beating the contract. (A heart is better at
match-points).
The above simulation assumes that South dealt and opened 1NT, raised to
3NT. Suppose instead that East was the dealer and passed in front of South.
This would have a huge effect on the lead from this particular West hand.
Since East could not open 1♠ or a weak 2♠, there would be much less chance
that a singleton spade lead would strike gold. Let’s rerun the simulation with
East as the dealer. These are the new results:

♠9 1.2% 1.88
♥Q 4.2% 2.44
♦9 1.3% 1.87
♣4 2.8% 2.01
A gloomy situation! With 3 points facing a passed hand, there is little

chance of beating 3NT. The ♥Q lead is now best at both forms of the game.
To cheer us up, let’s see a typical deal from the simulation with South as
dealer where the singleton spade lead works well:

♠ J 10 8
♥K73
♦QJ75
♣ K J 10
♠9 ♠AK7542
♥QJ92
N ♥86
♦93 W E ♦ 10 8 6 4
♣986432 S ♣A
♠Q63
♥ A 10 5 4
♦AK2
♣Q75
1NT
pass 3NT all pass
East would have opened the bidding, given the chance, but is shut out by
North’s raise to the notrump game. Having checked that he is not dreaming,
East wins your spade lead and clears the suit. Declarer has only eight top
tricks and at some stage has to play a club. When the ♣A lies with the long
spades, he is two down.
‘Let me get this right,’ says the declarer. ‘You led a singleton spade?’
You shrug your shoulders. ‘Lead the shorter major from a weak hand. It’s
fairly standard nowadays.’
Should I ever lead a minor suit?
On the hands we have seen until now, the best policy has been a simple
‘When you have a weak hand, lead your shorter major.’ We will end the
chapter by looking for a deal or two where it may be right to lead a minor suit.
From a very weak hand, we have seen that short-suit leads can work well.
However, it is hard to find a West hand where a short minor-suit lead does
better than any sort of major-suit lead.
Hand 8
What would you lead from: ♠ 9 7 6 5 2 ♥ 10 8 6 4 3 ♦ A 3 ♣ 8 ?

First thoughts There is not much chance of establishing and enjoying
either of those majors, you might think. Perhaps the best chance is to lead the
♦A and hope to find partner with a 5-card diamond suit that can established,
plus an entry. Let’s see.

♠5 19.1% 3.28
♥4 20.4% 3.30
♦A 18.1% 3.23
♣8 13.6% 3.07
No, the majors win again. It’s true that the ♦A is not far behind.
Hand 9
What would you lead from: ♠ 9 6 5 4 ♥ J 8 5 2 ♦ Q J 10 8 3 ♣ — ?
First thoughts If you held a major-suit shortage, it would doubtless be the

best lead. Can these spindly 4-card majors hold off the handsome sequence in
diamonds?

♠6/4 17.2% 3.07
♥2 16.6% 3.08
♦Q 21.9% 3.28
Success at last! The diamond lead is best, mainly because the major-suit
holdings offer so little hope.

CONCLUSIONS - Leading from a weak hand
• When you have a very weak hand it is usually a waste of time leading
from a long suit, particularly when it is a minor.
• A 1NT-3NT auction creates a strong bias towards major-suit leads.

From a weak hand it is generally right to lead your shorter major,
whether or not it contains an honor. Your aim is to find partner’s
good suit.
• Sometimes even a major-suit singleton will be the best lead. Your

partner will hold an entry or two and the main chance of beating 3NT
is to hit his long suit.
• If your partner passed in first or second seat, declining to open with a

one-bid or a weak-two, the prospects for a short-suit lead in a major
are very much reduced.
• Leading from three cards is better than leading from four cards. It
does not make much difference whether your tripleton contains an
honor. It is more important that the suit is a major rather than a minor.

Pick a Winner!
Leading from a weak hand
hands below. The answers are given on the next page.
1. ♠ 4 2. ♠ J 10 7 5 4 3 2 3. ♠QJ5
♥ 10 9 6 2 ♥73 ♥853
♦ K 10 8 7 5 ♦92 ♦J9532
♣963 ♣ 10 5 ♣ 10 4
4. ♠ J 10 7 5. ♠73 6. ♠J
♥ 10 8 7 6 3 ♥ J 10 2 ♥J9752
♦— ♦ 10 9 ♦ Q 10 6 5
♣ 10 8 7 4 2 ♣K86543 ♣762
7. ♠ 10 6 4 8. ♠K98763 9. ♠542
♥7 ♥86 ♥J9
♦984 ♦ 10 9 7 ♦987
♣Q98642 ♣83 ♣ J 10 8 5 3
10. ♠ 9 8 4 11. ♠ Q 9 12. ♠ 10 9 8 5

♥54 ♥J98763 ♥74
♦QJ865 ♦9852 ♦Q5
♣ J 10 9 ♣5 ♣Q9873

Answers
1. ♠ 4 ♥ 10 9 6 2 ♦ K 10 8 7 5 ♣ 9 6 3 1st ♠4 15.2% 3.03

2nd ♥10 13.2% 3.02
2. ♠ J 10 7 5 4 3 2 ♥ 7 3 ♦ 9 2 ♣ 10 5 1st ♥7 12.5% 2.69
2nd ♠J 7.1% 2.47
3. ♠ Q J 5 ♥ 8 5 3 ♦ J 9 5 3 2 ♣ 10 4 1st ♠Q 15.2% 2.98
2nd ♥5/3 10.7% 2.67
4. ♠ J 10 7 ♥ 10 8 7 4 2 ♦ — ♣ 10 8 7 4 2 1st ♠J 22.4% 3.30
2nd ♥4 17.9% 3.06
5. ♠ 7 3 ♥ J 10 2 ♦ 10 9 ♣ K 8 6 5 4 3 1st ♥J 13.6% 2.85
2nd ♠7 12.4% 2.75
6. ♠ J ♥ J 9 7 5 2 ♦ Q 10 6 5 ♣ 7 6 2 1st ♠J 12.0% 2.74
2nd ♥5 10.6% 2.67
7. ♠ 10 6 4 ♥ 7 ♦ 9 8 4 ♣ Q 9 8 6 4 2 1st ♥7 10.4% 2.51
2nd ♠4 6.9% 2.41
8. ♠ K 9 8 7 6 3 ♥ 8 6 ♦ 10 9 7 ♣ 8 3 1st ♥8 14.5% 2.87
2nd ♠7 13.9% 2.78
9. ♠ 5 4 2 ♥ J 9 ♦ 9 8 7 ♣ J 10 8 5 3 1st ♥J 12.5% 2.64
2nd ♠5/2 9.0% 2.59
10. ♠ 9 8 4 ♥ 5 4 ♦ Q J 8 6 5 ♣ J 10 9 1st ♥5 10.1% 2.64
2nd ♠9 9.2% 2.63
11. ♠ Q 9 ♥ J 9 8 7 6 3 ♦ 9 8 5 2 ♣ 5 1st ♠Q 18.4% 2.84
2nd ♥7 13.5% 2.68
12. ♠ 10 9 8 5 ♥ 7 4 ♦ Q 5 ♣ Q 9 8 7 3 1st ♥7 11.0% 2.59
2nd ♠10 9.0% 2.58

Chapter 5
Leading after a Stayman sequence
We saw that after an auction of 1NT - 3NT, there is a considerable bias

towards major-suit opening leads. How does the situation change when the
opposition bidding has been 1NT - 2♣ - 2♦ - 3NT (which we will call a
‘failed Stayman’ auction)? The responder holds at least one 4-card major, yes,
but the opener has denied one. How does this affect the overall situation? We
will see in a moment.
In this chapter we will consider also the auctions 1NT - 2♣ - 2♥ - 3NT
and 1NT - 2♣ - 2♠ - 3NT. In both these cases, you know that the opener has
one 4-card major and responder holds the other one. How should your choice
of opening lead be affected then?
What should I lead after a 1NT-2♣-2♦-3NT auction?

A failed Stayman auction ♠ 3.35
indicates that North has at least
♥ 3.35
one 4-card major and South is
♦ 3.15
limited to three cards in each
major. A profile of 100,000 deals ♣ 3.15
matching this bidding gave the ♠ 3.44 ♠ 3.47
average suit lengths shown on the ♥ 3.44 Average ♥ 3.47
right. ♦ 3.06 Suit Lengths ♦ 3.03
In summary, North/South will ♣ 3.06 ♣ 3.03
hold 6.09 cards in each major, ♠ 2.74
6.91 in each minor. We can ♥ 2.74
expect a bias towards major-suit ♦ 3.76
leads. (The slight difference ♣ 3.76
between the East and West
numbers is caused by excluding West North East South
deals where one of the defenders 1NT
would overcall or East would pass 2♣ pass 2♦
double the Stayman bid.) pass 3NT all pass
Leading after a Stayman sequence 73

Hand 1
After an auction of 1NT-2♣-2♦-3NT, what would you lead from:
♠872 ♥AQJ42 ♦763 ♣82 ?
First thoughts Do you remember this hand? In Chapter 3, with a 1NT -

3NT auction, we found that a heart lead was best, with the ♥4 slightly
preferable to the ♥Q. Should the fact that North has used Stayman deflect us
from a heart lead? Let’s see.
(Stayman) Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

♠8/7 21.1% 3.24
♥Q 26.6% 3.19
♥4 29.5% 3.15
♦7 21.0% 3.19
♣8 20.1% 3.17
The match-point figures are incredibly close but a low heart is the best
lead at IMPs. The fact that we hold three spades and five hearts suggests that
North is more likely to hold four spades rather than four hearts, so there is no
reason to be deterred from a heart lead. Choosing a low card will work well
when East holds ♥K-x, also when declarer or the dummy holds ♥K-x with
four cards in the opposite hand.
Let’s recall the results from Chapter 3, where the auction was 1NT - 3NT:
(No Stayman) Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

♠8/7 26.4% 3.35
♥Q 31.5% 3.27
♥4 32.1% 3.21
♦7 23.7% 3.25
♣8 22.5% 3.20
The ranking order of our five possible leads was exactly the same but the
overall prospects of beating the contract were greater. That’s because North is
very unlikely to hold four hearts when he declines to use Stayman.
74 Leading after a Stayman sequence

Hand 2
♠10 ♥K J 10 3 ♦J 7 6 2 ♣K 10 7 3 ?
First thoughts North’s major is again likely to be spades and partner will
hold at least five of that suit. Leading from a 4-card suit headed by the king is
not particularly inviting, so it’s a difficult choice. Here are the results:

♠10 28.8% 3.75
♥J 25.0% 3.67
♦2 26.7% 3.67
♣3 21.9% 3.49
An ugly bunch of leads, yes, but the spade singleton is the least
unattractive. North will hold four spades 84.9% of the time and four hearts
with frequency 44.4%. Your partner will have either five spades (71.7%) or
six spades (28.3%). We assume that he will always find a bid of some sort
when he holds a 7-card spade suit. It is not particularly likely that your partner
will score several spade tricks, but by leading a spade you will avoid giving
away a trick in one of the other suits.
Hand 3
♠KQ3 ♥K86 ♦Q97543 ♣7 ?
First thoughts Partner will not have much but with the possible re-entry
cards in the majors, a diamond lead might still work out well. Given North’s
use of Stayman, the heart lead looks precarious while the spade lead may be
over-aggressive. These are the results:

♠K 17.2% 3.24
♥6 10.6% 2.97
♦5 12.0% 3.06
♣7 12.8% 3.13

The ♠K wins handsomely and the diamond lead is a disappointment. This
is a reminder that North’s unproductive use of Stayman should not be a
deterrent from leading a major suit. We can place South with 5 or 6 major-suit
cards and therefore 7 or 8 minor-suit cards. It is the minor-suit length in
declarer’s hand that is the key factor. It introduces a considerable bias towards
major-suit leads.
Let’s look at a typical deal from the simulation to illustrate this:
♠J754
♥Q2
♦86
♣ A J 10 8 5
♠KQ3 ♠ 10 6 2
♥K86
N ♥AJ754
♦Q97543 W E ♦ 10
♣7 S ♣9642
♠A98
♥ 10 9 3
♦AKJ2
♣KQ3
1NT
pass 2♣ pass 2♦
pass 3NT all pass
A diamond lead gives declarer his ninth trick. This may seem a little
unlucky, but East will hold an average of only 1.8 diamonds opposite this
West hand. It is hardly surprising that a diamond lead would not achieve
much.
A heart lead works well, as it happens, hitting partner’s suit. What would
happen on the recommended spade lead? South could try ducking the spade,
hoping for a continuation. With the heart suit bare, and East signaling
discouragement, declarer is more likely to win and rely on the diamond
finesse. If he cashes the ♦A before running the clubs, he will discover the
location of the ♦Q in time and settle for one down.

Hand 4
The opponents bid 1NT - 2♣ - 2♦ - 3NT. What would you lead from:
♠ 9 7 ♥ Q 8 6 5 2 ♦ 10 9 8 5 ♣ K Q ?
First thoughts Should you lead a heart, even though you know that North
holds at least one 4-card major? Your own discrepancy in the major-suit
lengths suggests that North will hold four spades rather than four hearts.
Maybe you prefer the diamond sequence?

♠9 7.9% 2.79
♥5 14.8% 2.96
♦10 7.7% 2.83
♣K 8.3% 2.81
The heart lead is best. A profile of the deals in our simulation showed that
North held four spades 78.9% of the time, four hearts 33.5% of the time.
There is no reason for North’s Stayman bid to deter a heart lead. Your partner
will hold at least three hearts nearly half the time and the best chance of
beating 3NT is to score several heart tricks.
Hand 5
♠87 ♥Q953 ♦82 ♣J6532 ?
First thoughts The hand is similar to the last one but contains only four
hearts this time. Will a heart lead still be best?

♠8 6.4% 2.52
♥3 6.8% 2.58
♦8 4.9% 2.45
♣3 7.2% 2.51
The spade lead closes the gap but (rather surprisingly, considering the
weakness of the hand) does not overtake the heart and club leads. Let’s run
the same West hand against a 1NT - 3NT auction:

♠8 13.6% 2.72
♥3 9.5% 2.69
♦8 6.8% 2.48
♣3 9.6% 2.57
Can you imagine why the spade lead is so much more successful when
North raises directly to 3NT?
In the Stayman auction, the fact that East did not overcall 2♠ over 2♣
reduces the chance of finding him with a good spade suit. When the bidding is
1NT - 3NT, East may well have been shut out of the auction when holding 11
points or so and a good spade suit.
Hand 6
♠ J 10 7 ♥ 9 6 ♦ K J 9 4 ♣ 9 7 5 4 ?
First thoughts Does the ‘longest and strongest’ ♦K-J-9-4 catch your eye?
Maybe the major-suit holdings will fare better.

♠J 19.9% 3.36
♥9 18.5% 3.31
♦4 9.9% 2.98
♣7/4 17.9% 3.30
A diamond lead is the worst available, by a wide margin. You can bet
your life that many players would choose it, perhaps also thinking ‘I can’t
lead a major after they’ve bid Stayman.’ We have already seen, however, that
a failed Stayman auction should incline you towards leading a major suit
rather than a minor suit. Don’t worry that North holds at least one 4-card
major. Worry instead that South does not hold a 4-card major and is likely to
be well stocked in the minors.
Hand 7
♠ J 5 ♥ J 10 7 5 ♦ Q J 10 9 3 ♣ K 8 ?

First thoughts Until now, nearly all our best leads have been drawn from
the major suits. Here the diamond suit puts up an impressive candidate — five
cards headed by an honor sequence. Will that be enough to head the table?

♠J 17.3% 3.13
♥5 18.0% 3.25
♦Q 28.4% 3.54
♣K 7.5% 2.56
Yes, we have a worthy minor-suit winner and can cast aside any
accusations of discrimination. That’s a relief.
Hand 8
♠ K 10 9 3 ♥ K Q ♦ 10 7 5 2 ♣ 7 6 2 ?
First thoughts We found earlier that touching-honor doubletons often

made good leads. Does that apply when you expect North to hold four cards
in the suit?

♠10 9.0% 2.88
♥K 12.4% 3.11
♦2 8.5% 2.97
♣7/6/2 8.9% 2.97
The ♥K does not let us down, heading the ranking at both IMPs and
match-points. Here’s a deal from the simulation where the ♥K lead fares well:

♠QJ87
♥A52
♦K86
♣953
♠ K 10 9 3 ♠42
♥KQ
N ♥J9863
♦ 10 7 5 2 W E ♦AJ93
♣762 S ♣ 10 4
♠A65
♥ 10 7 4
♦Q4
♣AKQJ8
1NT
pass 2♣ pass 2♦
pass 3NT all pass
West wins the first two tricks with the ♥K-Q. Even without a suit
preference signal from East on the second round of hearts, West may switch
to a diamond now. He needs fewer points from East to score diamond tricks
than to score club tricks.
Declarer wins East’s ♦J with the ♦Q and may seek his ninth trick straight
away by leading a low spade towards the dummy. (If East holds the ♠K, the
contract is safe because dummy’s ♦K-8 will stop the suit). West can then sink
the contract by rising with the ♠K and continuing to play diamonds.
Hand 9
♠K6 ♥K865 ♦Q8753 ♣A6 ?
First thoughts If a black-suit doubleton does well, we will need to look

into it. Meanwhile, which of the red combinations do you prefer?

♠K 5.9% 2.77
♥5 12.4% 3.21
♦5 12.6% 3.18
♣A 8.2% 3.12
Again we note a major-suit bias, despite North’s use of Stayman. The

moderate 4-card major matches the 5-card minor.
Hand 10
♠Q ♥95 ♦KJ93 ♣KJ9874 ?
First thoughts Previously, leads from a 6-card suit have not fared well.
Here the other potential leads do not look very special, so it will be interesting
to see the figures:

♠Q 21.5% 3.67
♥9 20.4% 3.63
♦3 10.1% 3.23
♣8 16.2% 3.37
That’s a big advantage for the short-suit leads in the majors. A profile of
the simulation tells us that East held the ♣A 3.4% of the time and the ♣Q
8.9%. East’s average suit lengths are: ♠ 5.4, ♥ 4.5, ♦ 1.8 and ♣ 1.3. This
explains why the returns from a club lead are likely to be disappointing.
Hand 11
♠ A J 8 3 ♥ 10 ♦ A J 8 3 ♣ Q J 7 5 ?
First thoughts The ‘failed Stayman’ auction introduces a major-suit bias

(did we mention that before?) and we expect a spade lead to be better than a
diamond. The club combination is usually rated a superior lead to A-J-x-x.
Can this be a rare win for the club suit?

♠3 33.3% 4.08
♥10 36.4% 4.16
♦3 26.2% 3.91
♣Q 29.1% 3.97
No, we have another win for a major-suit singleton! With 13 points in this
hand, a heart lead is not going to find a great heart suit opposite. It is top of
the list because the other leads are too likely to give away a trick. Let’s see a
deal from the simulation where the heart lead displays its charms:
♠Q754
♥Q52
♦ K 10 6
♣ K 10 2
♠AJ83 ♠ 10 6 2
♥ 10
N ♥987643
♦AJ83 W E ♦Q92
♣QJ75 S ♣4
♠K9
♥AKJ
♦754
♣A9863
1NT
pass 2♣ pass 2♦
pass 3NT all pass
On a particular deal, any or all of the leads from a 4-card suit may give
away a trick. On this lay-out a spade or club lead will give the contract away,
while a diamond lead happens to be safe. The recommended ♥10 lead means
that you do not have to guess which 4-card suit lead will be safe.
Declarer wins in his hand and sees that he needs four clubs, three hearts, a
spade and a diamond to make his game. He leads a club towards dummy and
West does best to insert an honor. When declarer clears the club suit, West
switches to diamonds, setting up three tricks in that suit before declarer has
time to make a spade trick.

What should I lead after a 1NT-2♣-2♥-3NT auction?
On this auction, we have very
specific information about the ♠ 4.00
major suits. South has four (or ♥ 2.17
possibly five) hearts and North ♦ 3.42
has a maximum of three. North ♣ 3.41
holds four spades, to justify his ♠ 3.24 ♠ 3.13
use of Stayman; South does not
♥ 3.29 Average ♥ 3.24
hold four spades as well, or he
♦ 3.21 Suit lengths ♦ 3.33
would have corrected 3NT to 4♠.
♣ 3.26 ♣ 3.30
A profile of 100,000 deals
conforming to the auction 1NT - ♠ 2.62
2♣ - 2♥ - 3NT showed that ♥ 4.30
North/South held an average of ♦ 3.04
6.62 spades and 6.47 hearts — ♣ 3.04
both close to the average of 6.5.
Does this suggest that there West North East South
will be hardly any major-minor 1NT
bias after this auction? Not at all! pass 2♣ pass 2♥
North will always hold four pass 3NT all pass
spades and South will always hold
at least four hearts. (When North/South hold only six cards in one of the
majors, they will never break 3-3). Leading a major suit is therefore
unattractive; there is a significant bias towards leading a minor.
Hand 12
The opponents bid 1NT - 2♣ - 2♥ - 3NT. What would you lead from:
♠ Q J 10 6 3 2 ♥ 6 ♦ J 8 3 ♣ A 5 4 ?
First thoughts North holds four spades. Should that deter us from leading
from this impressive spade holding?

♠Q 5.4% 2.83
♥6 6.7% 2.84
♦3 9.1% 2.91
♣4 10.1% 2.92

A spade lead is worst. Dummy holds four spades and declarer holds two
or three. This leaves partner with a singleton spade (68.2%) or a void spade
(31.8%). It is barely possible that you will enjoy the spade suit, even if partner
holds a singleton ♠K or ♠A. Your partner holds at least five hearts but there
is no future in the singleton heart lead because declarer holds four hearts
sitting over him. You should therefore lead one of the minor suits.
Hand 13
♠ J 6 3 ♥ A Q 10 7 4 2 ♦ 7 2 ♣ 5 2 ?
First thoughts Is this splendid heart suit worth leading, despite the fact
that declarer holds length there?

♠3 19.9% 3.54
♥7 14.5% 3.13
♦7 21.3% 3.60
♣5 21.1% 3.59
A lead from the long suit is worst, echoing the result from the previous
hand. Declarer holds four (or five) hearts, leaving your partner with an
average of 1.5 hearts. Of the occasions when partner does have two or three
hearts, he will hold the ♥K only 9% of the time. So, prospects of a ‘quick kill’
in the heart suit are not high. You should flip a mental coin and choose one of
the minor-suit doubletons.
Hand 14
♠ 9 8 5 2 ♥ A K 9 8 4 ♦ 10 4 3 ♣ 5 ?
First thoughts South holds four (or possibly five) hearts. If you still intend
to lead a heart, which card will you choose?

♠2 16.6% 3.36
♥A 21.3% 3.57
♥8 19.4% 3.22
♦3 17.8% 3.40
♣5 15.2% 3.31
The presence of the ♥9 just tips the balance in favor of a heart lead.
Leading the fourth-best heart will sometimes allow you to bring in the heart
suit. Leading a top heart will let you inspect the dummy and perhaps make a
profitable switch before declarer has scored any heart tricks.
Hand 15
♠ K Q 10 5 ♥ 10 8 4 ♦ 8 6 5 3 ♣ 4 2 ?
First thoughts We will end this section with two West hands where the
longest available suit is of only four cards. What is your choice from this
collection?

