REFERENCES

er:
cker Prev
man, alenc
M. e and
Anne sever
: A ity of
clini perio
cal dont
study al
of disea
the se in
Dom a
inion samp
elect le of
ric a
tooth popu
brus latio
h. n.
Type Type
d d
thesi thesi
s. s.
Univ Univ
. of . of
Mich Mich
. .
Scho Scho
ol of ol of
Dent Publi
istry, c
Ann Healt
Arbo h,
r, Ann
1965 Arbo
. p. r,
86. 1960
. 153
reene p.
, J. 4. R
C. : amfj
Perio ord,
dont S.
al P. :
disea Indic
se in es
India for
: prev
Repo alenc
rt of e and
an incid
epide ence
miol of
ogica perio
l dont
study al
. J. disea
dent. se. J.
Res., Perio
39:3 dont.
0231 ,
2, 30:5
1960 1-59,
. 1959
.
amis 5. R
on, amfj
Hom ord,
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

S. P., scori
Nissi ng
e, R. for
R., prev
Shic alenc
k, R. e
A. surve
and ys of
Coop perio
er, dont
H. : al
Subg disea
ingiv se. J.
al dent.
curet Res.,
tage 35:3
versu 50-
s 359,
surgi 1956
cal .
elimi 7. S
natiomith,
n of W. A.
perioand
dontAsh,
al M.
pockM. ,
ets. Jr.: A
J. clinic
Perioal
dont.evalu
(In ation
pressof an
) . electr
ic
usseltooth
l, A.brush.
L. J.:
A Perio
systedont.,
m of 35:
class127-
ificat136,
ion 1964.
and
THE Inde
GIN x
GIV
syste
AL
IND
m
EX was
(Gl) to
intro
T duce
he a
main syste
purp m
ose for
of the
creat asse
ing ssme
the nt of
Ging the
ival

The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the

ging e up
ival the
cond total
ition circu
whic mfer
h ence
clear of
ly the
disti mar
ngui ginal
shed ging
betw iva
een (Löe
the and
quali Siln
ty of ess,
the 1963
ging ). At
iva the
(the time
seve the
rity GI
of was
the take
lesio n
n) into
and use
the the
locat exist
ion ing
(qua inde
ntity x
) as syste
relat ms,
ed to the
the PM
four A
(buc inde
cal, x
mesi (Ma
al, ssler
dista and
l, Scho
ling ur,
ual) 1949
area )
s with
whic later
h mod
mak ifica
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

tions degr
, the ees
Peri of
odon bone
tal loss
Inde or
x any
(Rus othe
sell, r
1957 quan
) titati
and ve
the chan
Peri ge
odon of
tal the
Dise peri
ase odon
Inde tium
x .
(Ra The
mfjo crite
rd, ria
1959 are
), entir
did ely
not conf
fulfil ined
l this to
requ quali
irem tativ
ent. e
chan
T ges
he in
Ging the
ival ging
Inde ival
x soft
does tissu
not e.
cons
ider Department of Periodontology, The Royal Dental
peri College, Aarhus, Denmark.
odon CRI
TE
tal RI
pock A
et FO
dept R
TH
h, E
Page LöE

GI re
NG dn
IV es
AL s,
IN oe
DE
de
X
SY
m
ST a
EM an
d
0 gl gingiva
Normal
1= azi
Mi ng
ld .
inf Bl
la ee
m di
m ng
ati on
on pr
— ob
sli in
gh g
t 3 Seve
ch re
an inf
ge la
in m
co m
lor ati
, on
sli —
gh m
t ar
oe ke
de d
m re
a. dn
N es
o s
bl an
ee d
di oe
ng de
on m
pr a.
ob Ul
in ce
g rat
2— io
M n.
od Te
er nd
ate en
inf cy
la to
m sp
m on
ati ta
on ne
— ou
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

s ded
bl by
ee
di four
ng to
. give
the
GI
Ea for
ch the
of toot
the h.
four The
ging scor
ival es
area for
s of indi
the vidu
toot al
h is teeth
give (inci
n a sors,
scor pre
e mola
from rs
0 to and
3; mola
this rs)
is may
the be
GI grou
for ped
the to
area. desi
The gnat
scor e the
es GI
from for
the the
four grou
area p of
s of teeth
the .
toot Fina
h lly,
may by
be addi
adde ng
d the
and indic
divi es
Page LöE

for is
the thus
teeth an
and aver
divi age
ding scor
by e for
the the
total area
num s
ber exa
of mine
teeth d.
exa
GI
mine= 0 is
d, give
the n to
GI the
for ging
the iva
indi the
vidu colo
al is r of
obtai whic
ned. h is
The pale
inde pink
x for to
the pink
subj .
ect The
Page
38/610
39/611

Fig. score
1. o.
Norm
al
gingi
va. surf
Gingi
val ace
Index afte
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

r Alt
dryi hou
ng gh
is the
mat mar
t. gin
The sho
deg uld
ree be
of thin
stip , the
plin buc
g cal
may and
var ling
y. ual
The gin
gin giva
giva may
l pres
mar ent
gin a
may rou
be nde
loca d
ted ter
on min
the atio
ena n
mel agai
(Fig nst
. 1) the
or toot
at h,
vari ther
ous eby
leve for
ls min
apic g
al the
to entr
the anc
cem e or
ento orifi
- ce
ena of
mel the
junc gin
tion giva
. l
Page LöE

crev gin
ice. giva
The . On
for palp
m atio
of n
the wit
inte h a
rde blu
ntal nt
gin inst
giva rum
dep ent
end (po
s on cket
the pro
sha be)
pe the
and gin
size giva
of sho
the uld
inte be
rde firm
ntal .
GI = area
1 is the
s. scor
Thee
tip give
of n
the whe
papin
lla the
shoging
uld iva
be is
the subj
mosect
t to
incimil
salld
y orinfl
occlam
usalmati
ly on.
locaThe
ted ging
partival
of mar
the gin
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

is ice.
slig Ble
htly edin
mor g is
e not
redd pro
ish vok
or ed
blui whe
sh- n a
redd blun
ish t
than instr
nor ume
mal nt
and (poc
ther ket
e is pro
slig be)
ht is
oed run
ema alon
of g
the the
mar soft
gin tiss
(Fig ue
. 2). wall
A of
colo the
rles entr
s anc
ging e of
ival the
exu ging
date ival
may crev
be ice.
obs= 2 This
GI
erve is
d or the
coll scor
ecte e
d at for
the a
entr mod
anc erat
e of ely
the infl
crev ame
Page LöE

d alon
ging g
iva the
(Fig
. 3). Fig.
2.
The Mild
ging gingi
iva vitis.
Gingi
is val
red Index
or score
redd
ish-
blue
and soft
glaz tiss
y. ue
The wal
re is l of
enla the
rge entr
men anc
t of e of
the the
mar gin
gin giv
due al
to cre
oed vice
ema .
. is the
Ble scor
edin e
g is for
pro seve
vok re
ed infl
whe am
n a mati
blun on.
t The
instr ging
ume iva
nt is
(poc mar
ket kedl
pro y
be) red
is or
run redd
ish-
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

blue enci
and es
enla of
rged the
(Fig ging
. 4). iva
Ten to
den blee
cy ding
to : GI
spo = 1
ntan is
eou the
s scor
blee e
ding for
. the
Ulc slig
erati ht
on. cha
nge
A fro
s m
seen nor
, the mal,
deci but
sive the
crite cha
rion nge
in is
the not
diff of
eren the
tiati orde
on r
bet that
wee blee
n ding
the may
GI be
= pro
scor vok
es ed
1, 2 by
and gent
3 is le
the pro
vari bing
ous . GI
tend =2
Page LöE

re the
pres teet
ents h
the and
stag ging
e ivae
whe ,
re mirr
blee or
ding and
may a
be poc
initi ket
ated pro
by be.
pro If
bing the
and ging
GI ival
= 3 con
sho diti
ws on
tend of
enc mes
y to ial,
spo buc
ntan cal
eou and
s ling
blee ual
ding surf
. aces
of a
S full
cori set
ng of
acc teet
ordi h
ng (28)
to are
this to
syst be
em exa
requ min
ires ed,
ligh scor
t, ing
dryi acc
ng ordi
of ng
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

to ce
the and
Gin opti
giva mal
l In- con
diti
ons
are
othe
rwis
e
pro
vide
d.

A
typi
Fig. cal
3. exa
Mode
rate min
gingi atio
vitis. n of
Gingi
val all
Index surf
score aces
= 2.
of
4 all
0 teet
/ h
usu
6 ally
1 start
2 s
with
dex the
Syst righ
em t
requ upp
ires er
fro seco
m nd
2-5 mol
min ar,
utes is
, if cont
chai inue
rsid d
e over
assi the
stan mid
Page LöE

line surf
to ace
the and
upp dist
er al
left surf
seco ace.
nd Wh
mol en
ar. thes
On e
the thre
teet e
h of surf
the aces
righ of
t all
side teet
the h
seq hav
uen e
ce bee
will n
be: asse
dist ssed
al , the
surf pala
ace, tal
buc surf
cal aces
surf of
ace, all
mes max
ial illar
surf y
ace teet
and h
on are
thos asse
e of ssed
the begi
left nnin
side g
: with
mes the
ial upp
surf er
ace, left
buc seco
cal nd
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

mol will
ar. be:
dist
E al
xam surf
inati ace,
on buc
of cal
the surf
low ace,
er mes
jaw ial
start surf
s ace
with and
the on
low thos
er e of
left the
seco righ
nd t
mol side
ar :
and
is
carr
ied
thro
ugh
to
the
low
er
righ
t Fig. 4. Severe gingivitis. Gingival Index score =
seco
nd
mol mes
ar. ial
On surf
the ace,
teet buc
h of cal
the surf
left ace
side and
the dist
seq al
uen surf
ce ace.
Page LöE

Fina the
lly, thre
all e
ling (dist
ual al,
surf buc
aces cal,
are mes
scor ial)
ed scor
begi es
nnin for
g the
with upp
the er
low righ
er t
left seco
seco nd
nd mol
mol ar
ar. hav
e
T bee
he n
scor reco
e rded
for , the
eac reco
h rder
surf indi
ace cate
is s to
give the
n to exa
the min
reco er
rder the
. next
Wh toot
en h to
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

Fig. 5. Chart
for the
recording of
Plaque Index,
Gingival Index
and Retention
Index.
41/613
be of
exa the
min toot
ed, h. In
for this
insta way
nce , a
by goo
sayi d
ng: cont
"firs act
t is
mol cont
ar," inuo
or usly
the mai
num ntai
ber ned
Page LöE

bet sele
wee cted
n teet
exa h. It
min thus
er follo
and ws
reco that
rder the
(Fig GI
. 5)• may
be
Si used
nce for
the the
ging asse
ival ssm
area ent
cons of
titut prev
es alen
the ce
unit and
the seve
Gin rity
giva of
l ging
Inde iviti
x s in
may larg
be e
scor pop
ed ulati
for on
all grou
surf ps
aces as
of well
all as in
or the
sele indi
cted vidu
teet al
h or dent
for ition
sele .
cted Rec
area ent
s of anal
all yses
or
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

sho ual
w aspe
no cts
diffe of
renc the
e in teet
the h.
resu Ho
lts wev
whe er,
n the
only scor
one e for
of the
the one
inter inter
prox prox
imal imal
surf surf
aces ace
are shou
exa ld
min be
ed dou
inste bled
ad and
of the
both total
, for scor
whi e for
ch the
reas toot
on h
curr divi
ent ded
exa by
min four
atio .
ns
have S
been ubje
restr cts
icte with
d to mild
bucc infla
al, mm
mesi atio
al n
and usua
ling lly
Page LöE

scor emi
e olog
fro ical
m rese
0.1- arch
1.0, has
thos esta
e blis
with hed
mod that
erat any
e clini
infla cal
mm stud
atio y
n with
fro the
m aim
1.1- of
2.0, eval
and uati
an ng
aver the
age vari
scor ous
e etiol
bet ogic
wee fact
n ors
2.1- cann
3.0 ot
sign be
ifies carri
seve ed
re out
infla with
mm out
atio taki
n. ng
into
THE acco
PLA unt
QUE the
IND ging
EX ival
(pll) dep
R osits
ecen and
t their
epid poss
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

