JOURNALISM

Definition: the word journal comes from the Latin word diurnas
which means “daily”.
In ancient Rome, short bulletins of battles, fires and elections compiled by
government officials were posted places. These were called acta diurnal which
meant “daily events”.

Webster defines journalism as “the occupation of writing for publication in

newspapers and periodicals.”

Fraser F. Bond defines it as “something that embraces all forms in which or

through which the news and comments on the news reach in public.”
-“all that happens in the world, if such happenings hold interest for the
public, and all thoughts, actions, and ideas which these happenings stimulate,
basic materials for the journalist.

High school journalism –defined by the school paper advisers of the City Schools
of Manila as: “that enjoyable co-curricular activity of the school paper staff in
collecting, organizing, and presenting news; in writing journals, columns, literary
articles, sports stories and features; in copyreading proofreading, dummying, and
writing headlines –all for the purpose of putting out a school organ.”

SCOPE OF JOURNALISM
-divided into three areas, namely: written, oral and visual.
Written Journalism: periodicals such as newspapers and magazines
Oral Journalism: radio
Visual Journalism: television, movies and documentaries

Newspaper Magazines
-prints more news -prints more features and human
interest stories
-has no special cover -has a special cover usually with a big
cut on it
-is printed on a special paper called -often printed on bookpaper
newsprit
-news is printed on the first page, as -if ever news is printed, it is brief and
well as on the inside and back pages featurized, and found in the inside
pages.

Print Media: Periodicals, brochures, journals, books and graphic arts

Broadcast Media: Radio and Television
Film Media: Movies and Documentaries

FUNCTIONS OF THE CAMPUS PAPER

FUNCTIONS OF THE CAMPUS PAPER
Traditional roles of the campus paper were specified by Harold Spears and C.H. Lawshe Jr. in their book An
Introduction to Journalism.
a. Aid to the Students
1. Provides the opportunity for interesting writing.
2. Gives the students the opportunity to learn how to read newspapers.
3. Acts as a stimulus to better work.
4. Develops students’ powers of observation and discrimination concerning relative merits of news
articles.
5. Serves as an outlet and motivation for journalistic writing.
6. Offers training in organization, business methods, commercial art, salesmanship, bookkeeping, and
business management.
7. Develops qualities of cooperation, tact, accuracy, tolerance, responsibility, and leadership.
b. Aid to School and Community
1. Informs the community on the work of the school.
2. Publishes school news.
3. Creates and expresses school opinion.
4. Makes known the achievements of the school.
5. Helps unify the school.
6. Encourages and stimulates worthwhile activities.
7. Develops right standard of conduct.
8. Provides an outlet for student suggestions for the betterment of the school.
9. Develops better interschool relationship.
10. Develops school spirit.
11. Develops cooperation between parents and the school.
Modern Campus Paper has evolved other functions:
1. Information Function –It informs readers of events that happened, that are happening, or that will still
happen. This is its news function. But information may come from the features, editorials, and other
sections of the school paper.
2. Opinion Function –through the editorials and editorial columns, the editor interprets the meaning of
the news, especially of the banner news, and gives his opinion of important maters or of significant
events of the day.
3. Education Function –one of the most important functions of a modern campus paper is to educate not
only the students but also the people in the community. Sex education and family planning which is
used taboo in classrooms are now topics of discussion by student writers in the school organs.
4. Watchdog Function –the school paper acts as guardian of the students’ rights. It serves as the eyes of
the readers.
5. Laboratory Function –it serves as the teaching tool for the building journalists. After they have learned,
for example, how to write straight news stories, they cover news activities and write the news for
publication.
6. Documentation Function –Important school events and worthwhile student accomplishments and
achievements are recorded in the school paper for posterity’s sake. Most present day histories have
been researched from old files of newspapers.
7. Entertainment Function –the school paper, like an interesting book, keeps the reader company
especially when he is alone. Most human interest stories are very interesting to read.
8. Developmental Function –In a developing country like the Philippines, scholastic, as well as
commercial journalism, has been given, nobler significance. The young writer who used to spend more
time in reporting on club activities like elections and parties, and writing lines to Delilah, has graduated
into development journalist. As such, he has includes his community in his beat, and sometimes
touches on topics of national significance. He has been encouraged to write on increasing agricultural
productivity, lad reform, expanded health, medical and other social welfare services, population
education, rural electrification, nutrition education, and promotion of a deeper culture consciousness
among people.
NATIONAL AND CAMPUS NEWSPAPERS COMPARED
National Newspaper
-is a printed publication which is published and sold regular intervals
-its main purpose is to provide news to its readers
-also tries to explain the news means so it prints comments and opinions
-another purpose is to entertain and teach with photographs, cartoons, and other
interesting features
daily-a paper which is published everyday
weeklies-papers published once a week
-is one that can be bought easily anywhere in the country

National papers Categories:

Popular papers –present their news in a bright lively fashion, with easy-to-read articles and
many photographs.
Heavy or quality papers –emphasize the more serious subjects, and prints longer articles
about them.