♠K 6.8% 2.91
♠5 6.3% 2.54
♥4 8.4% 2.80
♦6/3 11.8% 2.95
♣4 9.6% 2.87
Dummy has four spades over you and a spade lead is the worst choice at
IMPs. There is a minor-suit bias on this sort of Stayman auction and leading
from four-low is slightly better than from two-low.
Hand 16
♠ Q 6 3 2 ♥ J 10 3 2 ♦ A Q 4 ♣ 8 2 ?
First thoughts With the bias from the auction downgrading major-suit
leads, nothing looks attractive here. What is your choice?

♠2 13.0% 3.07
♥2 12.8% 3.08
♦A 18.3% 3.23
♣8 15.1% 3.17
The ♦A gives you the best chance, at IMPs and at match-points. Leading
from a 4-card major is unattractive when South has responded positively to a
Stayman enquiry.
What should I lead after a 1NT-2♣-2♠-3NT auction?

This auction is entirely
♠ 2.16
symmetrical to the one where
♥ 4.00
South responds 2♥ to the
Stayman enquiry. North will hold ♦ 3.42
four hearts and South will hold ♣ 3.42
four (or five) spades. The ♠ 3.31 ♠ 3.23
conclusions of the previous ♥ 3.19 Average ♥ 3.18
section apply to this auction too ♦ 3.25 suit lengths ♦ 3.30
and we will give only three ♣ 3.25 ♣ 3.30
further hands here. ♠ 4.30
A profile of 100,000 deals ♥ 2.63
conforming to this auction ♦ 3.04
revealed the average suit lengths ♣ 3.03
shown in the diagram on the right.
Again there will be a bias towards West North East South
minor-suit leads, because of the 1NT
known major-suit holdings of pass 2♣ pass 2♠
North and South. pass 3NT all pass
Hand 17
The opponents bid: 1NT-2♣-2♠-3NT. What would you lead from:
♠KQ52 ♥Q65 ♦54 ♣KQ42 ?

First thoughts Should you lead from one of the moderate 4-card suits or
perhaps choose a passive diamond lead? Let’s see.

♠K 8.8% 2.92
♠2 8.2% 2.90
♥5 10.2% 2.99
♦5 14.9% 3.28
♣K 15.2% 3.30
♣2 12.5% 3.13
The minor-suit bias is in operation and the ♣K is well ahead of the ♠K at

IMPs. It gives you a huge 0.4 tricks per deal advantage at match-points too.
The passive diamond lead comes second and the spade 4-carder brings up the
rear.
Hand 18
♠872 ♥AQJ42 ♦763 ♣82 ?
First thoughts Hand 1 returns for further duty, against yet another auction.
Dummy is known to hold four hearts. How will that affect the results?

♠8 10.0% 2.99
♥A 2.3% 2.53
♥Q 0.7% 2.51
♥4 13.8% 2.65
♦7/6/3 11.3% 3.07
♣8 10.6% 3.02
Can you believe that? The chance that the ♥Q lead will beat 3NT has
dropped from 26.6% (in the failed Stayman auction) to 0.7%. A heart lead is
still best at IMPs but you have to lead the ♥4 rather than the ♥Q. The fourth-
best lead will work well not only when partner holds the ♥K-x, but also when
declarer has ♥K-x opposite the known four cards in the dummy and East has
a quick entry.

To complete the picture, we will run this West hand against the auction
1NT - 2♣ - 2♥ - 3NT, where declarer holds four (or five) hearts:

♠8 22.2% 3.51
♥A 10.5% 2.90
♥Q 10.0% 2.91
♥4 18.2% 3.12
♦7/6/2 22.7% 3.54
♣8 21.3% 3.50
With the hearts on your right, a lead of that suit slips from first to last
place. If you cannot bear to lead some different suit… you must at least
choose the ♥4.
Hand 19
Finally, we will compare leads in the two majors, to see whether it is better to
lead dummy’s suit or declarer’s suit. (Most of the time it is best to lead
neither, as we have seen.)
♠ K Q 7 3 ♥ K Q 7 3 ♦ 10 6 ♣ 9 8 3 ?
First thoughts The major suit combinations do not make attractive leads.
Dummy holds four hearts over you, and declarer will hold four (or five)
spades. Which major-suit lead is the least damaging?

♠K 10.8% 3.22
♠3 8.8% 3.09
♥K 9.0% 3.11
♥3 9.6% 3.10
♦10 14.4% 3.37
♣9 17.2% 3.45
The minor-suit leads are best, which is no surprise, and it is better to lead
from three cards than two. There is little to choose between the major-suit
leads.

CONCLUSIONS – Leading after a Stayman sequence
• When the bidding is 1NT - 2♣ - 2♦ - 3NT, your first thought should
be ‘South has the minors’ rather than ‘North has a major’. You should
prefer to lead a major suit rather than a minor suit.
• Your own holdings in the majors may suggest which major North was
looking for. Suppose you hold one or two spades and four hearts, for
example. Spades is likely to be North’s major, yes, but partner will
hold length there and a spade could still be the best lead. Consider
leading this suit, even from a singleton, in preference to a minor-suit.
• When the bidding is 1NT - 2♣ - 2♥(or 2♠) - 3NT, you know that
South holds one major and North holds the other. This makes it
inadvisable to lead either major suit.
• When you decide to lead a powerful 5-card major (such as A-Q-J-x-x

or K-Q-J-x-x) despite knowing that an opponent has four cards there,
a spot-card lead may be best.

Pick a Winner!
Leading after a Stayman sequence
As usual, you should choose which lead will work best, noting if you think
the answer would be different at match-points.
Auction is 1NT - 2♣ - 2♦ - 3NT

1. ♠ A J 9 6 2 2. ♠ A Q 3. ♠ Q 10 3
♥52 ♥ J 10 6 ♥ 10 9 4
♦ 10 7 3 ♦ 10 7 2 ♦K8642
♣KJ4 ♣Q8742 ♣94
4. ♠ 7 6 5 5. ♠K2 6. ♠—
♥86 ♥J8 ♥ J 10 5 4 3
♦ A Q 10 7 3 ♦J8763 ♦K98
♣K53 ♣J962 ♣ A 10 9 6 3
Auction is 1NT - 2♣ - 2♥ - 3NT

7. ♠ K 3 2 8. ♠K7 9. ♠ Q 10 7 6 5 2
♥KQ86 ♥ K 10 6 5 3 ♥KJ75
♦K3 ♦863 ♦7
♣7643 ♣J87 ♣52
Auction is 1NT - 2♣ - 2♠ - 3NT

10. ♠ 10 9 5 4 11. ♠ 10 8 5 12. ♠ J 10 4 2
♥ K 10 7 5 2 ♥KQJ63 ♥QJ98
♦6 ♦J74 ♦82
♣ 10 9 3 ♣A8 ♣ 10 7 6

Answers
Here are the best leads from the twelve West hands. As always, (I) and (M)
indicate that different leads are recommended for IMPs and for match-points.
Auction is 1NT - 2♣ - 2♦ - 3NT IMPs MPs

1. ♠ A J 9 6 2 ♥ 5 2 ♦ 10 7 3 ♣ K J 4 1st ♠6 31.1% 3.66
2nd ♥5 23.1% 3.61
2. ♠ A Q ♥ J 10 6 ♦ 10 7 2 ♣ Q 8 7 4 2 1st ♥J 11.8% 3.13
2nd ♣4 10.6% 3.00
3. ♠ Q 10 3 ♥ 10 9 4 ♦ K 8 6 4 2 ♣ 9 4 1st ♥10 12.9% 3.04
2nd ♠10 12.6% 2.88
4. ♠ 7 6 5 ♥ 8 6 ♦ A Q 10 7 3 ♣ K 5 3 1st ♠7/5 34.2% 3.96
2nd ♥8 33.5% 3.90
5. ♠K2 ♥J8 ♦J8763 ♣J962 1st(I) ♠K 12.2% 2.89
1st(M) ♥J 11.6% 3.07
6. ♠ — ♥ J 10 5 4 3 ♦ K 9 8 ♣ A 10 9 6 3 1st ♥4 33.8% 3.90
2nd ♣6 26.0% 3.61

7. ♠ K 3 2 ♥ K Q 8 6 ♦ K 3 ♣ 7 6 4 3 1st ♣3 19.5% 3.43
2nd ♥K 14.6% 3.34
8. ♠ K 7 ♥ K 10 6 5 3 ♦ 8 6 3 ♣ J 8 7 1st ♦8/3 16.5% 3.34
2nd ♣7 15.2% 3.28
9. ♠ Q 10 7 6 5 2 ♥ K J 7 5 ♦ 7 ♣ 5 2 1st ♣5 13.3% 3.05
2nd ♦7 12.0% 3.00
Auction is 1NT - 2♣ - 2♠ - 3NT

10. ♠ 10 9 5 4 ♥ K 10 7 5 2 ♦ 6 ♣ 10 9 3 1st ♣10 12.3% 2.94
2nd ♠4 7.9% 2.80
11. ♠ 10 8 5 ♥ K Q J 6 3 ♦ J 7 4 ♣ A 8 1st(I) ♥6 16.3% 2.72
1st(M) ♥K 9.3% 3.55
12. ♠ J 10 4 2 ♥ Q J 9 8 ♦ 8 2 ♣ 10 7 6 1st ♣6 12.2% 3.03
2nd ♦8 11.9% 3.01

Chapter 6
Leading after a transfer sequence
We will now look at transfer auctions to see how the choice of opening lead is
affected. Suppose North bids 2♦, showing hearts. South completes the
transfer and North bids 3NT,
♠ 2.24
offering a choice of games. South
♥ 5.00
passes and we will assume that this
shows two hearts. Sometimes ♦ 2.88
players pass 3NT on 4-3-3-3 shape, ♣ 2.88
but this is not common practice. ♠ 3.52 ♠ 3.52
North must have a doubleton ♥ 3.00 Average ♥ 3.00
somewhere, possibly even a ♦ 3.24 Suit Lengths ♦ 3.24
singleton, and this may leave one of ♣ 3.24 ♣ 3.24
the suits under-protected in 3NT. ♠ 3.72
A profile of 100,000 deals ♥ 2.00
conforming to this auction yielded ♦ 3.64
the average suit lengths shown on ♣ 3.64
the right. North’s major has been
flagged as a strong point. We can West North East South
assume that North does not hold 1NT
four spades. Otherwise he would pass 2♦ pass 2♥
seek a 4-4 fit there. This introduces pass 3NT all pass
a bias towards leading the ‘other
major’. Note that our software excludes deals where either defender would
overcall, or where East would double 2♦ to show diamonds.
Dummy transferred to hearts
Hand 1
The bidding is 1NT - 2♦ - 2♥ - 3NT. What would you lead from:
♠ Q 10 5 2 ♥ 10 5 ♦ Q 10 5 2 ♣ A 9 4 ?
92 Leading after a transfer sequence

First thoughts North holds five hearts, so that suit seems unattractive.
North might hold four diamonds, but will not hold four spades. This suggests
that a spade lead will be better than a diamond. Let’s look at the results.
Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (IMPs)

♠2 27.8% 3.68
♥10 28.1% 3.65
♦2 26.1% 3.62
♣4 25.4% 3.56
The spade lead is indeed slightly ahead of the same combination in

diamonds. More of a surprise is the fact that the heart doubleton fares so well.
East will hold four hearts, it is true, but the doubleton’s success is more of a
reflection on the moderate nature of the other three leads. They are too likely
to give a trick away.
Hand 2
♠ 7 5 4 ♥ K 10 7 ♦ Q J ♣ 10 9 7 6 5 ?
First thoughts The ♥K-10-7 is not a favorable omen, sitting under North’s
suit. It suggests that you should try to set up five tricks as quickly as possible.

♠7/5/4 6.4% 2.38
♥7 1.9% 1.96
♦Q 8.0% 2.48
♣10 6.0% 2.35
The low figures show how grim the situation is. The ♦Q is rated the best
chance to beat declarer to the tape. You hope that partner will hold five
reasonable diamonds accompanied by a side entry.
Hand 3
♠ A J 6 4 ♥ 8 ♦ 10 3 2 ♣ K Q 7 6 3 ?
Leading after a transfer sequence 93

First thoughts This hand is much stronger than the previous one and there
must be a better chance of beating the contract. Is there any reason to lead a
spade rather than a club? If you lead a club, which card will it be?

♠4 17.8% 3.51
♥8 25.5% 3.73
♦2 24.9% 3.71
♣K 34.0% 3.97
♣7 24.5% 3.51
A spade lead is worst at both forms of the game, trailing ignominiously

behind the singleton heart lead. A club lead is best and, as we have noted
more than once, you do best to lead a top card.
On this deal from the simulation, declarer can take advantage of a low
club lead:
♠873
♥AJ652
♦A654
♣ 10
♠AJ64 ♠ 10 2
♥8
N ♥ K 10 7 4 3
♦ 10 3 2 W E ♦J8
♣KQ763 S ♣9854
♠KQ95
♥Q9
♦KQ97
♣AJ2
1NT
pass 2♦ pass 2♥
pass 3NT all pass
West, whose collection of Master Point Press books does not include the
present volume, leads the ♣6. Declarer wins with dummy’s ♣10 and plays a
low heart. East is caught in a Morton’s Fork. If he rises with the ♥K to clear
the clubs, declarer will have three heart tricks — enough for the contract.

Suppose instead that East plays low. Declarer will pocket a trick with the ♥Q,
test the diamond suit and then lead a spade to the king. Nine tricks and the
game are his.
Hand 4
♠ J 10 5 ♥ K 8 3 2 ♦ 10 9 8 6 ♣ 5 2 ?
First thoughts Again, you must pick one of the non-heart suits. Is there
any reason to expect a particular suit to be the winner?

♠J 8.8% 2.76
♥2 2.9% 2.39
♦10 6.0% 2.64
♣5 5.9% 2.55
This is a weak hand, so you should seek to find partner’s good suit.
Spades is the best shot, in the hope of finding partner with five cards there.
Hand 5
♠ J 10 8 ♥ 5 ♦ Q J 6 ♣ K 10 8 7 5 4 ?
First thoughts Previous simulations have shown that leads from a 6-card
suit fare disappointingly, with every chance that partner will hold a singleton.
Which tripleton do you prefer?

♠J 15.5% 3.34
♥5 13.9% 3.26
♦Q 11.7% 3.05
♣7 12.1% 3.08

Since the bias towards the ‘other major’ (spades here) is generally quite
limited, it is perhaps surprising that the ♠J is ranked well ahead of the ♦Q.
Let’s take a look at the profile for this simulation.
Opposite this West hand, East will hold an average of 3.6 spades and only
2.9 diamonds. We have seen elsewhere that a lead from Q-J-x is much more
likely to give away a trick when partner will be relatively short in the suit.
Hand 6
♠ A J 9 5 2 ♥ 6 3 ♦ K 7 ♣ Q J 10 2 ?
First thoughts If the doubleton king lead does not come last, we will
refund whatever you paid for this learned work. Meanwhile, which black suit
catches your eye?

♠5 29.5% 3.64
♥6 24.6% 3.68
♦K 12.8% 3.01
♣Q 34.3% 3.98
The club lead wins, because there is a fair chance of scoring three clubs
and two outside winners, or two clubs and three outside winners. At match-
points, a club lead is best by a long way.
Hand 7
♠ 10 7 5 ♥ — ♦ K 10 8 7 3 2 ♣ A Q 7 5 ?
First thoughts You expect partner to hold six hearts, leaving him short in
the other suits. Do you prefer a spade or a diamond?

♠5 21.7% 3.63
♦7 20.2% 3.51
♣5 15.3% 3.46

With hearts breaking so badly, declarer may struggle for tricks. A spade is
unlikely to find partner with a strong holding, but he may be able to win and
switch to one of the minors successfully, through the strong hand.
Is it ever right to lead dummy’s long major?

We saw on Hand 1 that it can be right to lead a doubleton in dummy’s long
major, but only when you have unpromising holdings elsewhere. What are the
prospects when you hold an honor sequence in dummy’s long suit?
Hand 8
♠ A 6 ♥ Q J 10 9 3 ♦ 8 7 3 ♣ K 8 4 ?
First thoughts When you hold five cards in dummy’s long suit, you expect
partner to hold a singleton. Even if it is a low card, you may still be able to
score two hearts, two black-suit winners and a trick in partner’s hand.

♠A 9.2% 3.16
♥Q 22.7% 3.76
♦8/7/3 15.1% 3.37
♣4 13.1% 3.18
From the four-deep sequence the ♥Q lead does well. Suppose instead that
your heart sequence is only three-deep:
♠ A 6 ♥ Q J 10 6 3 ♦ 8 7 3 ♣ K 8 4
Here are the new results:

♠A 9.8% 3.17
♥Q 10.0% 3.37
♥6 9.6% 3.02
♦8/7/3 14.1% 3.36
♣4 13.2% 3.18

The figures take a dip because you have less chance of establishing heart
tricks your way. In particular, the ♥Q lead falls from 22.7% to 10.0%. It also
loses its previous big advantage at match-points.
Dummy transferred into spades
When the bidding goes 1NT - 2♥ -

♠ 5.00
2♠ - 3NT, the situation is exactly
♥ 2.26
symmetrical to that after a 2♦
transfer. Holding one or two cards ♦ 2.87
in dummy’s spades, you may ♣ 2.87
occasionally venture a lead in that ♠ 3.00 ♠ 3.00
suit, hoping that partner holds ♥ 3.51 Average ♥ 3.51
something good there. Generally, ♦ 3.25 Suit Lengths ♦ 3.24
you will look elsewhere, bearing in ♣ 3.24 ♣ 3.25
a mind a slight bias towards the ♠ 2.00
other major suit. ♥ 3.72
A profile of 100,000 deals ♦ 3.64
conforming to this transfer auction ♣ 3.64
yielded the average expected suit
lengths shown on the right. North’s West North East South
major has been flagged as the 1NT
opponents’ strong point. Although pass 2♥ pass 2♠
we know less about the other major, pass 3NT all pass
we can assume that North does not
hold four cards there.
Hand 9
The bidding is 1NT - 2♥ - 2♠ - 3NT. What would you lead from:
♠ J 3 2 ♥ A 2 ♦ 10 4 3 2 ♣ 10 8 4 2 ?
First thoughts Dummy’s long spades are breaking favorably for declarer
and you may need to gather some tricks quickly before he gets the spades
going. Any ideas? These are the simulation results:

♠J 3.2% 2.55
♥A 11.2% 2.82
♦2 5.6% 2.65
♣2 5.7% 2.65
The ♥A is almost twice as good as any other lead. You know that the
dummy will not hold four hearts. Your best chance of beating 3NT is that
declarer holds only two or three hearts, leaving your partner with length and
(you hope) strength in that suit.
Opposite this West hand, your partner will hold five hearts 44.6% of the
time and six or more 15.1% of the time. Here is a typical deal from the
simulation where the ♥A lead will bring a smile to partner’s lips:
♠AQ654
♥ K J 10
♦97
♣J65
♠J32 ♠ 10 8 7
♥A2
N ♥Q8653
♦ 10 4 3 2 W E ♦QJ65
♣ 10 8 4 2 S ♣A
♠K9
♥974
♦AK8
♣KQ973
1NT
pass 2♥ pass 2♠
pass 3NT all pass
Ace and another heart sets up four defensive winners in the suit. Declarer
runs his five spade tricks and East discard two diamonds, relying on you to
guard the diamond suit. When declarer eventually plays a club, East wins and
scores two more hearts to beat the game.
A diamond lead is too slow, as you see. Declarer would then have time to
set up some club tricks.

Hand 10
The bidding is 1NT - 2♥ - 2♠ - 3NT. What would you lead from:
♠ Q J 10 7 6 ♥ K 4 2 ♦ 9 8 6 ♣ 7 4 ?
First thoughts With only three touching honors in dummy’s suit, a spade
lead is unattractive. How do you rank the other three suits?

♠Q 7.0% 2.94
♠7 4.5% 2.55
♥2 11.4% 2.99
♦9 9.9% 3.05
♣7 9.5% 3.01
A spade lead is worst and should be avoided. A heart lead gives you the
best, albeit limited, chance of beating the contract. On average, your partner
will hold longer hearts than diamonds (because dummy will not hold four
hearts and may hold four diamonds).
CONCLUSIONS – Leading after a transfer sequence

• It is rarely right to lead the 5-card suit that is sitting over you.
Do so when you have a 4-deep sequence (♠Q-J-10-9-5), but
not with a 3-deep sequence (♠K-Q-J-6-2).
• When choosing one of the other three suits, there is a slight

bias in favor of the other major, because the dummy will not
hold four cards there.
• When you can tell that dummy’s major lies well for declarer,
it is more likely that an aggressive lead is required.

