LESSON 1

INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICS
Statistics and Probability
OBJECTIVES • Define basic concepts in Statistics;
• Differentiate the two branches of

AT THE END OF Statistics; and

THE LESSON, YOU • Determine the type of data and its level of
ARE EXPECTED TO: measurement
•POPULATION
AND SAMPLE
 •P O P U L A T I O N A N D S A M P L E
The study of Statistics starts with this two main terms:

POPULATION SAMPLE

Collection of all
outcomes, responses,
measurement, or Subset of a population
counts that are of
interest.
•P O P U L A T I O N EXAMPLE 1
In a recent survey, 400 college students at Far
AND SAMPLE Eastern University - Manila were asked if they
smoked cigarettes regularly. 90 of the students
said yes. Identify the population and the sample.

Responses of all
students at FEU Manila
(population)
Responses of
students in survey
(sample)
•P O P U L A T I O N EXAMPLE 2
AND SAMPLE Identify the population and the sample:
1. A survey of 1250 households in Rizal found
that 67% of the households own a
computer.
2. A recent survey of 3689 elementary school
children found that 21% of the children
could be classified malnourished.
3. The average weight of every sixth person
entering the mall within 3 hour period was
70 kilograms.
 •P A R A M E T E R A N D S T A T I S T I C
• A parameter is numerical description of a population characteristic.
• A statistic is a numerical description of a sample characteristic.

POPULATION SAMPLE

PARAMETER STATISTIC
•P A R A M E T E R EXAMPLE 3
Decide whether the numerical value describes a
AND STATISTIC population parameter or a sample statistic.
a.) A recent survey of a sample of 450 college
students reported that the average weekly income
for students is Php 325.00.
Because the average of Php325 is based on a
sample, this is a sample statistic.
b.) The average weekly income for all students is
Php 405.00.
Because the average of Php405 is based on a
population, this is a population parameter.
•P A R A M E T E R EXAMPLE 4
Determine whether the numerical value is a
AND STATISTIC parameter or a statistic:
1. A recent survey by the alumni of a major
university indicated that the average salary of
10,000 of its 300,000 graduates was 125,000.
2. The average salary of all assembly-line
employees at a certain car manufacturer is
P33,000.
3. The average late fee for 360 credit card holders
was found to be P356.75.
•WHAT IS
STATISTICS?

•WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO US?

 STATISTICS
It is the science of collecting,
organizing, analyzing, and
interpreting data in order to make
decisions.
•BRANCHES OF
STATISTICS
 •B R A N C H E S O F S T A T I S T I C S
The study of Statistics has two main branches:

DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS STATISTICS
Involves the Involves using a
organization, sample to draw
summarization, and conclusions about a
display of data. population.
•D E S C R I P T I V E EXAMPLE 5
Of 400 randomly selected people in the
AND INFERENTIAL city of Muntinlupa, 240 people had the
STATISTICS last name “Reyes”.

EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

“60% of these people have the last name
“Reyes”.”

EXAMPLE OF INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

“60% of all people living in Muntinlupa
City have the last name “Reyes”.”
•D E S C R I P T I V E EXAMPLE 6
On the last 3 Saturdays, Chase, a car
AND INFERENTIAL salesman, sold 3, 1, and 2 new cars,
STATISTICS respectively.

EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

“Chase sold an average of 2 new cars for
the last 3 Saturdays.”

EXAMPLE OF INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

“Chase never sells more than 3 cars on a
Saturday.”
•WHAT IS DATA?

•WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO US?

 DATA

It consists of information coming

from observations, counts,
measurements, or responses.
•TYPES OF DATA
 •T Y P E S O F D A T A
Data sets can consist of two types of data:

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
DATA DATA
Consists of attributes, Consists of numerical
labels, or non- measurements or
numerical entries. counts.
•Q U A L I T A T I V E A N D Student GPA
QUANTITATIVE
Seth 3.22
EXAMPLE 7
Jean 3.98
The grade point averages
Sheila 2.75
of five students are listed in
the table. Which data are
Ferdie 2.24
qualitative data and which
are quantitative data? Elaine 3.84

Qualitative Quantitative
data data
•Q U A L I T A T I V E A N D EXAMPLE 8
Determine if the following is an example of a
QUANTITATIVE
qualitative data or quantitative data.

• Test scores of students in Statistics exam

Quantitative Data
• Student numbers of FEUHS students
Qualitative Data
• Eye color of Filipinos
Qualitative Data
• Height of FEUHS teachers
Quantitative Data
•LEVELS OF
MEASUREMENT
 •L E V E L O F M E A S U R E M E N T
The level of measurement determines which statistical calculations are
meaningful. The four levels of measurement are:

NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO

Lowest to highest
 •N O M I N A L L E V E L O F M E A S U R E M E N T
Data at the nominal level of measurement are qualitative only.

NOMINAL Colors in Names of Subjects

Calculated using names. the students in you have
No mathematical Philippine your this
computations can be flag classroom semester
made at this level.
 •O R D I N A L L E V E L O F M E A S U R E M E N T
Data at the ordinal level of measurement are qualitative or quantitative.

Class ORDINAL Numbers Top 50

standings: Arranged in order, on the back songs
freshman, but differences of each played on
sophomore, between data player’s the radio
junior, entries are not shirt
senior meaningful.
 •I N T E R V A L L E V E L O F M E A S U R E M E N T
Data at the interval level of measurement are quantitative. It specifies that
the distances between each interval on the scale are equivalent along the
scale from low interval to high interval. A zero entry simply represents a
position on the scale; the entry is not an inherent zero.

Temperatures; Years on a INTERVAL

Celsius, timeline
Fahrenheit, Arranged in order,
Kelvin, Rankine but differences
between data
entries can be
calculated.
 •R A T I O L E V E L O F M E A S U R E M E N T
Data at the ratio level of measurement are similar to the interval
level, but a zero entry is meaningful.

Ages GPA/GWA Weight/ RATIO

Mass
A ratio of two data
values can be
formed so one data
value can be
expressed as a ratio.
•SUMMARY OF LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS

Determine if
one data
Level of Put data in Arrange data Subtract data
value is a
Measurement categories in order values
multiple of
another

Nominal Yes No No No
Ordinal Yes Yes No No
Interval Yes Yes Yes No
Ratio Yes Yes Yes Yes
•L E V E L S O F EXAMPLE 9
Identify the level of measurement of the given data .
MEASUREMENT 1.Flavors of milk tea
2.Amount of money in savings accounts
3.Students classified by their writing ability: Above
average, Below average, Normal
4.Letter grades on an English essay
5.Religious affiliation
6.Commuting times to school
7.Ages (in years) of athletes
8.Ice cream flavor preference
9.Years of important historical events
10. Questions classified as: Easy, Difficult or
Impossible
•EVALUATION LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
Identify the type of data and its level of
measurement.
• Number of grams of sugar in 30 pieces of
candy
• Hair color of women on a high school
volleyball team
• Ages of students in a piano class
• Temperatures in 14 selected cities
• Number of pages of your favorite book
 NEXT LESSON
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS