19EVS Abstracts

  t h I n t e r n at i o n a l Wo r k s h o p o f
E u r o p e a n Ve g e tat i o n S u rv e y
Book of Abstracts
„ F l o ra , v e g e t a t i o n , e n v i r o n m e n t
a n d l a n d - u s e a t l a r g e s c a l e”
  A p r i l –  M ay,     U n i v e r s i t y o f P é c s , H u n g a ry
ABSTRACTS
19th EVS Workshop

“Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale”
Pécs, Hungary
29 April – 2 May 2010
Edited by
Zoltán Botta-Dukát and Éva Salamon-Albert
with collaboration of
Róbert Pál, Judit Nyulasi, János Csiky and Attila Lengyel
Revised by
Members of the EVS 2010 Scientific Committee
Pécs, 
EVS  Scientific Committee
Prof MHAS Attila BORHIDI, University of Pécs, Hungary
Assoc prof Zoltán BOTTA-DUKÁT, Institute of Ecology & Botany, Hungary
Assoc prof Milan CHYTRÝ, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
Prof Jörg EWALD, Weihenstephan University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Prof Sandro PIGNATTI, La Sapientia University, Italy
Prof János PODANI, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
Canon Prof John Stanley RODWELL, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
Prof Francesco SPADA, La Sapientia University, Italy
EVS  Local Organizing Committee

Dr. Éva SALAMON-ALBERT, University of Pécs
Dr. Zoltán BOTTA-DUKÁT, Institute of Ecology & Botany HAS, Vácrátót
Prof. Attila BORHIDI, University of Pécs
Sándor CSETE, University of Pécs
Dr. János CSIKY, University of Pécs
Ferenc HORVÁTH, Institute of Ecology & Botany HAS, Vácrátót
Prof. Balázs KEVEY, University of Pécs
Dr. Zsolt MOLNÁR, Institute of Ecology & Botany HAS, Vácrátót
Dr. Tamás MORSCHHAUSER, University of Pécs
Organized by
Department of Plant Systematics and Geobotany, University of Pécs

H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6.
Tel.: +36-72-503-600, fax: +36-72-501-520
E-mail: [email protected]
http://www.ttk.pte.hu/biologia/botanika/
Secretary: Dr. Róbert Pál, Attila Lengyel
Institute of Ecology & Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS)

H-2163 Vácrátót, Alkotmány út 2-4
Tel.: +36-28-360-147, Fax: +36-28-360-110
http://www.obki.hu/
Directorate of Duna-Dráva National Park, Pécs

H-7602 Pécs, P.O.B. 312.
Tel.: 72/517-200 Fax: 72/517-229
http://ddnp.nemzetipark.gov.hu
Sponzored by: Pécs 2010 European Capital of Culture
Published by:
Department of Plant Systematics and Geobotany, University of Pécs
ISBN 978-963-642-328-5
LECTURES Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale

Contents
Lectures
Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale 
Vegetation of European rivers and floodplains 
Use and abuse of ecological indicator values 
Posters
Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale 
Vegetation of European rivers and floodplains 
Use and abuse of ecological indicator values 
Lectures
Flora, vegetation,
environment
and land-use
at large scale
8
Hot-spots of glacial relict plants in

Central Balkan Range and in Rila Mts
Apostolova, I.*, Meshinev, T., Sopotlieva, D., Velev, N., Pedashenko,
H. & Vasilev, K.
Institute of Botany, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
* e-mail: [email protected]
The current study aims to discover the distribution, ecological dependences and threats to the
selected glacial relict plants in Bulgarian mountains. Within a preliminary selection, a list of
35 species was elaborated. During 2009, these species were studied in Central Balkan Range
and Rila Mts. The populations are localized and information about their habitats and veg-
etation affiliation was collected. Special attention was paid to the threats including climate
change and human impact.
Within 50 locations in the Balkan Range, 14 glacial relict plants were registered. Five of
them are calcicole, other five are found only of silicate and the rest are indifferent.
In 65 locations in Rila Mts, 26 glacial relicts were studied. Sixteen of them are distributed
only in this mountain and other 7 species are common for both regions.
Quite characteristic is the location of all the plants in a narrow strip at the mountain ridge
at altitudes 1500-2000 m in Balkan Range. They occupy mostly northern exposures. In the
Rila Mts, their ecological niche is confined to limited space at altitudes above 2000 m and the
species abundance is low. Strong competition with the dominant species such as Festuca spp.,
Nardus stricta, Juniperus sibirica, Pinus mugo cause significant pressure on the populations. Re-
striction of the appropriate habitats for the glacial relicts is caused by the increasing distribu-
tion of some dominants (e.g. Juniperus sibirica), changes in the habitats as a result of drought,
trampling and pollution by the increasing tourist activities.
The populations of glacial relict plants survive in unfavourable conditions in the studied
regions. If climate warming really happens, these populations will suffer even more. Plots for
long lasting monitoring will be organized. The project results should include recommenda-
tions for rapid measures for further preservation of the glacial relict plants.
This project is funded by European Economic Area Grant Program under project number
BG0034.

9
Modelling the potential distribution

of the main forest types of Italy
Attorre, F., Francesconi, F., Rosenkranz, R., Valenti R*. & Bruno F.
Plant Science Dept., University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
In recent years, predictive modelling of species distribution has become an important tool to
assess several questions in biodiversity conservation and climate change research.
The study area is the whole Italian Peninsula, an area geographically isolated from the rest
of Europe by the Alps that covers a total of 301.338 km².
An Ecological Niche Model for the 27 most important tree species of the forest communi-
ties in Italy has been elaborated using Random Forest, the best modelling technique for our
aim, as resulted from the predictive performances in a previous study, where several models
were tested.
National Forest Service of Italy provided forest composition data of IN.DE.FO. project
(1995). These data have been used to calculate the Importance Value (IV) for each of the fol-
lowing species: Abies alba, Acer campestre, Acer obsatum, Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus cordata,
Alnus glutinosa, Carpinus betulus, Carpinus orientalis, Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxi-
nus excelsior, Fraxinus ornatus, Larix decidua, Ostrya carpinifolia, Picea abies, Pinus halepensis,
Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris, Populus tremula, Quercus cerris, Quercus ilex, Quercus petraea,
Quercus pubescens, Quercus robur, Quercus suber, Tilia cordata, Ulmus minor. After a validation
procedure, we elaborated through GIS software a vector matrix of 6417 sample forest plots
distributed on a 3×3 km grid based on Importance Value (IV). IV is a measure of tree species
composition which combines density and dominance. In monotypic stands, IV could reach a
maximum value of 200.
We utilized the following predictors in grid format: climatic and bioclimatic data, topo-
graphic and geological maps. Climatic variables were chosen to be more meaningful for their
influence on the growth and distribution of tree species and considered representative of others
more directly related to them. We used: Annual mean temperature (MeanT), Minimum tem-
perature of the coldest month (MinT), Maximum temperature of the hottest month (MaxT),
Summer precipitation (PS), Winter precipitation (PW), Total annual precipitation (PTot).
Then, the resulting matrix was processed with a filter derived from the present CorineLand-
Cover to compute in the final processing the level of the human-induced landscape fragmenta-
tion. Therefore, we carried out Cluster analysis to identify and classify the investigated species
into groups, involving similarity in ecological characteristics.
th International Workshop of European Vegetation Survey, Pécs 29 April –2 May 2010
10
Diversity-productivity relationship
in temperate forests
Axmanová, I.* & Chytrý, M.
Masaryk University, Department of Botany and Zoology, Czech Republic
The relationship between diversity and productivity of temperate zone vegetation is usually
described by unimodal or so-called hump-back model, which predicts highest species num-
bers at intermediate productivity levels and a drop in species diversity towards the highly pro-
ductive habitats. According to the competitive exclusion theory, this drop is caused by more
intense competition or by decreased heterogeneity of limiting resources. However, these find-
ings are based mainly on grassland or wetland studies and data on deciduous forests are scarce.
We decided to check whether forest data show the same pattern as published earlier for grass-
lands.
Plant species diversity of temperate European forests mainly reflects the diversity of their
herb layer rather than tree layer. Therefore, we focused our study on the herb layer. We com-
piled available data from Czech, Slovak, German and Russian forests, resulting in a dataset of
nearly 200 plots. Plots were recorded as phytosociological relevés of 100 m2. Species richness
(expressed as the number of herb-layer species per plot) and biomass (dry weight of clipped
biomass per 1 m2 of herb layer) were estimated for each plot. In these forests, biomass weight
essentially represents the herb-layer productivity. The dataset covered a long environmental
gradient from nutrient-poor acidophilous oak forests (1 g biomass dry weight/m2) to very
productive birch-poplar and alder forests (290 g/m2).
In contrast to the conclusions of previous studies, the relationship between herb-layer spe-
cies richness and productivity in our data was best explained by the linear model. We conclude
that although the unimodal (hump-back) model is suitable for non-forest vegetation, it may
not adequately describe the species richness-productivity relationship in temperate deciduous
forests.
We hypothesize that in forests, light availability in the herb layer is reduced due to tree can-
opy, thus preventing the development of high biomass in the herb layer. Therefore, total herb-
layer biomass is too small to allow competitive exclusion and decline in species richness to oc-
cur even in productive forests.

11
Assessing the spatio-temporal

variability in the community structure
of sand grasslands
Bartha, S.,*, Horváth, A., Kertész, M., Molnár, Zs., Campetella, G.,
Kröel-Dulay, Gy., Rédei, T., Ruprecht, E., Házi, J., Szentes, Sz.,
Molnár, E., Schmidt, D., Virágh, K. & Kovács-Láng, E.
1) Institute of Ecology and Botany of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Vácrátót, Hungary
2) Department of Environmental Science, Botany and Ecology section, Camerino, Italy
3) Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania
4) Szent István University, Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology,
Gödöllő, Hungary
5) Department of Plant Systematics and Geobotany, University of Pécs, Hungary
Assessing within-stand variability in community composition and structure might help to un-
derstand future states and possible transformations due to global changes. The spatial variabil-
ity of open sand steppes (Festucetum vaginatae) was surveyed at regional scale along a 200 km
long NW-SE transect in Hungary. The transect represents a gradient of climate and land use
with a slight increase of continentality and human disturbances from Gönyű to Fülöpháza.
Temporal variability was also monitored between 1996 and 2009 in two sites: at Csévharaszt
and at Fülöpháza. Vegetation was sampled at multiple scales and with various sampling de-
signs. Repeated vegetation mapping (within 40 x 100 m areas with 5×5 m resolution), 2×2 m
and 4×4 m permanent plots distributed in 50 ha areas, and line-intercept sampling (by record-
ing the presence of plant species along 52 m long circular belt transects of 5×5 cm contiguous
micro-quadrates) were used. The number of species and species combinations decreased along
the NW-SE gradient, while the proportion of sand grassland specialists and annuals of conti-
nental and submediterranean character increased. Festuca vaginata was gradually replaced by
Stipa borysthenica due to repeated slight droughts. Serious droughts caused temporal diversity
collapse and local mass extinction of dominant grasses. Gaps were colonized first by annuals
and mosses then were occupied by valuable perennial sand grassland specialists. Species den-
sity slightly decreased in wet years and abruptly decreased during droughts. However, diversity
recovered quickly with a maximum in two years after drought. Five times higher relative in-
terannual variability was found for the diversity of species combinations at the more arid site,
while the relative temporal variability of total abundance did not show consistent patterns.
The larger spatio-temporal variability of community structure found in the more arid site sug-
gests larger vulnerability to climatic and landuse changes.
12
Relative importance of propagule

pressure and land use to the
level of invasion in different
non-forest habitats
Botta-Dukát, Z.*, Bölöni, J., Horváth, F. & Molnár, Zs.
Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Vácrátót, Hungary
Plant invasion is one of the most serious threats to biodiversity and ecosystem functions world-
wide. It is well-known from the scientific literature that both propagule pressure and distur-
bances influence the level of invasion. Landscape Ecological Vegetation Database & Map
of Hungary (MÉTA database, http://www.novenyzetiterkep.hu) contains data on the level
of invasion (binary data: the habitat is invaded or not), cover of invasive species in the sur-
rounding landscape (a measure of propagule pressure) and land use (the main source of dis-
turbance). Generalized additive models were fitted to data from the database, and explained
variances were calculated separately for the following habitats: Non peaty reed and Typha beds
(B1a), Non-tussock beds of large sedges (B5), Molinia meadows (D2), Salt meadows (F2), Ar-
rhenatherum hay meadows (E1), Open sand steppes (G1), Slope steppes (H3a), Forest steppe
meadows (H4), Closed steppes on loess, clay and tufas (H5a).
Propagule pressure explains more variation than land use in each habitat except salt mead-
ows. The explained variation is highest in slope steppes and forest steppe meadows. These
habitats are only extensively used; therefore the relative role of land use is low here. Other dis-
tinctive feature of these two habitats is that their abiotic conditions do not differ from the sur-
rounding areas, thus invasive species occurring in the surroundings can invade them.
In the marshes and wet meadows, the relative importance of land use increases with de-
creasing water level. In the dry- and semi-dry grasslands land use explains more variation in
habitats occurring in lowlands (G1, H5a) than in habitats occurring in hilly and mountain
areas (E1, H3a, H4).

13
Classification and ordination

of northern boreal and swamp forests
in the West Siberian plain
Ermakov, N.
Lab. Ecology and Geobotany, Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Novosibirsk, Russia
Classification of northern boreal and swamp forests in the West Siberian plain has been devel-
oped using the Braun-Blanquet approach. Syntaxa were assigned to two classes, 4 orders, 5 al-
liances and 6 associations. Extending the European classification system to Siberian region was
accompanied by corrections of diagnostic features of the class Vaccinio-Piceetea and two orders
- Piceetalia excelsaea and Pinetalia sylvestris. At the same time, a special order Ledo palustris-Lari-
cetalia cajanderi includes north boreal forests widespread in long frozen soils and permafrost. Re-
sults of DCA ordination demonstrate the main ecological subdivisions of north boreal vegeta-
tion and good syntaxonomic boundary between zonal coniferous forests and swamp forests.
Prodromus of north boreal vegetation in West Siberia:

Class Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939
Ord. Piceetalia excelsaea Pawłowski et al. 1928
All. Aconito rubicundi-Abietion sibiricae Anenkhonov et Chytry 1998
Ass. Rubo arcticus-Abietetum sibiricae ass. nova
Subass. Typicum
Subass. Betuletosum pendulae
Subass. Violetosum palustris
All. Vaccinio myrtilli-Pinion sibiricae all. nova
Ass. Vaccinio myrtilli-Pinion sibiricae ass. nova
Ord. Pinetalia sylvestris Oberd. 1957
All. Cladonio stellaris-Pinion sylvestris all. nova
Ass. Pino sibiricae-Pinetum sylvestris ass. nova
Subass. Typicum
Var. Cladonia cornuta
Var. Typicum
Subass. Ledetosum palustre
Ord. Ledo palustris -Laricetalia cajanderi Ermakov in Ermakov et Alsynbayev 2004
All. Pino sibiricae-Laricion sibiricae Ermakov in Ermakov et Alsynbayev 2004
Ass. Melampyro pratense-Laricetum sibiricae ass. nova
Subass. Typicum
Subass. Pinetosum sylvestris
Ass. Ledo-Pinetum sibiricae ass. nova
Class. Oxycocco-Sphagnetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Westhoff et al. 1946
Ord. Sphagnetalia medii Kästner et Flössner 1933
All. Oxycocco-Empetrion hermaphroditi Nordhagen ex Du Rietz 1954
Ass. Empetro subholarcticae-Sphagnetum fusci Smagin 2007
Var. typicum
Var. Cladonia stellaris
14
Phytodiversity of high mountain

pastures and hay meadows
in the Greater Caucasus, Azerbaijan
Etzold, J.*, Münzner, F. & Manthey, M.
Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Germany
With more than 6,300 vascular plant species the Caucasus is the most important hotspot of
biodiversity and endemism in Europe. We conducted a vegetation survey in grasslands on the
northern macroslope of the Greater Caucasus around the mountain Shahdag and recorded
more than 600 species of higher plants. Two traditional land use systems prevail. Semi-nomad-
ic livestock husbandry uses the alpine zone as summer pastures. The economy of small moun-
tain villages in the subalpine belt is based on small-scale farming and sedentary livestock keep-
ing with its need of winter fodder from hay meadows. An increase of livestock numbers since
the break-down of the Soviet Union led to degradation of high mountain rangelands and a
loss of biodiversity. To investigate the magnitude of these impacts we established a randomised
sampling design with stratification by geomorphology and altitude (1800-3500 m a.s.l.) and
validation by remote sensing data. In the years 2007 and 2008 we examined species’ composi-
tion, standing biomass and site parameters in 194 plots. By means of cluster analysis and mul-
tivariate ordination we revealed 13 vegetation types and their driving site factors. Mean species
numbers per 100 m² range from 67 species on subalpine meadows over 50 on a tragacanthic
community and 51 on alpine mats to only 25 species at summer camp sites.

15
Concept for monitoring restoration

of floodplain forest on the Danube
Ewald, J.* & Lang, P.
Weihenstephan University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Despite the fact that the Upper Danube floodplains of Bavaria were largely disconnected from
river dynamics by embankment, straightening and hydroelectric dams, ca. 2100 ha of hard-
wood riparian forest survived between Neuburg and Ingolstadt. To restore ecological functions
and biodiversity a permanent flow of up to 5 m3/s will be allowed back into an ancient system
of old oxbows, and controlled floods of up to 30 m3/s will be allowed during peak discharge
of the Danube.
To achieve a monitoring system that is balanced with respect to important current and ex-
pected environmental factors, we selected permanent phytosociological plots according to a
stratified random design based on the following parameters mapped out in GIS:
1. longitudinal position between hydroelectric dams
(5 sections representing groundwater regime)
2. position in the projected flooding area (yes/no)
3. relative elevation above water course level (</>1,25 m)
4. distance to the new water course (</>25 m)
Within the resulting strata, 117 plots of 200 m2 were located randomly, marked perma-
nently and subjected to baseline sampling in 2008 and 2009. Indirect and direct gradient
analysis of forest vegetation in relation to terrain (as a proxy for groundwater and flooding re-
gime) and soil properties identifies key factors controlling species composition before the on-
set of restoration, and allows us to develop a model of expected effects, which will be put to a
test by future monitoring.
16
Alpine vegetation in Scotland and

Ukraine processes and changes
in the past five to seven decades
Hédl, R.,*, Ross, L.–C.  & Šebesta, J.
1) Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
2) School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
3) Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, Czech Republic
Changes in high-mountain vegetation in the 20th century were caused by shifts in land use
and management, acidic deposition and air-borne eutrophication, and climatic changes.
While the alpine plant communities are relatively highly sensitive to the present global warm-
ing changes, effects of changing management have been often underrated. In our meta-anal-
ysis, we merge results from three studies using phytosociological relevés re-visited after five to
seven decades. Our aim is to asses the magnitude and causes of changes in alpine vegetation in
two climatically contrasting regions: oceanic Scottish Highlands and sub-continental Ukrain-
ian Carpathians.
The first study is a re-visitation survey of the NW-Scottish Highlands alpine vegetation (ca.
800-1100 m a.s.l.) spanning the second half of the twentieth century. It has shown consider-
able shift from moss- and lichen-dominated heaths towards increased dominance of more gen-
eralist graminoid species such as Nardus stricta and Carex bigelowii. There has been a marked
decline in specialised Arctic-alpine species including Racomitrium lanuginosum and Minuar-
tia sedoides.
The second case is a re-visitation of alpine vegetation (ca. 1700-1900 m a.s.l.) of the Mt.
Pop Ivan in Marmarosh, Ukraine, between the 1930s and 2007. Vegetation has homogenized,
cover of tall grasses Calamagrostis spp. and of the shrubby species e.g. Rhododendron kotschyi
and Juniperus nana has increased. On contrary, low grasses and forbs have decreased. These
changes indicate lowered pasturing impact since the pre-II WW period, which can be linked
to difficult accessibility of the area in the Cold War decades.
The third re-visitation connects to the latter one. Compared are high-mountain spruce for-
ests of Mt. Pop Ivan in elevations between 1260 and 1575 m a.s.l., recorded in 1938 and in
1997-2006 again. Relative importance of altitude on vegetation variability was higher in the
1930s than in the 1990s-2000s, which indicates homogenization. Species richness decreased
by one-third. Originally sparse spruce woodland with many grassland („polonina“) species has
turned into a closed forest.
Our three case studies document multiple and interacting effects of atmospheric nitrogen
deposition, climate change and, probably most importantly, pasturing impact, which has de-
creased in the past decades. Subsequent processes have changed character of alpine environ-
ments and conservation-valued vegetation assemblages.

17
Using large-scale vegetation databases

to detect temporal changes in species
composition of vegetation types
Jandt, U.* & Bruelheide, H.
University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
Within the framework of the German Biodiversity Exploratory Project a large German veg-
etation database was constructed with the aim to reveal inter-relationships between biodiver-
sity of different taxa, ecosystem processes and land-use types at different geographical scales.
The main focus of the project is on grassland and forest vegetation. Grassland habitats as well
as forests have undergone massive changes in the last decades partly as a result of changing
management practices or abandonment, increased nutrient input and climate change. Our
aim in the present study is to analyse the magnitude of these changes and to relate them to
specific environmental factors and plant species properties. From the large database we have
analysed two representative subsets of distinct vegetation types (Beech forest: Fagion, 2221
relevés; Semi-dry grassland: Mesobromion, 5222 relevés) comprising published and unpub-
lished relevés from various authors and different years. As a measure for temporal change, we
calculated the relative frequency of all phanerogamous species for every year and tested for an
increase or decrease in relative frequency by applying generalized linear regression models. In
the Mesobromion dataset 66 species showed a significant decrease or increase, whereas in the
Fagion dataset 61 species exhibited a significant temporal trend. A common feature of both
sets was a decrease of species characteristic of nutrient poor conditions, seen in lower Ellenberg
N indicator values of decreasing compared to increasing species. In addition, the temporal
trends in the Mesobromion reflected altered management practices, and in particular increas-
ing degree of abandonment. In the Fagion dataset, the increasing and decreasing species indi-
cated changes in forest structure and increased nutrient and temperature regime. This analysis
points to the value of vegetation databases as historic archives of environmental conditions.
In particular, the combination with trait databases offers new approaches to relate observed
changes to underlying causes.
18
How flora changes

when management alterates:
half-century records from Estonia
Kana, S.*, Otsus, M. & Sammul, M.
Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonia
Abandonment, afforestation, drainage and fertilization are the main changes that have in-
fluenced Estonian grasslands in the 20th century. Most of these processes lead to the loss of
grassland habitats and to decline of species-richness. Using the vegetation map compiled for
Estonia in 1934-1950 (along with species lists are available from the same period), raster im-
ages from the 1950s and basic map from 2002 we described the dynamics of species-rich grass-
lands in two ~500 km2 regions of Estonia which differ in historical land use. In the 1950s,
the grasslands in Central-Estonia were larger than in Southern-Estonia, but this difference has
disappeared by now.
Our aim was to evaluate how such a process of homogenization has influenced contem-
porary species composition. Our analysis revealed fragmentation of former species-rich semi-
natural grasslands. In Central-Estonia, original grasslands were divided into 2.3 fragments on
average during the study period and the total remnant area was 100 times smaller than the
original. In Southern-Estonia, original grasslands were divided into 2.0 fragments and their
area has decreased 7 times on average.
Further analysis showed that 60% of species-rich grasslands in Central-Estonia has turned
to forest and 25% to arable land. The changes in Southern-Estonia have been different, 30%
of grassland area is arable land and 25% is forest. We found that the similarity in species com-
position between two study periods was only 13% (Jaccard similarity index) in Central-Esto-
nia and 10% in Southern-Estonia. It revealed that beside the lost species some typical grass-
land species were less frequent compared to the 1950s, while some ruderal and nitrophilous
species were more frequent in 2009.
We will present changes in distribution of species specializing to different habitat types
(grassland species, ruderal species etc.) and emphasize the dynamics of grassland species in
light of general changes in land use.

19
A comparison of two sampling schemes

in phytosociology - preferential
and stratified random
Michalcová, D.
Masaryk University, Department of Botany and Zoology, Czech Republic
Sampling design is an important issue in phytosociological methodology. Preferentially posi-

tioned relevés, which prevail in phytosociological databases, can provide biased results due to
different author’s experience or judgment. Therefore, the stratified-random sampling design is
considered as a promising alternative. The aim of this study is to compare effects of preferential
and random stratified sampling on the results of vegetation studies. Two parallel analyses of
forest vegetation were performed in two different areas of the Czech Republic, comparing ran-
dom-stratified data sets with a selection of relevés of forest vegetation from the same areas, ob-
tained from the Czech National Phytosociological Database. The following properties of these
datasets were compared: 1) number and percentage cover of vascular plant species per relevé,
2) number, percentage cover and proportional number of endangered species per relevé, 3)
number, percentage cover and proportional number of invasive species per relevé, 4) number,
percentage cover and proportional number of neophytes per relevé, 5) sample rarefaction
curves for all species, endangered species, invasive species and neophytes 6) beta diversity,
calculated as mean Jaccard dissimilarity and 7) patterns in ordination diagrams. The analysis
showed that in the preferentially sampled relevés the number, percentage cover and propor-
tional number of endangered species per relevé, as well as beta diversity, were higher than in
the relevés sampled following the stratified-random design. However, the properties regarding
the vascular plant species, invasive species and neophytes provided inconsistent results (i.e. dif-
ferences between the two datasets were significant only in one study area), partly depending on
the purpose of original studies and local idiosyncrasies of the two studied areas.
20
Species composition of cereal fields

under different environmental
conditions and management regime
in Central Italy
Pál, R.,,*, Pinke, G., Campetella, G., Bartha, S., Kalocsai, R. & Lengyel, A.
1) Department of Viticulture and Agrobotany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary
2) Department of Plant Systematics and Geobotany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary
3) Department of Botany, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of West Hungary,
Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
4) Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Camerino, Italy
5) Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Vácrátót, Hungary
6) UIS Ungarn Laborvizsgálati és Szolgáltató Kft., Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
Crop production systems in Central Italy can be characterized by considerable heterogeneity.

There are huge, nearly weedless intensive fields, while many low-input agricultural systems can
also be found. Similar diversity can be experienced in the geography of the region, since arable
fields are distributed from the sea level to the high mountain ranges. In this study, 76 arable
fields (in total 760 x 1 square metre plots) were sampled in the regions of Marche and Um-
bria. Explanatory variables were recorded for each field, reflecting 1) large-scale spatial trends,
2) site specific, abiotic environmental conditions, 3) local biotic and field management charac-
ters. The specific objectives of this study were (a) to determine the relative importance of envi-
ronmental variables and field management regime on weed species composition and richness,
(b) to analyse the effects of the employed explanatory variables on species composition.
The relationship between environmental factors and species composition of arable fields
was examined by redundancy analysis. Effects of environmental variables on intensive and ex-
tensive fields are supposed to differ; therefore the data set was divided into two parts accord-
ing to management regime. Importance of environmental factors was tested for the total data
set and separately for the two subsets as well. Significant variables and species richness were
compared between management types. Most of the explained variation in weed species com-
position was related to large scale spatial trends (altitude, distance from sea, mean annual pre-
cipitation and temperature) in both intensive and low input systems. Numerous site specific,
abiotic environmental conditions (physical character and nutrient content of soil, exposition
and slope of fields) also explained a large part of the total variation, especially in case of low-
input fields. The least variation of the whole dataset was explained by local biotic and field
management characters (field size, type, rotation, cover, height of crop) and nearly all of them
influenced only the low-input fields. Nevertheless, it must be mentioned that one of the most
important explanatory variables (from this latter group) for the whole dataset is the regime of
management (low-input or intensive). There were significant differences between the species
composition and richness of low-input and intensive fields.
21
Bioclimatic interpretation of habitat

distribution in a hilly landscape
of the Pannonian Ecoregion
Salamon-Albert, É.,*, Ortmann-Ajkai, A., Morschhauser, T. & Horváth, F.
1) Department of Plant Systematics and Geobotany, Faculty of Natural Sciences,
University of Pécs, Hungary
2) Department of General and Applied Ecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences,
University of Pécs, Hungary
Bioclimatic models are widely used tools for assessing plant or vegetation responses to the en-
vironment. Parameters derived from temperature and precipitation data were created in or-
der to generate more biologically meaningful variables for the interpretations. The BIOCLIM
model which represents annual trends, seasonality and extreme or limiting environmental fac-
tors, connected with occurrence of vegetation types was used for the analyses. In South-Trans-
danubia, as a prominent hilly landscape of Hungary in the Pannonian Ecoregion, correlations
were revealed between 59 MÉTA habitat types and regional ranges of bioclimatic variables.
Our aim was to evaluate to what extent can bioclimatic conditions can affect actual habitat
distribution in this region. Relations of semi-natural habitat types with positive significance
pointed out to vegetation complexes among woody (e.g. closed and open dry deciduous for-
ests) and non-woody habitat types (e.g. marshes and mesotrophic meadows). Because of the
correlations among some bioclimatic parameters, functional subsets of them were used for
characterizing the effects of temperature and humidity conditions on habitat occurrence. Un-
der the recent past climatic period (1960-1990), third of habitat types were established to be
directly influenced by climatic conditions. Among representative woody habitat types of the
region (e.g. riverine or swamp woodlands, mesic deciduous woodlands) there was a number
of negative correlations with terms of temperature group, and some positive correlations with
terms of precipitation group, especially by a strong negative correlation with seasonality vari-
ables. Several non-woody habitat types (e.g. marshes, eu- and mesotrophic meadows and tall
herbs) could have been characterized by selected bioclimatic variables of temperature group
by positive and negative correlation merely. According to our results, significant woody hab-
itat types - riverine and swamp woodlands, mesic deciduous woodlands – are controlled by
climatic temperature and precipitation. Among significant non-woody habitat types, marshes
are also controlled by both climatic and edaphic conditions in this region. Relations between
relevant habitat types and climatic variables were visualized using the GIS software DigiTerra
Map. BIOCLIM variables can be properly used to predict potential vegetation responses un-
der several climate scenarios in the future.
22
An annotated geographical checklist

of the Italian syntaxa
Spada, F.,*, Pignatti, S., Attorre, F., Cutini, M., Paura, B., Casella, L. &
Agrillo, E.
1) Department of Plant Biology, University of Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy
2) Department of Biology, University of Roma Tre, Italy
3) Department SAVA, University of Molise – Campobasso, Italy
A database on the geographical distribution of lower-rank syntaxa of the Italian vegetation is

presented.
Plant communities quoted at the level of association in the available literature are stored in
a grid of Operational Geographic Units (OGU) corresponding to the quadrates of the Italian
floristic grid. Each square of the grid encompasses both precise GPS localization of relevés as
well as descriptive records of locations or distribution areas of relevés or communities.
A geographical synopsis of lower-rank syntaxa of the Italian vegetation is obtained.
The structure of the data-model is used to produce presence-absence matrices for quanti-
tative analysis of the distribution of associations or any syntaxon of higher rank according to
the syntaxonomical system.
Geostatistical analysis using geographical information systems is attempted in order to pa-
rameterize associations at the landscape level (OGU level). For the parametrical analysis, par-
allel geographical grids are tested.
Applications of the database enable us to explore patterns of similarity among the distri-
butions of different associations (chorological groups of associations, provincialism), patterns
of geographic changes in community distribution along topographical gradients and to test
changes in the physical scenario of selected individual communities along geographical gradi-
ents. A different insight in the patterns of synonymy and reassessment among syntaxa on the
basis of a geographical treatise is expected.