Pick a Winner!
Leading from a transfer sequence
You know the routine by now. Choose the best available lead at IMPs, noting
if you think that a different lead will be best at match-points.
Auction is 1NT - 2♦ - 2♥ - 3NT

1. ♠ K J 5 4 2. ♠ A 10 3. ♠ A 10 9 2
♥ 10 9 ♥86 ♥Q
♦Q985 ♦96532 ♦AQ943
♣942 ♣J876 ♣ 10 9 7
4. ♠ J 10 8 5. ♠AJ764 6. ♠A
♥5 ♥754 ♥AQJ8
♦QJ6 ♦8 ♦A87
♣ K 10 8 7 5 4 ♣ Q J 10 2 ♣ 10 8 6 3 2
Auction is 1NT - 2♥ - 2♠ - 3NT

7. ♠ 8 5 4 8. ♠K873 9. ♠ J 10 9 4
♥ J 10 9 4 ♥72 ♥ 10 8 7 5
♦ K Q 10 6 3 ♦ 10 8 ♦962
♣ 10 ♣ K 10 5 4 2 ♣A5
10. ♠ 3 2 11. ♠ Q 3 12. ♠ J 10 7 3

♥ 10 ♥ 10 4 3 2 ♥84
♦K87643 ♦976 ♦AJ64
♣ K 10 5 4 ♣KQ84 ♣J92

Answers
Here are the best leads from the West hands on the previous page.
Auction is 1NT - 2♦ - 2♥ - 3NT IMPs MPs
1. ♠ K J 5 4 ♥ 10 9 ♦ Q 9 8 5 ♣ 9 4 2 1st ♣2 20.5% 3.27

2nd ♥10 20.1% 3.26
2. ♠ A 10 ♥ 8 6 ♦ 9 6 5 3 2 ♣ J 8 7 6 1st ♠A 12.2% 2.97
2nd ♦3 10.4% 3.00
3. ♠ A 10 9 2 ♥ Q ♦ A Q 9 4 3 ♣ 10 9 7 1st(I) ♦4 28.9% 3.85
1st(M) ♥Q 28.0% 3.92
4. ♠ J 10 8 ♥ 5 ♦ Q J 6 ♣ K 10 8 7 5 4 1st ♠J 16.7% 3.40
2nd ♥5 14.1% 3.40
5. ♠ A J 7 6 4 ♥ 7 5 4 ♦ 8 ♣ Q J 10 2 1st(I) ♠6 22.9% 3.01
1st(M) ♣Q 21.0% 3.29
6. ♠ A ♥ A Q J 8 ♦ A 8 7 ♣ 10 8 6 3 2 1st ♣3 62.4% 4.64
2nd ♥A 60.6% 4.61
Auction is 1NT - 2♥ - 2♠ - 3NT
7. ♠ 8 5 4 ♥ J 10 9 4 ♦ K Q 10 6 3 ♣ 10 1st ♦K 22.0% 3.22

2nd ♥J 13.9% 2.81
8. ♠ K 8 7 3 ♥ 7 2 ♦ 10 8 ♣ K 10 5 4 2 1st ♣4 14.0% 2.85
2nd ♥7 10.7% 2.87
9. ♠ J 10 9 4 ♥ 10 8 7 5 ♦ 9 6 2 ♣ A 5 1st(I) ♣A 14.8% 3.07
1st(M) ♥3 12.7% 3.17
10 ♠ 3 2 ♥ 10 ♦ K 8 7 6 4 3 ♣ K 10 5 4 1st ♠3 12.1% 3.17
2nd ♥10 11.6% 3.15
11. ♠ Q 3 ♥ 10 4 3 2 ♦ 9 7 6 ♣ K Q 8 4 1st ♥2 14.2% 3.08
2nd ♦6 12.7% 3.03
12. ♠ J 10 7 3 ♥ 8 4 ♦ A J 6 4 ♣ J 9 2 1st ♥8 16.8% 3.22
2nd ♣2 15.1% 3.18

Chapter 7
LEADING WHEN THEY HAVE BID TWO

SUITS
In this chapter we will look at the

best lead after a typical auction ♠ 4.00
where the opponents have shown ♥ 2.50
two suits on the way to a notrump ♦ 3.11
game: 1♦ - 1♠ - 1NT - 3NT. The ♣ 3.39
opener will hold at least four ♠ 3.17 ♠ 3.22
diamonds. (He cannot hold only ♥ 3.69 Average ♥ 3.68
three diamonds and 4-4-3-2 shape
♦ 2.83 Suit Lengths ♦ 2.81
or he would have raised partner’s
♣ 3.31 ♣ 3.29
spades.) We will assume that the
responder holds only four spades, ♠ 2.61
since with five spades most ♥ 3.13
players would use a check-back ♦ 4.25
bid to investigate a 5-3 spade fit. ♣ 3.01
The responder cannot hold
four hearts, or he would have West North East South
responded 1♥. He may hold four 1♦
clubs, however, and this pass 1♠ pass 1NT
introduces a bias towards leading pass 3NT all pass
the unbid major. A profile of
100,000 deals conforming to the auction shown gave the suit lengths shown in
the diagram. East/West hold an average of 7.37 hearts between them and only
6.60 clubs.
In general, you should be very reluctant to lead one of the suits that the
opponents have bid. There are exceptions and that will be one of our tasks in
this chapter — to identify when you should lead one of their bid suits.
Leading when they have bid two suits 103

Which of the unbid suits should I lead?
Hand 1
The bidding is 1♦ - 1♠ - 1NT - 3NT. What would you lead from:
♠ K Q 5 ♥ 10 7 5 ♦ J 10 6 4 ♣ 10 9 4 ?
First thoughts There is no apparent reason to lead a spade or a diamond.

The 10-9-4 combination looks slightly better than 10-7-5 but perhaps the
major-suit bias will affect matters. Let’s see.

♠K 18.5% 3.50
♥5 26.4% 3.74
♦J 16.0% 3.42
♣10 24.6% 3.70
There is a slight advantage to a heart lead, despite the combination being

inferior. Let’s look into a profile of this simulation to see why that might be.
Ah, East holds an average of 4.15 hearts and only 3.34 clubs opposite this
West hand. This is an example of the bias towards leading the unbid major.
Hand 2
♠ A 8 5 3 ♥ J 8 3 ♦ 10 6 ♣ J 8 5 2 ?
First thoughts This type of hand will occur frequently. Do you prefer the
3-card hearts or the 4-card clubs?

♠A 9.9% 2.98
♥3 17.7% 3.39
♦10 10.1% 3.05
♣2 13.9% 3.27
A heart lead is preferable. You need to find partner with several tricks and
the best chance is that he has a useful 5-card heart suit. Opposite this West
104 Leading when they have bid two suits

hand, East holds five or more hearts 36% of the time, but five or more clubs
with a frequency of only 6%.
Hand 3
♠ 10 9 2 ♥ K 2 ♦ Q J 4 2 ♣ 8 6 4 2 ?
First thoughts You would have to search far and wide to find a deal where
it is right to lead from K-x against an uncontested auction to 3NT. Perhaps
this is the moment, with the club alternative lead so uninspiring.
Beats contract (IMPs Avg. tricks (MPs)

♠10 12.4% 3.28
♥K 19.4% 3.22
♦2 8.2% 3.00
♣6/4/2 14.7% 3.35
The ♥K is best at IMPs. Opposite this West hand, East will hold five or
six hearts 70% of the time. The best chance of beating 3NT is to score several
heart tricks in partner’s hand. Although the probability of East holding five or
more clubs is only 2%, a passive club lead is best at match-points.
Hand 4
♠ J 10 ♥ Q J 5 ♦ 5 3 2 ♣ K 10 9 5 3 ?
First thoughts Which is the better bet, do you think, a heart or a club?

♠J 15.9% 3.38
♥Q 22.6% 3.52
♦5/3/2 14.6% 3.34
♣10 15.9% 3.16
We saw in an earlier chapter that the prospects for a lead from Q-J-x vary
according to how many cards you expect partner to hold in the suit. Here there
is a bias towards hearts. A profile of the simulation for this West hand tells us

that East will hold an average of 4.1 hearts, which will include the ♥A
(21.5%), ♥K (26.6%) and ♥10 (47.3%). That’s why the heart lead is top of
our list.
Hand 5
♠ Q 10 9 7 ♥ 8 7 6 ♦ 9 7 ♣ K J 10 6 ?
First thoughts Again there is no reason to consider a lead in one of their

suits. Do you prefer hearts or clubs?

♠10 22.2% 3.42
♥8/7/6 29.0% 3.68
♦9 24.9% 3.55
♣J 20.5% 3.49
A passive heart lead is better than a club from the K-J-10-6. A club lead is
all too likely to surrender a trick and the compensating returns will be
moderate. Even a diamond lead into declarer’s bid suit is a better than a club.
Hand 6
♠ J 10 8 7 6 4 ♥ J 3 2 ♦ 7 6 ♣ A 8 ?
First thoughts A spade lead looks uninviting, with the suit bid on your
left. Do you prefer a heart or a club lead?

♠J 7.9% 2.91
♥2 16.9% 3.36
♦7 11.1% 3.10
♣A 20.9% 3.31
Are you surprised that the club lead competes so well? It’s not the first
time that a lead from A-x has caught the eye. Let’s pluck a deal from the
simulation to understand why a club lead might work better than a heart:

♠Q953
♥74
♦AKQJ
♣ J 10 6
♠ J 10 8 7 6 4 ♠2
♥J32
N ♥A986
♦76 W E ♦532
♣A8 S ♣K7532
♠AK
♥ K Q 10 5
♦ 10 9 8 4
♣Q94
1♦
pass 1♠ pass 1NT
pass 3NT all pass
You lead the ♣A and continue the suit when East encourages. He clears
the clubs and declarer has only eight tricks without playing on hearts. East
grabs his ♥A at the first opportunity and cashes the clubs for one down.
You may be thinking: ‘So what? East might have held five hearts
instead.’ Opposite this West hand, the chance of East holding five hearts is
29.8%, the chance of five clubs is 35.3%. (Although there is a bias towards
hearts, West holds one card fewer in clubs.) That is not the end of it, however.
Your ♣A plays an important role in setting up four club tricks. Give the
dummy ♣K-x-x and even ♣Q-x-x-x-x with partner would have been enough.
Suppose that East had held five hearts. Since your only honor is the jack,
you would need him to hold quite a strong suit to allow four heart tricks to be
established.
When should I lead the opener’s suit?

There must be some occasions when it is right to lead the opener’s suit and in
this section we will search for them. Suppose you hold six or seven cards in
the suit bid on your right. You partner may well be void in the suit. Leading
such a suit is usually a hopeless proposition. The odds are slightly better when

you have a useful 5-card suit and hope that partner can assist with a doubleton
honor in his hand. Let’s check out a few examples.
Hand 7
♠ A 9 2 ♥ 10 2 ♦ A J 7 5 2 ♣ J 9 7 ?
First thoughts Five cards to the ace-jack in diamonds. Should your fingers
move in that direction? Let’s see.

♠9 10.6% 3.38
♥10 15.8% 3.56
♦5 11.5% 3.43
♣9 15.5% 3.57
A diamond lead cannot match the passive leads in the unbid suits.
Leading the ♣7 (14.9%) instead of the ♣9 would occasionally result in a
blockage. In a weird exhibition of symmetry the ♠9 is the best lead in the
spade suit, beating the ♠2 (10.2%). As we have mentioned elsewhere, the best
lead technically may not be the best practically. Partner may find a lead of the
nine difficult to read and you will not go far wrong by leading the tradition
bottom card from three.
Hand 8
♠ 9 4 ♥ J 7 6 ♦ A K J 3 2 ♣ 10 7 6 ?
First thoughts We have strengthened the diamond suit. Is that enough to

tilt the odds in favor of a diamond lead?

♠9 21.6% 3.86
♥6 21.2% 3.87
♦A 18.0% 3.84
♦3 19.8% 3.47
♣6 21.4% 3.87

The three non-diamond leads are very close at both forms of the game.
Leading a low diamond is hopelessly worst at match-points.
Hand 9
♠ 9 8 2 ♥ 10 7 2 ♦ K Q J 6 4 ♣ A 5 ?
First thoughts What do you make of this particular holding in declarer’s

bid suit? If you lead a diamond, which card will you choose?

♠9 13.0% 3.61
♥2 17.5% 3.65
♦K 13.5% 3.79
♦6 15.8% 3.07
♣A 9.3% 3.42
A heart lead is best at IMPs. If you insist on a diamond, you should lead
fourth-best at IMPs — working well when you find partner with the ♦A or
♦10. Such a lead is disastrously worst at match-points, where it is essential to
lead the ♦K.
When should I lead dummy’s suit?
It is rarely right to lead the suit bid by dummy, as we have seen. It may
become appropriate when your own holding is particularly strong, also when
you are short in the suit and hope that partner holds good cards there.
Hand 10
♠ 10 9 ♥ K 10 7 6 ♦ K J 8 ♣ K 5 4 3 ?

First thoughts If you led a diamond, the men in white coats would be after
you. Are you going to choose one of the moderate 4-card holdings in the
unbid suits, or perhaps push out the ♠10?

♠10 30.9% 3.87
♥6 27.7% 3.81
♦8 15.0% 3.33
♣3 28.6% 3.80
A spade lead has two factors in its favor. Firstly, you may find partner
with good spades sitting over the dummy. Opposite this West hand, East will
hold either four spades (73.5%) or five (26.5%). Secondly, leading a spade
saves you from a blind guess whether to lead a heart or a club.
Here is a deal from the simulation that illustrates this advantage:
♠AK72
♥A53
♦752
♣ 10 8 7
♠ 10 9 ♠J865
♥ K 10 7 6
N ♥J842
♦KJ8 W E ♦ Q 10 4
♣K543 S ♣J2
♠Q43
♥Q9
♦A963
♣AQ96
1♦
pass 1♠ pass 1NT
pass 3NT all pass
Suppose West guesses to lead the ♥6. Declarer wins with the ♥Q, crosses
to the ♠K and plays the ♣8, intending to run the card. Three tricks in each
black suit, plus three top winners in the red suits (after the heart lead) will
bring the total to nine.

If West leads the ♠10 instead, he keeps his powder dry elsewhere.
Provided East inserts the ♦10 on the first round of diamonds (ensuring an
entry for a heart switch through the queen before declarer can set up the 13th
diamond), the defenders will score five tricks.
Hand 11
♠ K Q 10 9 3 ♥ 10 8 6 3 ♦ K 7 ♣ 10 9 ?
First thoughts Now you have a strong holding in dummy’s suit. Should
you lead a spade, or make a passive lead and hope that the bad spade break
will prevent declarer from scoring nine tricks?

♠K 27.5% 3.68
♠10 15.3% 3.09
♥3 25.3% 3.71
♦K 7.9% 3.02
♣10 22.4% 3.63
The spades pass the test at IMPs, provided you start with the ♠K. This
works well when declarer holds ♠J-x or ♠A-J. Indeed, such occasions
represent most of your chance of beating the contract. It also picks up the case
where partner has a singleton ♠J, which declarer would otherwise allow to
win the first trick.
Hand 12
♠ K Q J 9 ♥ A 7 ♦ 10 9 7 2 ♣ 9 8 4 ?
First thoughts The spades demand your attention but North has shown
four cards in the suit. Will you lead a spade, nevertheless?

♠K 25.7% 4.03
♥A 18.6% 3.49
♦2 19.8% 3.60
♣9 21.7% 3.60
The ♠K is the best idea at both forms of the game.
CONCLUSIONS - Leading when they have bid two suits
• It is rarely right to lead a suit that an opponent has bid.
• When choosing between the two unbid suits, there is bias towards the
unbid major (because dummy will not hold four cards there).
• A 4-card suit headed by one or two honors is rarely a good lead.

Prefer to lead from a shorter holding in the other unbid suit.
• When you are weak, tend towards leading the shorter unbid suit. Your
intention is to score tricks in partner’s hand.

Pick a Winner!
The opponents bid two suits
Once again you have the chance to judge which is the best available lead at
IMPs, noting if you think that a different lead should be made at match-points.
Auction is 1♦ - 1♠ - 1NT - 3NT
1. ♠ 10 9 8 3 2. ♠ 8 4 3. ♠ J 10 3
♥A3 ♥ A Q 10 3 ♥KQ
♦A852 ♦K74 ♦962
♣ 10 9 3 ♣9763 ♣K8752
4. ♠ A 10 5 5 ♠ 10 9 3 6. ♠A8
♥Q5 ♥542 ♥ 10 8 7 4 3
♦KQJ6 ♦K98 ♦72
♣8643 ♣KJ76 ♣KQ96
7. ♠ 6 8. ♠ Q 10 8 6 3 9. ♠ Q J 10 5
♥K974 ♥ J 10 7 ♥ 10 5 4
♦AQ52 ♦94 ♦A92
♣K974 ♣KQ6 ♣QJ7
10. ♠ 10 9 8 7 5 11. ♠ 10 8 6 2 12 ♠ 8
♥ A 10 9 2 ♥A9 ♥K964
♦ 10 ♦Q654 ♦AJ9762
♣ 10 6 3 ♣ J 10 9 ♣Q5

Answers
Auction is 1♦ - 1♠ - 1NT - 3NT IMPs MPs
1. ♠ 10 9 8 3 ♥ A 3 ♦ A 8 5 2 ♣ 10 9 3 1st ♥A 18.7% 3.53

2nd ♣10 17.1% 3.54
2. ♠ 8 4 ♥ A Q 10 3 ♦ K 7 4 ♣ 9 7 6 3 1st ♣7/3 38.2% 3.96
2nd ♠8 36.6% 3.89
3. ♠ J 10 5 ♥ K Q ♦ 9 6 2 ♣ K 8 7 5 2 1st ♥K 9.8% 2.95
2nd ♣5 7.9% 2.67
4. ♠ A 10 5 ♥ Q 5 ♦ K Q J 6 ♣ 8 6 4 3 1st(I) ♣6/3 19.3% 3.69
1st(M) ♦K 16.9% 3.82
5. ♠ 10 9 3 ♥ 5 4 2 ♦ K 9 8 ♣ K J 7 6 1st ♥5/2 22.4% 3.49
2nd ♠10 16.2% 3.34
6. ♠ A 8 ♥ 10 8 7 4 3 ♦ 7 2 ♣ K Q 9 6 1st(I) ♥4 27.5% 3.62
1st(M) ♣K 21.9% 3.70
7. ♠ 6 ♥ K 9 7 4 ♦ A Q 5 2 ♣ K 9 7 4 1st ♠6 29.6% 3.95
2nd ♥4 27.9% 3.95
8. ♠ Q 10 8 6 3 ♥ J 10 7 ♦ 9 4 ♣ K Q 6 1st(I) ♣K 17.9% 3.28
1st(M) ♥J 17.3% 3.32
9. ♠ Q J 10 5 ♥ 10 5 4 ♦ A 9 2 ♣ Q J 7 1st(I) ♥4 19.0% 3.54
1st(M) ♠Q 18.6% 3.62
10. ♠ 10 9 8 7 5 ♥ A 10 9 2 ♦ 10 ♣ 10 6 3 1st(I) ♣3 23.6% 3.44
1st(M) ♥10 21.7% 3.58
11. ♠ 10 8 6 2 ♥ A 9 ♦ Q 6 5 4 ♣ J 10 9 1st ♥A 20.8% 3.34
2nd ♣J 14.5% 3.33
12. ♠ 8 ♥ K 9 6 4 ♦ A J 9 7 6 2 ♣ Q 5 1st ♠8 18.2% 3.64
2nd ♥4 17.5% 3.62

Chapter 8
Leading against 1NT
What do you know about the

unseen hands when your right- ♠ 3.07
hand opponent’s opening bid of ♥ 3.07
1NT is passed out? ♦ 3.43
The opener’s hand will contain ♣ 3.43
15-17 HCP and may include a 5- ♠ 3.33 ♠ 3.33
card major. You know that the
♥ 3.33 Average ♥ 3.33
responder is not strong enough to
make a game-try. Nor does he
hold a 5-card major or he would ♣ 3.17 ♣ 3.17
have responded with a transfer ♠ 3.28
bid. You know also that your ♥ 3.28
partner does not hold a hand that ♦ 3.22
would merit an overcall or a ♣ 3.22
double.
A profile of 100,000 deals on West North East South
which South’s 1NT opening 1NT
would be passed out gave the pass pass pass
average suit lengths shown on the
right. As you see, East/West hold an average of 6.66 cards in each major suit
and 6.34 cards in each minor. Consequently there will be a slight bias towards
major-suit leads but not such a strong one as against 1NT - 3NT.
Hand 1
The bidding is 1NT passed out. What would you lead from:
♠ Q 10 7 2 ♥ K 10 7 2 ♦ Q 10 7 2 ♣ A ?
Leading against 1NT 115

First thoughts Our main interest here will be to compare the numbers for
the spade and diamond leads, to assess the major-suit bias.
(Contract 1NT) Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

♠2 48.9% 6.53
♥2 46.4% 6.46
♦2 47.9% 6.52
♣A 45.7% 6.51
Expecting a small margin, we ran a double-length simulation to enhance

the accuracy of the results. As you see, the spade lead is just 1% ahead of the
diamond lead at IMPs, with a negligible advantage at match-points. Opposite
this West hand, East will hold an average of 2.97 spades and 2.87 diamonds
— not much of a difference.
We reran the same West hand against an auction of 1NT - 3NT and these
were the results:

♠2 29.3% 3.72
♥2 26.6% 3.61
♦2 26.7% 3.63
♣A 27.3% 3.69
The bias towards the major suit is greater, as both columns indicate.
Hand 2
♠J86 ♥95 ♦KQ72 ♣KJ72 ?
First thoughts When leading against 3NT, the passive major-suit leads
were rated ahead of the aggressive minor-suit leads. Perhaps the situation is
different when the contract is a humble 1NT. Let’s see:

♠6 33.3% 6.02
♥9 32.2% 6.00
♦K 34.2% 5.98
♣2 35.1% 6.02
116 Leading against 1NT

The various leads against 1NT are pretty close - a blanket finish. Much to
our surprise, the aggressive leads from 4-card suits are slightly more likely to
beat the contract! This result is in marked contrast to the one against 3NT,
where the passive major-suit leads carried a big advantage. These were the
results against 1NT - 3NT:

♠6 21.3% 3.43
♥9 20.6% 3.41
♦K 13.2% 3.16
♣2 15.7% 3.25
The ♠6 was 9% ahead of the ♦K, but against 1NT it fell 1% behind.
What can have caused this? The answer is two-fold. North (the dummy) will
hold more major-suit cards, on average, when he passes 1NT than when he
raises to 3NT without using Stayman. An analysis of our ‘1NT passed out’
simulation for this particular West hand (with three spades and two hearts)
showed that North held four spades 41.6% of the time and four hearts 50.5%
of the time. When North raises 1NT directly to 3NT, spurning Stayman, he is
unlikely to hold a 4-card major and this causes a greater major-suit bias.
There is a second reason why leading from a suit such as K-J-x-x may be
more successful against 1NT than against 3NT. Since the points are more
evenly divided between the two sides, you are more likely to find partner with
a matching honor in your suit.
Should I make an aggressive lead or a passive lead?
The results on Hand 2 suggest that leading from 4-card combinations such as
K-J-x-x or Q-10-x-x may be more effective against 1NT. In the current
section we will investigate whether this is true.
Hand 3
♠ K J 10 4 ♥ 8 6 5 2 ♦ A J 10 8 ♣ 8 ?
First thoughts How will the aggressive leads in spades and diamonds
compare with the passive heart lead from four low cards? Will there be a

marked difference when leading from this hand against 1NT, compared with
3NT? The simulation results will reveal all:

♠J 52.7% 6.60
♥6/5/2 45.8% 6.45
♦J 48.9% 6.44
♣8 41.5% 6.31

♠J 35.7% 3.88
♥6/5/2 37.6% 3.89
♦J 26.8% 3.62
♣8 33.4% 3.76
The two tables give us a wealth of information. Aggressive leads are

favored against 1NT and passive leads are favored against 3NT. Against 3NT
the passive heart lead from four low cards is top of the rankings. Against 1NT
it is third, lagging behind both ♠K-J-10-4 and ♦A-J-10-8.
Look also at the two minor-suit leads. Against 1NT, the aggressive lead
from ♦A-J-10-8 is 7.4% ahead of the passive singleton ♣8. Against 3NT, it is
6.6% behind. A huge swing! As we noted on the previous hand, the points
are more evenly divided in a 1NT contract. When you make an aggressive
lead, you are more likely to find partner with a matching honor.
Hand 4
♠ 10 8 ♥ K Q 5 2 ♦ K J 5 3 ♣ 8 5 4 ?
First thoughts How will the active red-suit leads compare with the passive
club lead? What lead would you have chosen?

♠10 28.7% 5.82
♥K 33.8% 5.90
♥2 32.8% 5.84
♦3 33.8% 5.91
♣8/5/3 29.4% 5.85

The two aggressive red-suit leads head the listing. The ♥K lead is 5.1%
ahead of the passive lead in the other major. The ♦3 is 4.4% ahead of the
passive lead in the other minor. Let’s see the difference against 1NT - 3NT:

♠10 17.2% 3.12
♥K 18.8% 3.33
♥2 14.9% 3.03
♦3 11.3% 2.92
♣8/5/3 16.5% 3.13
The bigger major-suit bias pushes the ♥K to the fore, but its lead over the
passive ♠10 has shrunk. Look at the two minor-suit leads! Against 1NT, the
active diamond lead held a 4.4% advantage; against 3NT it is 5.2% behind. It
has slipped from 1st= to last place. This is further evidence that active leads
from a 4-card suit work better against 1NT than against 3NT.
When should I lead the second-longest suit?

Against 3NT, we found some situations where it was best to lead the second-
longest suit. We will now see if the situation is the same against 1NT.
Hand 5
♠ A 10 8 6 2 ♥ Q J 10 7 ♦ 9 ♣ 8 7 3 ?
First thoughts A handsome sequence in hearts but the spades are longer.
Which suit would catch your eye against a 1NT contract?

♠6 33.5% 6.04
♥Q 40.3% 6.34
♦9 28.6% 5.84
♣8/7/3 31.4% 5.95
The heart sequence has a good advantage.

Hand 6
♠ K J 8 7 3 ♥ J 10 9 4 ♦ A 5 ♣ 7 4 ?
First thoughts A spade lead may work well if you find partner with the ace
or queen. This time you have the ♦A as a side entry too.

♠7 41.3% 6.23
♥J 46.5% 6.46
♦A 35.2% 6.06
♣7 39.6% 6.18
Turn a blind eye to the spades. The ♥J is a clear winner at both forms of
the game.
Hand 7
♠ A Q 10 9 2 ♥ K 9 7 3 ♦ J 5 ♣ 10 7 ?
First thoughts Now the spades are even stronger and the 4-card hearts are
not headed by a sequence. Surely the spade lead will be the winner.

♠A 47.0% 6.40
♠10 46.6% 6.37
♥3 52.8% 6.70
♦J 46.5% 6.51
♣10 46.2% 6.48
Well, that’s amazing, isn’t it? The heart lead is seriously ahead of the
spade lead. Before analyzing why this should be so, we are going to run the
same West hand against a 1NT - 3NT simulation:

♠A 36.4% 3.72
♠10 36.9% 3.61
♥3 27.6% 3.63
♦J 24.6% 3.51
♣10 26.1% 3.58
The ♥3 lead changes from a 6% winner into a 9% loser! Why is that? It’s
because you may need to rush to get your five tricks against 3NT. Even if
declarer wins the first round of spades, you may still beat the contract by
scoring four spades and one outside winner. Against 1NT, there is no hurry to
lead a spade immediately. If you fail to lead a spade and it turns out that
partner has some help there, you may be able to take your spade tricks later.
Also, you may need a full five spade tricks to beat 1NT, whereas four spade
tricks will suffice against 3NT.
This is a typical deal from the 1NT simulation for this West hand:
♠754
♥A4
♦ Q 10 9 4
♣9865
♠ A Q 10 9 2 ♠J83
♥K973
N ♥ 10 8 6
♦J5 W E ♦K82
♣ 10 7 S ♣KQ42
♠K6
♥QJ52
♦A763
♣AJ3
1NT
pass pass pass
If West starts with the ♠10, or ace and another spade, declarer will have
one spade trick in his pocket. He will quickly add three diamonds, two hearts
and the ♣A, making the contract. The recommended heart lead does not strike
gold in partner’s hand but it keeps alive the prospect of scoring five spade
tricks. Declarer wins in his hand and plays ace and another diamond, clearing

the diamond suit. On lead with the ♦K, East can switch to spades. The
defenders score five spade tricks and declarer has to go one down.
One particular deal proves nothing, you are right, but the simulation
shows that a heart lead beats 1NT 6% more often than a spade lead.
Should I lead a strong doubleton against 1NT?
We have noted elsewhere in the book how well strong doubleton leads (such
as ♦K-Q) work. Let’s take a quick look at them against a 1NT contract.
Hand 8
♠ K Q ♥ K Q 5 ♦ J 10 7 2 ♣ 10 9 6 4 ?
First thoughts Do you like the look of that ♠K-Q? When rated against
3NT it lagged behind ♥K-Q-x and we noted that the defenders might suffer
from the spade blockage.

♠K 40.1% 6.26
♥K 32.4% 5.96
♦2 34.8% 6.03
♣4 35.3% 6.08
Well, that’s a surprise. There is a substantial advantage for ♠K-Q, at both

forms of the game. Not only does it beat ♥K-Q-x by a respectable margin, it
is also ahead of the 4-card leads in the minor suits. Let’s dip into the
simulation and look for a typical deal where a spade lead does well.

♠ 10 7 2
♥ J 10 6 2
♦95
♣A872
♠KQ ♠J6543
♥KQ5
N ♥98
♦ J 10 7 2 W E ♦KQ8
♣ 10 9 6 4 S ♣Q53
♠A98
♥A743
♦A643
♣KJ
1NT
pass pass pass
A spade is the only lead to defeat 1NT against best play by declarer.
Suppose he wins the first spade, hoping to create a blockage one way or the
other, and leads a low heart. West wins, unblocks the ♠Q and (aided by a ♠6
suit preference card from East) switches to diamonds. If instead declarer holds
up the ♠A for two rounds, a diamond switch will give the defenders an
eventual two spades, three diamonds and two hearts.
You may say that this is just because East happens to hold five spades,
along with a diamond entry that can overcome declarer’s play of holding up
the ♠A for two rounds. Yes indeed, but that is the whole point! When you
hold only two spades, there is a good chance that partner will hold five or
more spades (32% on the present simulation, against a 14% chance of five or
more hearts). Since the contract is 1NT, rather than 3NT, there is also a
healthy prospect of East holding a side entry to resolve any spade blockage.
That is why the ♠K-Q lead fares better against 1NT than against 3NT.
Which card should I lead?

In Chapter 3 we considered (in the context of defending 3NT) which card was
the best lead from various combinations. For the purposes of the current
chapter, we ran simulations for the same set of West hands against a ‘1NT

passed-out’ auction. We discovered that there was no significant difference in
the results.
To recall, it is hugely best to lead the king (rather than a fourth-best card)
from a suit headed by K-Q-10 or K-Q-9. It is worthwhile even from a holding
such as K-Q-6-5-2. So, lead the king whether the contract is 3NT or 1NT.
From holdings headed by Q-J-9, the queen is only narrowly better than
fourth-best. From such as Q-J-7-6-2, it makes no difference whether you lead
the queen or fourth-best. The same is true with suits headed by the J-10.
CONCLUSIONS - Leading against 1NT
• There is relatively little bias in favor of major-suit leads when 1NT is

passed out. That’s because responder may hold one or more 4-card
majors. This is particularly likely when you are fairly short in the
major suits yourself.
• Active leads from 4-card suits such as ♠K-Q-8-3 or ♦Q-10-7-4 are

more attractive against 1NT than against 3NT. The points are more
equally divided than they would be against a 3NT contract; you are
therefore more likely to find partner with a matching honor in the suit.
• Leads from 5-card suits (such as ♠A-Q-9-7-2) are less attractive

against 1NT than against 3NT. You may need a full five tricks from
the suit to beat 1NT. There is also a better prospect of partner gaining
the lead to play the suit through declarer.

Pick a Winner!
Leading against 1NT
hands below. If you would choose a different lead when playing pairs rather
than IMPs, note that down. The simulation results are shown on the next page.
Auction is: 1NT passed out
1. ♠ A 10 8 5 3 2. ♠Q6 3. ♠ 4 3
♥83 ♥K5 ♥54
♦ Q J 10 4 ♦ 10 8 7 3 ♦9642
♣J6 ♣ J 10 4 3 2 ♣KQ832
4. ♠ A Q 7 5. ♠ 10 9 8 4 6. ♠ A Q 10
♥AJ7 ♥AJ862 ♥KJ4
♦ A 10 4 ♦9 ♦7632
♣9762 ♣K73 ♣KQ9
7. ♠ 2 8. ♠AJ94 9. ♠KQ7
♥AQJ7 ♥J974 ♥87542
♦Q8742 ♦K9 ♦Q62
♣Q92 ♣874 ♣54
10. ♠ J 7 2 11. ♠ Q 10 5 2 12. ♠ 9 7 6 4

♥Q83 ♥ 10 5 ♥AQ85
♦K75 ♦KJ52 ♦985
♣A972 ♣A94 ♣85

Answers
Auction is: 1NT passed out IMPs MPs
1. ♠ A 10 8 5 3 ♥ 8 3 ♦ Q J 10 4 ♣ J 6 1st ♦Q 34.7% 6.19

2nd ♠5 28.0% 5.93
2. ♠ Q 6 ♥ K 5 ♦ 10 8 7 3 ♣ J 10 4 3 2 1st ♣3 26.2% 5.73
2nd ♦3 22.1% 5.62
3. ♠ 4 3 ♥ 5 4 ♦ 9 6 4 2 ♣ K Q 8 3 2 1st (I) ♣3 19.6% 5.14
1st(M) ♦6/2 19.2% 5.41
4. ♠ A Q 7 ♥ A J 7 ♦ A 10 4 ♣ 9 7 6 2 1st ♣7/2 63.1% 7.03
2nd ♠A 57.7% 6.85
5. ♠ 10 9 8 4 ♥ A J 8 6 2 ♦ 9 ♣ K 7 3 1st ♠10 47.9% 6.56
2nd ♥6 47.3% 6.40
6. ♠ A Q 10 ♥ K J 4 ♦ 7 6 3 2 ♣ K Q 9 1st ♦6/2 61.8% 6.93
2nd ♣K 54.7% 6.68
7. ♠ 2 ♥ A Q J 7 ♦ Q 8 7 4 2 ♣ Q 9 2 1st ♦4 42.2% 6.36
2nd ♠2 36.0% 6.11
8. ♠ A J 9 4 ♥ J 9 7 4 ♦ K 9 ♣ 8 7 4 1st ♥4 42.0% 6.26
2nd ♣8/7 36.8% 6.15
9. ♠ K Q 7 ♥ 8 7 5 4 2 ♦ Q 6 2 ♣ 5 4 1st ♥4 25.9% 5.72
2nd ♠K 24.7% 5.55
10. ♠ J 7 2 ♥ Q 8 3 ♦ K 7 5 ♣ A 9 7 2 1st ♠2 37.9% 6.13
2nd ♣2 35.2% 6.07
11. ♠ Q 10 5 2 ♥ 10 5 ♦ K J 5 2 ♣ A 9 4 1st ♠2 49.6% 6.50
2nd ♦2 44.6% 6.33
12. ♠ 9 7 6 4 ♥ A Q 8 5 ♦ 9 8 5 ♣ 8 5 1st ♠7/4 25.8% 5.70
2nd ♦9 24.3% 5.61

Chapter 9
Leading when they have bid one suit
In this chapter we will look at the

best lead after the opponents have ♠ 5.09
bid 1♠ - 1NT, allowing the ♥ 2.23
auction to stop there. The opening ♦ 2.84
bid shows at least five spades, as ♣ 2.84
in Standard American and most ♠ 3.19 ♠ 3.19
European systems. The types of ♥ 3.38 Average ♥ 3.38
hand that the responder may hold ♦ 3.22 Suit lengths ♦ 3.22
for a 1NT response vary slightly
♣ 3.22 ♣ 3.22
from one system to another. For
example, if a two-level response ♠ 1.53
would be game-forcing, 1NT ♥ 4.01
might be bid on 11 points. ♦ 3.74
There are also different views ♣ 3.72
of what action the opener should
take after such a start. For West North East South
example, some players think it 1♠ pass 1NT
right to rebid 2♣ on a 4-card suit, all pass
even though there is no guarantee of a fit. Some players always rebid 2♠ with
six spades, even on a weak suit such as ♠Q-9-7-6-3-2. After a 1♠-1NT start,
the chance that the responder holds two spades is only 52% (1 spade 38%, 0
spades 10%). With a weak 6-card suit, 1NT is likely to play better than 2♠ in
the long run. You might well have four trump losers, playing in spades.
Well, we have had to make some assumptions in order to generate the
deals for the simulations. We set the range for a 1NT response at 6-10 points.
We decided also that the opener would not rebid a 4-card minor suit,
preferring to pass 1NT unless he was strong enough to see a chance of game.
He would, however, rebid a 4-card heart suit because a heart fit might allow a
game to be bid in that suit. With a 6-card spade suit, containing only one (or
none) of the four top honors, the opener will pass 1NT unless he can visualize
a possible game. On the basis of these settings, the expectation of suit lengths
Leading when they have bid one suit 127

for each player is as shown in the diagram. They imply a very small bias
towards hearts compared with the minors.
Which unbid suit should I lead?
We will look in a moment at some situations where you may be tempted to

lead dummy’s spade suit. First we will consider the choice of lead from the
other three suits.
Hand 1
North opens 1♠ and South’s 1NT is passed out. What would you lead from:
♠ 10 9 8 5 ♥ A J 9 7 ♦ 4 ♣ Q 8 4 2 ?
First thoughts You can find a good excuse not to lead any of these
combinations. Time is ticking by and you have to lead something. What will it
be?

♠10 30.9% 5.71
♥7 30.7% 5.70
♦4 27.7% 5.60
♣2 39.2% 6.00
The club lead is easily best, at both forms of the game. That’s interesting.
A spade lead will assist declarer in setting up dummy’s suit and a heart lead is
all too likely to give away a trick. An imaginative singleton diamond lead is
hugely worse than a club, reminding us that you have to know what you’re
doing when you choose to lead a singleton at notrump.
Hand 2
♠ 9 4 3 ♥ K 10 7 6 5 ♦ 10 6 3 ♣ 8 2 ?
128 Leading when they have bid one suit

First thoughts With such a weak hand, it may not be a good idea to lead
the long suit. What do you think? Is a stab in the dark, in one of the minors, a
better idea?

♠3 8.8% 4.68
♥6 12.9% 4.95
♦3 7.6% 4.66
♣8 6.8% 4.57
The simulation reveals that a heart is best. You will need East to hold 11
points or so, to have a chance of beating 3NT, and he did not venture an
overcall. You cannot therefore expect him to hold very good diamonds or
clubs.
Hand 3
♠93 ♥976532 ♦A3 ♣J73 ?
First thoughts Previously, we have seen plenty of examples where a lead

from a 6-card suit fared poorly. Also, this hand contains only 5 points. Is it the
time to lead from one of the short holdings in the minors, looking for partner’s
good suit?

♠9 14.6% 5.14
♥5 22.7% 5.39
♦A 11.7% 4.85
♣3 12.7% 4.93
The heart lead wins comfortably. The best chance of beating the contract
is to find East with something useful in hearts — to set up the suit at the start
and then to use the ♦A as an entry to the established cards.
Even a spade (dummy’s suit) is better than leading a short minor, hoping
to hit partner’s length. The general message we are getting so far is that you
should lead your longest non-spade suit. Nothing remarkable about that, you
may think!

Hand 4
♠ K 10 8 5 ♥ 10 7 4 ♦ K 7 6 ♣ A 5 4 ?
First thoughts It would be surprising if a spade lead did well. Which of the
trio of tripletons do you like?

♠5 26.9% 5.61
♥4 32.7% 5.81
♦6 29.7% 5.66
♣4 28.4% 5.66
Whereas it can be worthwhile leading from four cards to an honor against

1NT, it is not so good to lead from three cards to an honor. The passive heart
lead has the edge over the minor-suit alternatives.
Hand 5
♠ 10 5 3 2 ♥ K Q 8 ♦ 10 6 5 2 ♣ K 6 ?
First thoughts The much-vaunted strong tripleton in hearts does battle

with four diamonds headed by the ten. Where is your money?

♠2 25.9% 5.53
♥K 31.2% 5.76
♦6 29.5% 5.72
♣K 22.0% 5.22
We were expecting an easy win for the heart holding, but the passive
diamond lead is competitive. On the present auction, it seems that number of
cards is almost as important as suit quality.

Hand 6
♠ A J 10 ♥ K 10 4 ♦ K 9 7 6 ♣ 10 9 6 ?
First thoughts This will test the ‘lead your longest suit outside spades’
theory. Is it better to lead from four cards to an honor (not rated very highly in
general) or to lead passively from the 3-card club suit?

♠J 27.9% 5.65
♥4 37.8% 6.00
♦6 40.5% 6.15
♣10 42.0% 6.21
One day we will find a hand where it is best to lead from K-x-x-x (we
may need to stack three such combinations together!) but this is not the one. A
passive club lead gives you the best prospects.
Hand 7
♠J753 ♥KJ32 ♦KQJ ♣87 ?
First thoughts There is a slight bias towards hearts but you have a very
strong tripleton in diamonds. ‘Mesdames, messieurs, faites vos jeux.’

♠3 20.1% 5.22
♥2 27.1% 5.55
♦K 35.6% 5.83
♣8 21.9% 5.30
An easy win for the fabled diamond sequence. It was never in doubt.
Hand 8
♠6542 ♥AK854 ♦97 ♣83 ?

First thoughts A heart lead seems to be in order, but will you lead high or
low?

♠6/5/2 25.8% 5.31
♥A 31.7% 5.77
♥5 27.6% 5.41
♦9 27.3% 5.39
♣8 26.5% 5.36
There are various situations when leading the ♥5 will work best — in
particular, when partner holds two hearts and the opponents’ cards break 3-3.
The table says that the percentage lead is the ♥A, but it may not always be
easy to determine the optimal defense after winning the first trick.
Here is a deal from the simulation where it is possible to beat 1NT after
leading a top heart:
♠Q9873
♥ Q 10
♦AQ8
♣A64
♠6542 ♠ K J 10
♥AK854
N ♥J93
♦97 W E ♦J643
♣83 S ♣ K J 10
♠A
♥762
♦ K 10 5 2
♣Q9752
1♠ pass 1NT
All pass
You lead a top heart (whichever one your methods dictate) and East
unblocks the ♥J. When you continue with the ♥K, East has to decide whether
to unblock the ♥9. Since you are unlikely to hold an entry in another suit,
there will not be much chance of beating the contract if he wins the third
round with the ♥9. He duly unblocks this card and is rewarded when you

produce the ♥8 next, followed by two more heart winners. East discards a low
diamond and the club ten. A spade switch sets up a trick for East and the
contract will then go one down. As you see, a low heart lead would allow
declarer to win with the ♥Q (it cannot possibly help him to play the ♥10) and
then set up the clubs.
Hand 9
♠ A 10 5 4 ♥ J 10 ♦ K 10 4 ♣ K 10 8 3 ?
First thoughts It is unlikely that a spade or a diamond will work well. Do

you like the 4-card clubs or the touching-honor doubleton in hearts?

♠4 36.8% 5.86
♥J 45.9% 6.30
♦4 38.6% 6.02
♣3 42.4% 6.17
Once again, the ‘king fourth’ horse fails to win the race. It looks as if that
holding is only worth a place-bet most of the time.
Hand 10
♠ 10 4 ♥ 6 5 2 ♦ 8 7 4 ♣ A K J 10 2 ?
First thoughts Does a passive or active lead seem right? If your eyes keep
returning to the club suit, which card will you choose?

♠10 45.4% 6.25
♥6/5/2 39.6% 6.05
♦8/7/4 39.7% 6.08
♣A/K 48.0% 6.42
♣J 29.2% 5.59

Leading the ♣J, to preserve communications, is a disaster! If you play the
lead method ‘ace for attitude, king for count’, a lead of the ♣K asks partner to
unblock any honor he holds, otherwise to signal count. When declarer holds
the ♣Q, partner’s count signal will help you judge whether the ♣Q is about to
drop, or whether you must find partner’s hand for a club return. (In North
America, it is common to lead the ace to request unblock-or-count.)
The signaling method pays off in an unexpected way on this deal:
♠KQ983
♥ 10 7 3
♦AKJ3
♣9
♠ 10 4 ♠A762
♥652
N ♥KQJ9
♦874 W E ♦ Q 10 5
♣ A K J 10 2 S ♣83
♠J5
♥A84
♦962
♣Q7654
1♠ pass 1NT
All pass
You lead the ♣A or ♣K, whichever is your agreed card to request

unblock-or-count. East duly follows with the ♣8. This denies the ♣Q and
shows an even number of clubs. Since East would signal with the second-best
card from four-low, you know he has only two clubs. You switch to hearts at
Trick 2 and the defenders then score three hearts, three clubs and the ♠A.
(If you use an ace-lead or king-lead to request unblock-or-count, you must
lead a different honor to ask for attitude. Playing ‘ace for attitude, king for
count’, for example, you would lead the queen from K-Q-x or K-Q-x-x.)
When should I lead the opener’s suit?
With dummy known to hold five spades (maybe six), you will rarely consider
a spade lead. If you have spade length yourself, you will need something like

a 4-deep honor sequence. It is more likely that a short-suit spade lead will
work, since partner will hold some spade length sitting over the dummy.
Hand 11
♠ 5 ♥ Q 10 7 2 ♦ A 10 6 4 2 ♣ K 5 4 ?
First thoughts Most players would see it as a choice between the red suits.
Perhaps they’re right. We will see.

♠5 49.4% 6.43
♥2 48.3% 6.44
♦4 47.9% 6.41
♣4 42.6% 6.22
The singleton spade joins the red-suit leads as a serious contender. Let’s
see a deal from the simulation where a spade lead will do well.
♠A9876
♥K4
♦KQ98
♣92
♠5 ♠ Q J 10 4 2
♥ Q 10 7 2
N ♥AJ8
♦ A 10 6 4 2 W E ♦75
♣K54 S ♣Q73
♠K3
♥9653
♦J3
♣ A J 10 8 6
1♠ pass 1NT
all pass

A spade is the only lead to give declarer no chance. Suppose he rises with
the ♠A and leads a club to the jack. West wins with the king and switches to
hearts, East winning with the jack (or more likely the ace if declarer plays
dummy’s king). The spade suit is cleared and declarer now needs to reach
dummy for a second club finesse. When he leads a diamond, West rises with
the ♦A and the defenders cash out in the majors for two down.
Declarer does no better to win the spade lead in his hand, playing on
diamonds. It is true that East will have to find the bright play of rising with
the ♣Q in second seat, to restrict declarer to one club trick.
In fact, there were very few deals in the simulation where a spade lead
was the only successful one. The bulk of the 49.4% ‘Beats Contract’ figure
was made up of deals where the spade lead gave nothing away and one or
more of the other leads would also have been successful. In other words, it
spared you an immediate guess between the red suits.
Hand 12
♠ K Q J 10 4 2 ♥ J 8 7 6 ♦ 5 ♣ 10 8 ?
First thoughts You hold the legendary four-deep sequence in dummy’s

suit. Will you lead a spade?

♠K 5.8% 4.32
♥6 10.0% 4.55
♦5 5.9% 4.18
♣10 6.2% 4.18
Chances of beating the contract are poor, but a heart lead gives you a
better chance than a spade, even at match-points. If you had a side entry in
your hand, and could therefore expect to score three spade tricks, it might well
be different.
(We reran the simulation, upgrading the ♦5 to the ♦A. The ♠K lead then
headed the listings with 22.3% and 5.69. The ♥6 came a close second with
22.0% and 5.41.)

Hand 13
♠ K Q J ♥ K 9 8 5 ♦ J 10 8 5 ♣ 7 2 ?
First thoughts Either red-suit lead might work well, but is there any reason
to lead a spade?