-Some newspapers publishers produce Sunday papers, sometimes, with similar nameplates as the daily
papers. These are not Sunday editions of the dailies. Busy people have no time for reading on a Sunday, a
Sunday paper has more pages and contains more articles than a daily paper; thus it costs more.

SECTIONS OR PARTS OF A CAMPUS PAPER

Whether it is a community, metropolitan or national paper, its parts and sections are more or less the same.

A. Front Page
1. Local News –news that takes place within the country.
2. Foreign News –news that takes place outside the country.
3. Dateline News –an out-of-town news story. It is introduced by a dateline which sates the place from
which the story was reported, the date, and the source of the material if not written by the local
staff, as Tokyo, Japan, Jan. 25 (AP).
4. Weather News –usually a boxed forecast of the area, sometimes includes the temperature, wind directions, and
velocities. Extremes on weather are reported as a more detailed news stories.
5. Index –a slung line indicating an important inside page story and the page where it is found.
6. Other things found in the Front Page:
a. Namepalte –the engraved or printed name of the newspaper, as the Manila Times or PNU Torch.
b. Ears –the title box on either side of the nameplate.
c. Banner –The principal headline bearing the boldest and biggest type. It is the title of the most important news of
which is called banner news. It may or not run across the page. If it does, it may be also called a streamer.
d. Running head –a headlines made up of two or more lines.
e. Headline –the title of any new story. The word headline is used only for titles of news stories.
f. Deck –a subordinate headline placed immediately below its mother headline, also known as bank or readout.
g. Lead –the beginning of a news story. It may be a word, a group of words, a sentence, or even a paragraph.
h. News story –the whole story of an event composed of the lead and the text which is the collaboration of the lead.
i. Columns –the horizontal division into parts of a newspaper. Many national papers are divided into eight columns
while a typical school paper is divided into five columns of 12 em each.
j. Column rule –the vertical line that divides the page into columns. Most pages of newspaper are divided into
columns by a space usually one em wide. This space is called the sunken rule.
k. Fold –the imaginary horizontal line that divides the newspaper equally into two parts.
l. Byline –the signature of a reporter proceeding a news-feature, as By Warren Cruz
m. Box –News materials enclosed by line rules.
n. Cut –a metal plate bearing a newspaper’s illustration, also known as cliché.
o. Cutline –the text accompanying photos and other art works better known as a caption. If written above the photo
just like a slugline, it is called an overline.
p. Kicker –a tagline placed above but a smaller than a headline, it is called a hammer.
q. Credit line –a line giving the source of the story or illustration, as Reprinted from the “Manila Times,” or Photo by
MPI.
B. Editorial Page
1. Folio –consists of page number, date of publication, and name of newspaper, usually written on top of the page. This is
also from the other pages.
2. Masthead –the editorial box containing the logo, names of the staff members and position in the staff, subscription
rate, the publisher, and other permanent data about the newspaper. A logo (a shorten word for logotype) is a cut which
contains an identifying word or words, such as the name of the newspaper or of section.
3. Editorial proper –a commentary written by any of the editors who comments or gives the opinion of the staff or the
whole paper on various subjects. It is a stand of the paper.
4. Editorial column –a personal opinion written by the columnist himself. Like the editorial proper, it may attack, teach,
entertain, or appeal depending upon its purpose.
5. Editorial Cartoon –usually a caricature emphasizing a simple point. Usually humorous, it has a function of the editorial.
It stands by itself and is not a component of the editorial proper.
6. Editorial liner –a short statement or quoted saying place at the end of an editorial to drive home a message.
7. Letter to the editor –a letter sent in by the reader giving his personal views on certain aspects.

C. Sports Page
Sports stories are classified as news stories; therefore, what may be found in news page may also be found in the
sports section. Other things that may be found in the sports section are the sports commentaries and sports features.

D. Special Features
The modern newspaper has taken some special features and eliminated some which have become irrelevant to the
needs of the times. An example of this is the society page.

Commonly found in the present-day newspapers are: (a) Life and Leisure (The Arts, Religion, Entertainment, and
Comics) and (b) Finance and Business for The Manila Times. The feature page of the Manila Bulletin contains:
home and culture, entertainment, comics, shopping, classified ads, movie, TV and radio guides, and the comics
page.