23
(Sub-)regional distribution pattern

and phytocoenological scale of
a (sub-) cosmopolitan aquatic species:
WOLFFIA ARHIZA in Poland
Stachnowicz, W.
Department of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
e-mail:W. Stachnowicz: [email protected]
Wolffia arhiza (spotless watermeal), the smallest vascular plant species, is also known for its
more or less worldwide geographical distribution (with native or naturalized localities report-
ed from at least 5 continents: Europe, Africa, Asia, N. America and Australia). Considering
the tiny size of this little floating aquatic plant, its ability to proliferate vegetatively, and other
adaptations to freshwater environments, there should be no surprise that the species has been
reported from many countries. However, there is no published map of global, as well as Euro-
pean range of W. arhiza.
In Europe, where spotless watermeal has been reported from many sites, it is often regarded
as a rare and threatened species, e.g. in: parts of Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Spain, or
Croatia, whereas in some other countries (e.g. in Hungary) it is sometimes considered to be
rather expansive. In this context some basic questions arise: whether this is a ‘natural rarity’ or
‘ephemeral’ character of the species or rather a reflection of our poor knowledge on regional
distribution of this not-easily perceptible plant, or perhaps indeed the number of localities of
W. arhiza has recently increased at least in some areas? Another important question is whether
the rarity of the species in some regions may be attributed to certain natural reasons or if the
species chorology has more or less detectable ecological backgrounds?
I believe such and similar questions need consideration in both phytogeographical and eco-
logical studies which should be carried out also in sub-regional or local scales.
In this presentation I would like to include: (1) an outline summary of what is generally
known about the spotless watermeal range in Europe; (2) an updated national distribution
map (a cartogram) of Wolffia arhiza in Poland; (3) a regional and sub-regional interpretation
of the species distribution pattern and (4) its ecological backgrounds, i.e. the species’ phyto-
coenological scale derived from recent observations in middle part of Wielkopolska (Western
Poland). The presented general results are based on a critical survey of botanical literature sup-
plemented by some unpublished observations from the last decade, whereas the detailed anal-
ysis was made using my unpublished field data from investigations carried out in 2007-2009
in the valley of the River Warta (central Wielkopolska, Poland).
24
The aquatic vegetation of the Danube

River’s basin in Bulgaria – classification,
ecological peculiarities and problems
Tzonev, R.,* & Šumberová, K.
1) Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Sofia University „St. Kliment Ohrid-
sky”, Faculty of Biology
2) Department of Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Brno,
Czech Republic, e-mail: HYPERLINK "mailto:[email protected]" [email protected]
*e-mail: HYPERLINK "mailto:[email protected]" [email protected]
The most representative region in Bulgaria for the distribution of the typical freshwater veg-
etation is the Danube River and the Danube’s former floodplains. Most of the typical syntaxa,
established in this region, from the classes of Lemnetea (7 associations), Potametea (13 associa-
tions), Charetea (1 community) and Phragmitetea (12 associations) are well-known and wide-
spread in central and other parts of Europe. But there are also some specific peculiarities espe-
cially in the syntaxa from Isoeto-Nanojuncetea (probably 3 or 4 associations). The differences
are determined from the specific climatic and water conditions of the Bulgarian part of Dan-
ube River, where the influence of the Mediterranean climate is a stronger one than in Middle
Europe. The distribution of the typical aquatic vegetation (the classes of Lemnetea, Potametea,
Charetea) in Bulgaria (including and mostly along the Danube River) has been dramatically
reduced during the last 60 years. The surviving natural wetlands now are 1/20 part from their
former range in Bulgaria. On the territories of some former wetlands along the Danube River,
the areas occupied from the communites of Phragmitetea were increased on the places of the
typical aquatic vegetation, because of the drainages and other negative human activities. The
communities of Isoeto-Nanojuncetea are negatively impacted from the big hydro-power plant
„Iron Gate” between Serbia and Romania, which causes non natural and big changes in the
water level of Danube River.

25
Dispersal limitation of European beech

forest species: what phytosociological
data tell us about post-glacial migration
Willner, W.,*, Di Pietro, R. & Bergmeier, E.
1) Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation and Analyses (VINCA), Austria
2) Deparment ITACA, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
3) Deparment of Vegetation and Phytodiversity Analysis, Albrecht von Haller Inst. of Plant Sci-
ences, University of Göttingen, Germany
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
The post-glacial migration of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) has been addressed by many
studies using either genetic or fossil data or a combination of both. In contrast to this, only
little is known about the migration history of its understorey species. In a review of phytoso-
ciological literature, we identified 110 species with a high fidelity to beech forests. The dis-
tribution range of European beech forests was divided into 40 geographical regions, and the
presence or absence of each species was recorded for each region. We compared overall species
numbers per region and numbers of narrow-range species (species present in < 10 regions). A
multiple regression model was used to test for the explanatory value of three potential diver-
sity controls: range in elevation, soil type diversity, and distance to the nearest potential refuge
area. Hierarchical clustering of the narrow-range species was performed.
The highest number of “beech forest species” are found in the S Alps, the N Apennines,
and the NW Dinaric mountains. With increasing distance from this centre of diversity, spe-
cies numbers are decreasing, reaching minimum in NW and N Europe. When only narrow-
range species are taken into consideration, the highest species diversity is observed in the S
Apennines, and although the S Alps, N Apennines, and NW Dinaric mountains still reach
high species numbers, secondary maxima are found in N Spain, the Carpathians, and Greece.
Distance to the nearest potential refuge area is the strongest predictor of beech forest species
richness, while altitudinal range and soil type diversity had little or no predictive value. Clus-
ter analysis of the narrow-range species revealed six main geographical clusters which are in
good concordance with the glacial refuge areas of beech and other temperate tree species as es-
timated in recent studies.
Our findings support the hypothesis that the distribution of many beech forest species is
limited by post-glacial dispersal rather than by their environmental requirements. The results
provide also evidence that most of the studied species have been closely affiliated with beech
for at least one glacial cycle, and that the current distribution of understorey species is a good
indicator for the localisation of glacial refuge areas of temperate forests.
Lectures
Vegetation of
European rivers
and floodplains
28
Grasslands communities structure varies

with flooding regime and management:
example from the low Loire Valley
(France)
Bonis, A.,*, Bouzillé, JB. & Lafage, D.
1) UMR CNRS Ecobio, Rennes Cedex, France
2) Conservatoire régional des rives de la Loire et de ses affluents, Nantes, France
Situated in the north-west region in France, a large habitat diversity spread along the 220 km
of the low Loire valley. Flood plain grasslands inhabited a major part of the alluvial plain (50%
of the riverbed) and are generally surrounded by a dense landscape network while they may
somehow appear as large open field areas. Other habitats are mudflats, reed beds, sandbanks
and poplar plantations. Oxbow lakes can also be found along the river together with islands
of various surfaces. In the estuarine portion of the valley, submitted to tidal influences, vegeta-
tion is made of halophyte and sub-halophyte plant communities. Phytosociological analysis
were carried out and identified several habitats of Community Interest within the EU territo-
ry. Accordingly, Natura 2000 areas have been identified and delimited. Wet grasslands belong
to Thermo-Atlantic grasslands type. They showed contrast in their structure according to their
elevation position and mesophilous, meso-hygrophilous and hygrophilous communities have
been distinguished. Vegetation was described along transects following the elevation gradient
which represents different flooding regimes. Grassland communities were characterized using
Ellenberg moisture values. These grasslands are submitted to agro-environmental schemes and
are managed either by grazing, mowing or both. Vegetation composition and structure were
analyzed according to management practices in order to distinguish the management type
which appear favourable to the grassland conservation value sensu Habitats Directive and to
better identified requirement for species of particular conservation value.
LECTURES Vegetation of European rivers and floodplains

29
Floodplain forests
along the Mura river in Slovenia
Čarni, A.,,*, Košir, P.,, Marinšek, A. & Šilc, U.
1) Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts,
Ljubljana, Slovenia
2) University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
3) University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
The study took place along the Mura river in eastern Slovenia, on the banks of the Mura river.
This part of Slovenia has continental climate: the mean annual precipitation is 800 mm and
mean annual temperature is 9,2 °C. We defined floodplain forests as forests where water table
is usually at or near the surface, and land is covered periodically or at least occasionally with
shallow water.
We searched for the main forest vegetation types on river banks of river Mura and inves-
tigated the main ecological gradients in these forests. We tested whether the main vegetation
types and ecological gradients can be detected in the area explained by water distance and we
modelled response curves of the main edifiers of the forests.
The relevés from the region have been subject to analyses performed by standard programs
for vegetation analysis, such as Arc-Map, CANOCO, Pc-Ord, Statistica, Syn-Tax etc.
The classification of the flooded forests of river Mura has revealed three clusters correspond-
ing to three associations; Salicetum albae Issler 1926, Fraxino-Ulmetum effusae Slavni 1952
var. Prunus padus Vukeli et Barievi 2004, Genisto elatae-Quercetum roboris Horvat 1938
carpinetosum betuli Horvat 1938. This three associations thrive along moisture and nutrient
gradient presented by Ellenberg indicator values, being Salicetum on the most humid sites over
Fraxino-Ulmetum to Genisto-Quercetum on the driest. Moisture and nutrient indicator values
have been correlated to distance from the main stream of the river Mura and from the near-
est water stream. Both nutrient and moisture are negatively correlated to both distances. At
the same time, it has been established that Salicetum albae has been found near to the water
and Genisto-Quercetum at the most distant sites, whereas Fraxino-Ulmetum has an interme-
diate position. In the case of life forms, correlation with distance from the main stream has
been very highly significant only in the case of therophytes. The proportion of neophytes is
strongly significantly, negatively correlated with distance from the nearest stream. Species re-
sponse curves fitted using HOF models describe relationships between the main tree species
of flooded forests and environmental variables distance from the main stream and distance the
nearest stream. Carpinus betulus and Quercus robur respond to both distances, Fraxinus angus-
tifolia does not respond to neither of them and Salix alba and Populus nigra respond only to
distance from the main stream.
30
Microregional vegetation pattern

of the floodplains of the Great
Hungarian Plain on the sample areas
of Csongrád county
Deák, Á. J.
Szeged
Csongrád county situated in the Great Hungarian Plain in Southeast Hungary has three main
rivers (Tisza, Hármas-Körös, Maros). Their floodplains belong to the Crisicum Flora Dis-
trict of the Pannonian floristic province. The aim of my research was to specify the border of
floodplain microregions, identify their habitat-composition with complex landscape ecologi-
cal analysis using data of surface deposits, genetic soil-types, geomorphology, hydrogeography
and vegetation. The landscape-level vegetation-pattern was studied with 35 ha-sized, hexag-
onal-grid based MÉTA-maps (Hungarian Habitat Map Database), whereas the local habitat
patterns with 1:4000 vectoric maps. I ordered the habitats according to their typical patterns,
role in zonation and connections of biogeoecological factors into habitat-complexes and more
comprehensive vegetational landscape-types. Five vegetational landscape-types were identified
which are the active floodplain (active floodplain’s oxbow-lakes; navvy-holes; grassland, for-
est, arable land and orchard mosaics of active floodplain; river-banks; dyke-vegetation); the
saved-side non-saline low floodplain (saved-side oxbow lakes; mosaics of non-saline grasslands,
swamps and forests; saved-side low floodplains with channels, boundaries and arable lands);
the floodplain moor-landscape (mixed eutrophic and moor-lake wetlands at loessland-border;
mosaics of moor and floodplain habitats at sandland-border); the saved-side low floodplain
secondary saline landscape (Achillea and meadow-steppe subtypes); the saved-side lag-surfaces
of high floodplains (sand and loess lag-surfaces). Five floodplain microregions were identified.
The floodplain moor-landscape appears just in the South-Tisza Valley. The floodplain mead-
ows are present in the active floodplain rather in the Hármas-Körös Floodplain and in the up-
per part of Lower Maros Floodplain as a result of landscape use. The eutrophic reed-grasses,
Butomus, Eleocharis, Alisma, Oenanthe dominated swamps appear mainly alongside the river
Tisza and Hármas-Körös, while the annual wet pioneer vegetation, willow-shrubs and hard-
wooden alluvial forests in the Lower Maros Valley. Secondary saline landscapes developed
mainly in the South Tisza Valley and in the Hármas-Körös Floodplain. The dominance of the
loess-steppe grassland and salt-berm vegetation covered lag-surfaces separates the microregions
of Körösszög and Bánságsarok incorporating all the habitats of Crisicum, so the Körösszög has
the highest habitat-diversity.

31
Environmental factors influencing

the formation of vegetation
in middle-sized streams in Latvia
Grinberga, L.
Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Hydrobiology, University of Latvia, Latvia
The aim of study was to examine the role of different environmental factors (stream width,
depth, substrate, overgrowing, shading and flow type) for formation of macrophyte vegetation
in middle-sized lowland streams in Latvia. The composition of the vegetation at 107 stream
sites distributed throughout Latvia was studied in summers of 2007- 2009.
Due to the lack of the standardized national method, for macrophyte surveys a methodol-
ogy developed for the STAR (Standardization of River Classification) project was used. Sam-
pling and sample processing were done according to the STAR protocols. The species compo-
sition and abundance of macrophytes were estimated using a nine-degree scale.
The stream stretches studied can be grouped into five groups with different stream velocity
and substrates: (1) fast flowing streams on gravelly substrate, (2) slow flowing streams on grav-
elly substrate, (3) fast flowing streams on sandy substrate, (4) slow flowing streams on sandy
substrate and (5) slow flowing streams with soft, silty substrate.
The results confirm that each stream group has different primary factors controlling diver-
sity and abundance of the macrophytes in streams. In fast and slow flowing streams on grav-
elly substrate there are mostly bryophytes and sparse helophyte stands. In narrow, fast flowing
streams the formation of aquatic vegetation is limited by stream velocity and shading created
by the river banks. More diverse species composition and denser macrophyte cover are char-
acteristic for slow flowing streams on gravelly and stony substrates, particularly if the depth of
water does not exceed one meter. The macrophyte composition in streams on sandy substrate
significantly differed from the other sites. In fast flowing streams on sandy substrate the mac-
rophyte composition was species poor, with sparse cover. In such streams typically Sparganium
emersum and Elodea canadensis dominate. Due to higher stream velocity, unstable substrate
and strong effect of the spring floods conditions for the vegetation formation in fast flowing
streams on sandy substrate are inappropriate.
The most frequent species in the investigated streams were Sparganium emersum, Sparga-
nium erectum s.l., Veronica beccabunga, Nuphar lutea, as well as the invasive species Elodea ca-
nadensis. The species richness ranged from 1 to 24 species per site.
32
The influence of climatic conditions

to distribution of floodplain vegetation
in the Forest and Forest-Steppe zones
of the plain part of Ukraine
Kuzemko, A.
National Dendrological Park “Sofievka” NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine
Meadow vegetation is the prevailing type of vegetation in floodplains of the forest and forest-
steppe zones of the plain regions of Ukraine. The meadow vegetation of the floodplains of the
36 large and middle rivers has been studied during 2008-2009 with the aim of determination
of the peculiarities of its territorial distribution in compliance with environment conditions.
The relevés were made in transects 5 m wide across the floodplain with plot size of 25 m2 (in
rare cases of 16 m2). 704 relevés were used for analysis and processed by TWINSPAN modi-
fied algorithm in JUICE program. The range of altitude, latitude and longitude for syntaxa
were calculated in STATISTICA software. As a result, we obtained 16 clusters which corre-
sponded to alliance level within Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Phragmito-Magnocaricetea classes
in the most cases, two clusters corresponded to class level (Koelerio-Corynephoretea and Festu-
co-Puccinellietea) and two alliances (Festucion pratensis and Alopecurion pratense) included sev-
eral clusters (two and three respectively) taking into account their considerable distribution
and amplitude. The distribution of syntaxa in dependence on altitude has been revealed that
communities of Trifolion montani, Agrostio stoloniferae-Beckmannion eruciformis (Festuco-Puc-
cinellietea) and two types of Festucion (xerophytic and halophytic) are preferred the sites with
lower altitude, but Cynosurion, Molinion and Deschampsion – more high sites. The analysis of
the latitudinal distribution of syntaxa has shown that communities of Corynephorion, Cynosu-
rion, Sparganio-Glycerion, Molinion and Deschampsion prefer more northern regions, but com-
munities of halophytic vegetation (halophytic types of Festucion and Alopecurion also Agrostio
stoloniferae-Beckmannion eruciformis) have a propensity to more southern regions. The longi-
tudinal distribution of syntaxa revealed that communities of Corynephorion, Cynosurion, Mo-
linion and Deschampsion are more distributed in western regions, but Trifolion montani, xero-
phytic and halophytic types of Festucion and Agrostio stoloniferae-Beckmannion eruciformis – in
eastern regions. Thus, the role of climate in the differentiation of the floodplain meadow veg-
etation is considerable in spite of well known azonality of such vegetation. It can be explained
by the changes of the environment conditions under the gradients of aridity-humidity and
oceanic-continental climate.

33
Ecology and regeneration of alluvial

forest communities in Northwestern
Azerbaijan
Manthey, M.* & Zimmermann, M.
Greifswald University, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Germany
We studied forest structure, species composition, regeneration and successional trends of allu-
vial forest communities in northwestern Azerbaijan on the southern slope of the eastern Great-
er Caucasus. The alluvial forests are developed on a fan system with a convex cross-section and
an altitudinal range from 600 to 200 m a.s.l. along the total length of the system of about 10
km. Based on 71 vegetation samples and 59 samples of forest structure eight plant communi-
ties were distinguished by means of a cluster analysis. Indirect ordination revealed that loca-
tion on the fan, water supply and soil texture were the most important factors for the estab-
lishment of the different vegetation types.
By restricting the dataset to established mature woody species on the one hand (canopy)
and to the respective regeneration of woody species on the other hand we analyzed potential
successional trends within the forest stands. The strongest compositional difference between
canopy and regeneration occurred within poplar stands, while the hardwood communities
dominated by different trees (Quercus, Carpinus, Fraxinus, Acer, Pterocarya) appear to be more
stable in terms of successional trends. Stands of Populus nigra and P. alba are restricted to fre-
quently flooded sites next to the riverbed. Their regeneration strongly depends on the presence
of bare soils created by natural river dynamics. In case of vanishing river dynamics different
hardwood communities replace Populus stands regardless of the groundwater level. Our results
underline the importance of natural dynamics for the regeneration of typical floodplain spe-
cies like Populus nigra that is highly threatened in Central Europe because of extensive river
regulation measures.
34
Species competitive responses along

flooding gradient
Merlin, A.*, Bouzillé, J.B. & Bonis, A.
UMR 6553 ECOBIO Equipe FORBIO, France
Plant communities are controlled by assembly rules corresponding to abiotic and biotic filters
acting on the species pool. Along flooding gradients, both species tolerance and plant-plant
interactions could be modified. Wet grasslands submitted to a gradient of flooding duration
have thus been chosen to investigate assembly rules and in particular, the tradeoff between
competitive abilities of species and their ability to tolerate constraint in the framework provid-
ed by the niche concept. We hypothesized that the variation in species competitive responses
is related to the intensity of the abiotic constraint, here the flooding duration.
An in situ experiment was designed to distinguish the relative importance in abiotic factors
and plant-plant interactions in the structure of three communities along a flooding gradient
(hygrophylous, mesohygrophylous and mesophylous). Fundamental and realized niches of 12
species characteristic of these communities have been accordingly determined.
Fundamental niches differed significantly amongst species along the flooding conditions
gradient. As expected, the range of the species niche has been found to be modified with the
presence of competitor for many species. Furthermore, an increase of the intensity of the
flooding constraint (i.e. the height of water or the flooding duration) led to the reduction of
the competitive interactions magnitude.
As expected hypothesis, the tradeoff between stress tolerance and competitive abilities ex-
plains plant communities pattern of presence observed in situ. For example, species like Glyc-
eria fluitans are restricted to the long-flooded zones of the gradient, as they show poor com-
petitive ability when exposed to more competitive species. This experiment shows that the
ecological niche concept is useful for the understanding of assembly rules of communities
along a constraint gradient and provided testable hypothesis.

35
Flood-plain forests of the Kamchatka

Peninsula (Russian Far East)
and their dynamics
Neshataeva, V.–Yu.
Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Russian Federation
Flood-plain forest communities of Kamchatka Peninsula are formed by Salix udensis (Japa-
nese fantail willow), S. schwerinii (Schwerin willow), Alnus hirsuta (Manchurian alder), Popu-
lus suaveolens (Mongolian poplar) and Chosenia arbutifolia. Several dominant types of riparian
woods are found: pure Chosenia arbutifolia, mixed Ch. arbutifolia and Populus suaveolens, pure
P. suaveolens, mixed P. suaveolens and Alnus hirsuta, pure A. hirsuta, mixed Salix udensis and S.
schwerinii and pure S. udensis communities. The riparian woods were studied on 140 sample
plots (20 x 20 m); their ecology and structure were described. The floristic composition was
represented by 76 species of vascular plants, 102 species of bryophytes and 153 species of epi-
phytic lichens. The herbaceous layer included large herbs and grasses: Urtica platyphylla, Fili-
pendula camtschatica, Senecio cannabifolius, Calamagrostis langsdorffii and Matteuccia struthi-
opteris. The plant community classification was elaborated taking into account not only the
floristic composition but also the abundance of species. The syntaxonomic range of relevé
groups obtained was ranked according to the Russian phytosociological tradition. The vegeta-
tion was classified into 9 associations and 4 formations. By the means of Braun-Blanquet ap-
proach the arborescent galleries of tall willows, chosenia and poplar were placed into the alli-
ance Chosenion arbutifoliae Sinelnikova 1995 of the order Populetalia laurifolio-suaveolentis
Mirkin et al. of the class Salicetea purpurea Moor 1958. Alder woods were considered to be
vicariants of the alliance Alnion incanae Pawlowski et. al. 1928 of the class Querco-Fagetea.
The dynamics patterns of riparian forests were analysed. Chosenia and willow pioneer com-
munities thrive with regular deep watering. Their seeds usually germinate on fresh pebble de-
posits at the flowing water edge. Chosenia groves emerge on river pebbles in 10-20 years. The
period of their intensive growth lasts about 30-35 years. Chosenia trees are not long-lived
and start to decline at the age of 70-80 years. Poplar often grows in mixed groves with chose-
nia. The period of poplar trees growth lasts about 110 years; at the age of 140-150 years they
start to decline. Poplar communities tend to take over and succeed the chosenia groves. Alder
woods are met in the central part of the flood-plain, beside terraces. The plant succession of
flood-plain communities is closely related to the river valley dynamics.
36
Structure and species composition

of pastured alluvial forests along
the Kura River in Azerbaijan (Caucasus)
Peper, J.
University of Greifswald, Germany
Extended floodplain forests made up of Populus alba and P. nigra intermixed with oak forests
still exist at the middle reaches of the Kura river in the Transcaucasian depression. The forests
are on the one hand effected by unregulated natural dynamics of the braided plain river and
on the other hand by permanent grazing of water buffaloes, cattle and sheep. These circum-
stances offer the possibility to study ancient woodland types that were widespread in European
floodplains until rivers were regulated and agriculture as well as forestry intensified. Further-
more, the analysed forests represent a link between Central European floodplain forests and
the Irano-Turanian Tugai forests of Central Asia that are characterised by softwoods only.
Based on 37 vegetation relevés in combination with data on stand structure the forests are
described and the influence of site conditions as well as utilisation pressure is analysed by mul-
tivariate ordination. A total of 196 vascular plant species – among them 44 woody plants –
were recorded. Cluster analysis revealed five vegetation types that can be in parts interpreted
as a succession line from softwood to hardwood forests: Young Tamarix ramosissima–Populus
nigra stands are the initial forest state on islands and at the riverside. They develop into high
grown Populus alba forests rich in lianas like Smilax excelsa, Periploca graeca and Vitis vinifera.
In older poplar stands Quercus robur becomes predominating and is associated with Cratae-
gus sp., Pyrus sp. and Malus orientalis promoted by livestock grazing. The formerly widespread
Ulmus minor is frequently present in older floodplain forests but with only small stems. An-
nual herb species and grasses from the adjacent steppes form the understorey vegetation of the
park-like and strongly grazed Quercus robur forests on the terraces, that are fed by groundwa-
ter. Zonal forests are absent in this semi-arid landscape.

37
Landscape history and vegetation

dynamics by the river Tisza, Hungary
Varga, A.,*, Biró, M., Türke, I. J. & Horváth, D.
1) Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology, Budapest, Hungary
2) Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany and Ecology, Vácrátót, Hungary
3) Erdőbénye, Hungary
4) Kiskunság National Park, Kecskemét, Hungary
The second longest river of Hungary and the Carpathian Basin is the Tisza which crosses the
Great Hungarian Plain. Observing the landscape history of the Tisza, the last 250 years can
be divided into three parts: 1. Traditional use of the landscape without alien species (until the
middle of the 20th century). 2. Traditional use of the landscape after invasion of alien species
(from the middle of the 20th century to the 80’s). 3. Abandonment of the traditional use after
invasion of alien species (from the end of the 80’s). Until the beginning of the 20th century,
floodplain meadows dominated the structure of the landscape. From the 1930’s, the replace-
ment of the floodplain meadows and native woodlands with plantations of alien species (Pop-
ulus × euramericana, Acer negundo, Fraxinus penssylvanica) and the establishment of large-scale
cultivation on the floodway also commenced at this time. At the end of the 1980’s simultane-
ously with the abandonment of the remainder pastures and haymeadows, the cultivation of
several arable fields also ceased, and these areas were invaded in a few years by the previous-
ly introduced indigo bush (Amorpha fruticosa). The sudden increase in the amount of prop-
agules, together with the high-level floods of the late 1990’s, led to the serious infestation of all
the grasslands, wooded hayfields and woodlands. To look at these large scale processes, we pre-
pared and analysed a habitat map, which was made on a 18 km section along the Tisza river.
Nowadays 62% of the habitat patches are woodlands and plantations while before the 1950’s
only 13% were woodland. In the 1880’s, 56% of the habitat patches were meadows, whereas
today 15%. These patches have the highest nature conservation value and they are the “oldest”
habitats, because 88% of them are continuously meadow habitats from 1880. Although the
habitats of the analysed sites are valuable locally, they are devastated by invasive alien species.
49% of the abandoned arable fields are non native woodlands or indigo bush, and 99% of the
woodland patches are affected by invasive species. The continuous alterations of the landscape
instigated to control the river system, have led to unprecedented change. This has had an im-
pact on the competition between the species and has caused the loss of a number of habitats.
The value of the landscape is vanishing even more seriously before our very eyes. The land-use
will significantly determine the destiny of this region in the future, just as it did in the past.
Lectures
Use and abuse of
ecological
indicator values
40
Changes in Ellenberg indicator values

after  years of fertilizer application in
a grassland: real trends versus artefacts
Chytrý, M.,*, Hejcman, M., Hennekens, S. M. & Schellberg, J.
1) Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
2) Department of Ecology and Environment, Czech University of Life Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
3) Alterra, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen, The Netherlands
4) Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Bonn, Germany
As environmental factors are often correlated in the nature, observational approaches can fail
to reveal factors that causally affect species composition of vegetation. Species indicator val-
ues like Ellenberg’s are based on observations of species occurrences across habitats, therefore
they also suffer from this problem. Experiments can distinguish real causalities from non-caus-
al correlations, but their duration is usually too short to allow for development of full species
composition of relatively stable plant communities as we find them in the nature. Therefore
data from long-term experiments are extremely valuable.
The Rengen Grassland Experiment is the oldest well designed fertilizer experiment in Cen-
tral Europe. It was established in an oligotrophic grassland in the Eifel Mountains, West Ger-
many in 1941. Six fertilizer treatments (Ca, CaN, CaNP, CaNP-KCl, CaNP-K2SO4, and un-
fertilized control) were applied annually in five complete randomized blocks.
We sampled species composition of experimental plots in 2006, compared it with phytoso-
ciological associations and calculated mean Ellenberg indicator values (EIVs) for each treat-
ment. The control plots supported oligotrophic Nardus grassland (Polygalo-Nardetum, Violion
caninae). Vegetation in the Ca and CaN treatments resembled montane meadows of Geranio-
Trisetetum (Polygono-Trisetion). Transitional types between Poo-Trisetetum and Arrhenathere-
tum (both Arrhenatherion) developed in the CaNP treatment. In the CaNP-KCl and CaNP-
K2SO4 treatments, vegetation corresponded to the mesotrophic Arrhenatheretum meadow.
Major discontinuity in species composition was found between control, Ca and CaN treat-
ments, and all treatments with P application. Thus, long-term fertilizer application creates
plant communities from different phytosociological alliances and classes, even within a dis-
tance of a few meters.
EIVs for both nutrients and soil reaction were considerably higher in P treatments than in
Ca and CaN treatments. EIVs for nutrients thus indicate availability of P rather than N in this
P-limited ecosystem. Surprisingly, control plots had significantly lower EIVs for continentality
and moisture, although these factors were not manipulated in the experiment. This shows that
due to their correlated nature, EIVs can erroneously indicate changes in factors that actually
did not change, but co-varied with factors that did change.
LECTURES Use and abuse of ecological indicator values

41
Diversity responses to management

intensity in beech coppices
in central-Apennines (Italy)
Garadnai, J.*, Campetella, G., Canullo, R., Gimona, A., Angelini, E. &
Cervellini, M.
Department Environmental Sciences, University of Camerino, Italy
Species number changes refer to only a basic aspect of biodiversity. Exploring the functional-
ity of diversity patterns allows to discover ecological processes acting in the background. We
examined the vascular plant diversity responses to different intensity levels of forest manage-
ment on beech coppices at forest patch and plot scale. Some forest structural parameters were
also studied to explain possible diversity differences.
We applied probabilistic sampling in beech forests at four hills (two with still active cop-
pice management and two with abandoned management) at the Monti Sibillini (Apennines,
central-Italy). Floristic data were collected in 83 plots (20-22 per each site), each 20m x 20m
in size. Species were grouped into Social Behaviour Types (SBT). The species richness of five
SBT groups was compared to reveal the functionality of responses to management.
Our results indicate that plots of the compared forest types do not differ in species richness
of the studied behaviour groups. Considering bigger spatial scale, surprisingly the species pool
of forest specialists is poorer in abandoned coppices respect to active ones. As for forest gener-
alists, the number of pooled species is similar for both management intensity levels on forest
patch scale and on plot scale. It proved to be an unforeseen result that the pool of non-forest
species is not differing with respect to management. Marginal species have had a minor im-
portance in abandoned coppices at forest scale already, but at the plot level, their richness has
similar magnitude as in coppiced forests. There is no difference between differently managed
forests at both scales in richness of gap species.
As a structural consequence of the different management, coppiced forest patches have
significantly higher cover of emergent trees, higher density of shrubby individuals but less
number of subordinated trees.
On higher spatial scale detected impoverished species pool of forest specialist and marginal
species is a result of competitive exclusion process acting in maturing, structurally homoge-
nized, closed-canopy abandoned beech coppices. The distinct responses of species groups de-
tected highlight the importance of studying diversity patterns in a more detailed way. These
results, especially considering their spatial validity can better help drawing management plans
than single plot-scale analyzed simple species richness data.
42
Correlations between the Ramensky’s

scales estimations for forest communities
and measured ecological site parameters
Neshatayev, V.
Saint-Petersburg State Forest-Technical Academy, Russian Federation
Soil fertility indices for 380 sample plots located at forest communities of NW Russia were
estimated using the Ramensky scale. At the same sample plots the thickness of morphological
soil horizons down to 0,5 m depth was measured at 20 points, granulometric composition was
estimated and the mixed samples for chemical analyses from each horizon were taken. In the
soil cut of 1-1,3 m depth the deepest soil horizons were measured and analysed. As a result,
for each sample plot the concentration of nitrogen and its amount per hectare in 1 m and 0.2
m layers were estimated using the chemical analyses.
Correlations between the Ramensky’s scales estimations of soil fertility and the concen-
tration of nitrogen and its amount per hectare in the 1 m and 0.2 m were calculated. Strong
correlations were found between the Ramensky’s scales estimations of soil fertility and the
amount of nitrogen per hectare in the 1 m and 0.2 m in case when they were calculated sepa-
rately for well-drained sites and for paludified forests.
The correlation between Ramensky’s estimations of soil moisture and the ground water ta-
ble were studied at 21 permanent sample plots during 3 seasons. Measuring of the ground
water table was carried out every 5 days in spring and autumn and every 10 days in summer.
Strong correlations between the Ramensky’s scale estimations of soil moisture and the number
of days with the ground water table above 20 cm were found.
Strong multiple correlations between the site index (the tree-layer height at the age of 70
years) and the Ramensky’s scales estimations of soil moisture and fertility for spruce, pine, and
birch were found.
These correlations were used for simulating the forest dynamics in the changing conditions
of drainage and fertilization.