♠K 26.3% 5.57
♥5 25.9% 5.56
♦J 25.6% 5.59
♣7 23.2% 5.48
It may seem strange that the spade lead edges to the front. To beat 1NT,
you will surely need to score two spade tricks at some stage. You might as
well establish them at the start, which allows you to delay guessing which red
suit to attack subsequently. If instead you begin with a red suit and choose
unluckily, declarer may get home.
CONCLUSIONS - Leading when they have bid one suit
• When an auction of 1♠ - 1NT is passed out, there is a slight bias

towards leading hearts, rather than a minor.
• When you have to choose between your longest suit and a shorter but
stronger suit, it is more likely than on other auctions that the longest
suit will be the best lead.
• Leading a spade from length is rarely right. You would need a 4-deep
honor sequence and some prospect of gaining the lead to enjoy the
established spade winners.
• A singleton or doubleton spade can be best when you have

unattractive holdings in the other suits.

Pick a Winner!
The opponents bid one suit
You are invited to judge which is the best available lead against 1NT at IMPs,
noting if you think that a different lead is preferable at match-points. The
simulation results are given on the next page.
Auction is 1♠ (North) - 1NT (South)
1. ♠ J 9 7 6 5 3 2. ♠ 8 5 3 3. ♠K863
♥76 ♥ J 10 8 ♥ J 10
♦A87 ♦K743 ♦K865
♣ A 10 ♣ A 10 2 ♣K32
4. ♠ 8 5 ♠97 6. ♠Q65
♥J963 ♥J98762 ♥KQ2
♦97 ♦98 ♦KQ2
♣AQJ864 ♣AK3 ♣ 10 8 6 5
7. ♠ A 9 4 8. ♠532 9. ♠ J 10 5
♥ Q J 10 ♥ A Q 10 5 2 ♥K943
♦ J 10 9 3 ♦3 ♦ K Q 10
♣ K 10 4 ♣ 10 9 8 7 ♣A84
10. ♠ K 2 11. ♠ 10 9 8 12. ♠ 8 6 5

♥QJ86 ♥KQ4 ♥QJ
♦KQ86 ♦KQ63 ♦AJ53
♣ 10 9 6 ♣QJ7 ♣AQ62

Answers
Auction is 1♠ (North) - 1NT (South) IMPs MPs
1. ♠ J 9 7 6 5 3 ♥ 7 6 ♦ A 8 7 ♣ A 10 1st ♥7 21.6% 5.26

2nd ♣A 21.0% 5.24
2. ♠ 8 5 3 ♥ J 10 8 ♦ K 7 4 3 ♣ A 10 2 1st ♥J 34.1% 5.91
2nd ♦3 31.5% 5.79
3. ♠ K 8 6 3 ♥ J 10 ♦ K 8 6 5 ♣ K 3 2 1st ♥J 21.8% 5.32
2nd ♦5 20.0% 5.25
4. ♠ 8 ♥ J 9 6 3 ♦ 9 7 ♣ A Q J 8 6 4 1st ♠8 43.7% 6.20
2nd ♥3 41.9% 6.11
5. ♠ 9 7 ♥ J 9 8 7 6 2 ♦ 9 8 ♣ A K 3 1st ♥7 42.8% 6.30
2nd ♣A 36.5% 6.06
6. ♠ Q 6 5 ♥ K Q 2 ♦ K Q 2 ♣ 10 8 6 5 1st= ♥K 29.2% 5.65
1st= ♦K 29.1% 5.62
7. ♠ A 9 4 ♥ Q J 10 ♦ J 10 9 3 ♣ K 10 4 1st ♥Q 46.6% 6.41
2nd ♦J 42.5% 6.28
8. ♠ 5 3 2 ♥ A Q 10 5 2 ♦ 3 ♣ 10 9 8 7 1st ♣10 39.3% 6.03
2nd ♠5/2 36.9% 5.86
9. ♠ J 10 5 ♥ K 9 4 3 ♦ K Q 10 ♣ A 8 4 1st ♦K 50.5% 6.43
2nd ♥3 43.4% 6.24
10. ♠ K 2 ♥ Q J 8 6 ♦ K Q 8 6 ♣ 10 9 6 1st ♥Q 29.4% 5.73
2nd ♦K 27.0% 5.58
11. ♠ 10 9 8 ♥ K Q 4 ♦ K Q 6 3 ♣ Q J 7 1st ♦K 29.5% 5.73
2nd ♥K 27.1% 5.68
12. ♠ 8 6 5 ♥ Q J ♦ A J 5 3 ♣ A Q 6 2 1st ♥Q 34.1% 5.73
2nd ♣A 29.5% 5.69

Chapter 10
Leading when partner has opened
Your partner opens 1♥, showing

at least five cards. The next player ♠ 2.49
overcalls 1NT and (in the first ♥ 2.39
half of this chapter) your left-hand ♦ 4.06
opponent raises to 3NT. What ♣ 4.06
should you lead? You are unlikely ♠ 4.27 ♠ 2.80
to hold many points and will need ♥ 2.03 Average ♥ 5.26
a good reason for leading
anything but a heart. This chapter
♣ 3.35 ♣ 2.47
may therefore end up being rather
a brief one. Time will tell! ♠ 3.44
The table on the right gives ♥ 3.32
the average suit lengths around ♦ 3.12
the table. East/West hold only ♣ 3.12
5.82 cards in each minor. They
hold 7.07 spades and 7.29 hearts. West North East South
East will, of course, hold most of 1♥ 1NT
the defenders’ entries alongside pass 3NT pass
his heart length.
Should I lead partner’s suit?
Hand 1
Your partner opens 1♥ and your right-hand-opponent (RHO) overcalls 1NT,
raised to 3NT. What would you lead from:
♠ Q J 6 ♥ 8 7 5 ♦ 6 4 ♣ Q 10 7 6 2 ?
First thoughts Partner holds five hearts and opening-bid values. Is there
any reason not to lead a heart? Let’s see the numbers.
140 Leading when partner has opened

♠Q 20.2% 3.73
♥8/7/5 35.8% 3.97
♦6 18.1% 3.57
♣6 19.8% 3.61
A heart lead is easily your best chance.
Hand 2
Your partner opens 1♥ and RHO’s 1NT overcall is raised to 3NT. What
would you lead from:
♠ 8 5 3 ♥ 10 ♦ Q 9 7 ♣ J 10 9 6 5 3 ?
First thoughts Does the jack-high club sequence call more loudly than the
singleton in partner’s suit? Which would you choose?

♠5/3 13.4% 3.20
♥10 15.7% 3.28
♦7 7.2% 2.86
♣J 15.5% 3.32
We will call it a tie between the heart and club lead.
Hand 3
♠ Q J 10 8 2 ♥ 6 ♦ J 10 9 4 ♣ 8 5 2 ?
First thoughts Now you hold a hefty spade sequence and only one heart.
Has the moment come to ignore partner’s opening bid?

♠Q 37.4% 4.14
♥6 28.8% 3.90
♦J 22.6% 3.79
♣5/2 23.9% 3.78
Leading when partner has opened 141

Even though you have no side entry, a spade attack is best. You can beat
the contract not only when four or five spade tricks are available, but also
when declarer is struggling for tricks and the spade lead gives nothing away.
Hand 4
♠ 7 6 2 ♥ 8 ♦ K Q 10 7 3 ♣ 10 9 7 4 ?
First thoughts Should this diamond holding deflect you from a heart lead?

♠7/6/2 43.0% 4.33
♥8 45.0% 4.41
♦K 42.1% 4.35
♣4 39.3% 4.26
Not only is the singleton heart lead best, the ♦K is matched by the passive
spade lead. A profile of the simulation shows that East held an average of
1.87 diamonds, which included the ♦A only 22% of the time. So, the chance
of scoring five diamond tricks is low. When partner does not hold the ♦A,
your suit is very likely to be shut out.
Hand 5
♠ J 10 9 8 3 ♥ K 3 ♦ 10 7 5 3 ♣ 9 7 ?
First thoughts A doubleton king may assist greatly in setting up partner’s

suit. Still, a spade lead is safer and a heart lead might bolster the value of
declarer’s ♥A-J-x. Which will you choose?

♠J 34.2% 4.05
♥K 30.6% 3.75
♦3 21.6% 3.69
♣9 19.7% 3.63

A spade lead is better than a heart, particularly at match-points. When you
hold 4 points and partner has opened the bidding, you know that declarer’s
combined assets will be limited. There is something to be said for making a
safe lead and leaving him to do his own work.
Which card should I lead in partner’s suit?
Next we look briefly at which card you should lead, when holding three cards
in partner’s suit. Old-timers had a guideline ‘lead the top of partner’s suit’.
Although this may occasionally clarify the situation, it is a poor idea in
general and can cost you a trick.
Hand 6
♠ J 10 8 3 ♥ Q 10 3 ♦ 5 3 2 ♣ J 9 2 ?
First thoughts You are going to lead a heart, obviously, but which heart?

♠J 20.2% 3.53
♥Q 32.7% 3.73
♥10 35.1% 3.85
♥3 33.1% 3.84
♦5/3/2 15.0% 3.26
♣2 13.3% 3.16
The ♥10 is best technically. It is a not a very clear card for partner to
read, a low card may be better. A long trudge through the simulation revealed
not a single deal where a lead of explicitly the ♥10 was needed to beat the
contract. It is best overall because there are many deals where the lead of the
queen or 10 is necessary as an unblock; they are also many deals where a lead
of the 10 or 3 allows you to keep the ♥Q over declarer’s ♥J, as here:

♠K75
♥54
♦Q86
♣ A 10 8 7 3
♠ J 10 8 3 ♠A64
♥ Q 10 3
N ♥K9876
♦532 W E ♦J7
♣J92 S ♣K54
♠Q92
♥AJ2
♦ A K 10 9 4
♣Q6
1♥ 1NT
pass 3NT all pass
Leading the ♥Q gives declarer a double stopper in the suit. For example,
he can duck the lead, win the heart continuation and run the ♣Q. Hearts are
cleared and a finesse of the ♣10 brings in more than enough tricks. After a
lead of the ♥10 or ♥3, East playing the ♥K, declarer cannot succeed. Suppose
he wins with the ♥A and runs the ♣Q. East wins the trick and the defenders
claim four heart tricks, using the ♠A to unblock the hearts if declarer ducks
the second round.
Hand 7
♠ 9 8 6 3 ♥ A 10 3 ♦ 10 7 2 ♣ 8 7 5 ?
First thoughts Will you lead a heart, or a passive spade with the aim of
retaining your hearts over declarer?

♠9/8 35.1% 4.17
♥A 28.2% 3.81
♥10 35.7% 4.05
♥3 40.4% 4.25
♦2 25.7% 3.95
♣8/7 27.5% 4.00
You should lead the ♥3 — easily best at both forms of the game.
The 1NT overcall is passed out
In the second half of this chapter

we will look at the situation where ♠ 3.11
partner opens 1♥, your RHO ♥ 2.59
overcalls 1NT and this becomes ♦ 3.65
the final contract. It is quite ♣ 3.65
possible now that North holds ♠ 3.90 ♠ 2.72
four cards in spades, the other ♥ 1.92 Average ♥ 5.14
major. The expectation of suit ♦ 3.59 Suit Lengths ♦ 2.57
lengths, shown on the right, is ♣ 3.59 ♣ 2.57
slightly different from that when ♠ 3.27
North raises to 3NT. ♥ 3.35
East/West hold 6.16 cards in ♦ 3.19
each minor instead of 5.82. They ♣ 3.19
also hold slightly fewer hearts:
7.06 instead of 7.29. Add in the West North East South
fact that West will hold a few 1♥ 1NT
more points and you see that there pass pass pass
is not quite such an overriding
pressure to lead partner’s suit.
Hand 8
Your partner opens 1♥ and the next player’s 1NT overcall is passed out. What
♠J964 ♥64 ♦AJ9842 ♣6 ?

First thoughts You must consider a heart lead, obviously. How would you
assess your prospects after a diamond lead? Let’s see the results:

♠4 36.9% 5.95
♥6 42.9% 6.13
♦9/8 34.8% 5.83
♣6 30.3% 5.65
Leading from a 6-card suit ends in disappointment more often than not,
particularly when your hand is short of entries. You should follow the general
rule of leading partner’s suit when you hold two cards or more.
Hand 9
♠A97 ♥4 ♦K974 ♣J9432 ?
First thoughts Leading a spade or a diamond would be a wild shot. Do

you prefer the singleton heart or the fourth-best card from a straggly club suit?

♠7 40.1% 6.34
♥4 48.6% 6.53
♦4 45.2% 6.43
♣3 57.0% 6.72
This time it is better, by a fair margin, to lead from the 5-card suit. Why is
that? One reason is that your heart singleton is a low card. When you hold a
singleton queen, jack or ten, you are making some contribution towards
setting up partner’s suit. Also, the fact that you hold such an honor means that
declarer does not have it!
The second reason the club lead does well is that leading from four or five
cards headed by the jack is not particularly likely to give away a trick. It is a
less expensive initially than when you lead from a queen, king or ace.

Hand 10
♠ A Q 9 7 2 ♥ 3 ♦ Q 10 9 3 2 ♣ 6 2 ?
First thoughts There is no reason to lead a club, it seems, but any of the
other three suits could work well. What would your choice be?

♠7 53.8% 6.64
♥3 62.3% 6.86
♦10 68.3% 7.14
♣6 55.6% 6.68
An interesting set of figures. The spade lead comes last because it will too
often give declarer an undeserved trick with the ♠K. (He has a 53% chance of
holding this card.) A diamond lead is much better because you have a similar
chance of establishing long cards and declarer is likely to score his ♦A (58%)
or ♦K (52%) anyway.
Perhaps you think you would do better, playing a contract in one of your
5-card suits. On this simulation, partner held an average of 12.1 points, 2.3
spades and 2.4 diamonds. “You pays your money and you takes your choice!”
Hand 11
♠ 10 5 2 ♥ Q ♦ 8 7 5 ♣ A Q J 9 8 4 ?
First thoughts The ♥Q may work well but perhaps a club is better. What
do you reckon?

♠2 66.2% 7.03
♥Q 71.1% 7.24
♦8/7 64.2% 6.93
♣Q 52.8% 6.52

A club lead is worst by a margin, which reinforces the message from the
previous deal. South is a big favorite to hold the ♣K (South 58.2%, East
32.2%) and you should be reluctant to allow him to score a trick with it.
Hand 12
♠J98642 ♥— ♦Q965 ♣KQ8 ?
First thoughts In other bidding situations we have seen that (a) leads from
6-card suits can be disappointing, (b) leads from four cards to an honor may
work poorly, and (c) leads from strong tripletons can work well. Do any or all
of these apply when there is a 1NT overcall on your right? Let’s see.

♠9/6 62.1% 6.97
♦5 54.1% 6.62
♣K 45.4% 6.39
There is a huge disparity between the three leads. Leads from strong
tripletons, such as K-Q-x and Q-J-x, fare poorly when partner is likely to be
short in the suit. Your partner’s 1♥ opening means that he will be short in
clubs; his expectation is only 2.86 clubs. With your minor-suit honors likely
to provide an entry or two, the time is right to lead from your 6-card suit.
(On this simulation, partner held an average of 12.2 points and 2.1 spades,
so playing in 2♠ your way is a viable option.)
Hand 13
♠ Q 5 4 ♥ K 2 ♦ 10 9 8 3 ♣ Q J 9 5 ?
First thoughts With only 4-card suits to be considered outside, it may

seem that the ♥K lead is indicated. Possibly, but it can give away a trick if
declarer has ♥A-Q-x or ♥A-J-x. Let’s see what the simulation tells us:

♠4 46.9% 6.45
♥K 52.6% 6.60
♦10 58.1% 6.74
♣Q 56.4% 6.67
Both of the minor-suit leads are preferable to giving ground in hearts.

Partner will gain the lead more than once and can lead a heart through
declarer at that time. A profile of the simulation revealed South’s expectation
of holding one or more heart honors: ♥A (61.5%), ♥Q (54.0%), ♥J (26.3%)
and ♥10 (23.1%). You can see that leading the ♥K will often cost a trick.
CONCLUSIONS - Leading when partner has opened
When your partner opens one of a major and the next player overcalls 1NT,
raised to 3NT:
• It is nearly always right to lead partner’s suit from two cards or more.
• When you hold a singleton in partner’s suit, you need a fairly strong
honor sequence to justify leading something different.
When your partner opens one of a major and the next player’s 1NT overcall is
passed out:
• You can lead a 5-card suit of your own (rather than partner’s suit)
more readily than you would against 3NT. With 7 points or so, a lead
from such as Q-9-7-6-3 may be better than a singleton lead in
partner’s suit.
• When you hold something like A-10-x or K-J-x in partner’s suit, you
should lead a low card to retain your honors over declarer’s stopper.
• Leading from a strong tripleton in a new suit (K-Q-x and Q-J-x) is

unattractive, because partner is unlikely to hold more than three cards
there.

Pick a Winner!
Partner opened the bidding
You are invited to judge which is the best available lead at IMPs, noting if
you think that a different lead will be best at match-points.
Auction is 1♥ (East) - 1NT (South) - 3NT (North)
1. ♠ J 10 9 5 2. ♠ K Q 7 6 2 3. ♠ Q 10 9 8 5 2
♥J ♥4 ♥2
♦ Q 10 7 3 ♦ 10 9 8 5 ♦J975
♣ 10 9 8 2 ♣862 ♣ J 10
4. ♠ K Q 10 5 ♠9652 6. ♠ J 10 9 8 3
♥4 ♥KJ6 ♥K3
♦ 10 9 8 7 5 ♦652 ♦ 10 7 5 3
♣8543 ♣ 10 8 4 ♣97
Auction is 1♥ (East) - 1NT (South)
7. ♠ K 10 8 7 3 8. ♠KQ7 9. ♠ Q 10 9 8 2
♥97 ♥6 ♥ 10 7
♦J72 ♦ J 10 7 6 4 ♦Q95
♣Q42 ♣ J 10 7 4 ♣J76
10. ♠ 8 5 4 11. ♠ Q 7 5 3 2 12 ♠ A 8 6 5 4
♥J3 ♥76 ♥42
♦AQJ53 ♦9 ♦A962
♣ 10 7 2 ♣KJ864 ♣85

Answers
Auction is 1♥ (East) - 1NT (South) - 3NT (North)

IMPs MPs
1. ♠ J 10 9 5 ♥ J ♦ Q 10 7 3 ♣ 10 9 8 2 1st ♠J 47.3% 4.39
2nd ♥J 46.8% 4.37
2. ♠ K Q 7 6 2 ♥ 4 ♦ 10 9 8 5 ♣ 8 6 2 1st ♥4 43.4% 4.34
2nd ♠6 39.9% 4.23
3. ♠ Q 10 9 8 5 2 ♥ 2 ♦ J 9 7 5 ♣ J 10 1st ♠10 22.2% 3.70
2nd ♥2 21.6% 3.68
4. ♠ K Q 10 ♥ 4 ♦ 10 9 8 7 5 ♣ 8 5 4 3 1st ♦10 51.3% 4.44
2nd ♥4 46.0% 4.37
5. ♠ 9 6 5 2 ♥ K J 6 ♦ 6 5 2 ♣ 10 8 4 1st ♥6 39.6% 4.21
2nd ♠6/2 33.5% 3.95
6. ♠ J 10 9 8 3 ♥ K 3 ♦ 10 7 5 3 ♣ 9 7 1st ♠J 33.2% 4.04
2nd ♥K 30.7% 3.78
Auction is 1♥ (East) - 1NT (South)

7. ♠ K 10 8 7 3 ♥ 9 7 ♦ J 7 2 ♣ Q 4 2 1st ♥9 28.9% 5.83
2nd ♠7 25.0% 5.66
8. ♠ K Q 7 ♥ 6 ♦ J 10 7 6 4 ♣ J 10 7 4 1st ♦6 44.8% 6.45
2nd ♣4 39.0% 6.29
9. ♠ Q 10 9 8 2 ♥ 10 7 ♦ Q 9 5 ♣ J 7 6 1st ♠10 21.1% 5.52
2nd ♥10 19.7% 5.49
10. ♠ 8 5 4 ♥ J 3 ♦ A Q J 5 3 ♣ 10 7 2 1st ♥J 56.1% 6.75
2nd ♠8/4 49.2% 6.41
11. ♠ Q 7 5 3 2 ♥ 7 6 ♦ 9 ♣ K J 8 6 4 1st(I) ♠3 27.8% 5.71
1st(M) ♥7 27.6% 5.76
12. ♠ A 8 6 5 4 ♥ 4 2 ♦ A 9 6 2 ♣ 8 5 1st ♥4 50.0% 6.43
2nd ♠5 41.8% 6.25

Chapter 11
Leading after a limit raise
An auction of 1NT - 3NT covers a wide range of combined point-counts,

from 24 to about 32. After such as auction the expectation of beating the
contract is usually below 30%, even with the best lead.
In this chapter we look at auctions where North has made a limit bid of
2NT. (Some players use a direct 2NT response as a transfer and therefore use
a difference sequence to invite game.) We will cover situations where South
stops in 2NT, also where he bids on to game.
We assume that the opponents are adventurous, in the modern style, with
the responder going straight to 3NT on a 9-count. He will try for game on 8
points, perhaps slightly fewer than that with a 5-card or good 6-card minor,
and the opener will accept on 16 or more. Our simulations confirm that this is
a reasonable bidding strategy.
When North has limited his hand in this way, the chance of beating the
contract rises dramatically, whether the eventual contract is 2NT or 3NT.
What should I lead after a 1NT-2NT auction?

When 1NT is raised directly to 2NT we assume that the responder does not
hold a 4-card major; otherwise he might have used Stayman. South will be at
the minimum end of the 15-17 range, since he declined the game invitation.
Hand 1
After bidding of 1NT - 2NT, what would you lead from:
♠ 6 5 ♥ A Q J 7 3 ♦ 10 7 3 ♣ J 10 7 ?
152 Leading after a limit raise

First thoughts Should you make an aggressive lead in hearts or prefer a
passive lead, trusting that declarer will struggle to make eight tricks on his
limited values? Let’s see the figures:

♠6 57.3% 5.67
♥Q 38.4% 5.19
♥7 37.6% 5.08
♦3 50.3% 5.40
♣J 50.9% 5.45
There’s no doubt about it. After a 1NT - 2NT auction, a heart lead is
worst by a mile. A profile of the deals in the simulation showed that the ♥K
would be held by North (17%), by East (27%) and by South (56%). So, a
heart lead would often give declarer an undeserved trick.
A spade lead comes top of the list because dummy cannot hold four
spades. Your partner will in fact hold at least four spades 89% of the time; if
he wins a spade trick at some stage, he may be able to lead through South’s
♥K. Here is a deal from the simulation:
♠KJ8
♥ 10 9 5
♦A965
♣983
♠65 ♠Q974
♥AQJ73
N ♥842
♦ 10 7 3 W E ♦QJ4
♣ J 10 7 S ♣A62
♠ A 10 3 2
♥K6
♦K82
♣KQ54
1NT
pass 2NT all pass
You make the recommended lead of a spade and partner will probably be
muttering under his breath because you have given away the position of the
Leading after a limit raise 153

♠Q. Even so, South has no way to make eight tricks. Sooner or later, he will
have to broach the club suit and a heart switch from partner will then give you
five tricks in the suit for one down. Had you started with the ♥Q, surrendering
a heart trick, the contract would be made.
To complete the picture, let’s see how the same leads would fare against a
1NT - 3NT auction. Was the heart lead just a bad idea anyway?

