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Intro To Microwave
Engineering
COURSE: MICROWAVE AND ANTENNA

BY
CURATED BY
AMBAR BAJPAI, PHD
Course Instructor
Research Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE

Atria Institute of Technology
Text and Reference book:
TB 1: Microwave Devices and Circuits-Liao, 3rd Pearson Education, 2008.
TB 2: Microwave Engineering- Annapurna Das, Sisir K Das, 2nd, TMH
Publication, 2010.
TB 3: Antennas and Wave Propagation-John.D.Krauss, Ronald J Marhefka
and Ahmad S Khan, 4th, McGraw-Hill Education Pvt. Ltd.,2010.
RB 1; Microwave Engineering –David M Pozar, 3rd, John Wiley India Pvt.Ltd.,
2008.
Module 1 Outcomes
 At the end of this module, You will be able to :

 Describe the use and advantages of microwave
transmission, smith charts and matching techniques
 Analyze various parameters using Smith chart
 Understand microwave frequency oscillator and
mode of operation
Session Schedule
 12 learning sessions
 2 session for tutorial and problem solving and
reviews
 1 session for Lab and flipped classroom
 Teaching methods
 peer learning ,
 innovative quiz
 self learning
Session 1 – Introduction to Microwave
Engineering
 At the end of this session you will be able to :
 Define What is a electromagnetic spectrum?

 Review on Maxwell’s Equation
 Summarizing history of Microwave historical events
 Understand Microwave communication systems and
its components
 Explain effect of RF and Microwave Radiation on
Human Body in everyday life
 Quiz
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Fields
From basic electromagnetic fields, the well known Maxwell's equations are
given below
Differential Equations Integral Form
1. .D =  Gauss law for electric fields 1.  D.ds =  dv

s v
2. .B = 0 Gauss law for magnetic fields 2.  B.ds = 0

s
B  B 
3.   E = − Faraday’s law 3.  E.d l =
s  − t .ds
t
D Amperes circuit law  D 
4.   H = J c + 4.  H.dl =   J
 c + .ds
t s 
t  
And the velocity of light is

1
= = 3 108 m / sec
 00
Introduction of Microwave
➢ Microwaves are electromagnetic waves whose frequencies range from 1 GHz

to 300 GHz
➢ In the term microwave, “micro” indicates that these are very small
compared to the waves that are used in typical radio broadcasting, having
shorter wavelengths
➢ In general, the wavelength varies from a few tens of ‘cm’ to a fraction of
‘mm’ as indicated in equation(a)
➢ Distributed circuit elements and transmission line theory are the most useful
methods for design and analysis of microwave devices
➢ The same equations of electromagnetic theory are also applicable to
microwaves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
IEEE Classification of Frequency Bands
Advantages of Microwaves
➢ Increased Bandwidth Availability

o Thousands of stations can be allotted within a band still having wide
enough bandwidth
➢ Size of Antenna
Antenna size is inversely proportional to frequency. The higher the
frequency, the smaller the size of antenna
➢ Improved Directivity
o Beam width of radiation ‘θ’ is proportional to ‘/D’
Where  is wavelength in cm
D is Diameter of antenna in cm
o They are more easily focused into narrow beams. Because of this, they
are extensively used for point-point communication (non-broadcast)
➢ Increase in Gain and Power Radiation
o Gain and power radiated are inversely proportional to λ2
o Lesser is the wavelength, the more is the power radiated
o Lesser is the wavelength, the more is the gain
➢ Fading Effect and Reliability
Due to Line of Sight (LOS) propagation and high frequencies, there is less
fading effect and hence, more reliable
➢ Power Requirements Transmitter/Receiver power requirements are pretty low
at microwave frequencies compared to that at short wave band
Applications and Frequency Bands
• FM Radio –Frequency: 88 to 108 MHz

• CDMA –824 to 890 MHz
• GSM900 -890 to 915 and 935 to 960 MHz
• GPS –1575 +10 MHz
• GSM1800 –1710 to 1780 and 1810 to 1880 MHz
• 3G -1920 to 1980 and 2110 to 2170 MHz
• 4G –2300 to 2400 MHz
• Wi-Fi –2400 to 2483 MHz and 5.2/5.8 GHz Band
• Satellite and Defense Communications (HF to mm wave)
Microwave Applications: Overview