ibilit n is
ies reco
for rded
rete .
ntio Inde
n. x
syst
A ems
ccor for
ding the
ly, reco
the rdin
idea g of
l set oral
of hygi
inde ene
x have
syst been
ems prop
is osed
one by
whi Ram
ch fjor
allo d
ws (195
the 9)
asse and
ssm Gre
ent en-
of Ver
the milli
seve on
rity (196
of 0).
the
diffe T
rent he
fact Plaq
ors ue
in Inde
the x
sam (PI
e I) is
area fund
as ame
the ntall
ging y
ival base
con d on
ditio the
Page LöE

sam syst
e em
prin (Sil
cipl ness
e as and
the Löe,
Gin 196
giva 4)
l was
Inde also
x, to
nam crea
ely te a
the plaq
desi ue
rabil inde
ity x
of whi
disti ch
ngui wou
shin ld
g mat
clea ch
rly the
bet Gin
wee giva
n l
the Inde
seve x
rity com
and plet
the ely.
loca
tion CRI
of TER
IA
the FOR
soft THE
debr PLA
QU
is E
aggr IND
egat EX
es. SYS
TE
The M
purp
ose
of 0=
intro N
duci o
ng
this p
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

l h
a e
q
u f
e r
e
i e
n
g
t i
h n
e g
i
g v
i a
n l
g m
i a
v r
a g
l i
a n
r
e a
a n
. d
1
a
A d
j
f a
i c
l e
m n
t
a
o
r
f
e
a
p
l
o
a
f
q
u
e t
h
e
a
d
h t
e o
r o
i t
n h
g .
T
h
t
e
o
p
t
l
Page LöE

a t
q o
u o
e t
h
m
a s
y u
r
o f
n a
l c
y e
.
b 2—
e
M
r o
e d
c e
o r
g a
n t
i e
z
e a
d c
c
b u
y m
u
r l
u a
n t
n i
i o
n n
g
o
a f

p s
r o
o f
b t
e d
e
a p
c o
r s
o i
s t
s s

t w
h i
e t
h
i
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

n o
o
t t
h h
e
s
g u
i r
n f
g a
i c
v e
a ,
l w
p h
o i
c c
k h
e
t c
, a
o n
n
b
t e
h
e s
e
g e
i n
n
g b
i y
v
a t
l h
m e
a
r n
g a
i k
n e
d
a
n e
d y
/ e
o .
r 3—
a A
d b
j u
a n
c d
e a
n n
t c
t
Page LöE

e i
v
o a
f l
m
s a
o r
f g
t i
m n
a
t a
t n
e d
r
a
w d
i j
t a
h c
i e
n n
t
t t
h o
e o
t
g h
i
n s
g u
i r
v f
a a
l c
p e
o .
c
k
e
t E
a ach
n of
d
/ the
o four
r ging
ival
o area
n s of
t
the
h toot
e h is
give
g n a
i scor
n e
g
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

fro sors,
m 0- pre
3; mol
this ars
is and
the mol
PI I ars)
for may
the be
area grou
. ped
The to
scor desi
es gnat
fro e
m the
the PI I
four for
area the
s of grou
the ps
toot of
h teet
may h.
be Fina
adde lly,
d by
and addi
divi ng
ded the
by indi
four ces
to for
give the
the teet
P11 h
for and
the divi
toot ding
h. by
The the
scor num
es ber
for of
indi teet
vidu h
al exa
teet min
h ed,
(inci the
Page LöE

PI I ul
for for
the the
indi reco
vidu gniti
al is on
obta of
ined this
. film
Pli — 0 of
plaq
ue.
Pll= 2 This
scor
e is
give
n
whe
n
the
ging
Pll = 1ival
area
is
cove
red
with
a
thin
to
mod
4 erat
2 ely
thic
/ k
6 laye
1 rplaqof