43
Using Ellenberg indicator values

to classify vegetation
Roleek, J.,, Kintrová, K. & Zelený, D.
1) Masaryk University, Department of Botany and Zoology, Czech Republic
2) Institute of Botany, Department of Vegetation Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Re-
public, Czech Republic
We propose a new non-probabilistic measure of similarity to be used in vegetation science.

The measure is based on the concept of ecological similarity, which is to be distinguished from
compositional similarity. The measure is analogous to the frequently used Sørensen-Dice’s in-
dex of compositional similarity, but it uses information on ecological similarities of species
to calculate ecological similarities of biotic communities. We show how Ellenberg indicator
values may be used and abused to quantify ecological similarities of species and how the new
measure may be used to classify vegetation.
44
Assessing the impacts of environmental

change on Scottish upland vegetation
using species attribute analysis
Ross, L.C.,*, Woodin, S.J., Hester, A.J., Thompson, Des B.A. & Birks, H.J.B.,
1) School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
2) Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
3) Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
4) Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Norway
5) Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, United Kingdom
Environmental change in the Scottish uplands over recent decades has been rapid and com-
plex, with the effects of multiple and interacting drivers of change impacting on the vegeta-
tion. However, quantifying longer-term trends in plant community composition over an eco-
logically meaningful timescale is a major challenge due to a lack of suitable baseline data. In
this study, we exploit a rare opportunity to re-visit plots in key communities of the North-
West Highlands first surveyed in 1956-58 in order to investigate the influence of environmen-
tal change on observed community change in dwarf-shrub heaths, grasslands, alpine heaths,
ombrogenous mires and soligenous mires. Original plot data was extracted from the volume
“Plant Communities of the Scottish Highlands” (McVean & Ratcliffe, 1962), which aimed
to describe and classify upland plant communities in this area. Species composition change is
characterised by increased dominance of generalist upland graminoid species, with reductions
in the cover and frequency of dwarf-shrubs, forbs and lichens. We use species attributes, in-
cluding Ellenberg indicator values, climatic preferences and biogeographic distribution data,
to provide a proxy measure for environmental change. The results suggest that over the past
50 years the North-West Highlands, which were previously thought to have remained relative-
ly unchanged, have become warmer and drier with more acidified soil. Species with a hyper-
oceanic, oceanic or sub-oceanic element to their distribution have increased at the expense of
Arctic-montane and boreo-Arctic-montane species. These results are compared with analyses
relating environmental variables to vegetation change, and the similarities and differences be-
tween these approaches are discussed.
References
McVean, D.A. & Ratcliffe, D.N. (1962). Plant Communities of the Scottish Highlands.
Monograph No. 1 of the Nature Conservancy. HMSO, London.

45
Effect of species number and ecological

tolerance on bioindication
with Ellenberg indicator values
Tichý, L., Chytrý, M. & Hájek, M.,
2) Department of Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno,
Czech Republic
Several previous studies have suggested that the number of species is probably not very impor-
tant for estimating EIVs for sites unless there are very few species. However, it is possible that
for sites occurring at extreme ends of an environmental gradient, EIV calculated by averaging
of EIVs of more species will be shifted towards the middle part of the gradient, because spe-
cies richer sites involve more generalists, which have their mean value near the middle part of
the gradient. In addition, serious errors might result from the fact that species differ in their
tolerances to environmental factors (niche breaths) and species with a broad niche (general-
ists) are poorer indicators than species with a narrow niche (specialists). In this presentation
we address these issues by testing the hypotheses that the accuracy of bioindication of site con-
ditions based on EIVs depends on (1) ecological tolerances of species and (2) number of spe-
cies recorded at a site and involved in the calculation of site values. We used two independent
vegetation data sets in which an environmental variable (temperature or pH) corresponding to
one of the Ellenberg indicator values was measured. For each site, we computed summarized
information about the degree of species specialization. Separately for each data set, we identi-
fied relative ecological tolerance of each species along the environmental gradient by calculat-
ing species response curves. We tested whether correlation between the mean EIVs for sites
and measured environmental variables is better if EIVs are calculated from sites with (1) more
species for which EIV is defined, (2) higher degree of species specialization and (3) combina-
tion of both conditions. We obtained a clear result: Elimination of records with both small
number of species with defined EIVs and low proportion of generalists tended to decrease the
data set variation in both tested data sets. To improve accuracy of bioindication of site condi-
tions through EIVs, it would be highly desirable to improve indicator systems by adding some
measure of ecological tolerance and using this measure as a weight when calculating site mean
EIV values.
Posters
Flora, vegetation,
environment
and land-use
at large scale
48
Seed bank composition as an indicator

of land use disturbance and resilience of
small wetland vegetation in East Africa
Alvarez, M.,*, Möseler, B. M., Handa, C., Mogha, N. & Becker, M.
1) INRES, Department of Geobotany and Nature Conservation, University of Bonn, Germany
2) INRES, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Germany
Because of their higher water suitability and better soil properties for agriculture, together
with the growing population the use pressure of small wetlands in East Africa is increasing.
In this context a multidisciplinary project SWEA (Agricultural use and vulnerability of small
wetlands in East Africa) tries to evaluate the dimension of this impacts as well as the influence
of socioeconomic aspects on the decision making of the agricultural utilisation of this wet-
lands. To evaluate the wetland’s vegetation resilience under different land use intensities and
histories (durations), this work focuses on the analysis of vegetation and the soil seed bank. We
sampled in different types of land uses in four wetlands, two in Kenya (Tegu and Rumuruti)
and two in Tanzania (Malinda and Lukozi). To evaluate the impact of the land use on the re-
silience of the vegetation, we also sampled soil seed bank using cores of 113 cm3 and sampling
two soil layers (0-4 and 20-24 cm) and 3 repetitions per plot. The bigger amount of plots was
taken in cultivated areas under different land use histories, but we also surveyed other land use
types like grasslands and fallow areas and comparing with stands of semi-natural vegetation
(mainly Cyperus papyrus and Typha spp. stand). The preliminary results of seed bank’s density
and species composition as well as its comparison with the above ground vegetation will be
discussed.
POSTERS Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale

49
Assessment of spatial distribution,

composition and structure of forest
plantations in the south-western part
of Moscow region
Antonova, O.*, Tikhonova, E., Chernenkova, T. & Kozlov, D.
Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity RAS, Russian Federation
During the last centuries forests of the central part of Russian plain were affected by heavy hu-
man influence such as felling, fires and agricultural use. At present active suburban construc-
tion is expanded near the large cities. The transformation of vegetation cover led to increase
of forest fragmentation, to simplification of species and age-classes composition of ecosystems
and to change of typological and taxonomic diversities. Forest planting is a way to maintain
the natural potential of the area. So the actual problem is to reveal comparative characteristics
of natural and artificial reforestation.
In this study, an assessment of an area of 480,000 ha in south-western part of Moscow re-
gion is made. Forest plantations which are mostly composed from main forest forming species
– Norway spruce and Scotch pine account for 12% of total forest area. We analyzed the spatial
distribution of plantations within the study area and their association with relief components
and with local landscapes. The assessment of forest plantation structure and composition was
made on the basis of forest inventory data, remote sensing data and ground-based measure-
ments. As a result, the actualization of plantation boundaries was made and features of forest
plantations which distinguished them from natural forests were detected. Our objective was
to select age classes that would represent the major structural changes that take place in forest
plantation circle. We selected the following age classes: 1) 1-7 years – Pre-thicket stage (before
closure of the forest canopy); 2) 8-20 years – Thicket stage (degradation of undercover vegeta-
tion due of poor light conditions); 3) 21-40 years – Pole stage; 4) 41-60 years – Closed-ma-
turing (or middle-aged) stage (the stand structure is rather simple with one tree layer); 5) 81-
100 years – Mature stage; 6) more 100 years – Old-aged stage (accumulation of dead wood,
vertical and horizontal stand structure becomes more complex, etc.).
Our research showed that with the course of time the process of mixed spruce-broadleaved
forest restoration took place [1]. But depending on the past land use (whether plantations
were established on arable or cutover lands) the processes of forest reconstruction run in dif-
ferent ways.
1. Nosova L.M., Ogureeva G.N., Tikhonova E.V., Leonova N.B. Dynamics of biological
diversity of coniferous plantations in the Central Russian Plain // Lesovedenie, 2009, N 6. P.
18-31.
50
The South-East European Dry Grassland

Group (SEEDGG) and its supranational
vegetation database: project, overview of
available data and first analyses
Apostolova, I., Bita-Nicolae, C., Dengler, J.,*, Janišová, M., Kuzemko, A.,
Paulini, I., Pedashenko, H. & Sorokin, A.
1) Phytocoenology and ecology, Institute of Botany, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
2) Institute of Biology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
3) Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology of Plants, Biocentre Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden,
University of Hamburg, Germany
4) Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
5) National Dendrological Park “Sofievka”, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Uman’, Ukraine
6) Department of Geobotany & Nature Conservation, INRES, University of Bonn, Germany
7) Laboratory Phytocenology, Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin of Russian Academy of
Sciences, Togliatti, Russia
In February 2010, the South-East European Dry Grassland Group (SEEDGG) was founded
in Hamburg as a regional subgroup of the European Dry Grassland Group (EDGG). Geo-
graphically, SEEDGG covers the area of S Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Macedonia, Bul-
garia, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia (S sector of European part), Kazakhstan (European
part), Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. The basic aims of SEEDGG are:
to establish a comprehensive database of steppe vegetation and related grasslands in SE Europe
to use this database for analyses of diversity patterns, large-scale consistent classifications, and for
conservation planning
to collect high-quality data on grassland diversity in little known regions of SE Europe in joint
EDGG Research Expeditions
to connect the researchers from the different countries in this region of Europe.
SEEDGG presently (as of 21 March 2010) has 128 members and is governed by a Steer-
ing Committee (chair: Iva Apostolova) together with national representatives. The joint data-
base will be handled under TURBOVEG. Presently, we are collating uniform species lists and
header data structures across the 14 involved countries. Further, we are compiling an overview
about existing relevé data (1–100 m² plot size) of dry grasslands from the study region. At the
conference, we will provide a first meta-analysis of this compilation.
Further, we announce the 2nd EDGG Research Expedition, which will lead to Central
Podilia, a little studied region of Ukraine with highly diverse grasslands. From 10–25 July
2010, we will sample high-quality baseline data for biodiversity analyses, large-scale classifica-
tion, and conservation planning. The 18-person expedition is led by Anna Kuzemko (Ukraine)
and Jürgen Dengler (Germany), and interested colleagues can apply for participation.

51
Syntaxonomical checklist
of weed communities of the Ukraine:
class STELLARIETEA MEDIAE
Bagrikova, N.A.
Nikita Botanical Garden, National Scientific Centre, Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine
Weed communities were studied in the cereal, corn (tobacco, vegetables, maize, sunflower)
crops, orchards, vineyards, rose and lavender plantations, nitrophilous ruderal habitats on the
territory of the Ukraine, including Ukrainian Carpathians and the Crimean peninsula by dif-
ferent authors in 1982-2008. Weed communities of Stellarietea mediae are presented by 92
associations, 5 orders, 19 alliances. Thus, 57 associations, 14 alliances, 4 orders have been re-
vealed in the Crimea (19 associations have been described for the first time), in the Carpathi-
ans are 7 associations, 4 alliances, 3 orders (3 associations are new ones). Coenotic richness of
synanthropic vegetation and a large part of new syntaxa (47 associations, 5 alliances) are de-
termined by original ecological-geographical, soil-climatic conditions of different zones and
belts, and also by variety of the arable cultures. However, the synanthropic vegetation of the
Ukraine is characterized by a middle level of coenodiversity unlike the communities described
in Western Europe, where more than 49 allian8es are identified. Stellarietea mediae Tx. et al.
in Tx. ex von Rochow 1951 - Aperetalia spicae-venti Tx. & Tx. in Malato-Beliz et al. 1960:
Scleranthion annui (Krus. & Vlieg. 1939) Siss. in Westh. et al. 1946 (4 ass.); Centaurion
cyani Lacuši 1962 (2 ass.); Papaverion rhoeae V.Sl. 1987 (3 ass.); Centaureetalia cyani Tx. et
al. in Tx. ex von Rochow 1951: Anthemo ruthenicae-Sisymbrion orientale V.Sl. 1990 (2 ass.);
Caucalidion lappulae Tx. ex von Rochow 1951 (3 ass.); Chenopodio albi-Descurainion sophiae
V.Sl. et al. in V.Sl. 1988 (3 ass.); Erysimo repandi-Lycopsion orientalis V.Sl. 1996 (2 ass.); Atri-
plici-Chenopodietalia albi (Tx. 1937) Nordhagen 1940; Amarantho blitoidis-Echinochloion
crusgalli V.Sl. 1988 (4 ass.); Eu-Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi Koch 1926 em Siss. in
Westh. et al. 1946 (5 ass.); Lactucion tataricae Rudakov in Mirkin et al. 1985 (1 ass.); Pan-
ico-Setarion Siss. in Westh. et al. 1946 (10 ass.); Polygono-Chenopodion Koch 1926 em. Siss.
in Westh. et al. 1946 (4 ass.); Sisymbrietalia J.Tx. ex Matuszk. 1962 em Görs 1966: Atri-
plicion nitensis Passarge 1978 (6 ass.); Bromo-Hordeion murini (Allorge 1922) Lohm. 1950
(10 ass.); Chenopodion glauci Hejný 1974 (2 ass.); Chenopodion muralis Br.-Bl. (1931) 1936
(2 ass.); Malvion neglectae Gutte 1972 (3 ass.); Sisymbrion officinalis Tx. et al. ex von Rochow
1951 (23 ass.); Eragrostietalia Tx. in Poii 1966: Eragrostion Tx. ex Oberd.1954 (3 ass.).
52
Correlation between recent seed

assemblages and vegetation in spring fens
Božková, J.* & Hájková, P.
Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
Sediment samples of spring fens are widely used to interpret their historical and recent veg-
etation. The actual relationship between recent vegetation and seed presence in the soil sam-
ple is actually unclear. There are limited species catched in macrofossil analyses. We designed
a methodical study to answer some important questions. How many percent of actual veg-
etation can be recorded in the used fen sample? Is the traditional sample amount (100 ml)
representative enough? Does bigger sample bring better interpretation? We study spring fens
(Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae, Caricion davalliane) in the West Carpathians. We collected veg-
etation and macrofossil samples. Phytosociological records were sampled from the plots of 1
m2 around macrofossil sample points. Then we recorded the nearest mature individual of a
species within 5 m and all species within 50 m. Macrofossil samples were taken from two lay-
ers. Surface samples contained recent seed deposition (to 5 cm), the deeper (5-10 cm) seed
bank. Three amounts of sediment were taken (100, 200, 300 ml) to find out differences in
species number.

53
Why do the verges of the Great

Hungarian Plain have great importance
for nature conservation?
Csathó, A.I.
SZIE NÖFI, Hungary
In the fragmented agricultural landscape of the Great Hungarian Plain the plant species of
Pannonian loess steppe, which show the original vegetation often survived only in verges
(boundaries, field margins). Verges are few (on average 2-15, max. 50) meters wide lawn strips
running along roads, railways, borderlines and ditches. Two main types of the verges can be
distinguished in the landscape: The primary verges take a slice of the original vegetation with
several protected or endangered plant species of steppe. The secondary verges are abandoned
from arable field, valuable species are found on these habitats only rarely. Our study was un-
dertaken in the Csanádi-hát loess region (SE Hungary) (approx. 940 km2). During the 10-
year long investigation in each mapping unit of the Central Europaeaen Flora Mapping Sys-
tem (approx. 6.5×5.5 km) of this area the average number of the protected plant species was
5.5. Among these species 1.0 (18.6%) species was found only in coherent areas (meadow, for-
est, arable land etc.), 0.4 species (6.6%) occurred both in coherent areas and verges and 4.2
species (74.9%!) occurred only in verges. In the Csanádi-hát considering the number of habi-
tats and the size of populations 90-100% of the protected plant species Adonis vernalis, Ajuga
laxmannii, Anchusa barrelieri, Clematis integrifolia, Inula germanica, Oxytropis pilosa, Prunus
tenella, Silene bupleuroides and the Vinca herbacea were found in the verges. Further species
Carduus hamulosus, Linaria biebersteinii, Ornithogalum brevistylum, Phlomis tuberosa, Sternber-
gia colchiciflora etc. have also significant populations in roadsides and boundaries. At present,
the verges are in general not protected. In Csanádi-hát in each mapping unit of the flora map-
ping system 71.0% of the protected plant species was found in unprotected verges only. These
small grassland fragments are supposedly also of great importance in other loess lowland areas
(e.g. Central and E Hungary, W Romania, N Serbia). The verges are very endangered because
of lack of treatment (mowing, grazing), shrubs, ploughing and pollution. The preservation of
the verges needs new nature conservation strategies in the Pannonian Biogeographical Region.
Establishment of numerous small nature reserves (including further Natura 2000 sites) in the
primary verges is necessary as well as realization of adequate treatment.
54
Syntaxonomic studies
on the ruderal plant communities
in Óbuda and Békásmegyer
Dancza, I.
Budapest, Hungary
Óbuda and Békásmegyer districts of Budapest are situated in Buda, right side of the Dan-
ube River. Considering their structure, extensive building estates and houses with gardens are
equally typical. The study area is located on the right side of the narrow belt of the Danube
plain that is bordered with Pilis and Buda hills. From a phytogeographical point of view, the
area is situated on the border of Praematricum and Pilisiense floristic regions. From geographi-
cal point of view, the studied urbanised areas associated directly with hilly areas and Danube
floodplain, which are rich in nature conservation values.
Although several papers have been published since the end of the 19th century on the flo-
ra and vegetation of the semi natural parts of this area, data on ruderal vegetation in urban-
ised parts have not been presented yet. Only few floristic publications are available on ruderal
habitats.
The aim of this study is to conduct a syntaxonomic survey on the dominant ruderal vegeta-
tion on roadsides, edges and street islands. One hundred-seven phytosociological records were
carried out according to the standard procedures of the BRAUN-BLANQUET school during
the optimal growth stage (flowering) of dominant and characteristic species: in late spring–
early summer between 2005 and 2009. Before numerical analyses, the BRAUN-BLANQUET
values were transformed according to van der MAAREL. Dissimilarity among relevés was
measured by similarity ratio; the clustering method was complete linkage. Numerical analysis
was done by the SYNTAX package.
Based on the numerical analyses seven groups of relevés are separated by both ordination
and classification. Five of them were identified well; two of them can be considered transi-
tional groups. Two groups belong to the Onopordion acanthii alliance; they were indentified as
Carduo-Onopordetum acanthii and Carduetum acanthoidis associations. Carduus acanthoides is
a characteristic and constant species in both associations, Onopordum acanthium is a differen-
tial species of the Carduo-Onopordetum acanthii. Besides, presence of Dauco-Melilotion species
can be observed in Onopordion acanthii relevés. The third group was identified as an Echio-Me-
lilotetum albi, in which Echium vulgare and Melilotus officinale are diagnostic species. Other well
identified groups are Lepidietum drabae and Hordeetum murini communities. The two transi-
tional groups are characterised by Sisymbrion, Dauco-Melilotion and Onopordion species.

55
The World Index on Plot-Based

Vegetation Databases – project and
meta-analysis of available data
Dengler, J.1,*, Ewald, J.2, Finckh, M.1, Jansen, F.3 & Peet, R. K.4
2) Fakultät Wald und Forstwirtschaft, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf,
Freising, Germany
3) Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, Germany
4) Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
Questions: How many vegetation relevés are available in electronic databases, how
are they distributed in terms of geography and habitat types, what are their properties
and what are potential uses?
Location: Global.
Methods: We collated the World Index of Plot-Based Vegetation Databases, a glo-
bal metadatabase on vegetation databases within the framework of the International
Association for Vegetation Science that is publically available on the internet and will
be updated continuously. For inclusion, databases need (i) to contain temporally and
spatially explicit species co-occurrence data of photoautotrophic organisms for plots
up to 10,000 m² (1 ha) and (ii) to be basically accessible to the scientific public. For
this paper, we analysed the information on the databases that have been registered un-
til April 2010.
Results: The registered 54 databases contain more than 1.4 million relevés (as of
21 March 2010). While presently, the majority of data is available for Europe, there
are also several databases on all other continents except Antarctica. The data go back
to 1910, but the vast majority has been collected during the last three decades. Pre-
dominant plot sizes range from 1 to 400 m². The databases also contain time series
and nested-plot data but they are only a minority. We will present first analyses which
fraction of the relevés are connected with structural parameters, soil characteristics or
other plot-based environmental parameters.
Conclusions: Plot-based vegetation databases could make a significant contribu-
tion to ecoinformatics as they contain huge amounts of species occurrence records (in
some regions exceeding the number of records in mapping or herbarium databases).
Compared to these other flora-related databases, the databases included in our meta-
database are outstanding in so far as they contain explicit small-scale co-occurrence
data often connected with measured environmental data and that they correspond to
a spatial grain that is directly relevant to many ecological processes. Making the wealth
of already digitised relevé data easily accessible via our metadatabase thus likely will
stimulate many new and exciting large-scale ecological analyses.
56
European Dry Grassland Group (EDGG)

– join the network of dry grassland
researchers and conservationists
Dengler, J.,*, Janišová, M., Rsia, S. & Vrahnakis, M. S.
2) Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
3) Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
4) Department of Forestry and Management of Natural Environment, Technological Educational In-
stitute of Larissa, Karditsa, Greece
The European Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) has been established in August 2008 as an infor-
mal network of dry grassland researchers and conservationists throughout Europe. Meanwhile,
it gained nearly 500 members from more than 40 countries. Research interests of its members
include all aspects of dry grasslands: flora, fauna, diversity, ecology, population biology, manage-
ment, conservation, restoration, environmental legislation and education. EDGG has become
an official Working Group of the International Association for Vegetation (IAVS). Presently, the
EDGG has three regional subgroups (German Arbeitsgruppe Trockenrasen, Working Group on
Dry Grasslands in the Nordic and Baltic Region, Mediterranean Dry Grasslands, South-East Eu-
ropean Dry Grassland Group).
The basic aim of the EDGG is to stimulate the exchange of ideas and data as well as coopera-
tion across national borders. For this purpose, EDGG has developed four major tools:
the homepage (htttp://www.edgg.org);
the newsletter with a quarterly periodicity (http://www.edgg.org/publications.htm);
the mailing list for urgent issues; and
annual conferences at varying topics and locations (http://www.edgg.org/events.htm).
During the short time of its existence, the EDGG provided its members with relevant informa-
tion on the past and forthcoming scientific events and new publications. Moreover, a forum for
questions, calls and other communication forms is available through the homepage or Bulletin of
the EDGG.. A specific focus of the EDGG and its regional subgroups is the establishment of na-
tional and supranational vegetation databases of dry grasslands and related vegetation types, and
their subsequent connection and analysis.
The 7th European Dry Grassland Meeting will be held from 28 May to 1 June in Smolen-
ice (Slovakia) with the main topic “Succession, restoration and management of dry grasslands”
(registration is already completed). In July 2010, there will be a joint EDGG Research Expedi-
tion in Ukraine, and in 2011 the 8th European Dry Grassland Meeting is scheduled for Uman’,
Ukraine.
Finally, we cordially invite all interested colleagues to join EDGG (without any obligations) and
to contribute to its activities – just contact the first author, who is the membership administrator.
57
The use of the Markov Chain

Model based on monitoring for
the stand growth prognosis
Dobrovolsky, A.
Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy, Russian Federation
Predicting dynamics of natural resources, including forest, and comparison of alternative strat-
egies in the nature management, are widely recognized applications for modelling. We studied
the Oranienbaum Park (the total area is 161 ha) in the North-West part of Russia. The park is
located in the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, 40 kilometres west from St. Petersburg.
The broadleaved species (lime, oak and ash) were dominant in the stand composition. The
basis for the study was the total enumeration and inventory of 13256 sample trees that were
measured (height, DBH, vitality class) and mapped at scale 1:500 twice - in 1981 and 2003.
Increase in DBH in two diameter classes (5-8 cm) through the 22-year time period was
the most realistic according the monitoring results for all the vitality class groups of trees. The
temporal patterns of changes in vitality classes of lime-trees showed high probability of the
shifting from 1st and 2nd vitality classes to the 2nd vitality class. The probability of the transi-
tion from the 3rd vitality class to the 2nd strongly increased when the diameter class increased.
The transition probability from the 3rd vitality class to the 4th (dead trees) increased with the
decrease of initial diameter.
Using the Markov Chain Model, we studied the development of the lime and oak stands
in the Park. Model verification was done on the independent data, obtained from the two
different parks, situated in St. Petersburg. The verification results suggest that the models
BROLST1_lime and BROLS1_oak could be applied for simulation of other tree species and
stands as soon as empirical dataset will become available.
For input data we used (1) the actual distribution of the trees that had the certain vitality
and diameter class among the density rang; (2) the empirically obtained transition probabili-
ties of transition of trees over the 22-year time step. The 22 year time-step was dictated by the
time period between two consecutive inventories.
The model, in its present form, has good prospects for qualitative and quantitative predic-
tions not only for lime and oak stands in the park but also for other lime and oak stands in the
regions with similar climate and soil conditions.
58
Land-use change and repeated vegetation

mapping in abandoned vineyards
in the Western-Cserhát
Házi, J.,*, Bartha, S., Szentes, Sz., Ádám, Sz., Saláta, D., Kenéz, Á. & Penksza, K.
1) Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Szent István University,
Gödöllő, Hungary
2) Institute of Ecology and Botany of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Vácrátót, Hungary
3) Department of Turf, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
Successional pressures resulting from reduced human land use and grazing have resulted in
vegetation type conversion in the Western-Cserhát. The vegetation of abandoned vineyards on
loess soils was investigated in 1997 and again in 2009. During the research we used 2 × 2 m
permanent plots to discover the most relevant changes of vegetation. The number of perma-
nent plots was 40, and we made detailed vegetation map at a scale 1:5000. Vegetation types
were defined on the basis of their species composition and abundance pattern. The north and
west slopes of the hill were different before the research, and during the whole period. Com-
parison of the two data sets revealed that the vegetation in 1997 differed significantly from the
vegetation in 2009. Part of this difference could be explained by secondary succession. Spe-
cies richness and diversity decreased continuously, and the average total biomass significantly
increased during the 12-year-long study. On the north facing slope the analysis showed that
species indicating nutrient rich and most humid conditions, like Cytisus austriacus, Dorycnium
herbaceum and Brachypodium pinnatum, were more abundant in the 2009 samples than be-
fore. Vegetation within this area has shown a tendency toward proliferation of shrubs onto
sites that were previously dominated by grasses. On the west facing slope of the hill, the most
abundant species was Andropogon ischaemum, which successfully transformed the formerly
Festuca rupicola and Inula ensifolia dominated plots. The analysis showed that the most con-
servative vegetation type was Arrhenatherum elatius and Calamagrostis epigeios dominated type.
The 12-year-long study revealed that species richness and diversity significantly decreased dur-
ing the course of secondary succession, therefore effective and appropriate nature conservation
management is essential for controlling the monodominant grass species and shrubs, and for
improving a balanced species composition in secondary dry grasslands in Hungary.

59
Comparative analysis of arable

weed flora of different crops
in Southwestern Hungary
Henn, T. & Pál, R.,,*
1) Department of Plant Systematics and Geobotany, Faculty of Sciences, University
of Pécs, Hungary
2) Department of Viticulture and Agrobotany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Pécs,
Hungary
Segetal weed vegetation in Hungary has changed greatly in recent decades, mainly through di-
versity decrease of arable field flora. Our research was carried out in Southwestern Hungary,
within the frame of the Fifth Nationwide Arable Weed Survey, between 2007 and 2008.
In total 720 relevés were collected in four periods. Cereals, stubble fields and row crops
were included in our data collection. Different cultures showed a distinctive separation by
considering their species composition. We compared our dataset also with earlier findings. The
results showed a significant change in species composition especially in the case of problematic
and endangered weed species.
The dataset consisted of 285 species, which belong to 46 families. The dominance of sum-
mer annuals and rhizomatous geophytes doubled in the last four decades. The spreading of
this latter group can be explained by deep and regular soil management regime. It is impor-
tant to emphasize that bulbous geophytes have become nearly extinct from the arable fields.
Species richness was higher in the summer relevés, the highest diversity was detected in cereal
fields.
60
Forb fringes and forest edge

communities (class TRIFOLIO-GERANIETEA
sanguinei Th. Müller )
in the western part of Ukraine
Iakushenko, D.
University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Poland
The fringe communities in Ukraine have not been known sufficiently so far. Preliminary in-
formation about the diversity of the forb fringes and forest edge communities was very scanty.
The main goal of the study was to investigate the diversity of fringe vegetation in the western
part of Ukraine, where we expected to find the large part of the associations with central-Eu-
ropean range.
A survey of plant communities of the class Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei Th. Müller 1962
in the western part of Ukraine has been made. Data were analyzed using JUICE (Tichy, 2002)
software. The correlation with environmental factors was investigated using canonical corre-
spondence analysis (CCA).
Communities from the alliances Geranion sanguinei Tx. in Th. Müller 1962 (xerother-
mic, previously carbonatophylous), Trifolion medii Th. Müller 1962 (mesophitic, often ni-
trophilous), Teucrion scorodoniae de Foucault et al. 1983 (acidophilous on the gleic soils)
and Melampyrion pratensis Passarge 1979 (acidophilous on the sandy soils) are distinguished.
Besides, communities seem to belong to the Dictamno albi-Ferulagion galbaniferae (van Gils
et al. 1975) de Foucault et al. 1983, these are described in the south-west regions (Transcar-
pathia, Podillia and Bukovyna).
So, fringe vegetation of the class Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei Th. Müller 1962 in the
western part of Ukraine is sufficiently diverse. We can expect some new associations in the
eastern regions and in the Crimea, where floras are quite different.

61
The impact of land use history on ground

vegetation in lowland woodlands a case
study from the Elbe Basin, Czech Republic
Klinerová, T.,* & Hédl, R.
1) Charles University Prague, Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Czech Republic
2) Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
All recent forests of Europe were influenced by humans in the past. This impact was especially
strong in long-colonized landscapes of lowlands. Analyzing sets of historical maps from dif-
ferent periods, we can identify continuous forest patches which were not deforested since the
creation of the oldest map. This type of forest has been denoted „ancient woodland“. Forests
that originated later, in the more recent time, have been called „recent woodland“. Between
ancient and recent woodlands, there exist considerable differences in the composition of the
herb layer. Different types of management are further related to the changes of structure and
chemism of soils lasting for years.
The site of our research is situated in the Elbe Basin, Central-East Bohemia. It has a nicely
fragmented land-cover with numerous woods of different sizes and good information sourc-
es on its history. In 2009 we have collected a set of 142 phytocenological relevés in forests,
stratified according to continuity (ancient/recent) and naturalness (natural/artificial) tree layer
composition. Furthermore, soil samples were collected to be analyzed. The key research issues
concern (i) impact of the historical continuity of the forest cover to ground vegetation, (ii)
relationships among soil properties and vegetation composition. From the perspective of spe-
cies traits, we will focus our attention on dispersal and establishment strategies, comparing the
presence of different functional groups
62
Controls of vegetation change in

abandoned coppice-with-standards
Kopecký, M.,*, Hédl, R.
1) Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
2) Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Re-
public, Brno, Czech Republic
After many centuries of relatively stable management in lowland woodlands of Central Eu-
rope, the recent abandonment of coppicing caused dramatic changes in their composition and
diversity. While this process is well documented from various parts of Europe, only little is
known about factors which control the rate of this process.
Therefore, we collected a data set of 122 vegetation plots repeatedly observed in early 1950s
and early 2000s in the Děvín Wood (SE part of the Czech Republic). The forest vegetation of
the Wood comprises xerothermic oak communities (Quercion pubescenti-petraeae), mesophi-
lous oak-hornbeam forests (Carpinion), and ravine forests dominated by large-leaved lime
(Tilio-Acerion).
Our previous analyses showed that forest vegetation of the Děvín Wood experienced dra-
matic decrease in species richness, marked shift from xerothermic to mesic communities and
significant taxonomic homogenization during last 50 years. In this paper, we go further and
link the rate of observed changes to 1) site topography (e.g. incoming solar radiation and top-
ographically controlled soil moisture), 2) time since last canopy disturbance (i.e. last coppicing
cycle) and 3) magnitude of community invasion by alien plant – Impatiens parviflora.
We aimed to test the hypotheses that 1) the vegetation on drier and warmer sites changes
slower because of environmental constrains, 2) the herb layer of forests with younger canopy
changes slower because of conditions that resemble previous coppicing more closely, and 3)
the invasion of alien plants contributes to the observed change by disrupting organization of
local communities.