Civil: Wireless Communication, Vehicle Collision
Avoidance, Remote Sensing, Microwave Oven etc.
Military: Aircraft Safety and Navigation RADAR,
Missile Guidance and Control
Medical: Cancer/Tumor Detection, Medical
Diagnostics and Therapy
Microwave Applications
➢ Communication Systems
o UHF TV
o Microwave Relay
o Satellite Communication
o Mobile Radio
o Telemetry
➢ Radar System
o Search & Rescue
o Airport Traffic Control (ATC)
o Navigation
o Tracking
o Fire Control
o Velocity Measurement
Microwave Applications
➢ Microwave Heating
o Industrial Heating
o Dielectric Heating
➢ Environmental Remote Sensing
➢ Test Equipment
➢ Drying machines - textile, food and paper industry for drying the cloths, potato
chips, printed matter respectively and so on
➢ Food processing industry - precooling/cooking, heat frozen and so on
➢ Rubber industry, plastic, chemical and forest product industries
➢ Mining or public works, and breaking rocks
➢ Biomedical Applications
➢ Moisture Measurement
➢ Microwave Oven
History of Microwave Engineering
Microwave communication systems and its
components
Microwave communication systems and its
components
Passive Microwave Components Active Microwave Components

➢T-line ➢Amplifier
➢Antenna ➢Oscillator
➢Power Divider/ Combiner ➢Mixer
➢Coupler ➢RF Switch
➢Filter ➢Phase Shifter
➢Attenuator
Microwave Systems
➢Mobile Phone
➢Mobile Phone Jammer
➢Repeater / Signal Enhancer
➢RFID
➢RF Transceiver
➢GPS and GSM Modules
➢Radar
➢RF Energy Harvesting
➢Microwave Equipment
➢High Power Microwave System
Effect of RF and Microwave Radiation on
Human Body
RF-Sources (Defense)
 Radar Systems –Pulsed and Continuous

 High Power Microwave Sources
 HF, VHF, UHF, and Microwave Transmitters
 Microwave Bomb
 Microwave Weapon
Sun Heating vs Microwave Heating
Mobile Phone-Ear heating up
SAR and cell phone use limit
Cell Tower Antenna Radiation
Cell Towers Installed in Mumbai
RadiationPattern of Cell Tower Antenna
Effect on Birds and Animals
 Have you ever seen any bird near cell towers?

 May be not, because birds have more volume and less
weight, so heating effect is very fast.
 Birds and Bees
•Interfere with navigation and reproduction
 Animals
 Dairy cows –Decreased milk production, reproductive
and developmental problems and decline in overall
health.
 •Sheep, dogs, cats, rabbits living near base stations
affected.
Effect on Plants
Summary :
 In this Session ,You have learned
 RF Technology is rapidly changing.

 New Requirements: 5G, Internet of Things (IoT)
 Requirement for innovative thinking to meet the
demands and challenges.
 Design is the key thing.

A quick quiz
 Q1 In which of the following forms can Maxwell’s

equation not be represented?
a) Static
b) Differential
c) Integral
d) Harmonic
A quick quiz
Q1. In which of the following forms can Maxwell’s

equation not be represented?
a) Static
b) Differential
c) Integral
d) Harmonic
A quick quiz
 Q 2. Find the charge density when the electric flux

density is given by 2x i + 3y j + 4z k.
a) 10
b) 9
c) 24
d) 0
 Q 2. Find the charge density when the electric flux
density is given by 2x i + 3y j + 4z k.
a) 10
b) 9
c) 24
d) 0
 Explanation: The charge density is the divergence of

the electric flux density by Maxwell’s equation. Thus
ρ = Div (D) and Div (D) = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9. We get ρ = 9
units.
 Q 3. At dc field, the displacement current density will
be
 a) 0
b) 1
c) Jc
d) ∞
 Q 3. At dc field, the displacement current density will be
 a) 0
b) 1
c) Jc
d) ∞
 Explanation: The DC field refers to zero frequency. The
conduction current is independent of the frequency,
whereas the displacement current density is dependent
on the frequency, i.e, Jd = jwεE. Thus at DC field, the
displacement current density will be zero.
Next Session S2
 Electromagnetic Fields and Transmission Lines

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Intro To Microwave

COURSE: MICROWAVE AND ANTENNA

Research Assoc. Professor, Dept. of ECE

 At the end of this module, You will be able to :

 At the end of this session you will be able to :

 Define What is a electromagnetic spectrum?

Differential Equations Integral Form

1. .D =  Gauss law for electric fields 1.  D.ds =  dv

2. .B = 0 Gauss law for magnetic fields 2.  B.ds = 0

And the velocity of light is

➢ Microwaves are electromagnetic waves whose frequencies range from 1 GHz

➢ Increased Bandwidth Availability

• FM Radio –Frequency: 88 to 108 MHz

Passive Microwave Components Active Microwave Components

 Radar Systems –Pulsed and Continuous

 Have you ever seen any bird near cell towers?

 In this Session ,You have learned

 RF Technology is rapidly changing.

 Q1 In which of the following forms can Maxwell’s

Q1. In which of the following forms can Maxwell’s

 Q 2. Find the charge density when the electric flux

 Explanation: The charge density is the divergence of

 Electromagnetic Fields and Transmission Lines

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