♠6 24.6% 3.31
♥Q 31.6% 3.29
♦3 21.2% 3.17
♣J 21.1% 3.14
The heart lead is now best at IMPs and nearly best at match-point pairs.
This illustrates the key point about leading against limit-bid auctions. An
aggressive lead, risking giving away a trick that otherwise couldn’t be made,
may well be your best bet against a 1NT - 3NT auction. Against limited
holdings, such a lead may give the contract to a declarer who would struggle
to get there unaided.
Hand 2
♠J864 ♥J7 ♦74 ♣KJ973 ?
First thoughts Do you fancy ‘fourth-best of your longest and strongest’

here? Find partner with the ♣A and a return through declarer’s ♣Q-x-x could
net you five tricks. Only one more trick would then be needed. Maybe you
should not be so aggressive against a limited auction. Let’s see.

♠4 38.6% 4.95
♥J 41.3% 5.21
♦7 33.6% 5.05
♣7 28.2% 4.94
A club is the worst of all the leads! The spade is considerably better but
not quite so good as the ♥J. Let’s probe a little to see why.

The rosy scenario where partner wins with the ♣A and you take five
quick club tricks turns out to be a bit of a mirage. The profile of our
simulation shows that only 10% of deals would permit such a wonderful start
to the defense. On some of those, what’s more, five club tricks would not be
enough to beat the contract and declarer would still come to eight tricks. On
other deals where a perfect club situation existed, five tricks could be taken
later, after a different lead.
Hand 3
♠98 ♥7643 ♦93 ♣Q7653 ?
First thoughts There are two guidelines to deter a club lead. Firstly, you
should be wary of giving away a trick against a limited auction. Secondly, the
hand is very weak and you should therefore look for partner’s suit. A major-
suit lead looks best but which one?

♠9 32.6% 4.96
♥6/4/3 25.9% 4.73
♦9 20.3% 4.53
♣5 23.6% 4.65
A lead from the short spade suit is best, in the hope that you hit partner’s
5-card suit. The club lead fares poorly, but not as badly as we were expecting.
To see why the doubleton spade is so far ahead of the doubleton diamond,
we will look at the profile for this simulation. Yes, East has an average of 4.6
spades and only 3.2 diamonds — a massive major-suit bias due to the lack of
Stayman (or a transfer bid) from North. A spade lead has a much greater
chance of striking something worthwhile in partner’s hand.
Hand 4
♠ A 8 4 ♥ J 10 5 4 ♦ K J ♣ K 10 8 4 ?
First thoughts You have honors everywhere now. Which combination

offers the best lead after their limited auction?

♠4 44.0% 5.39
♥J 50.6% 5.49
♥4 48.5% 5.43
♦K 23.9% 4.57
♣4 39.0% 5.24
Hearts is the least likely suit to give away a trick. Perhaps surprisingly, a
spade lead is better than a club lead, due to the major-suit bias.
Hand 5
♠K3 ♥Q62 ♦J942 ♣9532 ?
First thoughts With honors in three suits, it is clear than a club lead is least
likely to give away a trick. Will that be your choice?

♠K 34.9% 5.01
♥2 34.6% 5.10
♦2 30.1% 4.98
♣2 31.4% 5.01
The aggressive major-suit leads are best at IMPs! Why is that? Again it is
the effect of our old friend, the major-suit bias. A profile of this simulation
tells us that East has an expected length of 2.25 cards in each minor. There
can be little trick-taking potential in those suits when partner is likely to hold
a doubleton honor at best. If instead you lead from ♠K-3 you will hit an
average of 4.60 spades in partner’s hand. When he has a reasonable 5-card
holding, you hope to set up his suit and then find him with a side entry.
At match-points, leading from a doubleton king is too adventurous and a
heart lead is advisable in the long run.
Hand 6
♠ Q 4 ♥ 10 9 2 ♦ 10 6 ♣ K Q 9 5 3 2 ?

First thoughts Is that club suit robust enough to head the list? If you decide
not, which short suit deserves your attention?

♠Q 31.5% 4.91
♥10 30.9% 4.99
♦10 23.6% 4.70
♣K 28.6% 4.87
♣5 26.3% 4.63
The short major-suit leads win again. We have noted many times that
leads from a 6-carder often produce a disappointing outcome. Partner is likely
to hold a singleton in the suit.
Hand 7
♠ Q 9 7 3 ♥ J 5 ♦ A J 5 4 2 ♣ 10 9 ?
First thoughts A diamond lead may well give away a trick, but you have a
5-card suit as compensation; you might set up four winners in the suit. If you
decide against the ‘longest and strongest’, where will your eye turn?

♠3 39.1% 5.25
♥J 42.4% 5.29
♦4 32.8% 5.10
♣10 35.5% 5.14
This is certainly a difficult area to pick the best leads. The major-suit
doubleton does well again, particularly at IMPs. It seems that it is better to
lead from two cards than from four.

What should I lead after a 1NT-2♣-2♦-2NT auction?
In Chapter 5 we noted that you should favor major-suit leads after an auction
of 1NT - 2♣ - 2♦ - 3NT. The same is true when the final bid is 2NT. As with
the 1NT - 2NT auction, caution is recommended when leading from an honor.
Be wary of giving away a trick when declarer can be expected to struggle.
A profile of 100,000 deals matching this failed Stayman auction to 2NT
showed that East/West held an average of 6.88 cards in the majors and 6.12 in
the minors, triggering a fair-sized bias towards major-suit leads.
(Note that our software excludes deals where East would have overcalled
after North’s Stayman or doubled to show good clubs.)
Hand 8
After an auction of 1NT - 2♣ - 2♦ - 2NT, what would you lead from:
♠QJ95 ♥K972 ♦QJ95 ♣8 ?
First thoughts Again we will run a major-minor bias detector. With

East/West holding more spades than diamonds, on average, we expect to see a
major-suit bias.

♠Q 32.6% 5.09
♥2 26.2% 4.92
♦Q 31.3% 5.09
♣8 28.5% 5.00
Opposite this West hand, East will hold an average of 3.0 spades and 2.8
diamonds — a moderate major-suit bias, which gives the ♠Q lead a small
advantage.
When we swapped the Q-J-9-5 combination to a less attractive K-J-10-5
(in both spades and diamonds), the singleton club became the best lead.
Hand 9
♠ 6 5 ♥ A Q J 7 3 ♦ 10 7 3 ♣ J 10 7 ?
First thoughts Dummy is likely to hold four spades with partner holding
four or five spades over him. It seems that a spade lead might work well.

Leading the ♥Q is still quite likely to give away a trick, even though South
has denied four hearts. Let’s see what is best:

♠6 47.5% 5.42
♥Q 28.9% 4.93
♥7 30.6% 4.90
♦3 41.8% 5.23
♣J 44.4% 5.32
Yes, a spade is best, at both IMPs and pairs. A heart lead (the choice of
many players, you can be sure) limps home dismally in last place. Let’s
compare this table with the one for a non-Stayman 1NT - 2NT auction:

♠6 57.3% 5.67
♥Q 38.4% 5.19
♥7 37.6% 5.08
♦3 50.3% 5.40
♣J 50.9% 5.45
The ranking order of the leads is the same, but the chance of beating 2NT
is 10% higher than when North used Stayman. The fact that North does not
hold four spades increases one of the biggest risks for declarer: a 5-card spade
suit with East. Our profile of the deals in the simulation confirms this. When
North does not use Stayman, the chance of East holding five or more spades
increases from 38% to 55%.
Hand 10
♠ K 10 4 ♥ J 9 6 4 ♦ Q ♣ A Q 6 3 2 ?
First thoughts A good number of the world’s West players would place
their thumb on the ♣3. Is that right, after a limited auction?

♠4 17.9% 4.54
♥4 23.6% 4.76
♦Q 19.1% 4.66
♣3 13.0% 4.58
The major-suit bias and the reluctance to surrender an early trick both
point to a heart lead rather than a club. Even so, many would raise an eyebrow
at the ♣3 lead ending so far adrift in last place. Leading from a jack at
notrump is less likely to give away a trick than leading from a higher honor.
What should I lead after a 1NT-2♣-2♥-2NT auction?

Unless North/South are playing a direct 2NT raise as a minor-suit transfer,
and we have been assuming that they do not, South holds four (or five) hearts
and North holds four spades. We can assume that South does not hold four
cards in both majors otherwise he would not pass 2NT. As we saw in Chapter
5, on Stayman auctions, this introduces a bias towards minor-suit leads.
Hand 11
After an auction of 1NT - 2♣ - 2♥ - 2NT, what would you lead from:
♠ J 10 9 7 ♥ Q 10 9 7 3 ♦ Q 4 ♣ 9 4 ?
First thoughts The spades are sitting over you, in the dummy, and the
hearts under you. First of all, which of the two major-suit leads do you prefer?
Next, is there any case for leading a minor suit, since this type of auction
generally favors a minor-suit lead? Let’s see.

♠J 47.9% 5.45
♥10 40.0% 5.32
♦Q 33.0% 5.13
♣9 43.1% 5.34
A spade lead is easily better than a heart lead, since there is less chance of
giving away a trick. Similarly, if you compare the two minor-suit leads, a club
lead is a full 10% better than a diamond lead. Overall, the fact that the spade

lead may also work in a positive way, setting up some tricks, brings it into
first place.
Hand 12
♠ K 10 7 5 4 ♥ A K 8 ♦ J ♣ 10 8 3 2 ?
First thoughts In previous simulations we have seen that a top-card lead

from A-K-x can work well, allowing you to take a look at the dummy. Does it
apply here, though, when you know that your RHO holds four hearts? How do
you rate a spade lead?

♠5 16.5% 4.70
♥A 21.4% 4.82
♦J 19.3% 4.81
♣2 26.9% 4.99
Your heart honors are performing a useful role, sitting over declarer’s
known suit, and you should not lead a heart. A spade lead is worst, with four
spades sitting over you. Even though your clubs are unexceptional, a lead of
that suit gives you the best chance of doing well at both forms of the game.
Hand 13
♠8752 ♥J 10 ♦ K 8 5 2 ♣ J 8 3 ?
First thoughts There is a bias towards the minor suits, yes, but both the
minor suits here contain unsupported honors. It is unattractive to lead from
such holdings, particularly when the auction is limited. What lead will you
choose?

♠8/7/2 12.5% 4.61
♥J 19.4% 4.80
♦2 13.9% 4.65
♣3 15.0% 4.66

The heart doubleton is the undisputed winner, even though South is
known to hold four hearts.
Hand 14
♠ Q ♥A J 10 2 ♦ 8 7 5 4 ♣ Q 8 6 2 ?
First thoughts It looks good for a diamond lead here, remembering the
minor-suit bias and the recommended wariness of giving away a trick. Is there
any reason to view this hand as an exception?

♠Q 32.1% 5.12
♥J 13.1% 4.67
♦7/5/4 29.4% 5.07
♣2 25.6% 4.96
Even though dummy holds four spades, a lead of the ♠Q sneaks to the
front. Our simulation profile shows that East will hold an average of 5.2
spades on this auction, with only 2.7 cards in each minor.
What should I lead after a 1NT-2♦-2♥-2NT auction?

In Chapter 6 we looked at the transfer auction of 1NT - 2♦ - 2♥ - 3NT. It was
clear to avoid leads in the advertised long major. Since the responder would
not hold four cards in the other major, there was a bias towards leading that
suit rather than a minor.
When the responder’s rebid is 2NT, a second factor emerges. Declarer’s
resources are tight and you must be wary of giving him an extra trick with
your opening lead.
(Note that our software removes deals where East would have overcalled
North’s transfer bid or doubled to show good diamonds.)
Hand 15
After an auction of 1NT - 2♦ - 2♥ - 2NT, what would you lead from:
♠ K 10 7 ♥ 10 6 3 ♦ 9 6 5 3 ♣ A J 3 ?

First thoughts The bias to the ‘other major’ suggests a spade. The
reluctance to give away a trick against a limited auction suggests a diamond.
Which will you choose?

♠7 36.5% 5.17
♥3 28.0% 4.96
♦6/5/3 36.5% 5.16
♣3 29.2% 4.94
The spade lead matches the diamond lead, somewhat surprisingly, and we
would have chosen a diamond. Opposite this West hand, partner will hold an
average of 3.8 spades and 2.8 diamonds — the same combined length.
Perhaps the success of the normally unattractive K-10-7 lead lies in our 3-card
heart holding. With the even break in hearts, declarer may score several tricks
there. This suggests that we should be more aggressive with the lead, aiming
to set up some tricks in a hurry.
Hand 16
♠ A Q 10 4 ♥ J 4 3 2 ♦ Q 2 ♣ 7 6 3 ?
First thoughts There is no reason to lead a heart and it could well be wrong
to break the spade suit. Which minor suit do you favor?

♠A 18.0% 4.73
♠4 12.0% 4.62
♥2 25.4% 4.80
♦Q 28.7% 5.00
♣7/6/3 27.9% 4.98
A low spade is a particularly bad shot and you should choose between the
minors. Although the ♦Q is rated ahead of a club lead, remember that the
simulations run at double-dummy and a real-life declarer will misguess the
♦Q on some deals. In practice, a club lead may well be better.

Hand 17
♠ J 7 4 ♥ A 7 5 ♦ A 10 8 5 ♣ J 8 7 ?
First thoughts No suit cries out to be led. Which card will you reluctantly
extract?

♠4 22.3% 4.94
♥A 12.5% 4.52
♦5 17.0% 4.77
♣7 18.8% 4.83
Leading from the ♦A is more likely to give away an unnecessary trick

than leading from one of the jacks. Because North will not hold four spades
but might hold four clubs, your partner holds more spades on average (3.9)
than clubs (3.3). This bias towards the ‘other major’ makes a spade lead best.
Hand 18
♠ Q 10 3 ♥ 9 6 ♦ K Q 7 4 2 ♣ 10 7 4 ?
First thoughts Has the time come for ‘fourth-best from your longest and
strongest’ or should the limited auction induce caution?

♠3 30.5% 5.00
♥9 41.5% 5.22
♦K 28.7% 4.99
♦4 29.2% 4.96
♣4 39.3% 5.19
Without searching for it, we have stumbled on a West hand where a lead
of dummy’s long suit is best. A diamond lead, which many would choose,
comes last in the table. (Partner’s average of 2.2 diamonds will include the
♦A only 20% of the time.)

What should I lead when the opener goes to 3NT?
When a limit bid of 2NT is raised to 3NT by the opener, prospects of beating
the final contract may again be substantial. The opener has a point or two
more than a minimum, it’s true, but you now need only five tricks to beat the
contract.
Hand 19
After bidding of 1NT - 2NT - 3NT, what would you lead from this old friend:
♠6 5 ♥A Q J 7 3 ♦ 10 7 3 ♣ J 10 7 ?
First thoughts We have already seen that a lead of the ♥Q was rated badly
against a 2NT contract but was best after a 1NT - 3NT auction. How will it
fare after 1NT - 2NT - 3NT, where the values are limited but the defenders
need only five tricks to break the contract?

♠6 56.0% 4.81
♥Q 61.8% 4.57
♦3 50.1% 4.55
♣J 50.8% 4.62
As expected, the contract is precarious and in fact all the leads do quite
well. At IMPs, the aggressive heart lead emerges as the winner. It will often
set up four quick tricks in the suit, putting you in a strong position. You can
afford to concede a trick to the ♥K unless declarer can immediately score
another eight tricks. When the contract was only 2NT, this was not the case.
A passive spade lead works well at match-point pairs, particularly when
compared with a heart lead. The fact that a heart lead will often give away an
unnecessary overtrick outweighs the extra times when such a lead will beat
the contract. To confirm this message, let’s use our alternative measure for
match-point scoring, where all 13 cards are regarded as players in a 5000-deal
pairs event and hold the same West hand throughout:
MP scores: ♠6 58.0% ♥Q 47.3% ♦3 52.8% ♣J 54.3%
The ♥Q does even worse at match-point scoring than its average-tricks-

per-deal would suggest. That’s because it may gain several tricks whenever it

beats the contract (bumping up the average), whereas the match-point gains
that result from not leading a heart are often the saving of just one trick.
Hand 20
After an auction of 1NT - 2NT - 3NT, what would you lead from:
♠ Q 10 4 ♥ K J 7 5 ♦ 9 6 ♣ K Q 7 2 ?
First thoughts Partner cannot hold more than 4 points or so. What is the
best chance of beating the contract? Should we strike out in a 4-card suit or
lead a passive diamond, hoping that declarer eventually runs out of steam?

♠10 46.5% 4.27
♥5 46.5% 4.44
♦9 54.8% 4.57
♣K 44.3% 4.32
The passive diamond lead is best. A lead from one of the 4-card suits may
work well, but by leading the ♦9 you avoid having to guess which other suit
to attack. Let’s look at a deal from the simulation, so we can understand this:
♠632
♥ A 10 8
♦ K 10 7 4 2
♣83
♠ Q 10 4 ♠9875
♥KJ75
N ♥62
♦96 W E ♦83
♣KQ72 S ♣AJ654
♠AKJ
♥Q943
♦AQJ5
♣ 10 9
1NT
pass 2NT pass 3NT
all pass

On this particular lay-out, a club lead will strike gold and a heart or a
spade lead will give declarer a ninth trick, allowing him to run for home. A
diamond lead is completely passive, as it happens. It does not surrender a
ninth trick and when declarer develops the hearts, or finesses in spades, the
defenders will have a chance to claim their five club tricks. In other words,
West can delay the decision of which suit to attack.
Hand 21
♠K 10 8 4 ♥J 5 4 ♦ Q 6 2 ♣ 10 9 3 ?
First thoughts It is unattractive to lead from an honor after a limit auction

but the safe 10-9-3 is in a minor, with the major-suit bias against it.

♠4 49.6% 4.48
♥4 56.7% 4.61
♦2 41.9% 4.25
♣10 52.2% 4.51
As you see, the safe nature of the ♣10-9-3 combination puts it 10% ahead
of ♦Q-6-2. However, the major-suit bias is sufficient to put the heart lead top
of the list, despite the slightly less safe ♥J-5-4 combination. The profile for
this simulation tells us that East will hold an average of 3.93 hearts but only
2.95 clubs, clear evidence of the major-suit bias.
Hand 22
♠A 7 6 4 ♥ Q J 10 ♦ 7 4 ♣ Q 10 7 5 ?
First thoughts A heart lead offers the combination of safety (it will not
give away a trick), plus a reasonable chance of setting up extra heart tricks in
partner’s hand. Perhaps it is time for a simulation that will reassure us that at
least some of the traditional ideas on opening leads make good sense.

♠4 47.1% 4.42
♥Q 62.5% 4.79
♦7 47.5% 4.41
♣5 46.9% 4.41
To loud applause, the heart lead wins by several lengths.
Hand 23
♠8 5 ♥ Q 7 6 4 2 ♦ A 5 3 2 ♣ Q 3 ?
First thoughts Does the guideline not to lead from an honor after a limit
auction apply when you hold a 5-card major? Let’s see.

♠8 30.3% 3.96
♥4 37.7% 4.10
♦2 22.0% 3.73
♣Q 20.7% 3.65
No, the fact that you may set up four heart tricks to go with the ♦A
outweighs the risk of giving declarer an extra trick initially.
Hand 24
We will end with a lead problem that arose in the 2007 Bermuda Bowl. After
an auction of 1NT - 2♣ - 2♦ - 2NT - 3NT, what would you lead from:
♠ A K ♥ Q 10 9 4 3 ♦ 8 7 ♣9632?
When you have made up your mind, take a look at the whole deal:

♠ 10 4 3
♥K6
♦ J 10 6 5
♣KJ54
♠AK ♠Q8652
♥ Q 10 9 4 3
N ♥875
♦87 W E ♦943
♣9632 S ♣ A 10
♠J97
♥AJ2
♦AKQ2
♣Q87
Helness Jacobs Helgemo Katz
1NT
pass 2♣ pass 2♦
pass 2NT pass 3NT
all pass
Norway’s Tor Helness led the ♥3, giving declarer a third heart trick. The
USA’s Ralph Katz could then knock out the ♣A and, with the spades blocked,
come to nine tricks. If West had started with a top spade, East would have
encouraged and West would play the other top spade. East could then score
three further spade winners when he won with the ♣A.
Was the heart lead unlucky or against the odds? Let’s see the results of a
5000-deal simulation on this West hand:

♠A 38.2% 4.35
♥10 25.8% 3.96
♥4/3 25.3% 3.95
♦8 19.4% 3.74
♣6 20.7% 3.78
The spade lead is rated best. With the aid of partner’s signal, you hope to
make the right switch-or-continue move at Trick 2.
Tor Helness had the last laugh, beating the USA in the 2007 Bermuda
Bowl final to become a world champion!

Conclusions - Leading after a limit raise
• When the bidding is 1NT - 2NT, or 1NT - 2NT - 3NT, a strong

major-suit bias is in effect because the responder chose not to use
Stayman or a transfer bid.
• Auctions to 2NT that involve Stayman or a transfer bid invoke the

same major-minor bias as when responder jumps to 3NT at his second
turn.
• After a limit-bid auction declarer may be struggling for tricks. Be

wary of assisting him by leading from 4-card suits headed by one or
two honors. Prefer a passive lead elsewhere, which will allow you to
delay your decision on where to look for your tricks.
• Short-suit leads from honor sequences (such as K-Q-J, Q-J-10) avoid

giving away a trick and will allow you to learn more about the deal.
• Leading from 5-card suits such as A-Q-J-x-x may work well against
3NT, because four tricks from that suit, plus one outside trick, will
beat the contract. They are less strong against 2NT, where you need a
trick more to defeat the contract and may not be able to afford the
unnecessary loss of a trick.

Pick a Winner!
Leading after limit raise
1. ♠ 10 7 3 2. ♠ 7 5 3. ♠A9863
♥ 10 9 5 ♥KQ ♥93
♦KQ82 ♦A983 ♦7532
♣763 ♣A9432 ♣32
4. ♠ 5 3 5. ♠Q75 6. ♠96
♥Q86 ♥J95 ♥J73
♦KJ532 ♦Q65 ♦ K Q 10 7
♣A63 ♣AQ63 ♣ Q J 10 5
7. ♠ Q 9 3 8. ♠A75 9. ♠ K J 10 7 5
♥AJ92 ♥Q9642 ♥83
♦KJ7 ♦J5 ♦ A 10 8 7
♣ 10 8 5 ♣Q83 ♣ 10 6
Auction is 1NT - 2NT - 3NT
10. ♠ J 9 5 3 11. ♠ A 10 12. ♠ 9 5 4

♥53 ♥ K 10 8 2 ♥KQ86
♦ 10 8 7 ♦642 ♦J965
♣Q752 ♣KJ87 ♣63

Answers
Here are the best leads from the twelve West hands on the previous page.

