Speaking Sub Skills
Speaking Sub Skills
Speaking Sub Skills
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Speaking also involves gestures and movement, including the use of facial
expressions to let the other speaker know you are paying attention.
Meaningful contexts
It is important to provide meaningful contexts for speaking practice. When
practice is relevant to our students and their lives, they are more motivated
to speak. If students are not motivated, they quickly become bored and
stop participating.
Ultimately, learners want to know how to talk about themselves, to find out
about others, to discuss what's going on in the world, and to be able to
express their feelings and opinions. Speaking tasks should revolve around
these goals so students can personalize this new language and
immediately see its practical value.
Look at these two tasks and then answer the question below.
Communicative language teaching (CLT)
Communicative language teaching is an approach that emphasizes
interaction as both the means and the goal of learning a new language. It
is based on the principle that learning a language successfully involves
meaningful communication rather than simply memorizing rules.
In a communicative language teaching approach, the primary focus is on
building oral fluency and developing communicative competence.
Grammar, vocabulary, and social language are all taught as the building
blocks of successful communication. Social language includes language
functions (the social purpose for using specific language) and
conversation strategies (how conversations are managed successfully).
In CLT, the receptive skills of reading and listening are used as stepping
stones to the productive skills of speaking and writing. A student achieves
communicative competence through the ability to use all language
elements effectively and appropriately.
Language functions
Every time we communicate something, we do so for a social purpose. This
purpose or reason is called a language function. For example, if friends are
chatting about what to do on the weekend and someone says, "How about
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a movie?" the function of this statement in this context is making a
suggestion. If someone responds with "That sounds great!" it functions in
this context as accepting a suggestion.
Formulaic expressions
Spoken language is filled with formulaic expressions – language chunks
that are used to communicate language functions. We can teach students
formulaic expressions that students can use to communicate a variety of
functions. When we teach expressions according to their function, students
learn how to use language appropriately in different social situations.
Here are some examples of different functions conveyed with the formulaic
expression How about…?
If we approach language through language functions, our focus remains
on the social use of language.
Balancing fluency and accuracy
The development of fluency and accuracy are both important in a
communicative language approach. An ideal lesson balances accuracy
and fluency practice.
When we focus on building fluency, students will focus on communicating
ideas more than on using correct forms. The more that the learner focuses
on communicating ideas, the more that errors will naturally occur. Errors
are a normal part of fluency practice.
Because most teachers naturally tend to focus on accuracy, it is important
to make a special effort to emphasize fluency practice if we want our
students to become confident speakers. Students need to have lots of
opportunities to speak, and we have to allow them to make mistakes. The
more speaking practice we give our students in the classroom, the more
confident and fluent they become. The biggest obstacle to learning to
speak English is not speaking enough.
Accepting errors as natural
Focusing exclusively on correcting errors can have a negative effect on
classroom communication. Speaking involves spontaneous
communication, and errors are a natural part of speaking practice. We
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should not expect 100% accuracy from our students. Students need to take
risks when they speak. They need to be able to experiment with new
language, which means they will make mistakes. Students should be
allowed to make errors as long as they are successfully communicating.
However, this does not mean that we need to completely ignore errors.
Addressing errors
In an activity in which the students' focus is on practicing new language,
the teacher can use correction techniques that don't interfere with
communication, but which address errors right away. However, error
correction should be applied to errors with the language being taught,
rather than on every error the student makes.
During activities in which students are concentrating on developing
fluency, we can focus on the message and let more errors go unaddressed.
However, we can take note of frequent errors and address them after the
activity with the entire class.
Fluent speakers of English frequently monitor their own speech to repair
errors, misstatements, or slips. We can develop our students' ability to
self-monitor as well.
Here are some basic techniques for error correction that minimize
interference with communication:
Using confirming questions, pauses, and gestures
With confirming questions, teachers simply restate correctly what the
student said, but as a confirmation question. This models the corrected
error for the student. With the pausing technique, instead of correcting the
error, teachers restate what the student said, but pause at the place the
error occurred. As with pausing, teachers restate what the student said,
and use gestures to indicate where the error occurred. For example, the
teachers could count fingers for each word and stop at the error.
Delayed correction
Teachers may want to delay addressing errors until after a speaking
activity is completed. They can make note of any errors during the activity.
If the error is a common one, teachers can use it as an opportunity to
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review the language point with the whole class. Teachers can also write
sentences on the board with these errors and then invite students to find
and correct the errors.
Peer-correction
If the student is unable to self-correct, the teacher can use the same
techniques to get other students to make the correction. However, students
should not feel like they stand out or that you are being critical of them in
front of the class. Use this technique only if your class environment is
supportive and encouraging of cooperation and communication.
Repair strategies
One of the first things to interfere with student interaction in the classroom
is a breakdown in communication caused by not understanding or not
hearing something the other speaker said. Students can be taught basic
repair strategies for avoiding these breakdowns and misunderstandings
during conversation practice:
Everyday classroom expressions
Teachers can also teach formulaic expressions that encourage students to
use English during everyday classroom interaction.
By encouraging students to use these expressions, teachers can begin to
get students habituated to interacting in English rather than their native
language.
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