4 ue.
The
in dep
ourosit
inveis
stiga
visi
tionble
s, to
butthe
may nake
be d
usefeye.
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

Pll = 3 Heavy ue
accu Inde
mul x
atio scor
n of es
soft cons
matt ider
er, only
the diffe
thic renc
knes es
s of as to
whi thic
ch knes
fills s of
out the
the soft
nich dep
e osit
prod in
uced the
by ging
the ival
ging area
ival of
mar the
gin toot
and h
the surf
toot aces
h ,
surf and
ace. no
The atte
inter ntio
dent n is
al paid
area to
is the
stuff coro
ed nal
with exte
soft nsio
debr n of
is. the
plaq
ue.
T PI I
hus, = 0
the is
Plaq
Page LöE

the ch is
scor not
e visi
give ble,
n but
whe whi
n ch is
the mad
ging e
ival visi
area ble.
of P 11
the = 2
toot is
h the
surf scor
ace e
is give
liter n
ally whe
free n
of the
plaq dep
ue. osit
Pll is
— visi
—1 b!e
repr in
esen situ
ts and
the P 11
situa = 3
tion is
whe rese
re rved
the for
ging the
ival heav
area y
is (1-2
cove mm.
red thic
with k)
a accu
thin mul
fllm atio
of n of
plaq soft
ue matt
whi er.
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

The cted
asse teet
ssm h or
ent for
of sele
plaq cted
ue is area
mad s of
e on all
top or
of sele
calc cted
ulus teet
dep h.
osits Con
, on sequ
filli entl
ngs y,
and the
cro PI I
wns. may
be
used
Si
in
nce
larg
the
e
ging
scal
ival
e
area
epid
cons
emi
titut
olog
es
ical
the
inve
unit,
stiga
the
tion
Plaq
s as
ue
well
Inde
as in
x
the
may
exa
be
min
scor
atio
ed
n of
for
smal
all
ler
surf
grou
aces
ps
of
or
all
with
or
in
sele
Page LöE

the and
dent the
ition scor
of e for
the the
indi toot
vidu h is
al. divi
Rec ded
ent by
anal four
yses .
sho
w
S
no
cori
diffe
ng
renc
acco
e in
rdin
the
g to
resu
the
lts
Plaq
whe
ue
n
Inde
only
x
one
Syst
of
em
the
requ
inter
ires
prox
light
imal
,
surf
dryi
aces
ng
are
of
exa
the
min
teet
ed
h
inste
and
ad
ging
of
ivae
both
,
prov
mirr
ided
or
the
and
scor
a
e is
prob
give
e. If
n
opti
dou
mal
ble
con
load
ditio
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

ns plaq
and ue is
chai carri
rsid ed
e out
assis acco
tanc rdin
e g to
are the
prov syst
ided em
and desc
all ribe
teet d
h for
are the
to Gin
be giva
exa l
min Inde
ed x.
scor Whe
ing n
acco both
rdin GI
g to and
this PI I
syst are
em to
requ be
ires used
appr ,
oxi asse
mat ssm
ely ent
5 of P
min 11
utes. shou
ld
T alwa
he ys
sequ prec
ence ede
of that
the of
exa GI.
min
atio
n
for
Page LöE

THE rest
RET orati
ENTI
ons
ON
IND
are
EX inva
riabl
R y
ecen cove
t red
micr with
osco a
pic non
and min
elect erali
ron zed
micr bact
osco erial
pic plaq
rese ue.
arch This
has indi
sho cate
wn s
that that
supr thes
a- e
and irreg
subg ular
ingi surf
val aces
calc do
ulus not
, per
othe se
r exer
roug t a
h dire
surf ct
aces mec
incl hani
udin cal
g influ
ill- ence
fitte on
d the
mar ging
gins ival
of tissu
dent e,
al but
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

that bact
min eria
erali to
zed accu
dep mul
osits ate
, in
insu the
ffici ging
ent ival
dent area
al .
rest
orati T
ons, he
untr purp
eate ose
d of
cari crea
ous ting
lesio a
ns Rete
etc. ntio
cons n
titut Inde
e a x
grou Syst
p of em
rete (Bjö
ntiv rby
e and
ele Löe,
men 196
ts 7)
the was
roug to
h intro
surf duce
aces a
of syst
whi em
ch for
prov the
ide asse
the ssm
poss ent
ibilit of
ies the
for mai
the n
Page LöE

