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    Pregnancy and Human Development: Part A

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    skatay6189
    Pregnancy involves the development of the conceptus from fertilization until birth, around 280 days. Key events include fertilization when sperm and egg chromosomes combine to form a zygote, implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus around 6-7 days after ovulation, and formation of the placenta by the end of the third month to support fetal development. The placenta secretes hormones to maintain the corpus luteum and progesterone and estrogen production until the placenta can take over this role.

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    Pregnancy and Human Development: Part A

    Uploaded by

    skatay6189
    37 views5 pages
    Pregnancy involves the development of the conceptus from fertilization until birth, around 280 days. Key events include fertilization when sperm and egg chromosomes combine to form a zygote, implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus around 6-7 days after ovulation, and formation of the placenta by the end of the third month to support fetal development. The placenta secretes hormones to maintain the corpus luteum and progesterone and estrogen production until the placenta can take over this role.

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    Ch 28 Lecture Outline A

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    Pregnancy involves the development of the conceptus from fertilization until birth, around 280 days. Key events include fertilization when sperm and egg chromosomes combine to form a zygote, implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus around 6-7 days after ovulation, and formation of the placenta by the end of the third month to support fetal development. The placenta secretes hormones to maintain the corpus luteum and progesterone and estrogen production until the placenta can take over this role.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    37 views5 pages

    Pregnancy and Human Development: Part A

    Uploaded by

    skatay6189
    Pregnancy involves the development of the conceptus from fertilization until birth, around 280 days. Key events include fertilization when sperm and egg chromosomes combine to form a zygote, implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus around 6-7 days after ovulation, and formation of the placenta by the end of the third month to support fetal development. The placenta secretes hormones to maintain the corpus luteum and progesterone and estrogen production until the placenta can take over this role.

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    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    28

    Pregnancy and Human Development: Part A


    Pregnancy
    Pregnancy: events that occur from fertilization until the infant is
    born
    Conceptus: the developing offspring
    Gestation period: time from the last menstrual period until birth
    (~280 days)
    Embryo: conceptus from fertilization through week 8
    Fetus: conceptus from week 9 through birth
    From Egg to Zygote
    The oocyte is viable for 12 to 24 hours
    Sperm is viable 24 to 48 hours after ejaculation
    From Egg to Zygote
    For fertilization to occur, coitus must occur no more than
    Two days before ovulation
    24 hours after ovulation
    Fertilization: when the sperm’s chromosomes combine with
    those of a secondary oocyte to form a fertilized egg (zygote)
    Accomplishing Fertilization
    Ejaculated sperm
    Leak out of the vagina immediately after deposition
    Are destroyed by the acidic vaginal environment
    Fail to make it through the cervix
    Are dispersed in the uterine cavity or destroyed by phagocytes
    Few (100 to a few thousand) reach the uterine tubes

    Accomplishing Fertilization
    Sperm must become motile
    Sperm must be capacitated before they can penetrate the oocyte
    Secretions of the female tract weaken acrosome membrane

    Acrosomal Reaction and Sperm Penetration


    Sperm must breach oocyte coverings
    Corona radiata and zona pellucida
    Sperm binds to the zona pellucida and undergoes the acrosomal
    reaction
    Enzymes are released to digest holes in the zona pellucida
    Hundreds of acrosomes release their enzymes to digest the zona
    pellucida

    Acrosomal Reaction and Sperm Penetration


    Sperm head approaches the oocyte
    An acrosomal process forms and binds to receptors
    Oocyte and sperm membranes fuse
    Only one sperm is allowed to penetrate the oocyte
    (monospermy)
    Blocks to Polyspermy
    Upon entry of a sperm, Ca2+ surge from the ER causes the
    cortical reaction
    Cortical granules release enzymes (zonal inhibiting proteins, or
    ZIPs)
    ZIPs destroy sperm receptors
    Spilled fluid binds water and swells, detaching other sperm (slow
    block to polyspermy)