63
Coenological differentiation of
PEUCEDANUM species (sect. PEUCEDANUM)
stands in the Carpathian Basin
Kovács, A. J.
Institute of Biology, University of West Hungary, Szombathely, Hungary
In the area of the Carpathian Basin and Central-Europe, the genus Peucedanum (sect. Peu-
cedanum) includes mostly species of SE-European origin: P. officinale L., P. longifolium Walst.
& Kit., P. rochelianum Heuff. and P. tauricum M. Bieb. These taxa have close relationships
with P. ruthenicum M. Bieb. and P. coriaceum Reichenb., raising doubts about the specific
status of all taxa. Our studies related to the ecological indicators (moisture requirement W),
put in evidence particular species groups and contribute to the coenological differentiation of
the Peucedanum-species stands. Peucedanum officinale group: P. officinale, Aster sedifolius subsp.
sedifolius, Odontites lutea, Aster linosyris, Festuca pseudovina, Artemisia pontica, Ranunculus pe-
datus, Scorzonera cana; char.: semi-dry and semi-humid habitats, salt marshes, alliances Festu-
cion pseudovinae, Peucedano officinale-Asterion sedifolii (Peucedano-Asteretum sedifolii Soó 1947
corr. Borhidi 1996); Peucedanum longifolium group: P. longifolium, Allium flavum, Centaurea
atropurpurea, Asperula capitata, Dianthus spiculuifolius, Silene flavescens, Campanula crassipes,
Seseli gracile, Sesleria filifolia, Helictotrichon decorum; char.: xeric (mostly moesic), calcareous
rocky places, alliance: Seslerion rigidae (Asperulo capitatae-Seslerietum rigidae (Zólyomi 1939)
Coldea 1991, Seslerietum filifoliae Zólyomi 1939); Peucedanum rochelianum group: P. ro-
chelianum, Narcissus radiiflorus, Sanguisorba officinalis, Gentiana pneumonanthe, Iris sibirica,
Serratula tinctoria, Cirsium canum, Inula salicina, Ranunculus polyanthemos, char.: moist-wet
and mesic habitats, alliances: Molinion, Filipendulion (Peucedano recheliani-Molinietum caer-
uleae Boscaiu 1965); Peucedanum tauricum group: P. tauricum, Inula ensifolia, Thalictrum mi-
nus, Galium glaucum, Anthericum ramosum, Muscari tenuiflorum, Asparagus officinalis, Elymus
hispidus; char.: xerothermic fringe and steppic habitats, alliance: Geranion sanguinei, and with
transgressive species (Astragalus monspessulanus, Vinca herbacea, Iris aphylla, Salvia nutans, S.
transsylvanica) transitions to Festuco-Brometea syntaxa; (Inulo ensifoliae-Peucedanetum taurici
Kovács J. A. 2009, Cariceto humilis-Festucetum rupicolae Soó 1947 corr. Kovács 2002).
64
The comparative analysis of the

influence of different environmental
factors on the species richness of
the South Ural forest communities
Martynenko, V.B.* & Mirkin, B.M.
Institute of Biology Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
The influence of three main environmental factors – warmth (W), moisture (M), soil fertility
(F) on the species richness (alpha-diversity) of the South Ural forest communities was investi-
gated in the frame of syntaxonomy on the basis of more than 2000 releves. The syntaxonomy
includes three principal classes: Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. in Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 (QF, 27
ass., species richness from 27 to 74), Brachypodio pinnati-Betuletea pendulae Ermakov et al.
1991 (BB, 10 ass., species richness from 42 to 72), Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Siss.
et Vlieger 1939 (VP, 11 ass., species richness from 28 to 65). The environmental conditions
were estimated by Landolt’s scales for each association.
We showed distribution diapasons of three classes along investigated factors:
QF: W – 2.84-3.67, M – 2.43-3.61, F – 2.63-3.82;
BB: W – 2.87-3.28, M – 1.95-2.78, F – 2.31-2.92;
VP: W – 2.79-3.12, M – 1.65-3.22, F – 2.20-2.67.
For the comparison of the input of W, M and F factors in the formation of the species rich-
ness we use a new allometric index proposed by us called the rate of species richness change
(RSRC), which is a measure of the change in the species richness in 0,1 Landolt’s scale grada-
tion. RSRC reflects nonlinear relation of species richness and ecological gradients. It increases
in extreme environment. The maximal RSRC (W, 7.8) was revealed for VP boreal forests of
extreme high mountain habitats and the minimal RSRC (F, 0.8) - for QF nemoral forests on
rich soils.
The row classes of forest vegetation from maximal to minimal RSRC were identical for all
three factors (VP – BB – QF). The mean RSRC for all classes was 4.9, 3.8 and 1.6 for W F and
M correspondingly. On this basis, we consider that factor W (summarized influence of eleva-
tion above sea level and exposition) is the principal factor determining the species richness of
South Ural forest communities. The second important factor is F, but its role is overrated by
positive correlation with factor W. Factor M influences species richness of VP and especially of
QF. The last class has a broad distribution along gradient of factor M from xerothermic com-
munities with Quercus robur to flood-plain forests with Alnus incana and Padus avium.
This investigation is supported by the program «Biodiversity» (the subprogram «Diversity
and monitoring of Russian forests ecosystems».

65
Is top soil removal a possible way for

restoration of Pannonian saline habitats?
Meleková, Z.,*,Dít, D., Galvánek, D., Eliáš, P. Jr. & Šuvada, R.
1) Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia
2) Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
3) DAPHNE Institute of Applied Ecology, Zvolen, Slovakia
4) Department of Botany, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
5) Administration of the Slovak Karst National Park, Brzotín, Slovakia
Inland saline habitats of the Pannonian basin represent a specific variety of halophytic com-
munities which depend on soil salinity and moisture-level gradient. Many localities suffer
from the changes of water regime due to river regulations and lack of management. Our ex-
periment is testing the effect of top soil removal as a restoration method.
The experiment was conducted in Kamenínske slanisko Nature Reserve (southern Slova-
kia). The experimental plots were established in 3 different levels of degradation (Level 1 –
relatively well-preserved halophytic stand with Camphorosma annua, Puccinellia distans and
Artemisia monogyna; Level 2 – moderately degraded stand with Plantago maritima subsp. salsa
and Limonium gmelinii with a slight cover of generalists; Level 3 – heavily degraded stand with
dominance of ruderals like Dipsacus fullonum or Cirsium arvense.
A completely randomized design was used with four replicates per each level. The fre-
quency of vascular plants was recorded in a 50 cm × 50 cm square area. Removal of the soil
was carried out in 2008 directly after first data sampling into the depth. Data of the vegeta-
tion samplings from 2008 and 2009 were analyzed using Detrended (DCA) and Canonical
Correspondence Analysis (CCA) for testing the correlation between vegetation removal and
the vegetation changes in time of each level. The results in DCA confirm the important role
of salinity (Axis 1) as a factor determining species composition. Top soil removal moved the
vegetation in all three levels back to earlier stages of succession, although removed plots were
colonized by halophytic species only in levels 1 and 2. While the change after a year in Lev-
el 1 is minimal, Level 2 has a considerable trend for positive regeneration. The plots in Level
3 were colonized mostly by ruderals, even more aggressively compared to the reference plots.
The CCA diagram demonstrates two species (Plantago maritima subsp. salsa and Limonium
gmelinii) responding positively to the vegetation removal and Level 3 has the highest impact
of disturbance (P=0.002, 19%).
Our results show that top soil removal could be a promising restoration method of saline
habitats. However, it can only be applied where there is probability of a viable seed bank of
halophytes and the seed rain from species in close surroundings. Crucial factor is the soil sa-
linity, too. On degraded soils such as Level 3 the top soil removal is very limited due to the
advanced desalinization processes.
66
The ornamental, aromatic and edible

vegetal species from Lapus region
(Transylvania)
Mihalescu, L.*, Vosgan, Z., Rosca, O. M. & Danci, O.
North University Baia Mare, Romania
The Lapus region is delimited by the Tibles and Gutâi massifs in the North, by the Breaza
summit and the Preluca massif in the South, and in the East it is stretching towards Năsăud,
the separation of the water being the limit, while in the West it opens towards the depression
of Baia Mare. This region is crossed by the Lăpus river.
The Lăpuş river is limited on one side and the other by a diverse vegetation, imposed by the
relief and the ecological factors. At the sources of the river from the heart of the mountains,
the vegetation is formed by forests of spruce fir and of spruce fire mingled with fir. Down-
stream, the river’s margins are limited by beech forests and beech-hornbeam groves and in
front of the Târgu Lăpuş town, in the meadow exist crops. In the gorge of the Lăpuş, starting
with the Răzoare locality, dominant are the beech-hornbeam groves. These expand from the
river bed and up to the summits of the mountains which limit the river bed. They are very well
made woods having in the grassy layer a flora as it follows: Galanthus nivalis, Primula acaulis,
Anemone nemorosa, Crocus heuffelianus, Helleborus purpurascens.
In some places, the river bed is limited by low grounds with excessive humidity upon which
there are willow groves, have in the shrubs layer Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Cornus
mas, Cornus sanguinea.
Even though the afforested areas are dominant here and there, we can find meso-hygro-
phytic grasslands which are enlightened by species as Agrostis stolonifera, Trifolium repens, Lo-
tus corniculatus, Lolium perenne, Caltha laeta. These species place themselves on plane, humid
sections, covered with fertile alluvial soil.
In Lapus’s villages exist a great tradition about utilised plant species in lot of directions.
In the forests, on meadow and next of villages are developing honey plants, drug plants, in-
dustrial plants and a lot of edible plants, aromatic plants and ornamental plants.
From 60 ornamental plants, the most frequent are: Erythronium dens-canis var. niveum,
Crocus heuffelianus var. niveum, Convallaria majalis, Galanthus nivalis, etc.
An important cultural aspect is that the people in the Lapus’s villages use a lot of edible and
aromatic plants such as: Ranunculus ficaria, Allium ursinum, Cirsium canum, Origanum vul-
gare, Cardamine pratensis.

67
A new source of information for

vegetation science: traditional ecological
knowledge of herdsmen in an alkali
landscape (Hortobágy, Hungary)
Molnár, Zs.* & Hoffmann, K.
Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Vácrátót, Hungary
Introduction: Vegetation science and conservation biology in Europe – as opposed to North

America and the tropics – surprisingly rarely takes advantage of the traditional ecological
knowledge of peasants and herdsmen. We studied the relationship between the ecological
knowledge of herdsmen and scientific knowledge. We also looked at how this knowledge is
applicable to conservation management of alkali steppes.
Methods, area: We collected data on the knowledge on plants, vegetation and its dynam-
ics of herdsmen (60) and professionals (15) in the Hortobágy, the largest steppe in Central
Europe, by semi-structured interviews and participatory observations during field activities
(grazing). The main habitat types are short grass steppe (Artemisio- and Achilleo-Festucetum
pseudovinae) interspersed with patches of barren salt flats (Camphorosmetum annuae), saline
meadows (Agrostio-Alopecuretum pratensis) and marshes (Schoenoplectus, Bolboschoenus etc.).
Results and discussion: Unexpectedly, more than 90% of plant names, 100% of habitat
names, nearly 100% of the knowledge on habitats, and cca. 80% on landscape history are in-
dependent of scientific knowledge. This result is surprising, given that one of the most im-
portant botanical institutions has been within a 50 km distance for nearly 200 years, and the
steppe has been a tourist destination and a workplace for professionals for about 100 years.
Although there is some overlap between the knowledge of herdsmen and professionals,
they are mainly independent. Traditional knowledge includes several elements that scientific
knowledge does not. For instance, only a small part of the traditional folk names of the vegeta-
tion appears in the botanical literature. Little is known on the changes during the last decades
in the quality of pastures, in certain details of the changes in grazing methods, on the effects
of the spread of reed and accumulation of dry plant matter, and the effects of early spring and
late fall grazing, as well as extensive manuring. Oddly, herding is a necessary malady for bota-
nists, because grazing is required to the maintenance of the natural vegetation, but the behav-
iour of herdsmen is often incomprehensible and difficult to influence. Some botanists are not
interested in the knowledge of herdsmen.
68
Importance of germination success

in plant invasion
Nagy, D., Fekete, Cs., , Tóth, B. & Pál, R.,,*
1) Department of Plant Systematics and Geobotany, Faculty of Sciences, University
of Pécs, Hungary
2) Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of
Pécs, Hungary
3) Department of Viticulture and Agrobotany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Pécs,
Hungary
Invasive species cause great ecological problems in many parts of the world. One of the reasons
of their success is that they can escape their natural enemies in the invaded range. Centaurea
stoebe is a well known invasive forb in the Northern United States, and it is a common plant
species of dry and semidry grasslands in its native European range.
Our research focuses on the differences of germination success of European and American
Centaurea stoebe (spotted knapweed) populations. Our hypothesis suggests that spotted knap-
weed seeds collected from the invaded range germinate potentially better than the native seeds,
while natives are more exposed to the infections of different microorganisms.
We collected spotted knapweed seeds from 10 invaded populations and 10 native popula-
tions and set up germination experiments in Petri dishes. We also weighed and compared the
seeds from the different populations and correlated the results with the germination success.
We found differences in the size, and germination between the native and the invasive pop-
ulations. The seeds of the invasive populations were significantly heavier and more germina-
tive. Native populations were exposed significantly higher to microbial infections.
Our results suggest that native plant species have an inhibitory control already at an early
stage of their development, microorganisms on seed surfaces play an important role in regu-
lating their numbers, while at the invaded range these regulating factors are not as effective
or are completely missing. Our finding supports the enemy release hypothesis of the invasive
plant species.

69
State of naturalness and degree of

degradation in andesite slope steppes
of the Börzsöny Mountains
Nagy, J.,*, Sipcz, P. & Hufnagel, L.
1) Corvinus University of Budapest, Faculty of Horticultural Science Department of Botany,
Budapest, Hungary
2) HAS-CUB „Adaptation to Climate Change” Research Group Budapest, Hungary
The aim of our work is to evaluate the state of naturalness and degradation of andesite slope
steppes of the Börzsöny Mountains (Northern Hungary, Matricum floristic district). These
grasslands are traditionally identified in Hungary as the community Potentillo-Festucetum pseu-
dodalmaticae. In the neighbouring Slovakia community of Potentillo-Festucetum pseudodalmat-
icae described from East-Slovakia is distinguished from that of Inulo-Festucetum pseudodalmat-
icae described from South-Slovakia, both developing among similar conditions.
In the studied region, overpopulation of game has been a serious problem of nature conser-
vation for decades. Dry slope steppes are particularly threatened by the mouflon.
65 relevés of 16 square metres size (localised by GPS) were made in the Mountains. Dur-
ing the field work 11 different types of andesite slope steppes have been studied: Bothriochloa
ischaemum, Chrysopogon gryllus, Cleistogenes serotina, Elymus hispidus, Festuca pseudodalmati-
ca, Festuca pallens, Poa scabra, Stipa dasyphylla, Stipa pulcherrima, Stipa tirsa and Stipa pennata
dominated ones. We compiled the synthetic table of these types. Slope steppes were compared
and evaluated concerning their field conditions (exposure, degree of slope, thickness and rub-
ble content of the soil), ecological and syntaxonomical indicator values (Borhidi’s SBT, life
form, Zólyomi’s W-value) and also by calculating their unweighted means. The mentioned
parameters were analysed by multivariate statistical methods with the application of the PAST
and SYN-TAX software.
Studied stands grow at 150–700 m a.s.l, on erubase soil formed on andesite or andesite tuff
baserock, principally on south or south-western facing slopes of 10–30 degree. The coverage
of grass layer is 65–95%. The closest stands are composed of Elymus hispidus and Stipa tirsa,
while the pioneer types dominated by Poa scabra are the most open ones.
Grassland types are determined by field conditions, degree of degradation and the process
of succession, as well.
Degradation series was constructed based on Borhidi’s SBT-values, and so was drought re-
sistance series on the basis of Zólyomi’s W-values. Concerning degradation, outstanding types
are those dominated by Bothriochloa ischaemum, Cleistogenes serotina, Elymus hispidus and Sti-
pa pennata. Best is the state of naturalness in case of the slope steppes dominated by clump-
forming Festuca pallens, F. pseudodalmatica, Stipa dasyphylla and S. pulcherrima species.
70
What factors are responsible for varia-

ble species richness of Cirsio-Brachypo-
dion grasslands in the Czech Republic?
Otýpková, Z.* & Merunková, K.
Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Grasslands of the White Carpathians (Czech Republic) belong to the most species-rich habi-
tats in Europe. They exceed compositionally similar communities of neighbouring areas in
south-eastern Moravia in their species richness by up to 50%. Despite their evident contrast-
ing diversity, ecological drivers of species richness in the White Carpathians and the adjacent
areas of Moravia have not been studied so far. Our study addresses possible reasons for various
species richness of grasslands in these two regions, which share the same regional species pool.
Grasslands of the Cirsio-Brachypodion alliance were studied on scales of 1 and 100 m2, and var-
ious ecological factors (productivity, soil pH, conductivity, soil depth, soil type, bedrock, cover
and depth of litter, cover of herb and moss layer etc.) were recorded on both scales.
In terms of range of studied factors, the two regions differ neither in productivity and soil
depth, factors generally regarded as influential diversity drivers, nor in cover of herb and moss
layer and depth of litter. Higher pH and conductivity was encountered in south-eastern Mora-
via, while higher litter cover was found in the White Carpathians. Further analyses revealed
that species richness within compared regions and on different scales is driven by different sets
of factors. Diversity of the White Carpathian grasslands is highest in places with high herb
biomass and on gentle slopes, while in south-eastern Moravia high diversity is connected with
clayey soils and high moss cover. When analysing data from both regions together, species
richness peaks in places with low pH, on gentle slopes with high herb cover and mowing man-
agement. On steeper slopes, grasslands on clayey soils are most species-rich.

71
Changes in occurrence and distribution

pattern of wet meadows
(Molinion Koch ) in NE Slovenia
Pauši, A.,*, Somodi, I., & Čarni, A.,
1) Jovan Hadži Biological Institute, Slovenia
2) Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
3) University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
Wet meadows are rare and endangered due to suburbanization, expansion of infrastructure,
loss of natural environment. As a consequence, we deal today with the rapid decline of these
sensitive ecosystems, which also host many endangered plant and animal species.
In the temperate climate the presence of wet meadows is in many cases a result of human
management and that of the man’s influence on environmental conditions.
The aim of our research was to find the major abiotic factors including human-related
ones, which determine the presence of these wet meadows in NE Slovenia (Goričko) as well
as those that might be responsible for the decline of their area. We catalogued all wet meadow
areas (157 meadow polygons) and compared them with condition in year 2005 (461 poly-
gons). We analyzed potential factors that can influence the distribution of the meadows in the
region: distance to roads, distance to water bodies, distance to springs, elevation, aspect, slope,
and topographic position.
We first performed Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to characterize the effects of var-
iables on the studied wet meadows. Secondly, we built a generalised linear model to explain
the presence of the wet meadows with the same variable set.
Wet meadows of Goričko are found to occur mostly on flat, plane areas, but not on hill
tops or ridges. Distance from roads and water bodies seem to increase their likelihood of pres-
ence, however in a non-linear way. The greatest probability was found for areas in a medium
distance from these linear elements.
The results support our hypothesis that wet meadows in Goricko depend on human man-
agement (distance to roads), and also point out some basic natural requirements (distance to
water: neither on the shore, nor on too dry sites). From these we conclude that the conserva-
tion of these valuable (semi)natural areas in NE Slovenia greatly depend on human decisions
and so on management.
72
Ecological investigation of habitat 

*Petrifying springs with tufa formation
(Cratuneuron) in NATURA  site
Lozenska Mt. (Bulgaria)
Pedashenko, H.,*, Yurukova, L., Meshinev, T., Benderev, A. & Vassilev, K.
1) Institute of Botany, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
2) Institute of Geology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Despite the dry conditions on ridges and south slopes of NATURA 2000 site Lozenska Mt,
there are several spring communities situated in their outskirts. We investigated the water re-
gime in the area and collected rain water- and soil solution samples in order to clarify the
source and chemical composition of spring water. Habitat 7220 *Petrifying springs with tufa
formation (Cratuneuron) is usually with a very limited expansion in the field, which necessi-
tates preservation of its surroundings as well as the whole hydrological regime. In addition, we
elaborated management measures for the area and proposed extension of the NATURA 2000
site in order to include all localities of habitat 7220 in the mountain.

73
The experience of identification

and mapping of biologically valuable
forests in the Murmansk region
Pesterov, A.O.* & Neshatayev, V.Yu.
St. Petersburg Forest Academy, Department of Botany, Russian Federation
The biologically valuable forests (BVF) are forest ecosystems in which rare species listed in
Red Data Books and other species intolerant to forestry activities occur. The aim of our study
was to create the method of BVF identification and mapping in Murmansk region. The study
was based on releves published in previous years and 80 sample plots laid in 2006-2009 in La-
pland State Reserve and in the central part of Murmansk region induced by forestry and in-
dustrial air pollution.
The following criteria of BVF were used: 1) the presence of specialized species that depend
on specific characteristics of the forest and not able to survive in the commercially used for-
ests; 2) the presence of old trees and big parts of dead trees (old-growth forest); 3) the absence
of traces of human influence (virgin forest); 4) the presence of indicator species that have high
demands to the habitat conditions of BVF, but not so high as specialized species; 5) the pres-
ence of biological and/or landscape key-elements that are specific components, which make
the forest suitable for existence of specialized species. Forest communities belonging to rare
plant associations were also joint to BVF.
The forest plant associations for Murmansk region were established and dichotomous keys
for identification of forest plant associations were constructed.
Spruce BVF. In Murmansk region BVF are mostly represented by spruce forests and among
them by forests located near streams and at flood-plains. Spruce old-growth forests usually
have no traces of fire and are potentially suitable for growth of Red Data Book and specialized
species such as Actaea erythrocarpa, Evernia divaricata. Rare associations of spruce forests are
Piceetum cladinosum and Piceetum fusci sphagnosum.
Pine BVF represented by old-growth forests with rare lichens and fungi. Their stands usu-
ally consisting of several generations of pine appeared due to repeated surface fires.
Birch and willow BVF mostly connected with streams and flood-plains. Rare association of
birch forests is Betuletum cladinosum.
Aspen is rather rare species in Murmansk region. Many specialized species of mosses, li-
chens and fungi are connected with Populus tremula trees.
The results of the study could be the base for compilation of the instruction for identifica-
tion of BVF in Murmansk region. This instruction will be used in forest inventory for the pur-
pose of reservation of BVF.
74
Nature management:
is there any impact on vegetation
structure? – A Lithuanian example
Rašomaviius, V.
Institute of Botany of Nature Research Centre, Lithuania
Dramatic changes in land use and country’s economy have manifested in the structure of vege-
tation cover during the last decades. The state of natural and seminatural open grassland com-
munities is particularly subject to these changes. Significance and impact of economic activity
imitation measures, initiated by the EU nature protection standards, upon the ecosystems in
Lithuania was discussed.
Grassland and wetland management measures have been implemented within the frames
of rural development programme. In 2009, regular haymaking was declared in 36.4 thousand
ha, which nearly corresponds to the natural meadow area. However, the effect upon country’s
vegetation structure is assumed to be low. The above-discussed measures are used almost solely
on the sown grassland areas due to different attitude of administrating institutions towards ru-
ral development programmes. The measures are not attractive to land users in order to practise
them in natural habitats (only 1.1 thousand ha of maintained wetlands were declared).
By implementing Habitats Directive, the country obligates to warrant favourable conserva-
tion status of EU habitat types. Nature management plans for about 130 NATURA 2000 sites
were worked out and the measures for open habitat maintenance were foreseen (shrub and
tall herb removal, haymaking, grazing, etc.). The effect of measures upon bogs (7110, 7120),
mires (7140) and fens (7160, 7230) is only of local significance: nature management activity
involves only 1% of the total area of the mentioned habitats. There are no data on the activity
in the areas of natural grassland habitats.

75
Robinia pseudacacia distribution

patterns in NE Slovenia
Ribeiro, D.,*, Somodi, I., & Čarni, A.,
1) University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
2) Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary
3) Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology, Slovenia
Robinia pseudacacia L. was introduced in Europe at the beginning of the 17th century and is
being considered to be an invasive species also in Slovenia. Our study area is located in NE
Slovenia, in Pomurje region. The aim of our study was to find explanations for the current oc-
currence pattern of the species. The broader region was split into three geomorphologically
distinct sub-regions: the area along Mura River, under influence of floods, the lowland alluvial
terrace with intensive agriculture and the hilly region of Goričko. Areas dominated by R. pseu-
dacacia have been mapped in the lowland part in the field in a 4 km by 3 km sample plot in
2009. For the other two regions we used data from Slovenian Forest Service dating to 2006.
We analyzed potential factors that can influence the distribution of the species in the re-
gion: distance to roads, distance to water bodies, elevation, land use and soil type.
We performed a spatial sampling stratified for prevalence on the resulting maps to collect
observations on the relationship between R. pseudacacia presence and potentially influential
factors. We performed Principal Components Analysis to characterize the effects of variables
on R. pseudacacia.
R. pseudacacia was found to occur mostly in parcels designated as grasslands and forests.
Distance from roads and water bodies seems to decrease species presence, but this effect is site-
dependent. Dependence on soil also differs in the three sub-regions: the species is likely to oc-
cur in riparian soil along Mura River, dystric cambisol on Holocene alluvial gravel in lowland
and dystric cambisol on Pliocene argil in Goričko.
We did not find a good relation between elevation and species presence, this factor appar-
ently does not influence the distribution of the species in the region.
The effects of the various factors on the spatial distribution of the species were not uniform
over the three areas, which draws our attention to the significance of human decisions. They
are to a certain degree correlated to geomorphologic and ecological factors, but they depend
also on economical and social circumstances. R. pseudacacia expands naturally but is also being
planted by farmers and so its expansion is directed as well. Our results also show that human
decisions might also affect the species expansion to a different degree and in different ways in
three areas. Therefore, we intend to relate the species distribution to social factors as well, in
the future.
76
Changes of ecological behaviour

of plant species: weed vegetation
in NW-SE Balkan gradient
Silc, U.
Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Slovenia
On the basis of 4507 releves of weed vegetation from NW Balkans changes of weed species
behaviour were investigated. Two alliances in particular were the object of our study: Scleran-
thion annui with center of distribution in Central Europe and Caucalidion lappulae that has
its distribution center in warmer parts of Europe. It has already been stated by Holzner (1978)
that there is an evident shift in growth optimum of characteristic species of those alliances as
they reach the edge of their distribution. Changes in species composition, species behaviour
and habitat characteristics were detected along south-north gradient (from Macedonia to Slov-
enia).
Caucalidion stands thrive in wider range of soil reaction in the south and plant communi-
ties are species richer. Similar is evident in Scleranthion but in inverse gradient from south up
north. Another evidence of changes is decline of species characteristic for alliances towards the
edge of their distribution range away from optimal climate.

77
Thermophilous beech forests

on Slavonian hills (Croatia)
Skvorc, Z.*, Franjic, J., Krstonosic, D., Sever, K. & Horvat, G.
Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Croatia
Slavonian hills are situated in the eastern part of Croatia, on the border of the Pannonian and
Illyrian floristic area. Thanks to its location on the border of different climate influences (al-
pine from the west, dinaric to the south, pannonian from the east and north), great abundance
and diversity of flora and vegetation are present in this area. Thermophilous beech forests in
this area have not yet been studied, so we have analysed their syntaxonomic status, floristic,
ecological and syndynamic features. 37 vegetational relevés have been made following the
standard Braun-Blanquet method. The relevés have been compared with the relevés of simi-
lar vegetation in the wider geographical region. Surface soil layer was analyzed in all sampled
plots. Other ecological characteristics, such as microclimate, geomorphology, Ellenberg indi-
cator values, were also considered. Vegetation-site relationships were examined by using meth-
ods of direct gradient analysis. This type of vegetation develops through the succession of the
pubescent oak forests on the shallow carbonate soils of mostly southern expositions. It is char-
acterized by a high proportion of thermophilic species of the Quercetalia pubescentis order. As
far as synecological conditions are concerned, these forests can be compared to the stands as.
Ostryo-Fagetum and Laserpitio-Fagetum in the western part of Croatia, from which they dif-
fer by the absence of the species such as Ostrya carpinifolia, Laserpitium latifolium, Carex alba,
Sorbus aria, Erica carnea, etc.
78
Two plant associations of alliance

Trifolion resupinati in Bulgaria
Sopotlieva, D.
Institute of Botany, BAS, Bulgaria
In this study, ass. Hordeeto-Caricetum distantis and ass. Cynosureto-Caricetum hirtae from
southeastern Bulgaria are presented. The associations are characterized floristically and ec-
ologically. Both associations belong to alliance Trifolion resupinati, which is distributed in
South Balkans and includes lowland meadows influenced by sub-Mediterranean climate. Due
to these climate conditions, numerous therophyte species are present in the flora: 25.7% for
Hordeeto-Caricetum distantis and 21.7% for Cynosureto-Caricetum hirtae. Euro-Asiatic floristic
elements prevailed in Hordeeto-Caricetum distantis (18%), followed by Euro-Mediterranean
ones (15.6%). In Cynosureto-Caricetum hirtae most numerous are Euro-Mediterranean species
(17%) and Euro-Asiatic species (15%). Association Hordeeto-Caricetum distantis has subhalo-
phyllous character, especially subassociation juncetosum gerardii.