rete to
ntiv thos
e e
fact und
ors erlyi
and ng
whi the
ch Gin
expr giva
esse l
d Inde
the x
qual and
ity the
of Plaq
the ue
toot Inde
h x.
surf
ace C
(deg RI
T
ree E
of RI
\
roug F
hnes O
R
s) T
adja H
E
cent R
E
to T
the E
N
ging TI
ival O
N
tissu IN
es. D
E
Tec X
hnic S
Y
ally, S
T
the E
Rete M
ntio
1 No
n ca
Inde rie
x is s,
built no
on ca
prin lc
ul
cipl us,
es no
simi im
lar pe
rfe
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

ct in
m gi
ar va
gi l
n ca
of vit
de y,
nt ca
al lc
re ul
st us
or or
ati im
on pe
in rfe
a ct
gi m
ng ar
iv gi
al n
lo of
ca de
tio nt
n. al
2 Supr re
ag st
in or
gi ati
va on
l .
ca 4 —
vit La
y, rg
ca e
lc ca
ul vit
us y,
or ab
im un
pe da
rfe nc
ct e
m of
ar ca
gi lc
n ul
of us
de or
nt gr
al os
re sl
st y
or in
ati su
on ffi
. ci
3— en
Su t
bg m
Page LöE

ar (sco
gi res
na
l
1
fit and
of 2),
de this
nt inde
al x
re
st does
or not
ati reall
on y
in cons
a ider
su
pr diffe
a- rent
an qual
d/ ities
or of
su
bg ging
in ival
gi infla
va mm
l atio
lo n.
ca
tio The
n. scor
es
DISC for
USSI ging
ON iviti
s do
A not
ltho refer
ugh to
Rus vari
sell' ous
s degr
Peri ees
odo of
ntal seve
Inde rity
x of
has the
two path
scor olog
es ical
for con
ging ditio
iviti n,
s
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

but Inde
mer x
ely has
to thre
the e
hori scor
zont es
al for
exte ging
nsio iviti
n of s
the (sco
mar res
gina 1, 2
l and
infla 3).
mm Alth
atio oug
n h
arou thes
nd e
the scor
toot es
h. do
The repr
P.M esen
.A. t
inde incr
x easi
was ng
mor seve
e or rity
less of
base the
d on infla
simi mm
lar ator
prin y
cipl lesio
es. n
(mil
R d,
amfj mod
ord' erat
s e,
Peri seve
odo re),
ntal this
Dise part
ase of
Page LöE

the vidu
inde al
x toot
like h
that repr
of esen
the ts
Peri the
odo unit
ntal area
Inde .
x, at
the In
sam orde
e r to
time circ
sets umv
defi ent
nite the
crite prob
ria lems
as to of
the mixi
exte ng
nsio qual
n of ity
the and
path exte
olog nsio
ical n of
proc the
ess dise
alon ase,
g our
the Gin
circ giva
umf l
eren Inde
ce x
of refer
the s to
toot the
h. In indi
both vidu
inde al
x toot
syst h
ems surf
the ace
indi as
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

the stag
unit es in
area peri
and, odo
cons ntal
eque dest
ntly, ructi
the on:
crite ging
ria iviti
for s
the (sco
diffe res
rent 1
scor and
es 2),
have poc
been ket
mad for
e mati
stric on
tly (sco
qual re 6)
itati and
ve. the
alm
Fr ost
om total
a brea
fund kdo
ame wn
ntal of
poin the
t of peri
vie odo
w ntiu
Rus m
sell' (sco
s re
Peri 8).
odo This
ntal inde
Inde x
x does
reco not
rds diffe
thre renti
e ate
cruc bet
ial wee
Page LöE