1. ♠ 10 7 3 ♥ 10 9 5 ♦ K Q 8 2 ♣ 7 6 3 1st ♥10 39.5% 5.26
2nd ♠3 37.4% 5.19
2. ♠ 7 5 ♥ K Q ♦ A 9 8 3 ♣ A 9 4 3 2 1st ♥K 17.6% 4.59
2nd ♣3 16.3% 4.58
3. ♠ A 9 8 6 3 ♥ 9 3 ♦ 7 5 3 2 ♣ 3 2 1st ♥9 43.1% 5.29
2nd ♠6 34.4% 5.05

4. ♠ 5 3 ♥ Q 8 6 ♦ K J 5 3 2 ♣ A 6 3 1st ♠5 34.6% 5.07
2nd ♥6 29.7% 4.92
5. ♠ Q 7 5 ♥ J 9 5 ♦ Q 6 5 ♣ A Q 6 3 1st ♥5 23.0% 4.87
2nd ♠5 19.4% 4.74
6. ♠ 9 6 ♥ J 7 3 ♦ K Q 10 7 ♣ Q J 10 5 1st ♠9 58.1% 5.68
2nd ♣Q 57.4% 5.66
7. ♠ Q 9 3 ♥ A J 9 2 ♦ K J 7 ♣ 10 8 5 1st ♣8 48.0% 5.49
2nd ♦7 36.6% 5.23
8. ♠ A 7 5 ♥ Q 9 6 4 2 ♦ J 5 ♣ Q 8 3 1st ♦J 27.2% 4.94
2nd ♥4 24.4% 4.85
9. ♠ K J 10 7 5 ♥ 8 3 ♦ A 10 8 7 ♣ 10 6 1st ♣10 41.9% 5.33
2nd ♥8 39.5% 5.27
Auction is 1NT - 2NT - 3NT
10. ♠ J 9 5 3 ♥ 5 3 ♦ 10 8 7 ♣ Q 7 5 2 1st ♥5 43.6% 4.29
2nd ♠3 37.3% 4.19
11. ♠ A 10 ♥ K 10 8 2 ♦ 6 4 2 ♣ K J 8 7 1st ♦6/2 62.6% 4.77
2nd ♥2 56.6% 4.68
12. ♠ 9 5 4 ♥ K Q 8 6 ♦ J 9 6 5 ♣ 6 3 1st ♠4 50.3% 4.38
2nd ♦5 44.8% 4.27

Chapter 12
LEADING INTO A 2NT OPENING
What is your reaction when your right-hand opponent opens 2NT and this is
passed out? Such contracts are notoriously unsuccessful. With 21 points
opposite 1, for example, declarer will have hardly any communications with
the dummy and may have to play from his own hand throughout. A well
known Indian player considered it right to double 2NT in the pass-out seat,
whatever he held! He followed this plan during his career, claiming that the
contract went down 80% of the time. There is an obvious flaw to this tactic if
opponents come to hear of it — they can pass partner’s 2NT opening when
holding 6 or 7 points, planning to shock you with a redouble.
What assumptions can the defenders make about the opponents’ hands?
The 2NT opener will hold 20-22 points that may include five cards in a major
or a minor. The responder will hold 0-3 points and would have made a
transfer response if he held a 5-card major; this would allow the opener to
jump to game when he held 4-card support and an upper-range hand.
Since the responder will not hold a 5-card major but may hold one or
more 4-card majors, the major-suit bias will be the same as in Chapter 7,
where 1NT was passed out.
Leading when the 2NT opening is passed out
Hand 1
♠QJ4 ♥K752 ♦42 ♣A862 ?
First thoughts There is no reason to expect a heart or club lead to fare

well. The choice seems to be between the ♠Q and a diamond from the
doubleton. Let’s see the figures:
Leading into a 2NT opening 173

♠Q 62.1% 5.80
♥2 49.2% 5.51
♦4 49.0% 5.50
♣2 51.6% 5.54
The ♠Q climbs to the top of the list, because there is a reasonable chance
— with East/West holding nearly half the points in the pack — that East will
hold a matching spade honor (♠A 17.5%, ♠K 29.0%, ♠10 36.6%). Even
when East does not hold a spade honor, it is almost certain that the ♠A-K will
lie with the 2NT opener and the lead will not give away a trick.
East will hold four spades 32.0% of the time and five spades with
frequency 12.0%, so there is also some chance of setting up a few spade
tricks.
Hand 2
♠ A Q 9 6 3 ♥ 10 ♦ J 10 9 7 ♣ Q 7 5 ?
First thoughts You have a fine 5-card spade suit. Is it worth the possible
sacrifice of an early trick, aiming to set up several long cards?

♠6 79.5% 6.24
♥10 85.7% 6.46
♦J 91.3% 6.69
♣5 75.7% 6.26
Have you ever seen such high ‘Beats contract’ figures? You may
remember the results from similar West hands in previous chapters. We found
that it was generally right to lead a spade against 3NT, because four spade
tricks plus one outside winner would beat the contract. Against 1NT, you
often needed a full five spade tricks to beat the contract and it was better to
make a passive lead.
We see here that an auction of 2NT passed out is closer to defending a
contract of 1NT, since the points are again equally divided. Any lead, even a
club, will give you a fine chance of beating the contract. The ♦J is best,
however, and will give you a particularly healthy advantage at match-points.
174 Leading into a 2NT opening

Look again at the average tricks per deal column. Six tricks are sufficient
to beat 2NT, so an average of 6.69 means that the contract will often go two
down. It is an indication of how hard declarer may have to struggle after this
particular auction.
Let’s see a deal from the simulation where a diamond lead shows its
merits:
♠4
♥9862
♦8632
♣ J 10 9 2
♠AQ963 ♠ J 10 8 7
♥ 10
N ♥J53
♦ J 10 9 7 W E ♦KQ4
♣Q75 S ♣K84
♠K52
♥AKQ74
♦A5
♣A63

2NT
pass pass pass
Declarer starts with seven top tricks and a spade lead would give him an
eighth. So would a club, since declarer could then establish a second club
trick without allowing East on lead. A diamond lead (or, in fact, the singleton
heart) gives nothing away. East will gain the lead in diamonds and switch to
spades, giving the defenders six tricks.
Yes, you’re right, 4♥ is cold!
Hand 3
♠ A Q 9 ♥ 5 ♦ K J 8 5 4 ♣ 10 8 7 2 ?
First thoughts You have a useful diamond suit and prospects of a couple
of entries in spades. Should you lead from your ‘longest and strongest’ suit?

♠A 70.3% 6.01
♥5 71.7% 6.12
♦J 72.2% 6.20
♣2 78.4% 6.36
A club lead is best at both forms of the game. By choosing the passive
lead, you leave declarer to struggle on his own.
Hand 4
♠ K Q 8 4 ♥ J ♦ K 10 5 4 ♣ Q 9 6 3 ?
First thoughts Are you willing to lead one of the 4-card suits? Perhaps it is
the right moment to lead a singleton jack? Time to make up your mind!

♠K 63.7% 5.92
♥J 72.6% 6.09
♦4 67.3% 5.95
♣3 68.5% 5.98
The spade holding is the most expensive, with regard to giving away a
trick. A club or a diamond is a better prospect but the singleton ♥J is even
better. The objective is not to find some mouth-watering heart holding with
partner but to avoid giving declarer an extra trick.
Hand 5
♠ J 10 5 2 ♥ A J ♦ K 10 8 5 4 3 ♣ 6 ?
First thoughts Is this another deal where the singleton lead is right?
Perhaps there is too good a chance that you will hit the jackpot with a
diamond lead. Let’s see:

♠J 69.3% 6.13
♥A 58.7% 5.83
♦5 68.5% 6.17
♣6 60.7% 5.89
The long-suit holdings are not as unattractive as on Hand 4. A spade lead

from J-10-x-x is not very likely to give away a trick. Meanwhile, a diamond
lead may set up an avalanche of tricks if you happen to strike lucky in the
partner’s hand. East will hold at least two diamonds 62% of the time,
including the ♦A (14.7%), the ♦Q (30.4%) and the ♦J (31.9%).
We will call it a tie between the two long-suit leads. One is marginally
better at IMPs; the other inches ahead at match-points.
Hand 6
♠KQ954 ♥QJ76 ♦2 ♣QJ4 ?
First thoughts This seems to be a difficult auction on which to forecast the

best lead. The spade suit catches the eye, of course. Is there any reason not to
lead it? Let the simulation speak!

♠K 66.7% 6.00
♠5 58.4% 5.75
♥Q 74.1% 6.08
♦2 67.1% 5.88
♣Q 75.3% 6.15
At IMPs the spade lead is worst. How can that be? The club lead is best at
both forms of the game. You are leaning forward expectantly, no doubt,
hoping that we can explain it all.
The first step, when puzzled by a result, is to look at a profile of the other
three hands. East holds an average of 2.4 spades, including the ♠A (14.3%),
the ♠J (32.6) and the ♠10 (33.0%). The ♠K lead is more than 8% better than
a fourth-best spade lead, but it may result in a blockage when partner holds a
doubleton ♠A or ♠J. If you opt for a non-spade lead, and partner gains the

lead subsequently, he may be able to play spades effectively from his side of
the table.
Let’s look at the club situation next. East holds an average of 3.3 clubs,
including the ♣A (18.1%), the ♣K (30.3%) and the ♣10 (34.9%). In hearts,
East holds an average of 2.9 cards, with the chance of individual honors
almost exactly the same as in clubs.
Well, it just seems to be that the most important aspect of leading into a
2NT opener is to avoid giving away a trick. The heart and club leads are
relatively safe in this respect and the seemingly more attractive spade lead has
flaws, whether you lead the ♠K or (worse) a fourth-best card.
Leading when 2NT is raised to 3NT
Next we will look at the more common auction where 2NT is raised directly
to 3NT. The responder has declined to bid Stayman, or use a transfer bid, so
there will be a large major-suit bias in operation.
Our aim will be to see what difference it makes when the auction is 2NT -
3NT instead of 1NT - 3NT. With this in mind, we will run each West hand
against both of these auctions, to see if there are any notable differences.
Hand 7
The bidding is 2NT - 3NT. What would you lead from:
♠ 6 4 3 2 ♥ J 5 ♦ J 10 5 ♣ A Q 10 3 ?
First thoughts A club lead is unattractive and, with the strong hand on the
right, very likely to give away a trick. As for the more passive leads, the
major-suit bias may determine matters. Let’s see:
(2NT - 3NT) Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

♠4/2 17.6% 3.18
♥J 15.0% 3.02
♦J 14.7% 3.09
♣3 7.6% 2.89
No surprises there. The 4-card spades are placed ahead of the doubleton
heart. Let’s see if there is any difference when we run the same hand against
an auction of 1NT - 3NT:

♠4/2 23.3% 3.42
♥J 21.8% 3.28
♦J 19.5% 3.28
♣3 13.4% 3.17
The ranking order of the four leads is exactly the same. The figures are
slightly higher because in the 1NT-3NT auction declarer has an average of
25.9 HCP (high-card points) at his disposal. When the bidding is 2NT-3NT he
has 26.9 points.
Hand 8
♠ 9 7 4 3 2 ♥ J 10 6 ♦ 8 ♣ A 9 5 4 ?
First thoughts The minor suit leads are unattractive, particularly with the
bias against them. The 5-card spade lead would sometimes be productive but
maybe the J-10-x combination is a better shot.

♠4/2 11.4% 2.78
♥J 11.9% 2.88
♦8 6.8% 2.57
♣4 7.3% 2.66
A slight advantage for the heart lead. East will hold at least four hearts
68.7% of the time and these will include the ♥A (17.2%), the ♥K (25.1%)
and the ♥Q (33.7%). So, the lead combines safety with some aggressive
potential.
Let’s see the results against the other auction:

♠4/2 20.4% 3.28
♥J 23.2% 3.44
♦8 14.0% 3.05
♣4 16.3% 3.11

As on the previous hand, the ranking order of the four leads remains the
same. This time declarer holds 27.3 points on the 2NT auction and 26.3 on the
1NT auction. Perhaps surprisingly, the fact that most of the points lie in one
hand is not hindering his prospects when he has opened 2NT.
Hand 9
♠ 10 9 ♥ K J 7 4 3 ♦ 9 8 7 2 ♣ J 5 ?
First thoughts Is it worth leading from the 5-card heart suit when you have
no prayer of an entry outside?

♠10 10.5% 2.51
♥4 15.3% 2.46
♦9/8 8.4% 2.46
♣J 7.2% 2.32
Your best, albeit limited, chance of beating the contract is to find partner
with some assistance in hearts. The safer spade lead is marginally preferable
at match-points.
We will not hold our breath as we look for some big difference in the
1NT-3NT auction:

♠10 17.2% 2.96
♥4 21.7% 2.92
♦9/8 11.9% 2.82
♣J 10.4% 2.66
The heart lead gives you the best chance at IMPs and the safe spade lead
is marginally better at match-points. Where have you heard that before?
Well, that seems to conclude the analysis of leading against a 2NT-3NT
auction. You should make the same leads as you would when the bidding is
1NT-3NT. Earlier in the book we noted that it made no difference whether the
1NT opening showed 15-17 points or 12-14. Somewhat surprisingly, you may
think, it also makes no difference when the opening bid shows 20-22.

CONCLUSIONS – Leading into a 2NT opening
When a 2NT opening is passed out:
• Do not lead from 5-card suits such as A-Q-x-x-x, K-Q-x-x-x

and K-J-x-x-x. You don’t want to give a trick away when
declarer will be struggling.
• Be wary of leading from four cards headed by one or two

honors. Prefer a passive lead from spot cards, even from a
singleton.
When 2NT is raised to 3NT:
• You should make the same opening lead as you would

against an auction of 1NT-3NT.
• There is a strong bias towards major-suit leads, since the

responder did not use Stayman or a transfer bid.

Pick a Winner! Which card is best?
1. ♠ K Q 10 7 6 2. ♠ 6 4 2 3. ♠ A Q 10 9 8
♥ J 10 2 ♥ A 10 7 6 ♥Q97
♦KJ87 ♦KQ43 ♦983
♣9 ♣J9 ♣62
4. ♠ 8 5. ♠J965 6. ♠ 10 9 6
♥J86 ♥ J 10 ♥AQ764
♦AJ752 ♦A9864 ♦872
♣6542 ♣J8 ♣J6
Auction is: 2NT - 3NT
7. ♠ Q J 2 8. ♠ 10 5 2 9. ♠QJ65
♥Q532 ♥53 ♥ A 10 4 3
♦K43 ♦ A 10 4 2 ♦ J 10
♣J95 ♣J542 ♣J63
10. ♠ Q 10 3 11. ♠ A 10 9 7 5 12. ♠ Q 9 4 3

♥75 ♥853 ♥ J 10
♦62 ♦2 ♦ K 10 7 4
♣K97632 ♣ Q J 10 9 ♣J53

Answers
Here are the best leads from the twelve West hands on the previous page.

IMPs MPs
1. ♠ K Q 10 7 6 ♥ J 10 2 ♦ K J 8 7 ♣ 9 1st ♠K 74.3% 6.37
2nd ♥J 73.8% 6.18
2. ♠ 6 4 2 ♥ A 10 7 6 ♦ K Q 4 3 ♣ J 9 1st ♣J 56.9% 5.67
2nd ♠6/2 55.2% 5.63
3. ♠ A Q 10 9 8 ♥ Q 9 7 ♦ 9 8 3 ♣ 6 2 1st ♦9 79.7% 6.41
2nd ♣6 78.0% 6.31
4. ♠ 8 ♥ J 8 6 ♦ A J 7 5 2 ♣ 6 5 4 2 1st ♥6 56.9% 5.65
2nd ♠8 55.4% 5.62
5. ♠ J 9 6 5 ♥ J 10 ♦ A 9 8 6 4 ♣ J 8 1st ♥J 54.9% 5.61
2nd ♠5 50.6% 5.49
6. ♠ 10 9 6 ♥ A Q 7 6 4 ♦ 8 7 2 ♣ J 6 1st ♠10 60.4% 5.71
2nd ♣J 59.5% 5.70
Auction is: 2NT - 3NT
7. ♠ Q J 2 ♥ Q 5 3 2 ♦ K 4 3 ♣ J 9 5 1st ♠Q 15.6% 3.00

2nd ♥2 11.2% 2.80
8. ♠ 10 5 2 ♥ 5 3 ♦ A 10 4 2 ♣ J 5 4 2 1st= ♠2 11.2% 2.87
1st= ♥5 11.2% 2.84
9. ♠ Q J 6 5 ♥ A 10 4 3 ♦ J 10 ♣ J 6 3 1st ♠Q 11.6% 2.97
2nd ♥3 10.7% 2.79
10. ♠ Q 10 3 ♥ 7 5 ♦ 6 2 ♣ K 9 7 6 3 2 1st(I) ♠10 9.2% 2.46
1st(M) ♥7 8.8% 2.61
11. ♠ A 10 9 7 5 ♥ 8 5 3 ♦ 2 ♣ Q J 10 9 1st(I) ♠10 24.3% 3.25
1st(M) ♣Q 19.9% 3.45
12. ♠ Q 9 4 3 ♥ J 10 ♦ K 10 7 4 ♣ J 5 3 1st ♥J 15.2% 3.03
2nd ♠3 13.1% 2.94

Chapter 13
LEADING AGAINST 6NT
How do you think ‘Lead the fourth-best of your longest and strongest’ rates as
a guideline when leading against 6NT? It is the worst advice possible! After
an auction such as 1NT - 6NT, you should look for a safe lead. It will nearly
always be wrong to lead from a suit headed by one or two honors.
No doubt you know that aggressive leads tend to pay off against a slam in
a suit. That’s right, yes, but the opposite is the case when you lead against
6NT. Why is that? It’s because suit slams are frequently bid on distribution,
rather than high-card points; if you make an aggressive lead from something
like ♦K-10-x-x you have a fair chance of finding partner with the ♦Q. Your
intention is to set up a second trick, ready to cash if either of you gains the
lead subsequently.
Slams in notrump are more often bid on high-card points, usually at least
33 of them. There is much less chance of finding partner with a matching
honor in the suit that you lead. There is correspondingly more chance that a
lead from an honor will give away a vital trick — perhaps declarer’s twelfth
trick.
In this chapter we will look at several West hands, as usual, analyzing
how well the various leads fare against 6NT. It makes no difference to the
recommended opening leads whether the bidding has gone 1NT - 6NT, or
1NT - 4NT - 6NT. We will assume that the total point-count is between 33
and 36 points (or a point fewer if dummy holds a 5-card minor) and that the
responder does not hold a hand on which most players would investigate a
suit fit.
Hand 1
After an auction of 1NT - 6NT, what would you lead from:
♠ J 7 4 ♥ 10 6 5 ♦ 9 2 ♣ Q 10 8 6 2 ?

First thoughts Clubs are the strongest suit but it could easily cost a trick to
lead away from a queen. Let’s see the results:

♠5 9.1% 0.69
♥5 9.4% 0.71
♦9 9.7% 0.72
♣6 3.9% 0.57
If the idea of leading passively against 6NT is new to you, perhaps you
are surprised to see a club lead propping up the table with a hopeless 3.9%.
This is a reflection of the number of times that such a lead will give declarer
his twelfth trick on a plate. There is nothing much to choose between the other
leads. In particular, leading away from a jack is not as costly as leading away
from a queen. (If declarer has the ♠A-K-Q and three cards in each hand, he
will make three tricks anyway. If he has four cards opposite three, the suit will
break 3-3 anyway.)
Although it’s fairly obvious how leading away from a queen can cost a
trick, let’s look at a deal from the simulation anyway:
♠ K 10 2
♥AJ8
♦ A Q J 10
♣A53
♠J74 ♠9863
♥ 10 6 5
N ♥9732
♦92 W E ♦K653
♣ Q 10 8 6 2 S ♣4
♠AQ5
♥KQ4
♦874
♣KJ97
1NT
pass 6NT all pass

Declarer will have eleven tricks, once he has given up a diamond. Lead a
club and you bump this to twelve tricks. After any other lead, 6NT will go one
down.
Look at it another way. Suppose you lead a club and strike gold, finding
partner with the ♣A or ♣K. He is unlikely to hold anything else in his hand,
apart from an odd jack, so declarer will almost certainly be able to run for
home. The best chance to beat the slam is to score one high card in partner’s
hand, plus your ♣Q. You must sit back passively and hope that this happens.
Hand 2
♠9765 ♥KJ82 ♦84 ♣K73 ?
First thoughts What is your best chance of scoring two tricks against 6NT?
Is it to lead the ♥2, find partner with the ♥Q and then gain the lead with the
♣K? We will see.

♠7/6/5 14.1% 0.86
♥2 2.4% 0.58
♦8 13.8% 0.86
♣3 5.3% 0.64
A heart lead is easily worst. Partner cannot hold the ♥Q unless 6NT has
been bid on 31 points, perhaps with a long minor in the dummy. Even then,
the chances are tiny that East has that particular card. Meanwhile, a heart lead
will often give away a trick. We have seen already, from the first two deals,
that all you need to remember is not to lead away from an honor.
Hand 3
♠ 4 2 ♥ 9 7 ♦ K Q 9 5 ♣ 10 9 8 7 3 ?
First thoughts We are looking now for an exception to choosing a safe

lead. Should you lead the ♦K here, in the hope that partner will win the lead
subsequently in some other suit?

♠4 16.1% 0.91
♥9 15.5% 0.90
♦K 12.0% 0.89
♦5 6.1% 0.51
♣10 16.3% 0.91
The ♦K lead fails to overtake the passive leads in the other three suits.
Again we see that it makes little difference which passive lead you choose.
The ♣10 is rated no more highly than the ♠4. Remember, though, that our
simulations are run at double-dummy. In practice a major-suit lead might help
declarer to find a jack (or possibly a queen) in partner’s hand, which makes a
club lead preferable. Look at this deal from the simulation:
♠QJ9
♥KQ4
♦A72
♣AQ54
♠42 ♠ 10 8 7 5 3
♥97
N ♥J863
♦KQ95 W E ♦ 10 6 3
♣ 10 9 8 7 3 S ♣6
♠AK6
♥ A 10 5 2
♦J84
♣KJ2
1NT
pass 6NT all pass
The double-dummy analysis says that a lead of the ♦9 or ♦5 will allow

declarer to score an overtrick. On all other leads twelve tricks will be made.
On that basis (and on similar evidence from the other 4999 deals of the
simulation), the spade, heart and club leads are assessed to be of equal value,
near enough. However, we can see on this deal that a club lead is safest
because a heart lead will give away the position of the ♥J; declarer will then
have his twelfth trick without having to guess the lie of the heart suit. On
other deals from the simulation, a spade lead might save declarer a guess.

When you have more than one passive option, lead from the longest suit.
The longer your holding is, the shorter partner’s holding is likely to be; there
will be less chance that he holds a jack or queen that might be picked off.
Declarer’s holdings will also be shorter, so the position of a missing jack may
be irrelevant. Imagine you are defending 6NT and partner holds ♦J-8-4-3. If
you lead from ♦7-2, the suit may lie like this:
♦ A Q 10 5
♦72 ♦J843
♦K96
Declarer holds seven diamonds between the hands and you have saved
him a guess on the position of the ♦J.
If instead you lead from ♦7-5-2, the suit will sometimes lie like this:
♦ A Q 10
♦752 ♦J843
♦K96
With three certain diamond tricks, declarer has no guess to make and the
diamond lead is safe. If you were leading from ♦7-6-5-2, it would be even
less likely that a diamond lead would save declarer a guess.
Hand 4
♠ 6 2 ♥ K Q 10 6 2 ♦ 10 8 ♣ 9 7 3 2 ?
First thoughts We are searching for an honor combination that represents a

better prospect than a normal safe lead against 6NT, Here there is just room
for partner to hold a king (or a queen) elsewhere, which may allow him to
gain the lead. Also the presence of the ♥10 adds some safety to a heart lead.
Let’s see.