79
Dispersal of wetland plant species

within the pond systems and
its relationship to vegetation
Šumberová, K.,* & Ducháek, M.
1) Institute of Botany of ASCR, Czech Republic
2) National Museum Prague, Czech Republic
Dispersal of plant propagules is an important factor influencing vegetation patterns. Central-

European pond systems are habitats with high diversity of propagule dispersal modes. Us-
ing seedling-emergence analysis of sediments collected in fishponds and fish storage ponds,
connecting ditches, tools used in fishpond management, gumboots, vehicles etc. we studied
propagule dispersal within a South-Bohemian pond system. We performed also the feeding
experiment focusing on ichthyochory. The species composition and propagule density of each
species represented in the seed bank and sediments used for analysis of dispersal vectors were
compared with the data about recent flora and vegetation of fishponds and fish storage ponds.
The most common species in all samples were e.g. Juncus bufonius and Rorippa palustris. We
confirmed their dispersal by more different ways including ichthyochory. Seeds of Alnus gluti-
nosa and Lycopus europaeus were detected in large amounts in the drifts floating in water, which
fed the fish storage ponds. These species occurred only rarely in ponds due to unsuitable con-
ditions, but they were common on wet places in the surroundings of the ponds. Small seeds
of Coleanthus subtilis were found in sediments collected from gumboots and tools used in fish-
pond management. The species was common in vegetation and seed bank of several fishponds,
while it was only exceptionally found in fish storage ponds. Comparing the species compo-
sition in sediments from different dispersal vectors, the floating drifts were very poor in spe-
cies but the propagules occurred there in large quantities. The species rich sediment samples
from vehicles included wetland, ruderal, meadow and other species but the number of their
seeds was low. Smooth and small seeds of wetland annuals, which survived well when passing
through the fish digestive tract followed by incubation in the water, are best adapted for ich-
thyochory. Even after passing through the fish, these species needed large temperature or mois-
ture fluctuations for germination. We conclude that the most common wetland plant species
have not only an ability to grow in various conditions but also to disperse by many various
ways. Many ruderal species possess some “wetland dispersal adaptation”; these species have an
ability to expand into wetland habitats. The seed bank and vegetation on a locality need not
reflect much propagule influx due to strong species selection by habitat conditions.
80
Morphological and Molecular Genetic

Traits of the Hungarian Bear’s Ear
(PRIMULA HUNGARICA Borbás  s. ampl.)
Szabó, I.L.*, Kercsmár, V., Poczai, P. & Taller, J.
Department of Plant Science & Biotechnology, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia
Hungarian bear’s ear is an relict species endemic to the Trans-Danube Mountains. The scientif-
ic name given in the title has been neglected by most authors; and a nomenclatural stock-tak-
ing demonstrates the taxonomic doubts upon the well documented host sect. Auricula. Even
the taxonomy of P. auricula has always been controversial and never been completely solved.
Hungarian bear’s ear with its debated position has been ranked by several authors at species (P.
hungarica), subspecies or variety level under P. auricula or, in addition, P. balbisii.
Morphological and molecular genetic analyses were carried out in 2007-2009 on six sub-
populations in Hungary. By detailed analysis of morphological characters the leaf and floral
characters are plastic in general but quite constant for certain subpopulations. It seems to be
caused by environmental factors as well as by the age of the individuals. It should be supposed
that phenotypic plasticity lead to the confusion around this taxon. Denticulation of the leaves
together with – especially in young individuals – narrower or broader obovate shape is also
variable. The lighter yellow coloured and fragrant flower resembles more to P. auricula and less
to P. balbisii. The farinose and glandular hairs, which cover the leaf surfaces and margins are
sometimes absent or fade away with age. The bracts are sometimes asymmetrically longer as
described for.
rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequence analysis and ITS2 secondary struc-
ture models were used to detect the genetic properties of six subpopulations representing the
species’ range in Hungary, and prove the relation of samples comparatively to those of given
by Zhang & Kadereit (2004) with the only Hungarian sample from the Vértes Mts.
All samples in Hungary are characterized by cladistical-phylogenetical synapomorphy to
P. balbisii (Zhang 2002, Zhang & Kadereit 2004), but, as we found, they differ from its type
specimen by one characteristic base change found in the first helix of the constructed ITS2
secondary structure model. By a novel typification and synonimization of Zhang & Kadereit
(2005) P. hungarica Borb. 1895 has been enrolled under Primula sect. Auricula subsect. Euau-
ricula 1. Primula auricula L.
Based upon the observed morphological and molecular differences we are assuming in con-
gruence with previously published molecular studies an ongoing geographical and ecological
isolation of P. hungarica population.

81
Land-use changes and habitat

fragmentation in the northwestern
part of the Great Hungarian Plain
in the last two centuries
Tatár, S.,*, Biró, M., Sándor, Cs., Ercsényi, M. & Milutinovits, L.
1) Tavirózsa Association of Environmental Protection and Nature Conservation, Hungary
2) Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, Hungary
3) ViaMap GIS Consulting and Commercial Company Ltd. Budapest, Hungary
4) Middle-Danube Valley Inspectorate for Environment, Nature and Water, Budapest, Hungary
5) Mobilitas National Youth Service, Budapest, Hungary
The landscape is under pressure of deep human impacts in the northwestern part of the Great
Hungarian Plain (in Pesti-síkság area, near the capital Budapest). Authors aimed to explore
the land-use history of the catchment area of Sződrákosi stream in the last two centuries. In
connection with land-use, our study examines the devastation of natural habitats too. The
population of this area has grown to almost ten times during the last two centuries and nowa-
days the extension of built-up areas is eleven times larger than in the second half of the 18th
century. These processes have caused rapid increase in the extension of arable fields until the
mid-20th century. Among the natural and semi-natural habitats, the extension of dry mead-
ows was eighteen times larger in the 18th century than mid-20th century. This habitat type
currently is regenerating on arable fields which were abandoned in the last few decades. Since
the second half of the 18th century, wet meadows have decreased by 71% because of expan-
sion of vegetable and strawberry growing along the streams and declining animal husbandry.
The areas of orchards, vineyards, forests and tree plantations have increased, but the latter one
(which has grown to more than 3.5 times larger during the last two centuries) consist mostly
of non-native tree species (black locust, Scotch and Austrian pine). As the effects of drainage
and ploughing, the lowest proportion of marshes and fens was observed in the second half of
the 19th century (only 0.4%). Nowadays the extension of these habitats and still waters is the
largest, because agriculture has declined and several new fishponds were created.
Our results show close correspondence between written documents and historical maps.
From a landscape protection view, the most considerable problem is the fragmentation and
isolation of natural habitats. Nowadays the number of habitat patches of dry and wet mead-
ows, marshes and fens are five times bigger than in the end of 18th century. The other con-
servation problem is the small average size of semi-natural habitat patches (e.g. the size of dry
and wet meadows were decreased by 98% till today). These conditions cause low regeneration
potential of habitats which limit the success of landscape rehabilitation. Noteworthy is the fact
that the flora of regenerating patches is mostly poor, and in addition, the rapid spread of sev-
eral invasive species (e.g. Common Milkweed, Goldenrod species) is also striking.
82
Weed assemblages in former sunflower,

cereal and alfalfa fields
in the Hortobágy, Hungary
Tóthmérész, B., Kelemen, A., Lengyel, Sz. & Török, P.*
University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Hungary
Changes in the agricultural structure in the last few decades caused a high abandonment rate
of croplands in Central- and Eastern-Europe. The first years after ceased agricultural use in
croplands are characterized by the increasing dominance of weedy assemblages. Therefore, in
abandoned areas surrounded by native habitats weed control is very important task. Planning
actions for weed control is important to know in which croplands is such action really nec-
essary (e.g. invasive and/or perennial weed species can occur in high abundance).We studied
the weed assemblages in former sunflower, cereal and alfalfa fields (in solonetz and chernozem
soils) in the Hortobágy National Park (East-Hungary). The first year vegetation after plough-
ing was recorded in 26, former sunflower (7), cereal (10) and alfalfa (9) fields (percentage cov-
er of vascular species). In most of former alfalfa fields Matricaria inodora and Capsella bursa-
pastoris were the most frequent weeds with high cover. In some fields, Polygonum aviculare,
Bromus arvensis, Consolida regalis, Chenopodium album were also frequent. Matricaria inodora
and Cirsium arvense were also detected with the highest cover. Only in one of the fields were
Chenopodium album dominance detected. The weed assemblage of the cereal fields was more
diverse than that of the others. The most characteristic species were Matricaria inodora, Fu-
maria schleicheri, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Bromus arvensis and Consolida regalis. The detected
short-lived assemblages in most fields can be suppressed by mowing. The high cover of Cirsi-
um arvense in several former cereal and sunflower fields cannot be easily suppressed; therefore,
it can threat latter conservation actions like grassland restorations.

83
Land Use and Vegetation types

of the Pinus brutia forests in Turkey
Ugurlu, E.
Celal Bayar University Faculty of Science and Art, Deptartment of Biology-Botany, Muradiye
Campus, Manisa-TURKEY
e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Pinus brutia Ten. is named as a “kizilcam” in Turkish corresponding to the word “redpine” in
English which is because of its reddish young sprouts. It is one of the important natural tree
species of the Mediterranean region. Total forest area of Turkey is 21.8 million hectare, which
consists of 26% of land area of the country. The largest forest area of this species is in Turkey,
with more than 3.1 million hectares which comprises about 37% of the total land of conifer-
ous forests in Turkey, distributed in the Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara Region. Pinus
brutia forests show degraded conditions at present. This situation is not only a reflection of
ecological conditions but also in several areas, a result of illegal or legal overcutting, meadow
management for winter fodder, uncontrolled grazing and forest fires occurring in the course
of several centuries. Ministry of Environment and Forestry established a lots of provenance
trial in Turkey. One of them is Turkish Red Pine Provenance Trial. Also the Government es-
tablished the Global Climate Change Coordination Assembly to monitor land use, land-use
change and forestry. Most vegetation studies on these forests have been made from a phytoso-
ciological perspective but present knowledge on these types of vegetation is sparse and in many
cases not very accurate, so we are developing a project to address some of the main aspects
of the Pinus brutia communities in Turkey, that could serve for a better understanding of the
Turkish landscape and to give the basis for a better way to conserve them. Also there is no syn-
taxonomical classification based on quantitative analyses of the redpine forests yet. This study
is a statistical approach to vegetation types and general knowledge about land use practice of
the Pinus brutia species in Turkey. Many releves of Pinus brutia dominated vegetation units
were involved from published and unpublished data. The releves were georeferenced and ana-
lyzed using modern methods of multivariate statistics, including direct and indirect ordina-
tions. TWINSPAN and agglomerative cluster analyses. The revealed gradients and releve clus-
ters were ecologically and geographically interpreted.
Keywords: Pinus brutia, numerical analyses, syntaxonomy, vegetation classification, land
use, TWINSPAN
84
Reforestation after clear-cutting

of taiga spruce forests: ecological
outcomes, successions and pathways
Ulanova, N.G.*, Logofet, D.O. & Belova, I.N.
Lomonosov Moscow State University; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Russian Federation
Clear-cutting is a major disturbance in the Russian European taiga forest ecosystem. The stud-
ies are conducted on the dynamics of the vegetation after clear-cutting of spruce boreal forests
from 1983 year till our days. The aim of the study was to assess trends in floristic composition,
and mechanisms of spatial-temporal natural dynamics of plant populations.
Strong scientific basis for forest landscape restoration suggests adequate knowledge of suc-
cessive dynamics of species which dominate in the lower layers of forests inside of gaps formed
in the canopy due to management actions (cutting trees). The ‘floristic relay’ of those species
depends drastically on the forest type and the kind and strength of the disturbance. Early suc-
cessional tree species in the boreal forest (Populus tremula L., Betula pendula Roth and B. pu-
bescens Ehrh.) have to compete with herbs and Rubus idaeus L. that grow aggressively after
disturbance. The present paper is a synthesis of field, theoretical and modelling studies on the
joint dynamics of two pairs of species overgrowing a spruce forest clear-cut: Betula pendula and
Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth.
The processes that regulate the clonal growth of plants in the early successional stages large-
ly determine the spatio-temporal structure in the early communities. Each successional stage
features specific pathways of individual ontogenesis in the dominating species, and those path-
ways may differ depending on habitat conditions. Therefore, we suggest that the course of on-
togenesis determines the population response to habitat disturbance. The linear and nonlinear
matrix models for age-stage-structured populations produce certain quantitative characteris-
tics to compare the population status and dynamics of various local populations of the same
species and of different (successive) species. The nonlinear expansions of those models incor-
porate the density-dependent effects responsible for various outcomes of the interrelated dy-
namics as a function of the initial conditions created by the disturbance. Further management
scenarios, if affecting the structure of dominating populations at different phases of the suc-
cession, may also change the nonlinear dynamics, hence predetermine the outcome of early
succession. This enables prediction of the course of disturbance- or/and scenario-driven popu-
lation dynamics, thus contributing to the scientific basis of forest restoration.

85
Threatening factors
of the swamp forest of Ócsa
Vadassy, R.
Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology, Budapest, Hungary
Ocsa was covered by extended wet habitats before the river control and great drainage of the
Great Hungarian Plain of the 19th century. The remnant of the swamp forests of Ocsa re-
mained in a relatively natural state, though usually were used as coppice. The main threaten-
ing factors of these elder forests are the continuous desiccation and the mass expansion of in-
vasive species. According to my hypothesis the ratio of the invasive tree species is less in the
more natural elder swamp forests than in the managed stands.
Long-term data of groundwater wells were used to analyse the desiccation of the area in
question. To investigate the invasive species, 6 managed sites (preparatory cutting after 2000,
“managed”) and 6 more natural sites (last cut during or before the 2nd World War, “control”)
were assigned on a 20 hectares area. Within each site, 80 random point sampling units were
used to prepare the list of plant species of the herb- and shrub-layer (under 3 m). On every site
a “TERMERD” query was filled (a complex survey method created in 1984 to determine the
naturalness of a forest stand).
On the “managed” sites the ratio of the invaders is higher than of the control area. Especial-
ly boxelder (Acer negundo) has high ratio. Invasive species appear on the “control” areas also,
but with significantly lower ratio, and mainly on higher sites.
86
Phytogeographical diversity
of dry acidophilous pine forests
in Central Europe
Valachovi, M.,*, Dingová, A. & Petrášová, A.
1) Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava; Slovakia
2) Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
The dry acidophilous Scots pine forests with rich lichen and moss layer occupy large places
from 70° N in Finland to the 50° N in southern Poland and Ukraine. The westernmost locali-
ties lie in northeastern Scotland and the easternmost ones at the Ural Mts. There are large ar-
eas of pine monocultures outside of the natural distribution. Pine-oak forests occupied these
places formerly. All above-mentioned facts (phytogeographic distribution, origin and history
of stands) seriously complicate the classification of Scots pine forest communities in sense of
Braun-Blanquet system of syntaxa.
There are two main approaches:
(i) Traditional - the alliance Dicrano-Pinion is classified among coniferous forest of the class
Vaccinio-Piceetea and order Piceetalia excelsae. Matuszkiewicz in Poland for the Central Eu-
rope established this concept. It has been accepted in Germany, Slovakia, Austria and Czech
Republic later, as well.
(ii) Revolutionary - based on large phytosociological data set from Austria and adjacent ar-
eas of Germany, Italy and the Czech Republic. The alliance Dicrano-Pinion was put into cal-
careous pine forest of class Erico-Pinetea by this approach. Moreover, the class Pulsatillo-Pin-
etea (continental thermo- and xerophilous pine woods (syn. Pyrolo-Pinetea) was also merged
inside this unit!
What is an optimal classification structure – one class with two (or three) orders, or 3 sepa-
rate classes with internal structure?
Because of acidophilous ericoids of order Ericales, mosses (Dicranum spec. div., Polytrichum
spec. div.) and many lichens (Cladonia spec. div.) in herb and moss layer the dry acidophilous
lichen-pine forests are conspicuously uniform in total physiognomy and their functional and
floristic composition. The differences in composition of tree and scrub layers among relevés,
ordered from NW towards SE, are minimal, except the level of understorey. Subatlantic el-
ements are mixed with Pannonian, Sarmatic and Continental ones. Greater variability was
found also in lichen synusia while diversity of mosses was negligible. The effect of increasing
continentality will be lost in uniform sandy substrates.

87
Opening up the forest canopy:

the change of understorey vegetation
after  years
Vild, O.,.*, Roleek, J.,, Hédl, R. & Utinek, D.
1) Institute of Botany, Department of Vegetation Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Re-
public, Brno, Czech Republic
2) Masaryk University, Department of Botany and Zoology, Brno, Czech Republic
3) Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
The forest management has changed dramatically over the past decades. The cessation of pre-
vious coppicing often resulted in the spread of shady forests and the retreat of heliophilous
species. Our aim was to investigate the effects of experimental canopy thinning on understo-
rey vegetation. The field experiment was established in a mixed oak forest in the SE Czech Re-
public in 1999, originally to assess the impact on increment of oak trees. Ninety circular plots
cover a gradient from dry to mesic oak forest communities and include two treatments of dif-
ferent thinning intensity and one control treatment. In 2009 we recorded one relevé 10 m ×
10 m in the middle of each plot. Light parameters (hemispheric photography) and soil condi-
tions (pH and main nutrients in topsoil) were also recorded. Ellenberg indicator values have
been used to examine ecological characteristics of different plots.
First results of exploratory analysis show that strongly thinned plots are characteristic by
much higher cover of shrubs and herbs than the less thinned or the control plots. The spe-
cies richness and proportion of ruderal species are also higher. Species present in the strongly
thinned plots have higher light, moisture and nutrient Ellenberg indicator values. As we have
observed marked differences in understorey responses in different vegetation types, our next
goal is to find the environmental factors that drive the differences.
88
Inter-seasonal changes
of Central European vegetation
Vymazalová, M.
Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
It is generally recommended to record phytosociological relevés during the phenological opti-

mum of particular vegetation type. Despite this, it is still common that the vegetation is sam-
pled during the whole vegetation season. There are large phytosociological databases com-
prised of thousands of relevés that challenge to do synthetic studies on diverse scales. However,
many of the relevés were recorded out of vegetation optimum and thus with different cover of
herb, shrub and tree layers and some of the species missing. This inter-seasonal variation can
lead to a bias in our classification and therefore to a misinterpretation of our results.
The aim of this study was to evaluate variation in vegetation relevés recorded at the same
site but in different periods of the vegetation season. Therefore I analysed two datasets of per-
manent plots sampled in three distinct periods - spring, summer and early autumn. The first
dataset includes records of 40 permanent plots of lowland forest vegetation and the second
records of 46 permanent plots of steppe vegetation (narrow-leaved dry grasslands). I used vari-
ous standardizations, distance measures and group linkage methods to classify relevés and test-
ed their plasticity to inter-seasonal changes of vegetation. Final classifications were compared
using Goodman-Kruskal´s lambda index defined as percentage similarity between classifica-
tions. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) revealed inter-seasonal changes in main gra-
dients of species composition, which was confirmed also by canonical correspondence analy-
sis (CCA).
Although forest relevés were very similar in summer and autumn, spring relevés were very
different. In contrast to forest, steppe vegetation showed different pattern. There was high
similarity in spring and autumn relevés of steppe vegetation and summer records were very
different.
The differences between classifications of relevés sampled in various seasons and classified
with same methods are considerably higher than the differences between classifications of
relevés sampled in the same season and classified with different methods. Beta-flexible method
applied on the matrix of Sörensen dissimilarity distances proved the highest flexibility to inter-
seasonal classifications of forest relevés. By steppe vegetation the best combination was Ward’s
method with Euclidean dissimilarity distance.

89
The reintroduction of the micro-flora

biodiversity on sterile waste dumps
Vosgan, Z. M.*, Garboan, A., Ionce, G. A. & Boltea, D.
North University Baia Mare, Romania
The winning activity and mining procession in Maramures zone, during the last centuries,
generated vast areas covered with sterile waste dumps and decantation pond, some of them
being included in the urban and rural perimeter. All of these represent at the same time se-
rious environmental problems and challenges for their reconstruction and reinstation in the
natural landscape.
This study focuses on identifying and inventory of the micro-organisms species, bacteria
and fungi from the sterile substratum and their association with various plant species in the
rhizosphere. This is a preliminary study of establishing and identifying some symbiotic con-
nections between micro-flora and cormophytes.
The fungus and plant samples were harvested in July-August 2007-2009: Laccaria laccata,
Amanita muscaria, Pisolithus tinctorius, Telephora terrestris, Scleroderma aurantium, Betula ver-
rucosa, Salix caprea, Quercus petraea, Rumex acetosella, Carex sp., Viola tricolor, etc. We ana-
lysed Cu, Fe, Pb, Co, Zn, Cd, Mn by spectrometry with atomic absorbtion by using the Ana-
lyser Perkiner Elmer AA 800.
The different species of plants can be colonized symbiotically by different types of fungi
adapted to different types of soil and having different mechanisms of action, according to the
particular conditions of the sub-layer. Absorption and concentration of cobalt, iron and chro-
mium in organs differ at the plants depending on the sub-layer it grows on.
The rhizosphere may interfere by increasing the solubility of metals as in the case of Ni,
Cu, Zn, whereas in the case of Mn and Pb the microbiota of the soil retains a part of these el-
ements and stocks them.
The plants associated with the fungi in the sterile from the pond and with the micro-organ-
isms in the rhizosphere succeed in surviving in these polluted sites, moreover, manifesting a
tendency of hyper-accumulating heavy metals in the sub-layer, which makes possible the com-
prisal of this native species in the revegetation actions used in repairing tailing ponds.
This research supported by PN II project: ”Monitoring the action of the soil’s microbiota
for considering its use in the ecological rehabilitation of the decantation ponds”.
90
Menyantho-Sphagnetum teretis
Warén  – a post-glacial relic
of tundra landscape on
a mesotrophic peatbog in Poland
Wojterska, M.* & Stachnowicz, W.
Department of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
Mesotrophic peatbogs are vegetation complexes considered particularly important for the con-
servation of European biodiversity (cf. Annex 1. to the ‘Habitat’ Directive 92/43/EEC). Cur-
rently, they are quite well represented in natural landscapes of Northern Europe, especially in
the Scandinavian Peninsula, whereas in Poland they are indeed rare and threatened ecosys-
tems. The country is situated in a climatically transitional zone characterized by both sub-at-
lantic, as well as sub-continental influences. Most part of Poland’s surface was formed during
the last glaciation which left extensive lakelands, morraine plateaus crossed by large progal-
cial stream valleys, etc. Currently existing peatbogs have been preserved only in specific geo-
morphologic conditions, i.e. in isolated land depressions without water outflow, which, in
predominantly agricultural landscape, are more and more threatened by eutrophication and
drainage. Thus, vegetation of peatbogs, and mesotrophic in particular, is represented by many
regionally rare and endangered plant communities.
In Northern Wielkopolska, the second largest province of Poland, there is an extensive in-
land dune area, covered by the Notecka Forest, where a few of the above-mentioned land de-
pressions, supplied by rainfall, have been preserved. They are surrounded by extensive pine
forests (including Leucobryo-Pinetum and pine plantations). One of such areas, the Rzecin
peatbog, has been a subject of our geobotanical investigations since 1998, which focused on
the real vegetation diversity (presented on a large scale map), an outline flora of vascular plants
and bryophytes, as well as in-depth documentation of the areas’ phytocoenological peculiar-
ity, i.e. Menyantho-Sphagnetum teretis Warén 1926. This plant community was originally de-
scribed from N Finland at the beginning of the development of phytosociology, but since that
times it has been reported from many other sites across N and Central Europe. Our presenta-
tion is aimed at: (1) a discussion on the association’s local floristic variability compared syn-
thetically with other data taken from published sources, as well as (2) an insight to a large-scale
(local) distribution pattern, i.e. the presence of the mentioned phytocoenoses and their diag-
nostic taxa in a spatial mosaic of various plant communities.

91
The relationship between specific

vegetation, selected species
and climatic inversion in the
Czech sandstone landscape
Zmeskalova, J. & Wild, J.
1) Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
2) Institute of Botany ASCR, Czech Republic
The effect of microclimatic and vegetation inversion in deep sandstone valleys is an interesting
phenomenon in ecosystem ecology. Climate inversion was described by several authors (Beer
2007, Sklenář et al. 2007, etc.), but it has not been studied with a sufficient number of qual-
ity microclimatic measurements.
The aim of our project is to create a microclimatic-vegetation model of the sandstone land-
scape based on a set of 400 phytosociological relevés of vascular and non-vascular plants and
long-term microclimatic measurements of moisture and temperature with 400 sensors. The
basic model will be created for an area of 6 selected valleys. Using the exact digital terrain mod-
el from LiDAR surface scanning, this model will be extrapolated to a major part of the Bohe-
mian Switzerland National Park.
The final model will use pretensions of selected species to environmental conditions (found
in the area of the 6 valleys) to predict their optimal habitat in different parts of the national
park. The environmental pretensions will be studied for the following species: Empetrum ni-
grum, Huperzia selago, Streptopus amplexifolis, Ledum palustre and Lycopodium annotinum. The
final model will be verified by field research by recording the presence/absence of selected spe-
cies in optimal habitats predicted by the model.
92
Forest history of the Sopron Hills

(Eastern Alps)
Szmorad, F.
Aggtelek National Park Directorate, Jósvafő, Hungary
The Sopron Hills are situated on the border of the Eastern Alps and the Carpathian Basin. Be-
cause of its geographical situation the range shows transitional phytogeographical character,
and as the consequense of former human impacts its vegetation is strongly transformed. The
interpretation of phytogeographical character and actual vegetation of the hills (pine-mixed
broadleaved forests, secondary floodplain forests, dry oak fragments, etc.) requires the thor-
ough klowledge of the forest’s history.
The first deforestations started at Subboreal, and significant human impacts (with the de-
crease of forested area) from the 7th century B.C. can be proved at the foothills. A later defor-
estation wave can be estimated to take place in the 12-13th century and can be located at the
foothills. The clearings (meadows) along streams can be dated from the 18th century, however
the miner settlements of the hills developed from the beginning of 19th century. Based on his-
torical maps, the forest cover was 59.7 % at the end of 18th century, then this value decreased
(56.1 %) by the mid-20th century. Due to spontaneous reforestations of former meadows and
vineyards, as well as smaller afforestations from the 1950’s on, forest cover increased again, and
its value was 61.0 % at the turn of the millennium.
The changes of tree species composition before the 18th century can be concluded partly
from vegetation history data, partly from the volume and character of human impacts. In the
1700’s coniferous species had only sporadic occurrences, but from the 1850’s a strong con-
iferisation started and its impacts in the forest vegetation can be registered until today. The
data sequence available from the period of 1885-2004 on the forest blocks (cca. 4000 ha)
formerly owned by Sopron city spectacularly demonstrates the changes of tree species in the
last 120 years. The coniferisation process raised the spatial ratio of coniferous species (Picea
abies, Pinus sylvestris, etc.) above 50 % during this period. Parallel to these changes in the for-
ests, degraded in the Middle Ages, the area of pioneer tree species (Betula pendula, Populus
tremula) and Carpinus betulus drastically decreased. The area of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus
petraea did not change essentially until the 1970’s. The biotic and abiotic damages in conifer-
ous stands started in the 1980’s and resulted in the strong decrease of the area of Picea abies, a
minor increase of Quercus petraea and a major increase of Fagus sylvatica.

93
Is there a lowland taiga

in the Czech Republic?
Sádlo, J.*, V. Abraham, A. Bernardová, P. Meduna, J. Novák, L. Petr,
P. Petík & H. Svitavská
Department of Geobotany, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,
Czech Republic;
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic;
Laboratory of Archeobotany and Palaecology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science,
University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic;
Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
*e-mail: [email protected]
The Doksy area in Northern Bohemia is over 400km2 large sandstone lanscape covered by
pine forest with wetlands and isolated temperate beechforests. It emerged that this area rep-
resents the most south-western exclave of large-scale occurrence of lowland taiga ecosystems.
The closest distribution limit of boreal woodlands lies in Lower Lusatia and Poland (see the
Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe). The study region is remnant of ecosystems which
prevailed in Europe in the early Holocene ca 10,000 years ago. Flora of the area contains many
exclave boreo-continental elements (e.g. Ligularia sibirica, Carex macroura) and some endem-
ic species such as Pinguicula bohemica. A multi-proxy approach was used to interprete corre-
spondence across various methods from vegetation survey, palaeobotany, archaeology upto the
history. For the description of the vegetation, we recorded species lists in 240 plots (100 m2)
along a 50km-transect through the study area. In the vegetation, species of boreal and boreo-
continental biogeographical elements prevailed. The minor part of vegetation was classified as
temperate ecosystems (i.e. mesic grasslands, broadleaved forests, pasture pine forests) whereas
boreal ecosystems prevailed (i.e. acidophilous and calcicolous pine forests, peatbogs, alluvial
wetlands). The taiga-hypothesis was confirmed by paleobotanical research. Palynological pro-
files showed the development of wetlands since Late Glacial to the present time. A macrore-
main-analysis showed local stability of waterlogged Picea abies forests in the majority of the
Holocene. Charcoal profiles dated by radiocarbon confirmed the hypothesis of continual oc-
currence of Pinus sylvestris forests in a broad habitats scale for the whole Holocene. The sand-
stone pseudokarst, fens, wildfire cyclic succession in coniferous forests and soil conditions un-
suitable for agriculture were the main factors stabilizing this landscape both against long-term
natural changes and human impact. Therefore, standard colonisation strategies (towns and ag-
riculture villages) mostly failed here whereas alternative and “mild” strategies such as hunting,
forestry and fish farming were more successful. So far, correspondence of some datasets has
been not fully explained (e.g. local information of charcoal analyses vs. large-scale palynologi-
cal infor¬mation). The multi-proxy approach used gives us opportunity to explain the nature
of Doksy area by a detailed description of historical events.
Posters
Vegetation of European
rivers and floodplains
96
Invasion of alien plants in floodplains

communities of South Urals
Abramova, L.
Botanical Garden-Institute Ufa Scientific Centre RAS, Russian Federation
An active process of alien plants invasion takes place in the South Urals. Among them there are
Ambrosia species which characterized by naturalization along floodplains. Derivate commu-
nities are formed as a result of invasive species introduction into the disturbed floodplains of
steppe and forest-steppe zones of the South Urals (Abramova, 2009). So, when Ambrosia tri-
fida spreads into shaded floodplain localities of Galio-Urticetea Passarge 1967 class at margin
of floodplain forests of Salicetea purpurea Moor 1958 class and Alnion incanae Pawlowski,
Sokolowski & Wallisch 1928 union of Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. & Vlieger in Vlieger
1937 class, derivate community Ambrosia trifida [Galio-Urticetea] is formed. In spreading of
species of Ambrosia genus into disturbed communities of moist localities of Bidentetea tripar-
titi R.Tx. et al. in R.Tx. 1950 class, derivate communities Ambrosia trifida [Bidentetea tripar-
titi] and Ambrosia psylostachya [Bidentetea tripartiti/Plantaginetea majoris] are developed. So,
you can observed naturalization Ambrosia trifida into disturbed and weakly-disturbed meadow
communities of Molinio-Arrenatheretea R. Tx 1937 class, forming derivate communities Am-
brosia trifida-Bromopsis inermis [Agropyretea repentis/Molinio-Arrenatheretea] and Ambrosia tri-
fida [Agropyretea/Molinio-Arrhenatheretea]. Activization of Ambrosia is connected with human
activity and general processes of anthropogenic transformation of ecosystems in the region.
Investigation is supported by the program of Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences
«Biological diversity».
POSTERS Vegetation of European rivers and floodplains

97
Habitat Studies along the Mura River

Bódis, J., Szeglet, P.* & Szabó, I.L.
University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology,
Hungary
Mura is a tributary of the Drava and subsequently the Danube. Its total length is 465 km, of
which 45 km forms the border between Croatia and Hungary, and a short portion between
Hungary and Slovenia. The Mura floods and changes its course rather often, moving slowly
toward the north on its left. Its versatile flooding area between the embankments serves as a
valuable constituent of the Mura Landscape Protection Region.
Our team studied the section from the Kerka inlet to the bridge at Letenye both on Hun-
garian and Croatian riverside. The aim of the study was to recover and qualify the versatile liv-
ing world from the point of view of habitat structure, diversity and naturalness regarding the
consequences of traditional and modern land use, river control, and regional development.
Field observations were done on the basis of comparative use of the series of the 2nd Hun-
garian military map, aerial photographs made in 1950, 1983 and 2005. 260 records were done
on the spot to determine the main habitat types with corresponding vegetation units, plant
communities based on floristic composition. Generalized habitat map has been constructed
based upon 2005’s aerial photograph on the scale of 1.10000.
Habitat types were enrolled by the General National Habitat Classification System (Á-
NÉR).
The habitat structure and species composition proved to be rich because of the post effect
of the formerly closed boarder line but influenced by production-oriented forestry, gravel-pits,
river-regulation and changes in land-use habit of the local population.
There are 26 habitat types and 22 plant communities which are valuable from the point of
view of nature conservation (see-grasses, reeds and marshes, meadows, natural pioneer habi-
tats, riverside bushes and gallery forests); unpreferable (under cultivation), very bad (invasive
grasses and woods), and un-ratable (e.g. arable field, mine). We counted 10 species of protect-
ed plants, 16 of invasive neophytes, 11 of typical trees, and, in addition, 35 species of mush-
rooms. There are valuable hayfields, stands of wild grown fruits collected by the inhabitants.
The detailed description of habitats along the studied section of Mura should serve as basis
of further conservation and sustainable development in the landscape management.
The study was carried out under the frame of “Man-Mura-Nature” Interreg III joint project
of Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary in 2007.
98
Correlation between species composition

and CO fluxes of floating aquatics
Czóbel, Sz.,*, Németh, Z., Szirmai, O., & Valkó, D.
1) Institute of Botany and Ecophysiology, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
2) Plant Ecological Research Group of the HAS & SZIU, Gödöllő, Hungary
One main goal of this study was to determine the correlation between CO2 flux and species
composition and biomass at stand level in characteristic aquatic communities of the Carpathi-
an Basin. Another objective was to be familiar with the seasonal and annual dynamics of stand
level CO2 flux and biomass for these communities. The selected plant associations and their
dominant hydrophytes are widely distributed in low lying European wetlands. The Net Eco-
system CO2 Exchange (NEE) measurements were episodically carried out in 3 plant commu-
nities (Salvinio-Spirodeletum, Nymphaeetum albo-luteae, Trapetum natantis) of Füred oxbow (a
large dead channel of River Tisza) during the growing season in 2009. For stand level CO2 flux
measurements a self-developed floating „island”, a water-clean perspex-chamber with a diam-
eter of 60 cm, an infrared gas-analyser, and a CR10 data logger were used. Parallel with the
stand level chamber measurements operating in open system relevé sampling, biomass meas-
urement as well as measurements of adjunctive micromet (windspeed, photosynthetically ac-
tive radiation, air and water temperature), hydrological and hydrochemical data were conduct-
ed. A significant positive correlation between NEE and green leaf area and percentage cover of
the floating species was found in each studied stand. However, Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange
was not correlated with the number of species and Shannon diversity.