n or
shall no
ow as to
or whe
fairl ther
y the
deep toot
poc h
kets, has
exce ging
pt at iviti
the s,
stag poc
e ket
whe for
re mati
the on
toot or
h is has
abo lost
ut to its
lose func
its tion
func due
tion. to
In peri
esse odo
nce, ntal
ther dest
efor ructi
e, on.
the This
Peri is
odo the
ntal stre
Inde ngth
x is of
a the
mor Peri
bidit odo
y ntal
inde Inde
x x in
whi asse
ch ssin
mer g
ely the
ans over
wers all
yes peri
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

odo 43/
ntal
dise
61
ase 5
prev
alen R
ce amfj
in ord'
larg s
e Peri
pop odo
ulati ntal
on Inde
sam x is
ples also
and a
its com
wea posi
knes te
s syst
whe em
n whi
smal ch
ler reco
sam rds
ples both
or the
whe ging
n ival
the and
effe peri
ct of odo
prev ntal
enti situa
ve tion.
and In
ther this
apeu syst
tic em
mea the
sure scor
s are es
to for
be peri
anal odo
yzed ntal
. dest
ructi
on
is
base
Page LöE

d on x
loss scor
of e of
attac 4,
hme bet
nt as wee
mea n 3
sure and
d in 6
milli mm.
met the
er scor
fro e is
m 5,
the and
cem loss
ento of
- attac
ena hme
mel nt of
junc mor
tion e
to than
the 6
bott mm.
om scor
of es 6.
the Alto
poc geth
ket. er
If the
the Peri
loss odo
of ntal
attac Dise
hme ase
nt Inde
mea x
sure offe
s rs
less grea
than ter
3 poss
mm. ibilit
, the ies
toot than
h is the
give Peri
n an odo
inde ntal
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

Inde heal
x th of
for a the
prec soft
ise tissu
qua es.
ntita In
tion our
of vie
peri w
odo ther
ntal e
dest are
ructi two
on, goo
and d
wou reas
ld, ons
ther for
efor not
e, exte
see ndin
m to g a
be ging
the ival
syst inde
em x
of into
choi a
ce com
in posi
clini te
cal syst
trial em,
s. whi
ch
T also
he reco
Gin rds
giva the
l amo
Inde unt
x of
cons peri
ider odo
s ntal
only brea
the kdo
state wn.
of First
Page LöE

ly, it ther
see e
ms appe
basi ars
call to
y be
wro no
ng real
to need
wor for
k tran
two sfor
diffe min
rent g
inco poc
mpa ket
rabl dept
e h or
mea loss
sure attac
s or hme
stati nt as
stica base
l d on
unit mea
s sure
like men
vary ts in
ing milli
qual met
ity er to
and a
degr diffe
ees rent
of syst
qua em
ntity of
into figu
one res,
and the
the inde
sam x. It
e wou
inde ld
x see
syst m
em. that
Sec ther
ondl e is
y, no
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

bett ed
er with
way mea
of suri
expr ng
essi poc
ng ket
qua dept
ntity h
of and
loss loss
of of
supp attac
ortin hme
g nt,
stru and
ctur that
es the
than met
to hod
use erro
the r in
inter mea
nati suri
onal ng
ly eith
acce er
pted one
metr of
ic thes
syst e
em. para
Rec met
ent ers
anal is
yses inco
have nspi
sho cuo
wn us
that (Gla
ther vind
e is and
no Löe,
syst 196
ema 7).
tic
erro T
r here
con fore,
nect in
Page LöE

orde sure
r to d in
achi milli
eve met
a er.
full
char The
acte Gin
rizat giva
ion
l
of
the Inde
peri x,
odo the
ntal Plaq
situa ue
tion, Inde
the x
qual
ity
4
of 4
the /
ging
iva
6
shou 1
ld 6
be
scor and
ed Rete
acco ntio
rdin n
g to Inde
the x
Gin syst
giva ems
l cons
Inde titut
x e a
and set
the of
qua reve
ntity rsibl
of e
peri indi
odo ces
ntal whi
dest ch
ructi have
on prov
mea ed
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