    Completion of Meiosis II and Fertilization


    As sperm nucleus moves toward the oocyte nucleus it swells to
    form the male pronucleus
    The Ca2+ surge triggers completion of meiosis II → ovum +
    second polar body
    Ovum nucleus swells to become a female pronucleus
    Membranes of the two pronuclei rupture and the chromosomes
    combine
    Embryonic Development
    Cleavage
    Mitotic divisions of zygote
    First cleavage at 36 hours → two daughter cells (blastomeres)
    At 72 hours → morula (16 or more cells)
    At day 3 or 4, the embryo of ~100 cells (blastocyst) has reached
    the uterus
    Embryonic Development
    Blastocyst: fluid-filled hollow sphere
    Trophoblast cells
    Display factors that are immunosuppressive
    Participate in placenta formation
    Inner cell mass
    Becomes the embryonic disc (→ embryo and three of the
    embryonic membranes)

    Implantation
    Blastocyst floats for 2–3 days
    Implantation begins 6–7 days after ovulation
    Trophoblast adheres to a site with the proper receptors and
    chemical signals
    Inflammatory-like response occurs in the endometrium

    Implantation
    Trophoblasts proliferate and form two distinct layers
    Cytotrophoblast (cellular trophoblast): inner layer of cells
    Syncytiotrophoblast: cells in the outer layer lose their plasma
    membranes, invade and digest the endometrium

    Implantation
    The implanted blastocyst is covered over by endometrial cells
    Implantation is completed by the twelfth day after ovulation
    Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy
    Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
    Secreted by trophoblast cells, later the chorion
    Prompts corpus luteum to continue secretion of progesterone and
    estrogen
    hCG levels rise until the end of the second month, then decline as
    the placenta begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen

    Placentation
    Formation of the placenta from embryonic and maternal tissues
    Embryonic tissues
    Mesoderm cells develop from the inner cell mass and line the
    trophoblast
    Together these form the chorion and chorionic villi
    Placentation
    Maternal tissues
    Decidua basalis (stratum functionalis between chorionic villi and
    stratum basalis of endometrium) develops blood-filled lacunae

    Placentation
    The chorionic villi
    Grow into blood-filled lacunae (intervillous spaces)
    Vascularized by umbilical arteries and veins
    Lie immersed in maternal blood

    Placentation
    Decidua capsularis: part of the endometrium at the uterine cavity
    face of the implanted embryo
    Placenta is fully formed and functional by the end of the third
    month
    Placenta also secretes human placental lactogen, human
    chorionic thyrotropin, and relaxin
    Placentation
    Maternal and embryonic blood supplies do not intermix
    Embryonic placental barriers include:
    Membranes of the chorionic villi
    Endothelium of embryonic capillaries

    Embryonic Development: Gastrula to Fetus


    Germ Layers
    During implantation, the blastocyst starts to convert to a gastrula
    Inner cell mass develops into the embryonic disc (subdivides into
    epiblast and hypoblast)
    The three primary germ layers and the extraembryonic membranes
    develop

    Extraembryonic Membranes
    Amnion: epiblast cells form a transparent sac filled with amniotic fluid
    Provides a buoyant environment that protects the embryo
    Helps maintain a constant homeostatic temperature
    Allows freedom of movement and prevents parts from fusing together
    Amniotic fluid comes from maternal blood, and later, fetal urine

    Extraembryonic Membranes
    Yolk sac: a sac that hangs from the ventral surface of the
    embryo
    Forms part of the digestive tube
    Source of the earliest blood cells and blood vessels

    Extraembryonic Membranes
    Allantois: a small outpocketing at the caudal end of the yolk sac
    Structural base for the umbilical cord
    Becomes part of the urinary bladder
    Chorion: helps form the placenta
    Encloses the embryonic body and all other membranes

    Gastrulation
    Occurs in week 3, in which the embryonic disc becomes a three-
    layered embryo with ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
    Begins with appearance of primitive streak, a raised dorsal
    groove that establishes the longitudinal axis of the embryo
    Gastrulation
    Cells begin to migrate into the groove
    The first cells form the endoderm
    Cells that follow push laterally, forming the mesoderm
    Cells that remain on the embryo’s dorsal surface form the ectoderm
    Notochord: rod of mesodermal cells that serves as axial support
    Primary Germ Layers
    The primitive tissues from which all body organs derive
    Ectoderm → nervous system and skin epidermis
    Endoderm → epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, and
    urogenital systems
    Mesoderm → forms all other tissues
    Endoderm and ectoderm are considered epithelia

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