99
Assessing the functional role of

vegetation communities in relation
with the otter population natural
expansion in Italy
D’Alessandro, E.,*, Paura, B., Carranza, M. L., Saura, S. & Loy, A.
1) Università degli Studi del Molise, Dipartimento S.T.A.T. Environmetrics Lab., Isernia
2) Università degli Studi del Molise, Dipartimento S.A.V.A.,Campobasso
3) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Departamento de Economía y Gestión Forestal. E.T.S.I.
Montes, Madrid, Spain
In the present work a combination of connectivity analysis and phytosociological investiga-

tions is proposed for the assessment of functionality of vegetation communities in the otter ex-
pansion. The approach is tested within the northernmost isolated portion (Molise and south-
ern Abruzzo regions) of the Italian range of otter (Lutra lutra). The otter is one of the most
endangered mammals in Italy and the identification of its suitable riparian habitats and of the
corridors through which the species could potentially expand to colonise new areas constitutes
a priority for its conservation.
The proposed connectivity analysis is derived from graph theory and summarizes the role of
suitable riparian habitat areas (graph nodes) and minimum cost paths through the landscape
matrix vegetation (graph links) for maintaining or improving the dispersal movement of ot-
ters between river basins.
In order to identify the graph nodes, we used a two-class and fine-scale habitat suitabil-
ity map. Links were characterized through multiple minimum cost paths between the basins
where the species actually occurs and where it is likely to expand in the short-medium term.
We used the Probability of Connectivity index (PC) that integrates habitat suitability concept
with dispersal probabilities between habitat patches. Furthermore, we evaluated the effective-
ness and potential improvement of suitable habitat patches for maintaining or recovering the
distribution of otters. To determine the criteria for restoration of nodes and functional links,
we appealed to the phytosociological approach. The vegetation analysis in sample areas sug-
gested some potential restoration interventions that would improve both the connectivity for
the otter in the study area, and the state of conservation of several EU important habitats.
This combined approach has turned out to be a very effective and powerful tool for both
identifying key areas for future expansion of otter and prioritizing the areas where manage-
ment should concentrate. This approach may be applied to other similar species, areas and
conservation problems in Italy and elsewhere.
100
Chlorophyll fluorescence change

of SPHAGNUM species during drying
and rehydration
Fogarasi, G. Á.*, Nagy, J., Rabnecz, Gy. & Csintalan, Zs.
Szent István University, Institute of Botany and Eco-physiology, Gödöllő, Hungary
Many bryophytes such as certain lichens and terrestrial algae, can withstand drying to water
contents of 5-10% of their dry weight. Do the Sphagnum species on the semi-aquatic peat-
lands have similar desiccation or dehydration tolerance?
This article investigates the effect of water content changes in different Sphagnum moss-
es (Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum angustifolium) as measured in Hungary. We registered the
different habitats of mosses on hummock-hollows with coenological samples. We took the
samples on two different peatlands. Chlorophyll-fluorescence parameters of peat mosses were
measured during drying and following remoistening after a period of dehydration, first in the
field and then under controlled conditions. We studies the effect of different dehydration tol-
erances on the vertical zonation patterns of Sphagnum species along hummock-hollow gradi-
ents in bogs. We found significant differences in dehydration tolerances between Sphagnum
species that were related to the preferred height above water table of their habitats, thus giving
a physiological explanation of hummock-/hollow-preferences of Sphagnum species.

101
Aquatic plant communities in Slovakia:

a recent status
Hrivnák, R.,*, Oaheová, H., Kochjarová, J. & Dúbravková, D.,
2) Botanical Garden, Comenius University, Blatnica, Slovakia
3) Homeland Museum in Považská Bystrica, Slovakia
In the last decades, the studies of aquatic habitats brought a lot of new information about dis-
tribution, floristic composition and ecology of aquatic vegetation in Slovakia. Up to now, there
are more than 1300 phytosociological relevés of aquatic vegetation of the Charetea fragilis,
Lemnetea and Potametea classes stored in the Slovak National Vegetation Database (SNVD),
which were recorded between 1953 and 2009.
In the first step we compiled data in the database and compared our recent knowledge of
the aquatic syntaxa to the recently published List of vegetation units of Slovakia (Jarolímek et
al., 2008). We selected 1020 relevés from the SNVD for numerical analyses (relevés with plot
size <4 m2 and >30 m2 were excluded). More than 53% of relevés were published in 53 pa-
pers and theses and the rest were unpublished data. The older relevés were recorded mainly in
natural habitats of the Slovak lowlands (Podunajská, Východoslovenská and Borská nížina).
More than one third of all relevés were recorded in the last 10 years. These newer relevés were
obtained mainly from artificial reservoirs in the colline and submontane belts of the Western
Carpathians in Slovakia. The published List of vegetation units of Slovakia includes 8 plant
communities of Charetea fragilis, 15 communities of Lemnetea and 25 communities of Potam-
etea. Recently, the Batrachietum rioinii, Potametum acutifolii, Potametum alpini and Potame-
tum zizii associations were newly recorded in the territory of Slovakia and several other plant
communities recently known from Slovakia (e.g. Callitriche cophocarpa comm., Callitriche
platycarpa comm., Potametum berchtoldii) were not included in the List. Moreover, some veg-
etation units presented in the List were not confirmed in Slovakia in long time, e.g. Wolffietum
arrhizae or Spirodelo-Aldrovandetum. In the analysed data set, Lemnetum minoris, Hydrochari-
Stratiotetum or Nymphaeetum albo-luteae belong to the most frequent communities.
In the following step we numerically analyse the phytosociological relevés and evaluate the
effects of selected environmental factors (e.g. altitude, water depth, species occurrence in nat-
ural or secondary biotopes) on the diversity of aquatic vegetation and characterise individual
syntaxa using the Ellenberg indicator values.
102
Changes in the active floodplain

vegetation of the Szigetköz
Hahn, I.,*, Gergely, A. & Barabás, S.
1) Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology, Hungary
2) CUB-FLA Department of Landscape Protection and Reclamation, Hungary
3) Institute of Ecology & Botany HAS, Vácrátót, Hungary
The Szigetköz is situated in the northwestern part of Hungary. In the late 19th century, a flood
protection dam was built, which divided the original floodplain into an active part and an in-
undation-free part. In 1992, most of the water in the main Danube channel was diverted into
a canal built to supply the hydroelectric power plant at Bős. This large-scale modification led
to – among others – the decline of surface water level in the active floodplain as well as the
drop of groundwater depth beyond the dikes. The region’s wetland vegetation was character-
istically rich in species due to a favourable water supply and the wealth of propagules (seeds,
fruits, shoots with live buds) dispersed over the area by recurring floods. The area supports
only few rare species. Instead, it’s real value lies in the vast diversity of species: montane and
lowland species often grow side by side. The degree of naturalness varies greatly for the differ-
ent parts of the Szigetköz ranging from intensively managed arable fields under constant hu-
man influence to pristine wilderness proposed to be placed under strict legal protection. Plan-
tations of hybrid poplar also cover extensive areas. The most severe water level decline took
place on the active floodplain at the section of the Great Danube channel right upstream of
the canal supplying the hydroelectric power plant.
Terrestrial plants have very quickly established in the dried-up riverbed of the Old Dan-
ube channel. In the first years, the exposed gravel substrate abounded in usual riparian plant
species otherwise common on bars. On the new shoreline, a 30 m wide belt of white willow
(Salix alba) has developed. Above this, a zone of water-demanding tall forb community has
established which tolerates temporary inundation. Further away up to the original shoreline,
a strip of vegetation composed of box elder (Acer negundo) has appeared. Unlike the white wil-
low belt, this zone developed slowly. At first, knee-high box elder saplings vegetated in the dry
grassland, but once their roots have reached permanently wet soil layers, their growth great-
ly accelerated. In the former riverbed, the mass appearance of invasive plants (Acer negundo,
Ailanthus altissima, Solidago gigantea, Aster lanceolatus, Fallopia × bohemica) raises serious con-
cerns for nature protection.

103
Hygrophilous vegetation along

the Irminio River (Southern Italy)
Inclimona, W. & Poli Marchese, E.,*
1) via Chieti, 18 Scicli (97018) Ragusa, Italy
2)Universita di Catania, Italy
The Irminio river is located on the South-Eastern region of the Sicily island, within the terri-
tory of the Ragusa province. It rises in Mt. Lauro (Iblei Mounts) and flows towards the South-
Eastern coast of the island. The study area was selected on the upper Irminio, at about 370 m
a.s.l., within the S.C.I. area Alto Corso del fiume. Geologically the territory is characterized
by limestone and by alluvial sandy-muddy sediments along the river (Carbone et al. 1982).
The climate, according to Rivas-Martinez (1981), is sub-humid Thermo-Mediterranean. Av-
erage annual temperature is 16.6 °C ; average annual rainfall is about 700 mm. The aim of
the study is to point out the plant communities living along the upper Irminio, an area geo-
botanically not much investigated. The study was carried out following the Braun-Blanquet8s
method ; many phytosociological relevés had been made on different sites. The data collected
were processed by multivariate analysis, applying Syntax 2000 (Podani 2001). The study al-
lowed to identify some plant communities, belonging to different syntaxa. The riparian forest
vegetation is mostly represented by the Platano-Salicetum pedicellatae Barbagallo, Brullo &
Fagotto 1979, belonging to the Platanion orientalis (Populetalia albae, Querco-Fagetea). The
presence of Laurus nobilis (Inclimona et al. 2008) allowed to distinguish, within this com-
munity, the new subassociation: lauretosum nobilis Inclimona 2010. Near this vegetation,
a woody community characterized by Salix alba and Salix pedicellata is fragmentarily wide-
spread. It belongs to the Populetalia albae. Within the helophytic vegetation different com-
munities were identified: Sparganietum erecti, belonging to the Phragmition communis (Phrag-
mitetalia, Phragmito-Magnocaricetea); Helosciadietum nodiflori and Nasturtietum officinalis,
belonging to the Glycerio-Sparganion (Nasturtio-Glycerietalia, Phragmito-Magnocaricetea). The
study allowed to point out significant aspects of the vegetation along the upper Irminio, where
rare species such as Platanus orientalis and Laurus nobilis play an important ecological role.
Since the riparian vegetation belongs to the most endangered habitat types in Sicily, adequate
protection actions are urgently needed.
104
Flora, vegetation and landscape of

grasslands in Ziemia Lubuska
(Western Poland) – diversity, threats
and landuse changes
Jermaczek-Sitak, M.
Department of Plant Ecology and Environment Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
The study shows the results of investigating plant cover of meadows and pastures in Ziemia
Lubuska (Western Poland) on three levels: flora, vegetation and landscape. The diversity of
plant communities on studied grasslands is high – it comprises 38 associations and 7 com-
munities. 60% of them are vulnerable and endangered in the region, most of all Molinion and
Cnidion meadows and xerothermic swards Festuco-Brometea. From among 528 recorded spe-
cies of vascular plants, 10% were rare or endangered. The comparison of landscape type and
structure on historical maps (1938) and on a series of aerial photographs (1963-2006) has
shown that the general tendency was the reduction of grasslands surface, in some areas up to
50-60% in the last 70 years. Grasslands have been replaced both with forests and arable fields
as result of secondary succession in the first case and of intensification of land use in the sec-
ond. The analysis of orthophotomaps indicates distinct, directional character of changes in
seminatural landscapes. The degree of threat of connected with them species and plant com-
munities will increase.

105
Phytocoenological investigation of
Hungarian hygro- and mesophilous
forests along the Danube and Drava river
Kevey, B., Csete, S.,Tóth, I., Lengyel, A., Purger, D. & Csiky, J.*
University of Pécs, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Systematics and
Geobotany, Hungary
Remnants of the (semi-)natural vegetation of floodplains, in particular, the riparian forests (incl.
oak-hornbeam forests as well) are threatened not only in Hungary, but generally in Europe.
Three types of this vegetation, along a theoretical moisture gradient, from the mesophilous
oak-hornbeam forest through the intermediate oak-ash-elm forest to the periodically flooded
and hygrophilous white poplar forests was studied from a phytosociological point of view in
the Danube and Drava valley in Hungary.
A database containing 581 phytosociological relevés of the mentioned forest types were an-
alysed by classification and ordination methods. Results were obtained both from analyzing
the three types together and separately.
Four types of oak-hornbeam forests (two in the Danube and two in the Drava valley, re-
spectively) and oak-ash-elm forests (three in the Danube and one in the Drava valley) and
three types of white poplar forests (two in the Danube valley and one in the Drava valley) were
distinguished as significant clusters by multivariate statistical methods. In general, forests of
the Drava valley and the Southern Danube valley were more similar, while the vegetation of
the northernmost part of Danube valley (Szigetköz) always formed a distinct cluster. The most
important difference between the southern and the northern types of riparian forests are the
presence/absence of species with submediterranean and/or subatlantic distribution (e.g. Carex
strigosa, Carpesium abrotaniodes, Cephalaria pilosa, Crataegus niger, Hedera helix, Lonicera
caprifolium, Quercus cerris, Ruscus aculeatus, Primula vulgaris, Scutellaria altissima, Tilia to-
mentosa, Tamus communis). The difference between the hygrophilous and mesophilous for-
ests within an area is the smallest in the central part of the Hungarian Danube valley, where
the effect of continentality and the disturbance are the highest.
106
Spruce Forests of River Valleys of

Central Kamchatka (Russian Far East)
Korablev, A.
Komarov Botanical Institute Russian Academy of Science, Russian Federation
Spruce forests formed by Picea ajanensis (syn.: P. jezoensis) on the Kamchatka peninsula are
found only in the Central Kamchatka Valley. They form a fragmentary altitudinal belt at 200-
600 m a.s.l. The valley spruce forests grow in the Southern part of Central Kamchatka along
the rivers and streams, as well as on the river terraces up to 300-400 m.
The valley spruce forests were studied in the basins of the Levaya Schapina and the Ipuin
rivers. The classification of Kamchatka spruce forests was developed according to the Russian
phytosociological tradition. The valley spruce forests were placed into the following syntaxa:
ass. Piceetum ajanensis hylocomiosum, subass. typicum and nanoherbosum (moss-rich spruce for-
ests); ass. P. a. polytrichosum (haircap-moss-rich) and ass. P. a. nanoherbosum (small-herb-rich).
The tree layer was dominated by spruce with the presence of Larix cajanderi and birch (Betula
plathyphylla or B. ermanii depending on the altitudinal position). The tree layer density was
0.5-0.6. The shrub layer was sparse; the characteristic species were: Pinus pumila, Sorbus sam-
bucifolia, Lonicera caerulea, L. schamissoi, Spiraea beauverdiana. The herb layer coverage varied
from 5-15% (in moss-rich communities) to 50%. Boreal species were constant and abundant:
Linnaea borealis, Orthilia secunda, Trientalis europaea ssp. arctica, Moneses uniflora, Lycopodium
annotinum, Equisetum pratense, E. sylvaticum etc. Mesic forbs Chamerion angustifolium, Sol-
idago spiraeifolia, Calamagrostis purpurea and Rubus arcticus were constant too. The number
of vascular plant species varied from 23 in moss-rich type to 52 in small-herb-rich type. The
bryophyte layer was well developed in moist sites and sites with slightly stagnated wetting
(the total coverage was 70-80%) and sparse in sites with running wetting (35%). Boreal mesic
mosses: Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum commune, Hylocomium splendens and Dicranum ma-
jus were common. The coverage of epigeic lichens was about 1-2%. The number of lichen spe-
cies varied from 3 to 26. The most frequent species were: Peltigera aphthosa, Cladonia cornuta
ssp. cornuta, C. gracilis ssp. turbinata, C. rangiferina and C. cenotea.
According to Braun-Blanquet approach our ass. Piceetum ajanensis hylocomiosum is close to
ass. Moneseto uniflorae-Piceetum jezoensis Krestov & Nakamura 2002 var. typicum. Our ass.
P. a. nanoherbosum is close to ass. Moneseto uniflorae-Piceetum jezoensis Krestov & Nakamura
2002 var. Geranium erianthum.

107
Vegetation of valleys of saline rivers in

Middle and Lower Volga regions (Russia)
Lysenko, T.
Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin RAS, Russian Federation
The area of the research covers the Volga Basin between the cities of Ulyanovsk and Astrakhan
and according to M. A. Fortunatov (1971) is divided into Middle Volga (territory of the Basin
to Samara) and the Lower Volga (territory to the south of Samara). Saline soils could be found
in valleys of the small rivers.
Applying the method of J. Braun-Blanquet in 1994-2009 570 geobotanical relevés were
made in the valleys of saline rivers. All the relevés were collected in the database created with
the help of the TURBOVEG (Hennekens, 1996) software package. The groups of the plant
communities which are similar in their floristic composition have been allocated. Identifica-
tion and the name of the new syntaxonomical units were performed in conformity with ICPN
(Weber et al., 2000). The syntaxonomic system of plant communities was applied using the
list of higher syntaxonomic units of SynBioSys Europe. During the studies 27 syntaxa were
determined.
In the Middle Volga Basin in valleys of the small rivers saline soils are widespread and are
characterized by low degree of salinization. The vegetation cover is submitted by communities
of classes Molinio-Arrhenatheretea (alliance Arrhenatherion elatioris), Festuco-Puccinellietea (al-
liances Cirsion esculenti, Festuco-Limonion gmelinii, Camphorosmo-Suaedion corniculatae, Scor-
zonero-Juncion gerardii) and Thero-Salicornietea (alliance Salicornion herbaceae).
In the Lower Volga Basin the small rivers have saline waters and in summer frequently
dry up. In their valleys saline soils are widespread. The vegetation is diverse and submitted
by communities of classes Festuco-Puccinellietea (alliances Cirsion esculenti, Festuco-Limonion
gmelinii, Camphorosmo-Suaedion corniculatae, Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii, Artemisio santoni-
cae-Puccinellion fominii, Glycyrrhizion glabrae, Lepidion latifolii) and Thero-Salicornietea (alli-
ance Salicornion herbaceae).
108
Experiences of the complex survey

of a degraded forest-steppe relict
in the Great Hungarian Plain
Majláth, I.
Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
The natural vegetation of the Great Hungarian Plain has been totally perished or significantly
damaged. The vegetation history is poorly known. Hence, it is of great importance to study
the vegetation of the verges and the relict habitats. The aim of our project was to investigate
the patches of the semi-natural habitats near Kisújszállás town. First, the Öregerdő (Old-For-
est) was investigated because it is the most expanded and unfragmented area. It is located on
the Trans-Tisza Region in the Great Hungarian Plain, on the periphery of a loess-table and the
former Tisza-floodplain.
The recent flora and the land-use history were analysed. The vegetation pattern was moni-
tored by making a GIS database and the vegetation map was edited. Fourteen phytocoenologi-
cal relevés were taken. Finally, a tree-cadaster was made.
The results show that the Öregerdő is a secondary (man-made) habitat. It was planted in the
place of an earlier wooded area in the second half of the 18th century. This fact is confirmed after
the great botanist Pauli Kitaibel’s notes. The maps of the 1st and 2nd military surveys also sup-
port this theory. The recent vegetation presents a degraded loess and alkali forest-steppe mosa-
ics. There was a significant change in the species composition during the last one-hundred and
fifty years. There is a high value of the four large-sized grassland patches. One of them is an al-
kali wooded-steppe meadow (Peucedano-Asteretum) relict. The other three are the mosaics of the
degraded loess steppes (Salvio-Festucetum) and alkalic steppes (Artemisio-Festucetum, Achilleo-
Festucetum). At several places the horizontal vegetation pattern could be recognized according
to the mild microrelief. The wooded part is mainly a plantation (Robinia pseudo-acacia, Fraxinus
pennsylvanica, Populus spp.), except for some old oak (Quercus robur), wild-pear (Pyrus pyraster)
and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees. Some of them are older than two hundred years. There are
some protected and regionally rare species which indicate the earlier state. There is no impor-
tance of the invasive transformer species in the area (except for Robinia).
The recent status of the Öregerdő is especially important both as a stepping-stone and a
landscape value in the surrounding agricultural region.
Furthermore, we also plan monitoring and evaluating the other habitat fragments nearby
Öregerdő.

109
Forest management effects on understory

a case study along Rába River.
Mesterházy, A.* & Bartha, D.
Faculty of Forestry, University of West Hungary, Sopron, Hungary
We investigated the effect of forestry management on the understory of hornbeam-oak forests

along the River Rába at four study sites between 2007 and 2009. We studied isolated wood-
lands 20-40 km apart from each other along the lower and middle sections of the river situated
near Körmend, Egyházashollós, Rum and Sárvár. Most of these woodlands were state owned
and were subjected to clear felling according to the management plan without any conserva-
tion restrictions. The following understory species were investigated at each study site: Galan-
thus nivalis, Leucojum venum, Scilla vindobonensis, Anemone nemorosa, Anemone ranunculoides,
Isopyrum thalictroides, Corydalis cava, Corydalis solida. We recorded the position of the plants
by GPS and related the resulting distribution to the management history of the forest subcom-
partments (based on management plans and data from archives). In the analyses we took into
account the surrounding and topography of the subcompartment and the regional distribu-
tion of plant species. I. thalictroides typically inhabits oldgrowth forests and hardly any records
were obtained from young or middle-aged stands. The species almost completely disappears
after clear felling. Galanthus nivalis, Leucojum venum and Scilla vindobonensis are spreading
along wood edges and former river beds. The last species relatively quickly colonises afforested
areas. From the two Corydalis species, C. cava was sensitive to forestry activities, while C. soli-
da was common in degraded stands as well. The distribution of Anemone species was mainly
determined by their regional frequency and the topology of the forest. The negative effect of
former forestry management was only revealed on I. thalictroides, the rest of the species were
able to regenerate during reforestation. The investigated species only slowly colonised the af-
forested areas, and only G. nivalis and S. vindobonensis immigrated to 100 years old stands
from neighbouring natural stands. Forest edges play an important role in the survival and mi-
gration of investigated species, therefore they deserve attention during final felling. In refor-
ested areas that were treated by chemicals we observed the spreading of Rubus fruticosus agg.
and Calamagrostis epigeios and paralelly the decline of the investigated species.
110
The research of the connection

between geomorphology, soils and
vegetation in a secondary saline flood-
plain (Hódmezvásárhely, Nagysziget)
Nagy, E.,* & Deák, Á. J.
1) University of Pannonia, Department of Crop Production and Soil Science, Hungary
2) University of Szeged, Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, Hungary
Hódmezővásárhely is situated in the Great Hungarian Plain in Southeast Hungary. The sam-
pled area Nagysziget lays in the South Tisza Valley which became a secondary saline grassland
after the regulation of the river-ways. During the studies habitat and geomorphology maps
were made, soil samples were taken at 16 places and the formerly measured groundwater data
were used to evaluate the connections between vegetation, soils, geomorphology and ground-
water. The pH(H2O), the humus-, soda- and water-soluble salt-content and the percentage
distribution of grain-fractions of soil samples were measured. Historical data were used to eval-
uate the changes in soils since 1980.
The Nagysziget is covered by Achillea-type of secondary saline habitat-complex where 3
different vegetation units were separated. The homogeneous salt meadows appear in crescen-
tic flats, paleopotamals at near-to-surface 0-0.5 m deep average yearly groundwater-level, on
meadow solonetz, meadow, carbonated alluvial meadow and meadow alluvial soils. The ho-
mogeneous Achillea alkali steppes are formed on levées, at deeper - 1.3-2.0 m - average yearly
groundwater-level on non-sodic – carbonated humous alluvial and carbonated humous alluvi-
al meadow - soils. The mosaics of salt meadows and Achillea alkali steppes occur on point bars,
at 0.1-1.3 m deep average yearly groundwater-level, on meadow solonetz.
The pH of homogeneous and mosaic salt meadows and the Achillea alkali steppes can be
slightly acid or slightly alkaline. The Beckmannia salt meadows are slightly alkaline, where-
as the Alopecurus ones are slightly acid. A pH-gradient was found in the salt meadows of the
point bars and crescentic flats. The homogeneous Achillea alkali steppes have slightly acid pH.
The Beckmannia salt meadows in homogenous patches are very slightly humous, while the
mosaics of salt meadows and Achillea alkali steppes are slightly humous. The humus-content
of the homogenous Alopecurus salt meadows is moderate. The homogeneous Achillea alkali
steppes are moderately humous. At all the studied vegetation- and soil-types the fine sand is
the dominant (30-50%) grain fraction. At Nagysziget the humus-content has increased with
2-4%, while the pH has decreased with 0.2-2.7 values shifting to slightly in the surface lay-
ers at most places since the 1980s, which affected the Achillea saline grasslands the most. The
Alopecurus dominated saline meadows preserved their slightly acid features, but their humus-
content has doubled.

111
Data to the flora and vegetation of

Jászság microregionregion (Hungary)
Nagy, J. Gy., Tóth, Zs.,*, Fogarasi, G. & Cserhalmi, D.
1) Szent István University, Institute of Botany and Ecophysiology, Gödöllő, Hungary
2) Szent István University, Faculty of Veterinarian Sciences, Institute of Biology, Department of
Botany, Budapest, Hungary
* e-mail: HYPERLINK "mailto:[email protected]" [email protected]
The aim of our work is to give some botanical data the flora and the vegetation of the lesser-
known Jászság microregion of Great Hungarian Plain.
Jászság lies on the border of the Crisicum and Praematricum plant geographical regions.
Most of it is under cultivation, therefore, natural and close-to-nature habitats are rare. The in-
fection of the flora by invasive neophytes (Robinia pseudoacacia, Ailanthus altissima, Prunus
serotina, Acer negundo, Amorpha fruticosa, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Asclepias syriaca, As-
ter spp., Impatiens parviflora, Phytolacca americana, Reynoutria spp. and Solidago spp.) is
strong. Currently solonetz sodic pastures and meadows, plain marsh meadows, smaller marsh-
es and mostly derivative forests are typical.
The standing- and living waters and channels are belted by band-like marshes (Carice-
tum acutiformis, C. gracilis, C. ripariae). These marshes are in connection with marsh mead-
ows, where Iris spuria and Clematis integrifolia are dominant in some places (alongside of the
Zagyva- and Tarna-river). On the sodic fields the alkaline bench (Crypsis aculeatus, Campho-
rosma annua) appears sporadically, the alkaline pastures (Achilleao-Festucetum pseudovinae)
are more frequent. Loess- and sand meadows are restricted to small patches only. Loess vegeta-
tion (Phlomis tuberosa, Peucedanum alsaticum, Linaria biebersteini ssp. strictissima, Agropy-
ron pectinatum, Rosa gallica) and arenicolous vegetation (Silene conica, Anthemis rutenica,
Artemisia campestris, Alyssum desertorum, A. tortuosum, A. montanum ssp. gmelinii) can
be found mostly on boundaries, Cumanian hillocks, dams, abandoned orchards and on the
remaining of extensive orchards and on the fringes of forests in a form degraded strongly the
many times. Softwood (Leucojum aestivum, Orobanche lupuliformis) and hardwood gallery
forest residues (Convallaria majalis, Polygonatum latifolium, P. multiflorum) can be found
mainly along Zagyva-river (Jászfelsőszentgyörgy, Jászberény, Jásztelek, Újszász). The flatland
pedunculate oak forests (Ficaria verna, Cephalantera longifolia, C. damasonium, Epipactis tal-
losii, Colhicum autumnale, Melica altissima, Sysimbrium strictissimum) and salt oak forests
(Festuco pseudovinae-Quercetum) and salt scrubland meadow (Artemisia pontica, Peuceda-
num officinale, Aster sedifolius ssp. sedifolius) are very rare and live in small groves.
112
The flora and vegetation of the

Hungarian Bodrogköz
Nagy, J. Gy.,*,Tuba, Z.†,, Szirmai, O., Czóbel, Sz., Gál, B., Cserhalmi, D.,
Ürmös, Zs., Szerdahelyi, T., Fogarasi, G. Marschall, Z. & Tóth, Zs.
1) Szent István University, Institute of Botany and Ecophysiology, Gödöllő, Hungary
2) Plant Ecological Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences and
Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
3) National Institute of Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
4) Szent István University, Faculty of Veterinarian Sciences, Institute of Biology,
Department of Botany, Budapest, Hungary
The list of flora of the Hungarian (lower) Bodrogköz microregion contains more than 750
vascular plant species. This high number of taxa is of note considering the phytogeographical
conditions of the area (Great Plain region).
Bodrogköz is proved by identification of a large number of rare species and plant associa-
tions. In terms of numbers a total of 53 protected and one (Pulsatilla hungarica) strictly pro-
tected vascular plant under legal jurisdiction live there. The real rarities of the region include
Ludwigia palustris, Ranunculus lingua, and Thalictrum aquilegiifolium. As a result of our re-
search numerous species were found that can be considered new to the Bodrogköz flora e.g.
Dianthus deltoides, Iris graminea, Epipactis tallosii.
Alongside the characteristic non-woody associations of the landscape, woody stands in var-
ious sizes, structure and species composition are typical. The presented coenological relevés
(records) mainly were taken in 27 aquatic and waterside, 4 herbaceous and 10 arboraceous
plant associations between 2003 and 2008. Our research was of a stopgap nature due to the
lack of previous research into the area. We found several nationally rare (e.g. Acoretum calami,
Hottonietum palustris) and new (Elatinetum alsinastri, Oenanthetum aquaticae, Butometum
umbellatai, Veronico anagalloides-Lythretum hyssopifoliae, Iridetum pseudacori) associations.
From a coenological perspective, the large number of aquatic and waterside communities of
the oxbow lakes and drainage channels are unique e.g. hornbeam-oak population mixed with
Fagus sylvatica in the forest Long Forest, which is rare in Great Plain conditions found here.
Among the woody coenotaxa there we found primarily riverine willow woods next to the wa-
ters, and white poplar woods at the banks, or oak-ash-elm woods further from the banks. The
Great Plain hornbeam-oak populations are generally typical of on the site of abandoned river-
beds that dried up a while ago. Mixing of the last two coenotaxa can be observed in the area
e.g. the oak-ash-elm woods of the Long Forest form a continuous transition with the horn-
beam-oak. Robinia plantations are typically found near settlements or atop sand hills; their
share in comparison to the Great Plain is relatively low. However, the list of plant species and
communities known in the Bodrogköz cannot be considered complete.