to n a
be larg
usef e
ul mat
instr erial
ume is
nts exa
in min
scre ed
enin and
g of
the utili
ging zing
ival all
con area
ditio s of
ns all
of teet
chil h in
dren the
, exa
you min
ng atio
and n of
old smal
adul l
ts. sam
The ples.
flexi The
bilit sens
y of itivit
the y of
syst and
ems the
prov corr
ides espo
the nde
poss nce
ibilit bet
y of wee
sele n
ctin the
g diffe
spec rent
ified indi
area ces
s or have
teet facil
h itate
whe d
Page LöE

the y is
eval goo
uati d
ons prov
of ided
vari the
ous exa
ther min
apeu er's
tic kno
and wled
prev ge
enti of
ve peri
mea odo
sure ntal
s. biol
ogy
T and
he path
repr olog
oduc y IS
ibilit opti
mal.

REFERENCES
Bjö .
rby, Perio
A. donto
and logy.
Löe, 1966.
H. : Abstr
The . no.
relati 20. J.
ve perio
signif dont.
icanc Res.,
e of 2:000
differ ,
ent 1967.
local Bjö
factor rn,
s in Anna
the -Lisa,
initiat Koch
ion , G.
and and
devel Lind
opme he,
nt of J. :
perio Evalu
donta ation
l of
infla gingi
mmat val
ion. fluid
Scan meas
d. urem
Symp ents.
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

Odon 335,
t. 1965.
Revy Ko
, 16: ch,
300- G.
307, and
1965. Lind
Hol he,
m- J. :
Peder The
sen, effect
P. of
and super
Löe, vised
H. : oral
Flow hygie
of ne on
gingi the
val gingi
exud va of
ate as childr
relate en.
d to The
mens effect
truati of
on sodiu
and m
pregn fluori
ancy. de. J.
J. perio
perio dont.
dont. Res.,
Res., 2:000
2:00- ,
00, 1967.
1967. Lin
Ko dhe,
ch, J. and
G. Koch
and , G. :
Lind The
he, effect
J. : of
The super
effect vised
of oral
super hygie
vised ne on
oral the
hygie gingi
ne on va of
the childr
gingi en.
va of Progr
childr essio
en. n and
The inhibi
effect tion
of of
tooth gingi
brush vitis.
ing. J.
Odon perio
t. dont.
Revy Res.,
, 1:260
16:32 -267,
7- 1966.
Page LöE

Lindh nce
e, J., and
prese
Koch, nce
G. of
and fluid
Mans from
son, norm
al
Ulla, and
The infla
effect med
of gingi
superv vae.
ised Perio
oral donti
hygien cs,
e on 3:171
the
gingiv -177,
a of 1965.
childre Lö
n. The e,
effect H. ,
of Theil
mouth
rinsing ade,
. J. Else
period and
ont. Jense
Res., n, S.
1:268- B. :
275, Expe
1966.
rimen
Lö tal
e, H. gingi
and
vitis
Silne in
ss,
man.
J. : J.
Perio
Perio
donta dont.,
l
36:17
disea 7-
se in
187,
pregn 1965.
ancy.
Sil
I.
ness,
Preva
J. and
lence
Löe,
and
H. :
sever
Perio
ity.
donta
Acta
l
cdont
disea
.
se in
scand
pregn
.,
ancy.
21:53
Il.
3-
Corre
551,
lation
1963.
betwe
Lö en
e, H. oral
and
hygie
Holm ne
-
and
Peder perio
sen,
donta
P. : l
Abse
THE GINGIVAL, PLAQUE AND RETENTION INDICES Page

condi riolo
tion. gical
Acta inves
odont tigati
. on. J.
scand perio
., dont.
22:11 Res.,
2- 1:1-
135, 13,
1964. 1966.
Sil
ness,
J. and
Löe,
H. :
Perio
donta
l
disea
se in
pregn
ancy.
Ill.
Resp
onse
to
local
treat
ment.
Acta
odont
.
scand
.,
24:74
7-
759,
1966.
Th
eilad
e,
Else,
Wrig
ht,
W.
H.,
Jense
n, S.
B.
and
Löe,
H. :
Expe
rimen
tal
gingi
vitis
in
man.
Il. A
longit
udina
l
clinic
al
and
bacte