♠6 8.1% 0.58
♥K 12.2% 0.63
♦10 7.7% 0.57
♣7/2 8.2% 0.58
The attacking ♥K lead sees off the passive leads at both forms of the
game. Here is a deal from the simulation where such a lead will beat the slam:
♠ K J 10
♥85
♦AK743
♣AK5
♠62 ♠987543
♥ K Q 10 6 2
N ♥943
♦ 10 8 W E ♦Q92
♣9732 S ♣ 10
♠AQ
♥AJ7
♦J65
♣QJ864
1NT
pass 6NT all pass
You lead the ♥K and declarer can count only eleven top tricks. His best
line is to allow your king to win. Declarer wins your diamond switch and
cashes the spade winners, followed by the clubs. He will make the slam if the
♦Q drops in two rounds or if you hold three diamonds alongside the ♥Q and
are squeezed by the last club. He will go down as the cards lie.
As you see, on any passive lead he would have been able to set up the
diamond suit. The ♥10 played a role, in a way. If declarer or dummy had held
that card, declarer would have been able to set up a twelfth trick in hearts.
Hand 5
♠Q9872 ♥J9653 ♦K87 ♣— ?

First thoughts Here you are forced to lead from an honor, so you should
seek the lead that is likely to do the least damage. Presumably this will be a
heart, since a jack is closer to being a spot-card than a king or queen.

♠7 6.9% 0.75
♥5 10.9% 0.82
♦7 6.5% 0.62
If you have to lead from an honor, choose the lowest honor.
Hand 6
♠ J 9 7 5 ♥ J 8 7 6 2 ♦ J 10 6 5 ♣ — ?
First thoughts You are forced to lead away from one of your jacks. How
do you compare the leads in the three suits?

♠5 13.7% 0.84
♥6 15.5% 0.91
♦J 12.0% 0.84
♦5 11.6% 0.83
A heart is a bit safer than a spade because you have five cards in the suit.
It is therefore less likely that declarer has four cards in one hand or other and
that the lead from the jack will give him a trick with the 10.
You might think that a diamond lead would be best because the second
honor (the ♦10) offers a margin of safety. The numbers in the table show that
the 10 provides negligible assistance; it is outweighed by the major-suit bias.
Should I lead an ace against 6NT?
We have seen that leading from a king or a queen is a fairly hopeless

proposition against 6NT. Leading away from a jack is not so expensive but is
still less advisable than leading from a collection of spot-cards. What is the

situation when you have an ace in your hand? Should you lead it, hoping that
partner holds the matching king? When playing match-points, should you
cash the ace to make sure that declarer does not score an overtrick?
Hand 7
After a match-point auction of 1NT - 6NT, what would you lead from:
♠AQ82 ♥974 ♦J73 ♣842 ?
First thoughts It is barely possible that leading the ♠A will assist you in
beating 6NT at IMPs. Perhaps it is a good idea at match-point pairs, however?
Let’s take a look.

♠A 1.9% 1.02
♠2 1.8% 0.27
♥9/7/4 14.8% 0.80
♦3 14.4% 0.79
♣8/4/2 15.3% 0.80
Well, that’s a first! The spade lead (cashing the ♠A) is hugely worst at
IMPs but best by a fair margin at match-point pairs. By cashing the ace you
do at least ensure that you make one trick at pairs; your expectation thereafter
is a paltry one fiftieth of a trick.
If you fail to take your ace, declarer may cash 13 tricks elsewhere. The
presence of the queen alongside your ace means that declarer is likely to hold
the ace-king-queen in each of the other suits, maybe the missing jacks too.
You may think it unlikely that declarer can pick up the 5+4+4 (or 5+5+3)
tricks to add up to 13, without scoring any spade tricks. The 0.80 figures in
the match-point column tell a different story! On a non-spade lead, the
defenders will score 80 tricks on every 100 deals. Since they will score at
least two tricks on the 15% of deals where they beat 6NT (a total of at least 30
tricks), they will score exactly one trick on at most 50% of the deals. On at
least 35% of the deals the failure to cash the ♠A will let through an overtrick!
Let’s use our alternative pairs scoring method, where we assume that all
13 West cards are contestants in a 5000-deal match-point event, holding the
same West hand throughout. This is the result:
♠A 67.7% ♥4 56.0% ♦3 55.2% ♣8 56.0%

The ♠A wins the tournament with the fine match-point score of 67.7%.
The ♠A is easily the best lead at match-points, despite the fact that you give
up almost all hope of beating the contract. (The reason all four scores are
above 50% is because the other three spade leads fare so appallingly.)
Hand 8
♠ 10 7 2 ♥ A J 8 3 ♦ 9 2 ♣ J 8 6 5 ?
First thoughts You hold 6 points instead of 7, so there is slightly more

room for your partner to hold a queen. Should you still lead the ace?

♠2 11.0% 0.95
♥A 5.0% 1.04
♦9 10.9% 0.95
♣5 10.1% 0.93
The margin is smaller but the ace is still the right lead at match-points.
Hand 9
♠ Q 10 5 2 ♥ 9 7 6 2 ♦ 8 7 ♣ A 9 8 ?
First thoughts This time your ace lies in a 3-card holding, unaccompanied
by a second honor. Should you lead the ace now?

♠2 4.6% 1.02
♥7/6/2 11.9% 1.10
♦8 12.2% 1.10
♣A 8.3% 1.08
♣8 8.3% 0.96
The two red-suit leads hit the tape together, at IMPs and at match-points.
The ♣A is not far behind at match-points but there is no reason to lead it.

Hand 10
♠A8 ♥97432 ♦8732 ♣87 ?
First thoughts Your partner has room for 3 or 4 points and may even hold
the ♠K. How do you like the idea of leading the ♠A?

♠A 14.9% 1.20
♥3 14.8% 1.07
♦8/7/3/2 14.0% 1.05
♣8 13.8% 1.04
We found an ace lead winning at both IMPs and match-points! Would

you like to know how often East holds the ♠K? Your wish is our command…
In the 5000-deal simulation for this West hand, East held the ♠K on 7.0%
of the deals, the ♠Q on 19.3%, the ♠J on 33.5% and the ♠10 on 51.5%. Out
of the 5000 deals, East held the ♠K 351 times, which is slightly less than half
the occasions on which the ♠A lead would beat the slam.
CONCLUSIONS - Leading against 6NT
• You should seek a passive lead against 6NT. Do not lead away from a
king or a queen. Prefer to lead from spot-cards.
• When you have to lead from an honor, prefer to lead from a 10 or a

jack, rather than a queen or a king.
• When a suit is headed by two adjacent honors (K-Q-x-x, or Q-J-x-x),

this still represents a very risky lead against 6NT.
• When you have a choice of suits containing only spot-cards, lead the
longest one.
• At match-point pairs it is often right to cash an ace against 6NT, to

prevent an overtrick. This is particularly true when you hold an A-Q
and declarer will then hold nearly all the other picture cards.

Pick a Winner!
Leading against 6NT
hands below. If you would prefer a different lead when playing pairs rather
than IMPs, note that down. The results are given on the next page.
Auction is 1NT - 6NT (or 1NT - 4NT - 6NT)

1. ♠ 6 2 2. ♠Q964 3. ♠ 6 3 2
♥ K 10 8 ♥Q8652 ♥42
♦ J 10 9 7 ♦976 ♦A9643
♣J983 ♣8 ♣Q43
4. ♠ J 9 8 6 5 5. ♠AQ9732 6. ♠ Q 10 7 2
♥ Q 10 3 ♥ 10 9 6 ♥J976
♦ K 10 9 7 ♦2 ♦K983
♣6 ♣982 ♣2
7. ♠ 8 5 8. ♠ Q J 10 6 9. ♠92
♥ 10 6 4 3 ♥ J 10 6 2 ♥QJ952
♦KQ2 ♦ 10 7 5 ♦ J 10 8 4 3
♣9643 ♣93 ♣7
10. ♠ A 2 11. ♠ K Q 10 12. ♠ 8 4 2

♥J86432 ♥9762 ♥ J 10 8 4 2
♦ 10 8 4 ♦7 ♦QJ94
♣52 ♣ 10 8 6 5 2 ♣9

Answers
Auction is 1NT - 6NT (or 1NT - 4NT - 6NT)

IMPs MPs
1. ♠ 6 2 ♥ K 10 8 ♦ J 10 9 7 ♣ J 9 8 3 1st ♠6 17.1% 0.89
2nd ♦J 16.3% 0.87
2. ♠ Q 9 6 4 ♥ Q 8 6 5 2 ♦ 9 7 6 ♣ 8 1st = ♦6 8.5% 0.66
1st = ♣8 8.4% 0.66
3. ♠ 6 3 2 ♥ 4 2 ♦ A 9 6 4 3 ♣ Q 4 3 1st(I) ♠6/2 7.9% 0.92
1st(M) ♦A 7.1% 1.07
4. ♠ J 9 8 6 5 ♥ Q 10 3 ♦ K 10 9 7 ♣ 6 1st ♣6 20.7% 1.06
2nd ♠6 19.8% 1.03
5. ♠ A Q 9 7 3 2 ♥ 10 9 6 ♦ 2 ♣ 9 8 2 1st(I) ♣9 21.3% 0.97
1st(M) ♠A 5.8% 1.06
6. ♠ Q 10 7 2 ♥ J 9 7 6 ♦ K 9 8 3 ♣ 2 1st ♣2 13.4% 0.89
2nd ♥6 12.4% 0.84
7. ♠ 8 5 ♥ 10 6 4 3 ♦ K Q 2 ♣ 9 6 4 3 1st= ♣6/3 12.4% 0.87
1st= ♠8 12.4% 0.86
8. ♠ Q J 10 6 ♥ J 10 6 2 ♦ 10 7 5 ♣ 9 3 1st ♠Q 8.7% 0.74
2nd ♣9 8.3% 0.70
9. ♠ 9 2 ♥ Q J 9 5 2 ♦ J 10 8 4 3 ♣ 7 1st= ♥Q 8.1% 0.68
1st= ♣7 8.0% 0.68
10. ♠ A 2 ♥ J 8 6 4 3 2 ♦ 10 8 4 ♣ 5 2 1st(I) ♣5/2 8.1% 0.99
1st(M) ♠A 8.0% 1.10
11. ♠ K Q 10 ♥ 9 7 6 2 ♦ 7 ♣ 10 8 6 5 2 1st ♠K 23.7% 0.93
2nd ♥7/2 19.3% 0.87
12. ♠ 8 7 2 ♥ J 10 8 4 2 ♦ Q J 9 4 ♣ 9 1st ♠8/2 14.0% 0.83
2nd ♣9 13.6% 0.83

Chapter 14
Methodology
In this final chapter of the book, we will discuss the methodology used for our
simulations. We will justify using double-dummy simulation to evaluate the
leads and explain why we rejected some possible alternative approaches.
Background
One of the ways in which you can improve your performance at any game is
to learn from experience. With bridge, this is not so easy. The best play, bid or
opening lead is far from guaranteed to give the best result for the particular lie
of the cards confronting you. Even if you are a bridge enthusiast, playing
many times a week, you can never hope to accumulate enough information to
judge the best opening leads in various situations.
Consequently, players are forced to rely on expert opinion that has been
passed down through the ages. If you had to rely on one simple guideline for
opening leads at notrump, leading your longest suit is as good as anything.
However, we have seen in the preceding chapters that there are many
situations where this advice is unproductive. Our aim in this project was to
use the impressive number-crunching power of modern computers to analyze
which opening leads work best.
Which methodology is best?

In some way we needed to take a particular auction with a given West hand
and then evaluate the possible opening leads. To see which lead works best, a
large number of deals must be played and the results analyzed. To cover the
scenarios in this book, even though restricted to notrump contracts, millions
of deals need to be played to get any degree of confidence in the results.
196 Methodology
Indeed that is precisely what we have done. Not by playing the hands
ourselves, over the hundreds of years that it would take, but by using
computer software.
How can computer software assist in such a task? There are three possible
approaches and at various points we have deployed all three:
1. For a given West hand, generate thousands of random deals that

match the bidding. Play the hands at double-dummy and aggregate
the results.
2. As for (1) but use single-dummy software that tries more faithfully to
emulate a human’s play. In other words, the deals are played and
defended without knowledge of the cards in the hidden hands.
3. Look at real-life deals that have been played over the decades and
analyze which opening leads worked well.
Whilst none of these is perfect, we found that the first method was easily
best. Single-dummy software was far too slow to analyze sufficient deals.
Even though hand-playing software has improved tremendously over the
years, it was not an accurate enough representation of a real player.
Nevertheless, we did use single-dummy software (in our case WBridge5,
which won the World Bridge Computer Championships in 2005/7/8) to
compare its results with those given by our double-dummy methodology. We
saw nothing to make us question the approach we have taken.
How about analyzing deals from real play? We did look at tens of
thousands of deals played at both club and tournament level, including the
world bridge championships from 1955 to 2009. This was still hopelessly
inadequate to get a realistic assessment of any particular lead situation, such
as 1♦-1♠-1NT-3NT. Each deal was played only a few times, often just twice.
Our analysis of tournament results showed us how important the opening
lead is. Even in world championship play, an average of 0.22 tricks are lost by
the opening lead (when compared with the result after the best opening lead
on that complete deal). This may not sound a lot but our analysis shows that it
is a bigger difference than the entire defensive performance between a top and
an average player.
Methodology 197
Our double-dummy methodology
How were the numbers in this book obtained and how reliable are they?
We took a particular bidding sequence, such as 1NT-2♣-2♦-3NT, and
used computer software to randomly generate several thousand deals, where
all four hands conform to this sequence. South was always the declarer and an
opening bid of 1NT showed 15-17 points. In the main we used SAYC
(Standard American Yellow Card) bidding methods, but we reran some
simulations against ACOL with a 12-14 point 1NT, obtaining very similar
results. To match the Stayman bidding sequence above, for example, North
must hold at least one 4-card major and South must hold none. North will
have at least 9 points to go to 3NT but not enough for a slam try. North must
not be so distributional that he would continue to look for a fit in a suit. The
West hand would not bid over 1NT and East would not make an overcall over
2♣ or a lead-directing double.
Our first action, for a new bidding sequence, would be a fishing
expedition. Typically, we might ask the software to create 100 West hands,
for each of which it would generate 1,000 complete deals conforming to the
chosen auction. This would give us 100,000 deals. To achieve this, we might
actually have to try tens of millions of deals, rejecting those that did not fit the
bidding. We then ran 13 double-dummy analyses for each deal, considering
the lead of all 13 cards in the West hand. Having obtained the number of
tricks that the defenders could score, we averaged the results, to see which
lead worked best at IMPs (it would give you the highest percentage chance of
beating the contract) and which was best at match-points (it yielded the
highest average-tricks-per-deal).
The fishing expedition would throw up several interesting West hands,
with perhaps unexpected results. We would rerun these, this time increasing
the accuracy by asking for 5000 deals to be created for each West hand. We
would also construct some West hands manually, to investigate (for example)
whether short-suit or long-suit leads worked best from a certain type of hand.
Although we mainly use two metrics in the preceding chapters – Beats
Contract Frequency and Average Tricks – we obtained some additional
metrics. For example, we simulated a 13-pair tournament, where each West
player held the same hand throughout and had to lead the card assigned to
them on 5000 different deals. Suppose the match-point scoring revealed that
the player leading the ♥10 had won the tournament, with the player leading
the ♠Q second. These would then be rated the two best leads at match-point
scoring. Eventually, we felt that presenting the ‘average tricks per deal’ was a
clearer way of displaying the potency of each opening lead at pairs scoring.
198 Methodology
Reliability of the data
To be happy with our chosen double-dummy methodology, we needed to
answer these two questions:
1. Do our simulations have sufficient deals for the results to be trusted?

2. How representative is double-dummy analysis in evaluating the
best leads in real play?
It would be inappropriate to discuss statistical sampling here, but with our

chosen ‘5000 deals per West hand’ sample size, it is unlikely that any
particular figure in our tables will be incorrect by more than 1%.
Whether it is valid to use double-dummy analysis needed more research.
Would the play of a deal when the declarer and defenders can see all four
hands be a meaningful representation of real play? Many commentators claim
that the advantages for declarer and the defenders of playing at double-
dummy more or less cancel each other out. We needed to verify this.
We analyzed deals from Nikos Sarantakos’ VuGraph Project, which
captures hands from world championships and other top-class tournaments.
We also analyzed data from club nights over two years at a local bridge club.
All in all, we ran the double-dummy analysis on over 100,000 plays of the
hand and compared the actual results with our double-dummy predictions.
The results surprised us. The top-class results corresponded exactly to the
double-dummy prediction 62% of the time! On a further 30% of the plays,
there was a one-trick variation (either one trick more or one fewer). Such
variations are not because the double-dummy predictions are off target; the
actual results themselves varied with each other. Indeed, if you look at the
results from any board in a duplicate pairs, you will see a similar spread of
tricks made — for example, a mixture of +630s, +600s and -100s.
At club level, we saw a somewhat bigger spread, with 50% of the table
results corresponding exactly to the double-dummy prediction and a further
38% with a one-trick variation. This reflects the broader range of abilities at a
typical bridge club.
These results encouraged us to persist with the double-dummy approach.
Suppose, in an imaginary world, that we had lined up competent bridge
players to play each West hand 65,000 times (13 different leads, for each of
the 5000 deals for a particular West hand). Would that have given us a better
basis for evaluating the best leads? It is unlikely.
Suppose that on a particular deal double-dummy play results in dropping
a singleton king offside instead of finessing. This is not a cause for concern. It
Methodology 199
would occur on only a small fraction of the 5000 deals for that West hand.
More importantly, such a deviation from normal play is likely to affect
whatever opening lead is chosen. In this book we assess the relative merits of
the possible leads from a given West hand, rather than attempt to get an
accurate assessment of each lead.
When it was clear that an opening lead, such as the ♥K from ♥K-Q-6-2
might save a real-life declarer from a guess (if dummy had ♥A-J-9 and East
held the ♥10, for example), we used a profile of the simulation to estimate
what was the percentage chance of such holdings. In this way, we could offset
one of the side effects of double-dummy simulation.
Acknowledgements
Although we had to produce additional custom software to generate our
results, we were fortunate to be able to rely on pioneering work in bridge
software that preceded this project. Portable Bridge Notation (PBN) gave us a
way of representing bridge deals in a standard way, which could be processed
by existing bridge software as well as our own. See http://www.tistis.nl/pbn.
We were able to use Bo Haglund’s Double Dummy Solver (DDS) as a
double-dummy engine. We could invoke this from our own software to get
the double-dummy results for the 13 possible leads at a reasonably fast level
of execution. This same DDS engine is used by several commercially
available bridge programs. See http://privat.bahnhof.se/wb758135
For dealing the hands, we made good use of Thomas Andrews’s Deal 3.1
program. See http://bridge.thomasoandrews.com/deal. This gave us a lot of
useful functions to generate the specific hands we needed.
The VuGraph Project and Bridge Base Online have captured a vast
number of hand records. We used this data to verify our methodology.
WBridge5 is a free bridge-playing program that has won the World
Computer Bridge Championship a number of times. We were able to
automate the playing of hundreds of hands at a time, with the help of its
creators. This allowed us to compare results with the double-dummy
executions. See http://www.wbridge5.com.
We evaluated various commercial software packages to see if we could
use them effectively on our project. The Bridge Analyser program
(http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/lorne.anderson/Bridge) has an attractive user
interface and Dealmaster Pro (http://www.dealmaster.com) has a
comprehensive set of dealing functions. Although in the end we found it more
suitable to write custom software, both these products are worthy of attention.
200 Methodology
INTERMEDIATE/ADVANCED
COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF
OPENING LEADS
To discover which opening lead is best from a given West hand against a
particular auction, the authors use computer software to generate 5000 deals
that match the North-South bidding. (The West hand remains the same and
the other three hands are chosen randomly.) The software then plays these deals
automatically, seeing which of the 13 possible opening leads works best at both
IMPs (rubber bridge/Chicago) and match-point pairs. By analysing the results,
the authors pass on to the reader the secrets of finding the best lead against
notrump contracts on a wide range of different auctions.
Suppose the bidding goes 1NT - 3NT and you have to find an opening
lead from
J86 95 KQ72 KJ72
You may be surprised to hear that the 6 is the best lead at both forms of the
game and the 9 is the second-best lead!
DAVID BIRD (top) and TAF ANTHIAS were contemporaries

at Cambridge University, both reading mathematics. They
carried out research and development on software systems
for over 30 years at IBM’s UK Laboratories. In the 1970s
they formed a successful bridge partnership, winning a
number of national events.
David is now one of the world’s top bridge writers
with 110 books to his name. Taf moved on to the USA,
where he became a vice president of Cisco Systems.
They have joined forces on this ground-breaking book.
A N H O NO RS eB O O K FRO M MASTER POIN T PR ESS

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David Bird &

AN HONORS eBOOK FROM MASTER POINT PRESS

All rights reserved.

Honors eBooks is an imprint of Master Point Press. All contents,

Master Point Press

Layout and Editing: David Bird & Taf Anthias

Chapter 1 Should I lead a major or a minor? 7

Chapter 2 Should I lead from my longest suit? 21

Chapter 3 Which card is best from this holding? 42

Chapter 4 Leading from a weak hand 63

Chapter 5 Leading after a Stayman sequence 73

Chapter 6 Leading after a transfer sequence 92

Chapter 7 Leading when they have bid two suits 103

Chapter 8 Leading against 1NT 115

Chapter 9 Leading when they have bid one suit 127

Chapter 10 Leading when partner has opened 140

Chapter 11 Leading after a limit raise 152

Chapter 12 Leading into a 2NT opening 173

Chapter 13 Leading against 6NT 184

Chapter 14 Methodology 195

Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

David Bird and Taf Anthias

Should I lead a major or a minor?

Should I lead a major or a minor? 7

The major-minor bias

Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

8 Should I lead a major or a minor?

(12-14 1NT) Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

Should I lead a major or a minor? 9

Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

The Q-J-9-x holding (a ‘broken sequence’) is normally rated as an

Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

♠KQ72 ♥KJ72 ♦J86 ♣95 ?

10 Should I lead a major or a minor?

Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

Should I lead a major or a minor? 11

Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

12 Should I lead a major or a minor?

Should I lead a 4-card major or a 5-card minor?

Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

Should I lead a major or a minor? 13

First thoughts It is particularly unattractive to lead from a doubleton king.

Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

Should I lead a short major or a 5-card minor?

14 Should I lead a major or a minor?

Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

The ♥K edges it at IMPs, giving you a marginally better chance of setting

What is the effect when East is the dealer?

Should I lead a major or a minor? 15

(East dealer) Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

16 Should I lead a major or a minor?

Beats contract (IMPs) Avg. tricks (MPs)

Should I lead a major or a minor? 17

• On average, after an auction of 1NT - 3NT, the defenders hold 7.2

• In rough terms, a lead from a 4-card major is equivalent to a lead

• We assume that the responder will, rightly or wrongly, bid Stayman

18 Should I lead a major or a minor?

Auction is 1NT - 3NT