113
Green corridors or degradation routes?

Effects of waterside habitats on land-
scape health
Ortmann-Ajkai, A.,* & Horváth, F.
1) Department of General and Applied Ecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University
of Pécs, Hungary
2) Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
Watercourses as connectivity corridors may play contradictory roles in maintaining landscape

health. In degraded landscapes they often represent last remnants of natural habitats, but
into near-natural landscapes anthropogenic land-use and following degradation often intrudes
through river and stream valleys. So our hypothesis is that naturalness of waterside areas in
degraded landscapes is higher, but in near-natural landscapes is lower than that of areas away
from waters.
We tested our hypothesis in vegetational landscape units of South Transdanubia, using
data of MÉTA database and biodiversity (naturalness) indicators calculated from them: per-
cent of near-natural areas, number of near-natural habitat types detected, average landscape
naturalness, average habitat naturalness and area covered by invasive plants.
We grouped vegetational landscape units of South Transdanubia into two groups: „natu-
ral” and „degraded”, according to their average landscape naturalness; selected hexagons of
MÉTA GIS database intersecting watercourses and lakes (waterside and non-waterside ones);
then calculated and compared indicators for these 2x2 groups.
The biggest difference is found in case of average landscape naturalness: about twofold
between degraded and natural landscapes. Values for waterside hexagons are higher in de-
graded, and lower in natural landscapes. Percent of near-natural areas of waterside hexagons
is almost equal in natural and degraded landscapes, but far lower in degraded-non-waterside
ones, showing preservation value of waterside areas. There is a big difference between number
of near-natural habitat types: waterside areas have significantly higher values in both land-
scape types. Their average naturalness in natural landscapes is slightly lower, in degraded ones
is slightly higher than that of non-waterside ones. Invasive species cover higher areas in water-
side areas in both landscape types.
In summary, we found that naturalness of waterside areas in natural landscapes is lower (by
three indices), in degraded landscapes is higher (by four indices) than that of non-waterside
ones. Contrary to our hypothesis, percent of near-natural areas in natural landscapes is not
lower in waterside areas; it can be explained by that anthropogenic secondary habitats (e.g.
wet meadows in place of forests) are also regarded as near-natural. Higher cover of invasives
shows that watersides are invasion routes in both landscape types.
114
Long-term changes of structure

of aquatic macrophyte vegetation and
landscape patterns in Danube floodplain
lake (Číovské mtve rameno, Slovakia)
Oaheová, H.,*, Oahe, J., Pazúr, R., Hrivnák, R. & Valachovi, M.
2) Institute of Geography, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
The Číčov Lake is a relic of the remnant Danube anabranch system. It is situated outside the
left-flood protection dam of the Danube River in south of Slovakia (1800 river km) being cut
off in 1903. Up to 1965, a weak hydrological connection existed between the lake and the in-
undation area. A large Danube flood in 1965 broke the dam and the rebuilt dam has impaired
the hydrological connectivity.
Aquatic macrophytes were sampled in five survey stretches of the lake eleven times, from
1973 to 2007. The species abundance was given by five-degree scale as the PME. On the basis
of the PME data of true aquatic macrophytes, Mean Mass Total (MMT) and Relative Plant
Mass (RPM) of each species were calculated (Kohler & Janauer 1995). The MMT index was
used for calculation of Shannon’s index species diversity as well as for PCA using the CANO-
CO 4.5 for Windows package.
Aerial photographs for the years 1949, 1970, 1990 and 2006 were analyzed in order to dif-
ferentiate land cover classes and landscape configuration. Landscape changes were evaluated
using the program FRAGSTATS*ARC in the lake ecosystem and in the buffer zone.
The results presented changes in the assemblage of true aquatic macrophytes during the last
34 years and changes in the structural characteristics of aquatic vegetation and the surround-
ing landscape during the last 50 years. Temporal changes with cyclic course in both structural
characteristics at the level of aquatic macrophytes and land cover patterns were found. Alto-
gether 30 true aquatic macrophyte species were recorded in the Číčov lake from 1973. The
species composition did not change significantly, but the abundance of true aquatic species
fluctuated over a 34-year period. Submerged species Myriophyllum spicatum rapidly spread
around. The present area of the floating vegetation is slightly smaller (-10.31%) than that doc-
umented from 1949. Fragmentation and diversity of landscape-structure in the lake ecosystem
were increasing, whereas in the buffer zone they were decreasing.
The presentation is the output of the Projects No 2/0013/02 and 2/0018/10, supported by
the VEGA Grant Agency of the Slovak Academy of Sciences.

115
Hygro- and Meso-hygrophyte Vegetation

in Eninska River Basin,
Central Stara Planina Mountain
Pachedjieva, K. L.
Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environ-
mental Protection, Sofia, Bulgaria
Hygro- and meso-hygrophyte vegetation in the basin of Eninska river, Central Stara Planina
Mountain is the subject of the present research. These are tall-forb communities and spring
vegetation above and below timberline, mainly along the river’s and its springs’ banks. The de-
scribed communities occur in the diapason of altitude between 850 and 1450 m. Comments
on their flora and syntaxonomy are made. They belong mainly to Mulgedio-Aconitetea and
Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Eninska river basin contains two protected areas within its outlines
– the natural reserve “Kamenshtitsa” and the protected site “Eninsko zhdrelo”. It is also a part
of a Nature 2000 protected zone. The anthropogenic influence, however, is high in the region.
Some conclusions regarding the status of the investigated vegetation are drawn on the basis of
the floristic and syntaxonomic analyses.
Key words: meso-hygrophyte vegetation, syntaxonomy, Eninska river basin
Acknowledgements: The research is partially financed by the National Science Fund
of the Ministry of Education, Science and Youth of Bulgaria within the
Project BG051PO001-3.3.04/41
116
The riparian vegetation of Biferno River

(Molise, Southern Italy)
Paura, B.,*, D’Alessandro, E., Salerno, G. & Presti, G.
1) Università del Molise, Italy
2) Università di Roma Tre, Italy
The riverine vegetation of the Biferno river is showed in this study. The Biferno river is situ-
ated in Molise (Southern Italy) along a longitudinal gradient varying between 450 (Matese
chain) and 0 meters (river outlet). It has a length of 82.5 km and is oriented from SW to NE
towards the Adriatic Sea.
The Biferno catchment plays the most important biogeographic role in the region and it
represents the contact zone between the Mediterranean region and the Temperate one (sen-
su Rivas-Martinez). The floristic and coenotic richness is due to the lithotypes variability and
phytoclimatic complexity.
In vegetation analysis we appealed to the phytosociological approach. In the period 1999-
2009, 103 phytosociological relevés were realized. We assigned the communities to several
syntaxa. To aquatic communities we have recognized were Fontinaletum antipyreticae Kai-
ser 1926, Lemnetum minoris Oberd. ex T. Müller & Görs 1960, Myriophylletum verti-
cillati Lemeè 1937, Ceratophylletum demersi Hild 1956, Elodeo-Potametum crispi (Pignatti
1953) Passarge 1994, Zannichellietum palustris Lang 1967. In the riverbank vegetation we
have identified Scirpetum maritimi (W. Christiansen 1934) Tx. 1937, Scirpetum lacustris
Schmale 1939, Sparganietum erecti (Roll 1938) Philippi 1973, Cyperetum longi Soó 1927,
Phragmitetum vulgaris Soó 1927, Paspalo paspaloidis-Polygonetum viridis Br.-Bl. 1936, Typhe-
tum latifoliae Lang 1973, Polygono-Xanthietum italici Pirola & Rossetti 1974. The forest
and shrubby communities are included in Saponario-Salicetum purpureae Br. Bl. 1930, Sali-
cetum eleagni Hag. 1916 ex Jenik 1955, Salicetum albae Issler 1926, Salici albae-Populetum
nigrae (Tx. 1931) Meyer-Drees 1936, Populetum albae Br. Bl. ex Tchou 1948 quercetosum
roboris Manzi 1988.

117
Diversity of the Floodplain Forests

in Southern Moravia (Biosphere Reserve
Lower Morava) with Reference to Forest
Management
Šebesta, J.*, Řepka, R. & Madra, P.
Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
In 2009 almost 500 inventory lists of herb were collected in floodplain forest. We were inter-
ested in about 1500 ha of floodplain commercial forests in south-east tip of Czech Republic,
in biosphere reserve Lower Morava. We regarded each age part of a stand as an independent
inventory unit.
Comparing the diversity of clear-cut and forest stands has been a major focus of our inter-
est. Clear-cuts occupy about tenth of the study area. We examined frequency and fidelity of
species in clear-cut areas and interior of forest stands. In the group of 487 taxa only 321 taxa
grow in clear-cut area and 461 taxa grow in forest interior. In spite of this fact, Shannon –
Wiener diversity index is statistically higher in the clear-cuts than in forest interior. Majority of
the most frequented species in clear-cuts belong to non-native species (expansive naturalised
or invasive alien species), notably Amaranthus retroflexus, Aster lanceolatus, Conyza canadensis,
Echinochloa crus-galli, Lactuca serriola, Setaria pumila, Sonchus arvensis, Tanacetum vulgare.
Clear-cut areas should become source of expansion of invasive species, but there is con-
centrated herb diversity of floodplain forests. Technique of forest management affects plant
species diversity, we should recognize natural development of floodplain forests and allow to
appropriate and sustainable management with reference to commercial forest. We will inform
local forest management with a view to protecting the herb diversity, while allowing for their
sustainable use. We suggest that clear-cutting in floodplain forests could be replaced with par-
ticular management of forest regeneration. The main foundations of the forest management
should be based on the state of the environmental conditions of stand, mature forest stand
and type of a forest.
118
Floodplain vegetation of South-Western

Nechernosemje of Russia
Semenishchenkov, Y.A.
Bryansk State University, Department of Botany, Russian Federation
Western-Southern Nechernozemje is a large territory in the central part of the Russian plain.
Floodplain vegetation of this region is an important base of geobotanical and floristic researches.
Syntaxonomy. Based on five-years studying of grass vegetation (2000 releves) 43 associa-
tions, 9 subassociations, 10 variants assigned to 16 alliances, 11 orders, 5 classes were de-
scribed according to the Braun-Blanquet approach. The most syntaxonomically variable class
is Phragmito–Magnocaricetea. According to results of the cluster analysis all syntaxa of this class
are well differentiated. Most established associations are determined by the dominant species,
which are the diagnostic species. On this basis, most of the established syntaxa can be trans-
formed into the units of the typological classification used in the meadow management.
Habitats. The syntaxa are distributed in a wide range of environmental conditions. The
highest syntaxonomical variety is observed in habitats with abundant moisture (7.5-8.5 by
H. Ellenberg). Within the compact ecological space the syntaxa form several sequences: 1) at
the rate of increase of the soil acidity – in moist soils – alliances Calthion 8 Alopecurion 8 Na-
nocyperion; 2) on wet and damp soils – alliances Scirpion marithimi 8 Filipendulion / Magno-
caricion / Sparganio–Glycerion, Agrostio–Beckmannion, Cicution; 3) on damp soils – allianc-
es Oenanthion / Phragmition / Cardamino–Montion; on the rate of increase of wealth of the
soil mineral nitrogen: alliances Nanocyperion / Sparganio–Glycerion, Agrostio–Beckmannion,
Cicution, Alopecurion 8 Magnocaricion, Cardamino–Montion, Calthion 8 Phragmition, Fili-
pendulion 8 Oenanthion 8 Scirpion marithimi. The syntaxa of the alliances Koelerion glaucae
and Hyperico–Scleranthion are the indicators of poor and acidic soils. In habitats with a much
greater moisture and richness of soil the communities of the Molinion formed. For moisture
the Cynosurion represents the ecological transition from floodplain meadows of the Molinion
and Alopecurion to steppe meadows of the Scabioso–Poion. The coenofloras can be used in the
phytoindication of the edaphic conditions.
Protection. The floristic data (2600 points) are represented in the regional database ‘Rare
and protected plant species of Southeast-Desna watershed area’ (Semenishchenkov, 2006).
The rarest associations are recommended to protection and described for the regional Green
Data Book.

119
Syntaxonomical analysis of the floodplain

forests of the Southern Ural Region
Shirokikh, P. S.* & Martynenko, V. B.
Institute of Biology, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
Currently, the structure of the association Alnetum incanae Lüdi 1921 is very complicated. In
a number of European and Russian regions, these communities have already been described.
Several variants and geographical forms have been identified. On the west - east gradient, the
floristic structure of associations are changing. Many nemoral species are disappearing from
the composition of communities. It is connected with the general tendency of the broad-
leaved forest in Europe on the given gradient. At the same time some species of Ural and Si-
berian forbs are appearing in these communities.
Riparian forest communities are described in a flood-land narrow of the mountain rivers of
Southern Ural Mountains. They have essential floristic differences from associations of alliance
Alnion incanae, described in East Europe and the European part of Russia. Therefore their pe-
culiarity should be reflected in a higher level than association. We consider a rank suballiance
to be the most convenient for this purpose. Thus, we suggest the division of union Alnion in-
canae into two suballiances Alnenion incanae suball. nov. (floodplain forest of the East Europe
and the European part of Russia) and Cacalio hastatae-Alnenion incanae suball. nov. (flood-
plain forest of the mountain territories of Southern Ural Region).
Synopsis of alliance Alnion incanae is presented below:
All. Alnion incanae Pawłowski, Sokołowski & Wallisch 1928
Suball. Alnenion incanae suball. nov.
Ass. Alnetum incanae Lüdi 1921
Suball. Cacalio hastatae-Alnenion incanae suball. nov.
Ass. Aconito lycoctonum-Alnetum incanae ass. nova
Ass. Ficario vernae-Alnetum glutinosae Solomeshch et al. 1994
Ass. Calamagrostio obtusatae-Alnetum incanae Schirokikh in Martynenko et al. 2008
Ass. Ribeso nigri-Alnetum incanae (Solomeshch in Martynenko et al. 2003) Martynenko
& Schirokikh stat. nov.
Ass. Crepido sibiricae-Alnetum incanae ass. nova
This investigation is supported by the program of Presidium of Russian Academy of Sci-
ences «Biological diversity» (subprogram «Diversity and monitoring of the forest ecosystems
of Russia»).
120
Vegetation of fallows
in Volga river delta I.
Sorokin, A.*, Ivakhnova, T. & Golub, V.
Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin of the Russian Academy of Science, Russian Federation
In the 60-70s years of the last century tens of thousands hectares of the Volga river delta were
diked and transformed into an irrigated arable land. The diking was carried out to prevent a
natural flooding arable land during spring-and-summer high waters. In the 90s exploitation of
the territory as an irrigated arable land stopped. These sites were abandoned. Absolutely new
landscapes appeared on the huge areas of the Volga river delta. They are fallow diked lands de-
void of the natural flooding. Due to a close ground water level, under conditions of the exuda-
tive water regime, atypical vegetation is developing on these territories.
Successional processes on fallows are preliminarily determined to go in two basic directions.
The first one is oleaster woods formation where Elaeagnus oxycarpa dominates. The second
one is a shrub community formation with the dominance of Tamarix ramosissima. In the first
direction, succession occurs on ecotopes with less salted soils. In the second direction, succes-
sion occurs on ecotopes with more salted soils. It was marked that succession speed depends
on pasturable loading. The more pasturable loading is, the slower the succession. These are
preliminary conclusions which require additional field research.

121
Vegetation of fallows
in Volga river delta II.
Starichkova, K.,*, Barmin, A., Iolin, M., Sharova, I., Nikolaychuk, L. &
Golub, V.
1) Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
2) Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan, Russian Federation
The Volga-Akhtuba floodplain is the part of the Volga river valley located between the dam of
Volgograd hydropower station and the Volga river delta. It occupies desert and semidesert ar-
eas. The growing azonal plant communities of meadow, marsh and forest species in the Volga-
Akhtuba floodplain are caused by regular water release into the HYPERLINK "http://www.
multitran.ru/c/m.exe?t=726410_1_2"tail-water of the Volgograd reservoir. These reservoir re-
leases imitate natural high waters. The major factors determining the character of the vegeta-
tion cover of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain during the centuries are mowing and meadow
pasture. A new factor influencing the vegetation cover in the floodplain has appeared recently.
This is recreational use of this territory.
The geobotanical transect 27.7 km long was laid in 1955 in the northern part of the flood-
plain near Leninsk town in the Volgograd region. Transect was marked on aerial photographs
showing the location of key plots. In order to study the vegetation dynamics after 1955 this
transect had been observed again in 1971, 1982 and 2008. The results of repeated observa-
tions indicate that by 2008 the occurrence of ruderal species has increased: Conyza canaden-
sis, Chenopodium album + Ch. acerifolium, Lactuca serriola, Cannabis sativa var. spontanea,
Sonchus arvensis, Cichorium intybus, taxa of Polygonum genus (section Polygonum). Both L.
serriola and C. intybus were not recorded in 1955 and the latter species was not even along the
transect in the year 1971. The presence of hygrophytes has decreased by 2008 (Sagittaria sag-
ittifolia, Carex acuta, Lythrum salicaria) with a simultaneous increase in occurrence of more
mesophytic taxa (Lythrum virgatum, Carex agr., Carex praecox). The adventive species Fraxi-
nus pennsylvanica and Bidens frondosa seemed to be widely spread. The fact of the greatest
degree of xerophytization and pasture degradation of vegetation in 2008 can be explained by
several reasons. 1. General decrease in volumes of spring-summer flooding water under condi-
tions of HYPERLINK "http://www.multitran.ru/c/m.exe?t=3137225_1_2"regulated stream
flow. 2. Increased use for recreation. 3. Local deterioration of floodplain inundation in the area
of field work caused by the road dam construction.
122
Detecting river habitat quality through

animal and plant bioindicators
Testi, A.*, Guidotti, S., D’Angeli, D., Fanelli, G. & Castigliani, V.
Department of Plant Biology, Botanical Garden, University La Sapienza, Italy
A variety of natural disturbances create a spatial and temporal environmental mosaic in riv-
erine habitats with few parallels in other systems. Intensive land-use along riparian areas may
lead to increased soil erosion and sedimentation in rivers, increased nutrient inputs and altera-
tion of surrounding areas subjected to agricultural and industrial activities affecting biodiversi-
ty of the river habitats. Interfaces between terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems are particularly
sensitive to environmental changes: for this reason the present study was focused on lateral
gradient across the riverbed, using the transect method running from water to shore and back-
shore. The transects along the longitudinal gradient (15 sampling sites from the source to the
mouth of the river), were surveyed for different components of the ecosystem: vegetation,
aquatic macroinvertebrates and edaphic microarthropods. Four different kinds of indices were
applied to the matrix of the relevés: hemeroby for evaluating anthropical disturbance, Ellen-
berg indicator for soil nutrients, both based on vegetation, soil (QBS-ar) and water quality
(EBI). Non-parametric Spearman test showed that the indices are highly and significantly cor-
related. Plant and animal bioindicators applied in this study are able to detect the spatial vari-
ations of the lateral as well the longitudinal river gradient.

Posters
Use and abuse
of ecological
indicator values
126
Long-term of space and time variation

in the population dynamics of Libanotis
pyrenaica in abandoned and managed
calcareous grasslands
Bba, W.
Department of Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
Populations of many calcareous grassland species are endangered by habitat deterioration,

fragmentation and isolation in the landscape. Understanding how to best estimate their viabil-
ity is the main conservation problem.
The aim of this study was to compare: (i) LTRE (Life Table Response Experiments) con-
tributions components between the managed and unmanaged plots and (ii) time variation in
population growth rate.
Species: Libanotis pyrenaica (L.)Bourg. (=Seseli libanotis (L.) W.D.J.Koch subsp. libanotis,
Apiaceae), monocarpic, semi-rosette perennial.
The study area: The study was carried out in the Ojców National Park (southern part
of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, Poland [19049’79’’E; 50013’61’’N]). Calcareous grass-
lands form small patches on steep slopes of the Prądnik and the Sąspówka valleys, accompa-
nied by shrubs and forest. They belong to the Festucetum pallentis (Kozł. 1928) Korna 1950,
Origano-Brachypodietum Medw.-Korn. & Korna 1963 and Koelerio-Festucetum rupicolae
Korna 1952 associations.
Methods: Demography of two populations had been studied between 1997 and 2006.
One of them was managed by clearing the shrubs (”Cleared”) while the second was left un-
used (”Abandoned”). In 100 1m2 quadrates the very detailed data in terms of percentage cover
on each Libanotis specimen (rosette) were collected. This enabled to distinguish the individ-
uals from cover data and divide them into four stages: seedlings (S, <=10 cm2), juveniles (J,
<=250 cm2), vegetative adults (V, >250 cm2) and generative adults (G, flowering individuals).
On the basis of collected data the stage-based transition matrices were constructed (Caswell,
2001). The two way Life Table Response Experiments (LTRE) were used to disentangle the
Plot (Abandoned, Cleared) and Year (1997-2006) contributions and deviations in different
life stage transitions to variation to overall population growth rate (Horvitz et al. 1997).
Results: Both abandoned and managed populations of Libanotis seem to decrease, how-
ever, the latter one has the best chance for recovery. It is proved that owing to high year to
year fluctuations in vital rates, only the long-term experiments are able to explain fully the real
trends in population dynamics.
POSTERS Use and abuse of ecological indicator values

127
Ecological classification of the vegeta-

tion mosaics in the central Appennines
(Italy) by three bioindication models:
Ellenberg’s indicators, Hemeroby index,
Grime strategies
D’Angeli, D.*, Fanelli, G. & Testi, A.
Department of Plant Biology, Botanical Garden, University La Sapienza, Italy
The landscape ecology approach was utilized to identify vegetation mosaics in the Greco
Mountain (Central Apennines, Abruzzo, Italy). Two different kinds of mosaics were identi-
fied: 1) Morphological mosaics, related to risings and depressions (usually a few meters only);
depressions are related to longer persistence of snow, and increased inputs of water and nutri-
ents when the snow melts in early summer; 2) Dynamic mosaics related to regrowth of veg-
etation after the reduction of grazing, very intensive until a few decades ago. The two mosaic
types therefore are related to completely different ecological processes: geomorphology and
grazing disturbance. A characterization of these two types of mosaics is difficult on floris-
tic grounds, since the vegetation is highly fragmentary; therefore we tried to distinguish the
two mosaic types by means of indicators, and in particular the Ellenberg, hemeroby and CSR
models.
Ellenberg model distinguished morphological mosaics mainly on the basis of F and N in-
dicators; hemeroby is the same. In the dynamic mosaics CS and S species are predominant,
whereas in the morphological one CSR species prevail. In summary, the productivity of the
morphological mosaics seems to be higher (CSR predominant, F and N higher).
128
Synphytoindication method of biotopes’

ecological factors evaluation in Ukraine
Didukh, Ya.P.
M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of NAS of Ukraine, Ukraine
Comparison of ecological scales, which had been elaborated by Ramenski (1938), Tsatsenkin
(1970), Tsyganov (1983), Ellenberg (1979), Frank & Klotz (1988), Landolt (1877), Zarzy-
cki (1984), Zólyomi et al. (1966), enabled to make unified ecological scales and new scale of
carbonate content in soils (Didukh, Plyuta, 1994). Information about 3000 of plant species
of Ukraine was processed by ECODID software and used in “Ecoflora of Ukraine” edition
(there have been published five volumes). Phytosociological descriptions were processed by
this software with the goal to obtain factor indices for cenoses. Nine factors were evaluated.
They are soil humidity (Hd), variability of damping (fH), acidity (Rc), salt contents (Tr), ni-
trogen contents (Nt), climate thermic mode (Tm), ombroregime (Om), continentality (Kn),
criomode (Cr). The next step is ordination analysis for the evaluation of ecological and coe-
nological range of different biotopes. It permits to find out the correspondence between these
biotopes and ecological factors as well as between factors themselves. The ecological maps can
be created on the basis of information obtained this way. Synphytoindication method was ap-
plied for different biotopes in most regions of Ukraine.

129
Pressures and threatening on the species

and habitats located in area NATURA
 Igni, Maramure County –
Region  North West
Glodean, I.* & Iancu, V.
Environment Protection Agency, Maramures county, Romania
The aim of this study is to protect and to allow the administration of the vulnerable species
and habitats on their natural territory over all Europe without taking in account the politi-
cal borders. At the level of Maramures County have been declared 8 sites of community im-
portance (SCI), mentioning the site Ignis, (RO SCI 0089) and 1 SPA – special birds and
fauna protection area conditioned – in Rodnei Mountains. The site Ignis located in the Prov-
ince of Alpine geosynclines – of Carpathian Mountains, Highland of Oriental Carpathian
Mountains(1), Land of Volcanic Mountains (c), District Oas–Gutai-Varatec (a), northern
group on the northern extension of Mount Ignis, of the Massif Gutai. The site includes 4
natural reservations ( Poiana Brazilor Bog , Dumitru’s Tarn, Iezeru Mare jungle- the wet area
and Tatarului Notch), wet valuable conservative areas (active peat bogs and jungles), crag are-
as, pastures, upland meadows, natural beech forests, pine spruce forests. In the site Ignis could
be found 12 community interests habitats: bent vegetation on the mountain river sides, Mo-
linia meadows, active peat bogs, peat jungles of transitions and turf moor, Luzulo-Fagetum
type beech forests, Asperulo-Fagetum type beech forests, woody peat bogs, Alnus glutinosa and
Fraxinus excelsior parks, Dacic beech forests (Symphyto-Fagion), down-grade Silica crag with
chasmophitic vegetation, meadows rich of Nardus and at the surface of silica rocks mountain
meadows. Plants species of major interest are: Ligularia sibirica, Pinus mugo, Molinia coerulea
sp, Rosalia alpine. Maintaining these values is possible only if the protected areas are adequate-
ly managed, a management what could prevent or even stop the negative aspects of human
activities. Pressures and threatening at what is this natural capital exposed are ranged in the
following categories: pressures and threatening due to residential and commercial infrastruc-
ture development, agricultural and aquaculture activities, transport and serviced corridors,
consumption of biological resources, modification of the natural systems, generating distur-
bances caused by people’s activity and pollution. Natural capital is the main source of ecologi-
cal services and economical products but also an irreplaceable part of our cultural and histori-
cal patrimony. This source must be maintained in a better condition for the benefit of present
and future generations.
130
EIV in zoological research: an example

of mollusc assemblages along a moisture
gradient from fens to grasslands
Hettenbergerová, E.,*,Chandran, R.,, Horsák, M. & Hájek, M.,
2) PG and Research Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu, India
3) Department of Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno,
Czech Republic
Ellenberg indicator values (EIV) are widely used in vegetation analyses as environmental vari-
ables derived from plant species data. We tested whether EIV can be used as a predictor (in-
dependent variable) of mollusc species composition and compared the level of prediction
with directly measured variables. We analysed vegetation and molluscan data of nine transects
stretching from the wet spring fens to the surrounding dry grasslands in the White Carpathian
Mountains (Czech Republic and Slovakia). We sampled 60 plots in total, each of size 0.56 m2.
We directly measured soil moisture, pH, calcium content, organic carbon amount, biomass
production, and chemical composition of plant biomass. Our results confirmed that EIV for
moisture is a very good predictor of mollusc species composition. Moreover, this variable ex-
plained more variation in mollusc species data than the directly measured soil moisture. This
result is probably related to the fact that EIV reflects long-term trends in moisture that have
influenced vegetation composition, whereas measured factors can shape one-shot influence of
weather and other factors. Our study contributes to a growing body of evidence that EIVs are
not only useful tool for vegetation science, but can also provide easily available estimates of
relevant ecological factors for zoological research.

131
Nutrient concentrations in Sphagnum

capitula as indicators of nutrient
availability to bog plants
Jiroušek, M.* & Hájek, M.
Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
High nitrogen deposition level supplies more nutrients to the ecosystem. It is particularly im-
portant in ombrotrophic bogs, whose nutrient balance depends totally on atmospheric depo-
sition. Sampling of biomass from Sphagnum mosses and vegetation plots was carried out in
central European bogs in the Sudeten Mts. and in the Orava-Nowy Targ basin in 2006–2007.
Our aim was to use Sphagnum nutrient concentrations and ratios as indicators of nutrient
availability to plants and relate them to the total vegetation composition of the bogs. Concen-
trations of major nutrients were determined in the Sphagnum capitula where N, P, K are most
concentrated. Statistical methods were used to explain differences between regions. Highest
N:P and N:K ratios were observed in The Black Triangle (crossborder region between Czech
Republic, Poland and Germany) with highest nitrogen deposition level and low phosphorus
concentrations resulting in high N:P ratio and thus strong P-limitation. Ellenberg indicator
values were used as surrogates of other environmental factors. Direct and indirect gradient
analyses were applied to explain the relationship between vegetation composition and nutrient
availability. We found that under unchanged water regime, high N-deposition level supports
growth of poor fen species in ombrotrophic bogs. On the other hand, fluctuating water re-
gime causes release of all major nutrients from decomposition, even when N-deposition level
was lower. In such case, a number of graminoids, mesophilous and more nutrient demanding
plant species expand to bog vegetation.
132
The differentiation of floristic compo-

sition of ruderal vegetation along main
environmental gradients
Kompała-Bba, A.
University of Silesia, Department of Geobotany and Nature Protection, Poland
The investigations, which were carried out in the area of Silesian Upland (southern Poland),
comprised ruderal plant communities, which developed on a variety of urban and post-indus-
trial wastelands. They belong to Artemisietea vulgaris, Stellarietea mediae, Polygono-Poetea and
Molinio-Arrhenatheretea (Trifolio-Plantaginetalia order) classes. The aim of this research was:
(i) to find main environmental gradients in the data set, which can be explained by directly
measured environmental variables (ii) to check if the differentiation of the ruderal vegetation
measured by those variables is reflected in commonly used mean Ellenberg indicator values
for relevés.
The soil samples were taken from the depth of 10-20 cm, in patches where phytosociologi-
cal relevés were made. Chemical properties measured were soil pH, total nitrogen, content of
organic carbon and organic matter, CaCO3, C/N ratio, phosphate, potassium, calcium, mag-
nesium. All numerical and statistical analyses were performed in Canoco for Windows 4.5 and
Statistica 8.0.
Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), applied in order to find indirectly main en-
vironmental gradients which are responsible for differentiation of ruderal vegetation, revealed
gradient from nitrophilous plant communities (Reynoutria japonica community, Leonuro-Bal-
lotetum, Arctietum lappae), through short-lived ruderal vegetation of the Sisymbrion (Erigeron-
to-Lactucetum, Elymo-Sisymbrietum loeselii, Hordeo-Brometum) to ruderal phytocoenoses
confined to dry habitats of the Onopordion acanthii alliance. It was confirmed by negative cor-
relations with the water availability F (Kendall’s tau = –0.296) and nutrient availability in the
soil (Kendall’s tau = –0.628) and I DCA axis. There was no significant correlation with the
scores of I, II DCA axes and soil reaction (pH).
Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) confirmed richness pattern among environ-
mental gradient but it let us a more precisely distinction:
a. group of phytocoenoses which were confined to soils with higher content of magnesium
(MgO) and calcium (CaO) and lower of phosphate (P2O5),
b. group of phytocoenoses which are confined to higher content of phosphate (P2O),
c. group of phytocoenoses which are confined to higher content of potassium (K2O),
No significant correlation was found with soil reaction (pH), which ranged from 5,620 to
8,690 (pH H2O).

133
The phytoremediation potential of

native versus non-native wood species
in tailing ponds
Marian, M.*, Nicula, C., Mihaly-Cozmuta, L., Peter, A. & Mihaly-Cozmuta, A.
North University Baia Mare, Faculty of Science, Romania
The tailing ponds in Maramures county are the focus of our case study. The tailing pond has
become host to an incipient vegetation layer made-up of both “fast-growing” non-native spe-
cies such as Pinus nigra, Robinia pseudacacia, Prunus serotina, Amorpha fruticosa etc, perceived
as fit in re-vegetation initiatives and planted by purpose in the area, as well as species that be-
long to the regional flora, such as Quercus petrea, Salix caprea, Populus tremula, Betula pendula,
spontaneously established. Herbs to the regional flora such as Hieracium pilosella, Carex pil-
losa, Centaurea austriaca, Viola arvensis, Rumex acetosella, Linaria vulgaris, Agrostis capilallaris
etc, as well as adventive breeds such as Reinoutria japonica, Erigeron canadensis, Setaria glauca
add also to a vegetation layer still not properly consolidated (the average coverage ratio of the
grass layer does not exceed 5-10%). While taking into account the presence of these two cat-
egories of species, our experiment aims to shed light on the phytoremediation capacity of na-
tive species as compared to the same ability of non-native species. The introduction of native
species in polluted sites could be a reserve of plants able to spread toward, and to invade, the
neighbouring eco-systems.
In spite of accumulating significant quantities of heavy metals, the species we have analyzed
in terms of their specific behaviour in the tailing ponds established following the flotation of
non-ferrous metals cannot be equated to bio-accumulators. Those species have instead the ca-
pacity for colonization of, and for contributing to, the development of a well – established
vegetation layer, thus supporting the set-up of an eco-system and the decline in erosion gener-
ated by winds and rains. The native species that have demonstrated spontaneous germination
capacity within the context of the tailing pond, as well as ability to survive and high poten-
tial for reproduction either by vegetative means or by means of seeds, are preferable from this
perspective. They also establish symbiotic relationships with the mushrooms in soil. They thus
reinforce the cohesion between organisms and actively take part in the creation of a network
within the eco-system.
134
Study regarding the heavy metals

traceability in soil - mellifer plant
chain
Mihaly-Cozmuta, A., Bretan, L., Marian, M., Mihaly-Cozmuta, L., Nicula,
C., Peter, A. & Boltea, D.
Corresponding author:
Bretan, Laura ([email protected])
The goal of this paper is to analyse the content of heavy metals in some melliferous plants in
order to assess their contaminant potential for bees and honey products. Experiments were
developed during July- August 2009 in an area strongly polluted with heavy metals. Starting
from a reference point, directions for sampling were defined in order to include all species of
melliferous plants present in the area. Soil samples were collected and analyzed considering the
pH, total and leachable metals contents. Analysis of metals in melliferous plants was also per-
formed. Experimental data were statistically processed in order to develop the metallic disper-
sion curves and thus to emphasize the areas with highest potential in metal bioaccumulation
in plants. Elements regarding the traceability of metals along of soil-mellifer plants are dis-
cussed. We have conducted our research work and subsequent analyses within the framework
of the 52144/01.10.2008 PNCDI II Project.

135
Study regarding the metals bioaccumu-

lation in different vegetal species
Mihaly-Cozmuta, L., Marian, M., Mihaly-Cozmuta, A., Nicula, C. & Peter,
A.*
Plant species represent an important mineral source for human body. The content of minerals
in plants depends on many factors, one of the most important is the chemical composition of
soil where they are cultivated.
The study analyses the correlation between metals content in soil (Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Co, Cd,
Cr, Mn) and three plants species (lettuce, spinach and cabbage) and emphasizes that the highest
correlation is obtained considering the metals leachable fraction. Statistical analysis of experi-
mental data obtained by atomic absorbtion spectrometry allows establishing for each species
the preference for metals’ bioaccumulation. At the same time, the plants self-protection mecha-
nisms that act by blocking the metals’ bioaccumulation at the roots level are emphasized.
We have conducted our research work and subsequent analyses within the framework of the
32124/01.10.2008 PNCDI II Project.
136
Growth dynamics and bioaccumulation

potential of Quercus petraea on polluted
land enhanced with ionic exchangers
Mihaly-Cozmuta, L., Peter, A.*, Nicula, C., Marian, M. & Mihaly-Cozmuta,
A.
The recovery of tailing ponds entails significant interdisciplinary work. This includes the phys-
ical – chemical particularities of soil, orographic factors, and particularly those describing how
micro-climatic characteristics evolve, and other studies on various groups of organisms. Part
in the colonization of tailing ponds, Quercus petraea, originating in the neighbouring phyto-
cenosis, is a native species with proven potential in phytoremediation. The ecologic context
impacts on each component in phytocenosis, including the species to which the oak belongs.
In tailing ponds, the high concentration of heavy metals in soil constrains the growth. This
cannot be altered in quantitative terms, but we have physics, chemistry and biology – spe-
cific options available to decline the bio-disponibility of heavy metals. We have researched
the relationships between enabling agents reducing the bio-disponibility of heavy metals: the
ions exchangers – micro-organisms – fungi complex and the dynamics of growth of Quercus
petraea surrounded by tailings. The chemical – biological context can ameliorate its survival
and growth potential. To document this correlation, we focused on Quercus petraea’s bio-ac-
cumulation capacity of heavy metals and the resilience of this native species to extreme con-
ditions. We have roughly evaluated the impact of revegetation of exhausted soil with this spe-
cies. Sprouts from acorns germinated in laboratory are grown in experimental contexts: in soil
with flotation tailings, in soil but ameliorated with bentonite, and in soil mixed with a com-
pound including bentonite, micro-organisms and fungi. Each of these contexts determines a
different growth dynamics to seedlings, in terms of the quantity of biomass, as well as in the
capacity to accumulate heavy metals. This substantiates the need to simultaneously ameliorate
the soil subjected to tailings, and to introduce native plant species. Even from the incipient
stages of vegetative growth, biometric parameters can indirectly describe how the microbiota
in soil is supportive to the native forestry species and to their adaptive capacity to the context
of the tailing ponds. We have conducted our research work and subsequent analyses within the
framework of the 32124/01.10.2008 PNCDI II Project.

137
Ecological indicators vs. manipulation

an ex situ case study on selected
weed taxa
Németh Z.* & Czóbel Sz.
Intitute of Botany and Ecophysiology, Szent István University, Hungary
The main goal of this research was to investigate the correlations between ecological indicators
and stand level CO2 fluxes in differently manipulated stands of two widely distributed weed
species (Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album). The experiment was carried out in 18
monodominant plots in the Botanical Garden of Szent István University (Gödöllő, Hunga-
ry). The examination covered the whole growing season. Irrigated and partially precipitation-
excluded plots were established beside the control stands for both taxa. Manipulation experi-
ments have simulated the predicted climatic extremes on weed species representing different
plant functional groups (C3 vs. C4; invasive vs. non invasive; native vs. alien). Characteristics
of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and soil respiration were measured frequent-
ly, while the meteorological parameters were continuously recorded (photosynthetic active ra-
diation, air temperature, soil temperature, soil water content).
Considerable or even significant correlations were found between ecological parameters
and CO2 gas exchange.
The correlation between NEE and PAR showed a quite strong but not significant negative
polynomial relationship in the stand for both taxa. There were only poor correlations between
soil respiration and soil water content and soil temperature. But we have found a significant
correlation (P<0.05) between the three parameters, if they were investigated at the same time.
The strongest significant correlation was found with 3D Lorentzian non linear regression curve
fitting. The same regression was found for both Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflex-
us and it was only slightly interfered by the manipulation experiments. ANOVA test showed
significant difference between the NEE values of the manipulated and control stands.
138
Adaptive mechanisms of plants grown

in agrocenoses prone to pollution
with heavy metals
Nicula, C.*, Marian, M., Mihaly-Cozmuta, L., Peter, A. & Mihaly-Cozmuta,
A.
The flourishing economic and social activity in Maramures, stimulated by the richness of its
underground and soil, is a generator of environmental pollution. Over 100 years have elapsed
since the mining field around Baia Mare is prone to pollution, and during the last 50 years
the impact of such contamination has particularly intensified. The wastewater, gases, powders
in suspension or as tailings, the draining from mining pits, dumps, tailing ponds, flotation or
metallurgy plants harm the environment.
Research in the area has revealed a multitude of heavy metals polluting agricultural fields
and forests. The impact can be easily traced even 25 – 30 km far from the major polluting
sources and translates especially in concentrations of Pb and Cd in the air exceeding the maxi-
mum admissible thresholds.
A considerable share of the land within the mining area surrounding Baia Mare is today in
agricultural use, planted with Lactuca sativa, Capsicum annum, Raphanus sativus, Lycopersicon
esculentum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Zea mays and other species.
Research on the imbibition and germination of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) seeds has re-
vealed a higher absorbtion capacity of Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ if they are planted on clean land,
as compared to the seeds grown on polluted soil. Adaptive mechanisms are nascent even dur-
ing the imbibition and germination stages in the plant’s life cycle, as demonstrated during the
research work.
We review the outcomes of our examination of plants exposed to polluting factors, starting
with the germination stage. We have monitored how adaptive mechanisms have evolved dur-
ing nurturing, by taking factors showing the dynamics of growth, the biomass and the content
of heavy metals accumulated in various parts of the plant as proxies. The emergence of adap-
tive mechanisms makes the sensitivity of plants against pollutants to decline, by cutting off the
absorbtion of heavy metals in the roots.
Such research could be a source of guidance about how polluted land could be used, either
by cultivating species that can easily adapt to polluted environments without accumulating
heavy metals, or by the revegetation of plots and their integration within the landscape.
52144/01.10.2008 PNCDI II Project.

139
Role of the bentonite & microbiota mix

to restore vegetation on polluted sites
Peter, A.,*, Mihaly-Cozmuta, L., Nicula, C., Marian, M., Ladiu, I. &
Mihaly-Cozmuta, A.
1)North University Baia Mare, Faculty of Science, Romania
2)Babes-Bolyai University Cluj Napoca, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Romania
The sites were tailings from mining pits or resulting from the flotation processes of nonferrous
minerals are dumped span large areas that are useless for agricultural and industrial purposes.
High concentrations of heavy metals impact the organic background, the texture and porosity
of soil, becoming constraints in the revegetation of such sites. Very few plants normally toler-
ate this kind of constraints, and enable the setup of a layer of vegetation and the reinstauration
of a complex ecosystem. The colonization and restoration of vegetation occur depending on
the amelioration of soil and of the rizosphere. One of the options to support the development
of vegetation entails the amelioration of the tailings from mining with a bentonite – microbi-
ota mix. The bentonite acts as ionic exchanger retaining significant amounts of ions of heavy
metals. The microbiota has a multitude of roles. On one hand it retains in cells the heavy met-
als. On the other hand, it generates the organic compound that alters the texture of the tail-
ing and, given the symbiosis with higher plants, supports their growth on polluted land. Our
research covers first, the dynamics of the process by which the bentonite blocks heavy metals
originating from tailings, and second, the characteristics of the bentonite – microbiota com-
pound, as accelerating driver for the colonization process of polluted land with plants. We
summarise the outcomes of our experiments about the decline in bio – disponibility of heavy
metals. The growth pattern of species such as Salix caprea, Populus tremula, Betula pendula
stands proof of the high correlation between their adaptive capacity and the presence of the
microbiota, even during the early stages of vegetative growth. This research shows the capac-
ity of the bentonite – microbiota (micro – organisms plus fungi) mix to act as enabling fac-
tor for the installation of the vegetation layer on land polluted with heavy metals, based on
the quantitative analysis of heavy metals that this mix absorbs and retains. We have conducted
our research work and subsequent analyses within the framework of the 82AS/2008 PNCDI
II Project.
140
Role of the zeolite & microbiota mix to

restore vegetation on polluted sites
Peter, A., Mihaly-Cozmuta, L., Nicula, C., Marian, M., Mihaly-Cozmuta, A.
Corresponding author:
Anca, Peter ([email protected])
The sites were tailings from mining pits or resulting from the flotation processes of non–fer-
rous minerals are dumped span large areas that are out of agricultural, industrial or ambient
usefulness. High concentrations of heavy metals impact the organic background, the texture
and porosity of soil, becoming constraints in the revegetation of such sites. Very few plants
normally tolerate this kind of constraints, and enable the establishment of any vegetation and
the restoration of a complex ecosystem. The colonization and restoration of vegetation occurs
depending on ther amelioration of the pedologic support and of the rizosphere.
One of the options to support the development of vegetation entails the amelioration of the
tailings from mining with a bentonite – microbiota mix. The bentonite acts as ionic exchanger
retaining significant amounts of ions of heavy metals. The microbiota has a multitude of roles.
On one hand it retains in cells the heavy metals. On the other hand, it generates the organic
compound that alters the texture of the tailing and, given the symbiosis with superior plants,
supports their growth on polluted land.
Our research covers first, the dynamics of the process by which the bentonite blocks heavy
metals originating from tailings, and second, the characteristics of the bentonite – microbio-
ta compound, as accelerating driver for the colonization process of polluted land with plants.
We summarise the outcomes of our experiments about the decline in bio – disponibility of
heavy metals.
The growth pattern of such species as Salix caprea, Populus tremula, Betula pendula stands
proof of the high correlation between their adaptive capacity and the presence of the micro-
biota, even during the early stages of vegetative growth.
This research shows the capacity of the bentonite – microbiota (micro – organisms plus
fungi) mix to act as enabling factor for the installation of the vegetal layer on land polluted
with heavy metals, based on the analysis of quantities of heavy metals that this mix absorbs
and retains.
82AS/2008 PNCDI II Project.

141
Effects of environmental factors

on arable weed species composition
in western Hungary
Pinke, Gy.,*, Pál, R. & Botta-Dukát, Z.
1) Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of West Hungary, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
2) Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary
Multivariate analysis of data from 184 cereal and stubble fields from low-input agricultural
systems in western Hungary was carried out to asses and rank the environmental factors deter-
mining weed species composition. For each variable the gross and net effect on weed species
composition were calculated. All variables considered in this study had a significant effect on
weed species composition and explained 26.99% of the total variation in species data. Most
variation in species composition was explained by the aspect (cereal vs. stubble), followed by
soil pH, mean annual precipitation, soil texture, mean annual temperature, and altitude. Sep-
arating the cereals and stubbles soil pH became the most important factor. Our results sug-
gest that during the long vegetation period the cereal weed communities dominated by winter
annuals are changed by stubble-field weed communities dominated by summer annuals. The
changing aspects could have the same important effect on weed species composition as crop
types.
142
Evaluation of actual state and manage-

ment of selected small-scale specially
protected areas within the competence
of the Administration of Pálava PLA
(Czech Republic)
Rejžek, M.
Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno,
Czech Republic
During autumn 2008 and spring 2009 selected small-scale specially protected areas, which fall
within the competence of the Administration of Pálava PLA, were evaluated. 19 specially pro-
tected areas in total were evaluated, by using the methodology developed in 2005 (Svátek &
Buček 2005: Methodology for the evaluation of the state and management of small-scale pro-
tected areas. Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic). This methodology enables to make
fast evaluation of actual state and management quality of protected areas. State and manage-
ment are assessed separately, each of them in terms of eight criteria, which are scored according
to the 6-degree (0–5) verbal numeric scale. Each criterion has assigned a multiplicative coeffi-
cient (“weight”) in order to distinguish its importance relative to other criteria. The final score
for given criterion is obtained by multiplying awarded score by multiplicative coefficient. Final
evaluation of state is then calculated as percentage share of obtained total score in maximum
total score, which would be possible to gain for evaluated criteria of state. Final evaluation of
management is calculated analogously. Retrieved percentage evaluation is expressed also ver-
bally using a 5-degree verbal scale (very poor, poor, average, good, excellent).
The results of evaluation revealed that the state of 11 preserves can be classified as average,
and the state of seven preserves as good. Only one area was classified as excellent. Among cri-
teria of actual state evaluation the presence of invasive and expansive species was on average
worst assessed. These species were, with only one exception, detected in all preserves. Con-
versely on average the best assessed criterion was the one assessing impact of other negative
influences. Their presence was usually connected with higher attendance of protected areas or
eventually with activities of hunters.
With 10 of preserves the quality of management was evaluated as average, with seven of
preserves as good and with remaining two as excellent. On average the best assessed criterion
was that of documentation of preserves. Conversely criteria of boundary marking and func-
tion of buffer zones obtained the lowest average assessment.

143
Development of regional indicator

values for south border of boreal
ecotone
Shagiev, B.R.* & Rogova, T.V.
Department of General Ecology, Faculty of Geography and Ecology, Kazan State University,
Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
The most popular systems of indicator values in geobotanical studies on European part of
Russia are ecological scales developed by Ramensky (1956) and Tcyganov (1983) and West-
ern European systems of Ellenberg (1991) and Landolt (1977). All of them have advantages
and disadvantages and many applications. As our area is characterized by ecotone conditions
where ecosystem and species diversity include different ecological plant groups, the applica-
tion of existing systems is problematic. In the present study, several statistical procedures and
methods are followed to produce an algorithm for improving Ellenberg’s indicator values for
environmental conditions of new region by example of the Tatarstan Republic. We applied
this algorithm to improve indicator values for moisture factor and assume its applicability for
other factors. For the objectives of this study we used 5035 phytosociological plots (releves). In
this study two independent datasets have been used; the first to adjust indicator values whereas
the second to compare them with field measurements and to evaluate their applicability for
the conditions of selected region. The algorithm includes several steps such as selection of ap-
propriate plots and species from database, computation of probabilities of species occurrence
in different environmental classes using bootstrapping, stratified random sampling with pro-
portional allocation and weighted average, calculation of conditional probabilities of certain
conditions presence on the assumption of species occurrence and others. Here we made two
important assumptions: probability of species occurrence is independent from the presence of
other species in the plot; probability of species occurrence only depends from environmental
conditions on the plot. Finally we calculated distribution modes and assumed that they can
serve as the best approximations of regional indicator values. For 545 species regional indica-
tor values have been determined. Analysis revealed that ecological optima of 305 species have
been displaced. Displacements of species optima are related to the factor determining humid-
ity of soil: in Western Europe atmospheric precipitation plays the major role; and in condi-
tions of the Tatarstan Republic with a temperate-continental climate - redistribution of water
on the relief. The comparison of regional indicator values with field measurements revealed a
linear relationship that shows efficiency of the new algorithm.
144
Vegetation-environment relationships
in deciduous forests: study from
volcanic part of central Slovakia
Slezák, M.
Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
e-mail:[email protected]
Forest ecosystems are the most important functional components of the Central European
landscape and they are also essential for maintaining biological diversity. The spatial distribu-
tion and horizontal structure of forest vegetation are simultaneously influenced by a number
of ecological and anthropogenic factors and their interactions. Environmental and geographi-
cal gradients are the primary drivers underlying high variation in floristic composition of tem-
perate forests.
For the investigation of internal site conditions (light supply and selected soil properties)
and their impact on the ground layer species composition of deciduous forests, the Štiavnické
vrchy Mts (48°12´-48°35Ń; 18°32´-19°05´S) were chosen. These volcanic mountains repre-
sent a homogeneous geomorphologic unit situated in the transition zone between the West
Carpathian region and Pannonian region. They occupy an area of about 800 km2 extending
from lowland to the submontane level. The phytosociological data set consisting of 110 relevés
were obtained according to the principles of the Zürich-Montpellier approach in the period
2008–2009. Soil samples were taken in each vegetation plot from uppermost mineral horizon,
and there were used for analysis of following parameters: total content (%) of sand, silt and
clay, soil acidity (pH-H2O), exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Al3+, H+), total carbon, ni-
trogen content, and also plant-available phosphorus. Light conditions (canopy openness as the
percentage of open sky) were estimated with using hemispherical photographs and the Gap
Light Analyzer 2.0 software. Vegetation data were classified using the PC-ORD 4 programme,
with the relative Euclidean distance as a measure of dissimilarity, Ward’s linkage method and
logarithmic transformation. The numerical classification resulted in distinguishing nine flo-
ristically well-differentiated forest communities within six alliances (Genisto germanicae-Quer-
cion, Alnion incanae, Carpinion betuli, Tilio-Acerion, Fagion sylvaticae and Quercion confertae-
cerris). The floristic data together with environmental variables were subjected to canonical
correspondence analysis (CCA) from the Canoco 4.5 for Windows package – for explanation
of the structure of vegetation-environment data matrix and for ecological interpretation of the
main gradients.

145
Characterization of different
Brachypodium dominated stands
in NE Hungary based on ecological
indicator values
Szirmai, O.,* & Czóbel, Sz.
1) Plant Ecological Research Group of HAS & SZIU, Hungary
2) Institute of Botany & Ecophysiology, Szent István University, Hungary
The Carpathian Basin is the westernmost part of the Eurasian forest-steppe belt. Its steppe mo-
saics are often dominated by Brachypodium rupestre stands in Hungary. These stands can host
many sensitive and rare species. One main goal of this study was to characterize the different
Brachypodium dominated stands based on ecological indicator values. The study was carried
out in the Tardona Hills, NE Hungary where 64 relevés were analysed. The selected relevés
represented Brachypodium dominated grassland type in four locations, which were compared
for their water regimes, nitrogen and temperature. The floristical elements, social behaviour
types and characteristic habitats were also compared among the four types based on the species
list of 64 relevés. Statistical analyses showed that the four types are different in some ecologi-
cal parameters (e.g. water supply).
Fekete, Cs. 68 Maděra, P. 115 Rosenkranz, R. 9
Author Index Finckh, M. 55 Majláth, I. 106 Ross, L.C. 16, 44
Fogarasi, G. 109, 110 Manthey, M. 14, 33 Ruprecht, E. 11
Fogarasi, G. Á. 98 Marian, M. 131, 132, 133, Rūsiņa, S. 56
Francesconi, F. 9 134, 136, 137,138 Salamon-Albert, É. 21
Abramova, L. 94 Franjic, J. 77 Marinšek, A. 29 Saláta, D. 58
Ádám, Sz. 58 Gál, B. 110 Marschall, Z. 110 Salerno, G. 114
Agrillo, E. 22 Galvánek, D. 65 Martynenko, V. B. 64, 117 Sammul, M. 18
Alvarez, M. 48 Garadnai, J. 41 Melečková, Z. 65 Sándor, Cs. 81
Angelini, E. 41 Garboan, A. 89 Merlin, A. 34 Saura, S. 97
Antonova, O. 49 Gergely, A. 100 Merunková, K. 70 Schellberg, J. 40
Apostolova, I. 8, 50 Gimona, A. 41 Meshinev, T. 8, 72 Schmidt, D. 11
Attorre, F. 9, 22 Glodean, I. 127 Mesterházy, A. 107 Šebesta, J. 16, 115
Axmanová, I. 10 Golub, V. 118, 119 Michalcová, D. 19 Semenishchenkov, Y.A. 116
Bąba, W. 124 Grinberga, L. 31 Mihalescu, L. 66 Sever, K. 77
Bagrikova, N.A. 51 Guidotti, S. 120 Mihaly-Cozmuta, A. Shagiev, B.R. 141
Barabás, S. 100 Hahn, I. 100 131,132, 133, Sharova, I. 119
Barmin, A. 119 Hájek, M. 45, 128, 129 134, 136, 137, 138 Shirokikh, P. S. 117
Bartha, D. 107 Hájková, P. 52 Mihaly-Cozmuta, L. Šilc, U. 29, 76
Bartha, S. 11, 20, 58 Handa, C. 48 131, 132, 133, Sipőcz, P. 69
Becker, M. 48 Házi, J. 11, 58 134, 136, 137,138 Skvorc, Z. 77
Belova, I.N. 84 Hédl, R. 16, 61, 62, 87 Mihaly-Cozmuta, L. 138 Slezák, M. 142
Benderev, A. 72 Hejcman, M. 40 Milutinovits, L. 81 Somodi, I. 71, 75
Bergmeier, E. 25 Henn, T. 59 Mirkin, B.M. 64 Sopotlieva, D. 8, 78
Birks, H.J.B. 44 Hennekens, S. M. 40 Mogha, N. 48 Sorokin, A. 50, 118
Biró, M. 37, 81 Hester, A.J. 44 Molnár, E. 11 Spada, F. 22
Bita-Nicolae, C. 50 Hettenbergerová, E. 128 Molnár, Zs. 11, 12, 67 Stachnowicz, W. 23, 90
Bódis, J. 95 Hoffmann, K. 67 Morschhauser, T. 21 Starichkova, K. 119
Bölöni, J. 12 Horsák, M. 128 Möseler, B. M. 48 Šumberová, K. 24, 79
Boltea, D. 89, 132 Horvat, G. 77 Münzner, F. 14 Šuvada, R. 65
Bonis, A. 34, 28 Horváth, A. 11 Nagy, D. 68 Szabó, I.L. 81, 95
Botta-Dukát, Z. 12, 139 Horváth, D. 37 Nagy, E. 108 Szeglet, P. 95
Bouzillé, JB. 28, 34 Horváth, F. 12, 21, 111 Nagy, J. 69, 98 Szentes, Sz. 11, 58
Božková, J. 52 Hrivnák, R. 99, 112 Nagy, J. Gy. 100, 109 Szerdahelyi, T. 110
Bretan, L. 132 Hufnagel, L. 69 Németh Z. 96, 135 Szirmai, O. 96, 110, 143
Bruelheide, H. 17 Iakushenko, D. 60 Neshataeva, V.–Yu. 35, 73 Taller, J. 80
Bruno F. 9 Iancu, V. 127 Neshatayev, V. 42 Tatár, S. 81
Campetella, G. 11, 20, 41 Inclimona, W. 101 Nicula, C. 131, 132, 133, Testi, A. 120, 125
Canullo, R. 41 Iolin, M. 119 134, 136, 137, 138 Thompson, Des B.A. 44
Čarni, A. 29, 71, 75 Ionce, G. A. 89 Nikolaychuk, L. 119 Tichý, L. 45
Carranza, M. L. 97 Ivakhnova, T. 118 Ortmann-Ajkai, A. 21, 111 Tikhonova, E. 49
Casella, L. 22 Jandt, U. 17 Oťaheľ, J. 112 Török, P. 82
Castigliani, V. 120 Janišová, M. 50, 56 Oťaheľová, H. 99, 112 Tóth, B. 68
Cervellini, M. 41 Jansen, F. 55 Otsus, M. 18 Tóth, I. 103
Chandran, R. 128 Jermaczek-Sitak, M. 102 Otýpková, Z. 70 Tóth, Zs. 109, 110
Chernenkova, T. 49 Jiroušek, M. 129 Pachedjieva, K. L. 113 Tóthmérész, B. 82
Chytrý, M. 10, 40, 45 Kalocsai, R. 20 Pál, R. 20, 59, 68, 139 Tuba, Z. 110
Csathó, A.I. 53 Kana, S. 18 Paulini, I. 50 Türke, I. J. 37
Cserhalmi, D. 109, 110 Kelemen, A. 82 Paura, B. 22, 97, 114 Tzonev, R. 24
Csete, S. 103 Kenéz, Á. 58 Paušič, A. 71 Ugurlu, E. 83
Csiky, J. 103 Kercsmár, V. 81 Pazúr, R. 112 Ulanova, N.G. 84
Csintalan, Zs. 98 Kertész, M. 11 Pedashenko, H. 8, 50, 72 Ürmös, Zs. 110
Cutini, M. 22 Kevey, B. 103 Peet, R. K. 55 Utinek, D. 87
Czóbel Sz. 96, 110, 135, 143 Kintrová, K. 43 Penksza, K. 58 Vadassy, R. 85
D’Alessandro, E. 97, 114 Klinerová, T. 61 Peper, J. 36 Valachovič, M. 86, 112
D’Angeli, D. 120, 125 Kochjarová, J. 99 Pesterov, A.O. 73 Valenti R. 9
D’Angeli, D. 125 Kompała-Bąba, A. 130 Peter, A. 131, 132, 133, Valkó, D. 96
Danci, O. 66 Kopecký, M. 62 134, 136, 137, 138 Varga, A. 37
Dancza, I. 54 Korablev, A. 104 Petrášová, A. 86 Vasilev, K. 8, 72
Deák, Á. J. 30, 108 Košir, P. 29 Pignatti, S. 22 Velev, N. 8
Dengler, J. 50, 55, 56 Kovács, A. J. 63 Pinke, Gy. 20, 139 Vild, O. 87
Didukh, Ya.P. 126 Kovács-Láng, E. 11 Poczai, P. 81 Virágh, K. 11
Dingová, A. 86 Kozlov, D. 49 Poli Marchese, E. 101 Vosgan, Z. 66, 89
Di Pietro, R. 25 Kröel-Dulay, Gy. 11 Presti, G. 114 Vrahnakis, M. S. 56
Dítě, D. 65 Krstonosic, D. 77 Purger, D. 103 Vymazalová, M. 88
Dobrovolsky, A. 57 Kuzemko, A. 32, 50 Rabnecz, Gy. 98 Wild, J. 91
Dúbravková, D. 99 Ladiu, I. 137 Rašomavičius, V. 74 Willner, W. 25
Ducháček, M. 79 Lafage, D. 28 Rédei, T. 11 Wojterska, M. 90
Eliáš, P. Jr. 65 Lang, P. 15 Rejžek, M. 140 Woodin, S.J. 44
Ercsényi, M. 81 Lengyel, A. 20, 103 Řepka, R. 115 Yuritsyna, N.A. 121
Ermakov, N. 13 Lengyel, Sz. 82 Ribeiro, D. 75 Yurukova, L. 72
Etzold, J. 14 Logofet, D.O. 84 Rogova, T.V. 141 Zelený, D. 43
Ewald, J. 15, 55 Loy, A. 97 Roleček, J. 43, 87 Zimmermann, M. 33
Fanelli, G. 120, 125 Lysenko, T. 105 Rosca, O. M. 66 Zmeskalova, J. 91

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  t h I n t e r n at i o n a l Wo r k s h o p o f

19th EVS Workshop

EVS  Local Organizing Committee

Department of Plant Systematics and Geobotany, University of Pécs

Institute of Ecology & Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS)

Directorate of Duna-Dráva National Park, Pécs

Sponzored by: Pécs 2010 European Capital of Culture

LECTURES Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale

Hot-spots of glacial relict plants in

LECTURES Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale

Modelling the potential distribution

LECTURES Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale

Assessing the spatio-temporal

Relative importance of propagule

LECTURES Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale

Classification and ordination

Prodromus of north boreal vegetation in West Siberia:

Phytodiversity of high mountain

LECTURES Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale

Concept for monitoring restoration

Alpine vegetation in Scotland and

LECTURES Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale

Using large-scale vegetation databases

How flora changes

LECTURES Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale

A comparison of two sampling schemes

Sampling design is an important issue in phytosociological methodology. Preferentially posi-

Species composition of cereal fields

Crop production systems in Central Italy can be characterized by considerable heterogeneity.

Bioclimatic interpretation of habitat

An annotated geographical checklist

A database on the geographical distribution of lower-rank syntaxa of the Italian vegetation is

LECTURES Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale

(Sub-)regional distribution pattern

The aquatic vegetation of the Danube

LECTURES Flora, vegetation, environment and land-use at large scale

Dispersal limitation of European beech

Grasslands communities structure varies

LECTURES Vegetation of European rivers and ﬂoodplains

Microregional vegetation pattern

LECTURES Vegetation of European rivers and ﬂoodplains

Environmental factors influencing

The influence of climatic conditions

LECTURES Vegetation of European rivers and ﬂoodplains

Ecology and regeneration of alluvial

Species competitive responses along

LECTURES Vegetation of European rivers and ﬂoodplains

Flood-plain forests of the Kamchatka

Structure and species composition

LECTURES Vegetation of European rivers and ﬂoodplains

Landscape history and vegetation

Changes in Ellenberg indicator values

LECTURES Use and abuse of ecological indicator values

Diversity responses to management

Correlations between the Ramensky’s

LECTURES Use and abuse of ecological indicator values

Using Ellenberg indicator values

We propose a new non-probabilistic measure of similarity to be used in vegetation science.

Assessing the impacts of environmental

LECTURES Use and abuse of ecological indicator values