FM RADIO STATION

FM RADIO STATION
A Technical seminar in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
The degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
N.UMA
(164F1A0420)

SRI RAGHAVENDRA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE-New Delhi & affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur)
DEPARTEMENT OF ELECTRONICS & Communication ENGINEERING
SRI RAGHAVENDRA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
VINJAMUR-524228
2020
 FM RADIO STATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRI RAGHAVENDRA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
VINJAMUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical seminar report entitled “FM RADIO
STATION” Is being used submitted by N.UMA (164F1A0420),in partial
fulfilment of requirements for the award of bachelor of technology in
electronics& communication engineering during the academic year 2020.

SEMINOR IN-CHARGE SEMINAR CO-ORDINATOR

MS.SK.AYESHA,M.TECH Mr. Z. CHAITHNYAM.Tech
Asst.professor. Asst.professor&H.O.D.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr.Z.CHAITHNYAM.Tech
Asst.professsor&H.O.D.
FM RADIO STATION
 FM RADIO STATION

Acknowledgment

We shall be failing in our duty, if we will not express our sincere gratitude to all those
distinguished personalitites with help of whom we successfully completed our visit.
Our deep gratitude to our Principal Dr. N.Murali Mohan and our The Head Of ECE
Department Prof. Z.Chaitanya, Sri Raghavendra Institute Of Science & Technology, who
always been playing a great role in all round development of the student.
We would also like to thank our Faculty In charge Prof.Z.Chaithanyaand all teaching and non
teaching staff for their kind support, help and assistance, which they extended as and when
required particularly for taking keen interest in us to give us excellent and unforgettable
facilities.
Last but not the least we wish to thank our friends for cooperating with everyone. We hope
that this industrial report would meet the high standards of all concerned people and for
their continuous co-operation during the whole period of visit that helped us in
enhancement of our knowledge.
FM RADIO STATION
 FM RADIO STATION

INDEX

TOPIC NAME PAGE NO

1.INTRODUCTION 1
1.1Air Networks
1.2 New Services 2
2.PRESENT SETUP 4
2.1 Studio Cum Office Complex
2.1.1.Music Studio 5
2.1.2.Talk Studio 6
2.1.3.Playback Studio
2.2 Control Room 7
2.2.1.Studio Tranmitter Link
2.2.2.Microwave 8
2.2.3.Integrated Service Digital
Network 9
2.2.4.Salient Features ISDN
3. ANTENNAS 10
4. CONCIUSION 11
 FM RADIO STATION

LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO

Fig.1:Radio Station 3
Fig.2:Block Diagram 6
Fig.3:Control Room Studio Console 7
Fig.4:Controled Room 8
Fig.5:Reflector Antenna 11
Fig.6:Microwave Link
FM RADIO STATION
FM RADIO STATION
 FM RADIO STATION

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Radio Broadcasting was pioneered in India by the Madras Presidency Club

Radio in 1924. The Club worked a broadcasting service for three years, but owing to
financial difficulties gave it up in 1927. In the same year (1927) some enterprising
businessmen in Bombay started the Indian Broadcasting Company with stations at
Bombay and Calcutta. This company failed in 1930, in 1932 the Government of India
took over broadcasting. A separate department known as Indian Broadcasting Service
was opened. 'All India Radio' (AIR) and was placed under a separate Ministry-the
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The AIR is controlled by a Director General,
who is assisted by several Deputy Directors and a Chief Engineer.
Broadcasting, in its significance, reach and impact, constitutes the most
powerful medium of mass communication in India. Its importance, as a medium of
information and education is particularly great in a vast and developing country
like India where the reach of the printed word is not very wide or deep. While the
total circulation of all the newspapers in India, including both English and Indian
language papers, is around 8 million, there are, according to a recent estimate,
nearly 400 million (out of a total population of 625 million) potential listeners to All
India Radio. Broadcasting in India is a national service, developed and operated by
the Government of India. All India Radio (also known as Akashvani) operates this
service, over a network of broadcasting stations located ail over the country
As a national service, catering to the complex needs of a vast country. All India
Radio seeks to represent in its national and regional programmes, the attitudes,
aspirations and attainments of all Indian people and attempts to reflect, as fully
and faithfully as possible, the richness of the Indian scene and the reach of the
Indian mind.

1.1 AIR Network:

Starting with 6 broadcasting stations in 1947, the AIR today has a network
of 82 broadcasting stations. The 82 radio stations, grouped into five zones, are the
following: North Zone: Ajmer, Allahabad, Aligarh, Bikancr, Delhi, Gorakhpur, Jaipur,
Jodhpur, Jullundur, Lucknow, Mathura, Rampur, Simla, Udaipur and Varanasi: East
 FM RADIO STATION

Zone: Agartala, Aizawl, Bhagalpur, Calcutta, Cuttack, Dibrugarh. Gauhati, Imphal,

Jeypore, Kohima, Kurseong, Ranchi, Pasighat, Patna, Sambalpur, Shillong, Silchar,
Siliguri, Tawang and Tezu ; West Zone : Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Bhuj, Bombay,
Gwalior, Indore. Jabalpur, Nagpur, Panaji, Parbani, Pune, Raipur, Rajkot and Sangli;
South Zone: Alleppey, Bangalore, Bhadravati, Calicut, Coimbatore, Cuddapah,
Dharwar; Gulbarga, Hyderabad, Madras, Mysore, Pondicherry, Port Blair,
Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Trichur, Trivandrum. Vijayawada and Vishakhapatnam;
and Kashmir Zone: Jammu, Leh and Srinagar.
In addition, there are three auxiliary studio centers at Vado- dara, Darbhanga
and Shantiniketan and two VividhBharati/commercial centers, one at Chandigarh
and theother at Kanpur. These cover all the important cultural and linguistic regions
of the country. The expansion of the broadcasting facility remained limited till
independence. In 1947 there were only six radio stations in the country. Today there
are as many as 82 AIR stations. With two more stations that will start working soon,
India's broadcasting network would cover 89 per cent of the population.
Till the end of 1976 radio licenses had reached a colossal figure of nearly 1.74
crores, which fetched revenue of Rs. 23.51 crores. Today the radio network has
spread to the remote corners of India. It is now possible to bring sense of unity not
only political but also cultural among the diverse traditions that enrich our land.
AIR's programmes pattern combines three main elements: a national channel
providing programmes of countrywide interest and significance, a zonal service
from each of the four metropolitan centers (Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras);
and regional services from individual stations each catering to the needs and
interests of its respective area.
The principal ingredients of AIR's programme output are Music, Spoken Word,
Dramas, Features. News and Current Affairs, Commentaries and Discussion,
VividhBharati and its Commercial Service, Farm and Home Broadcasts,
Programmes for Special Audiences (like Youth, Women, Children, Industrial
Workers and Tribal Population), and Programmes for Overseas Listeners broadcast
in the External Services. To enable AIR to reach all sections of the Indian people,
its programmes in the Home Service are broadcast in 20 principal languages. In
addition, the External Services of AIR beam their programmes to listeners all over
the world in 24 languages.

1.2 New Services:

The News Services Division of AIR through its central and regional news
bulletins and its current affairs, commentaries and discussions, provides accurate,
objective, speedy and comprehensive coverage of news to listeners at home and
abroad.
AIR now broadcasts a total of 239 news bulletins a day, with duration of 32
hours 17 minutes. Of these, 67 are Central bulletins broadcast from Delhi in 19
languages, with a daily duration of 10 hours 3 minutes; 57 external bulletins (from
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Delhi) broadcast in 24 languages for a duration of 7 hours 14 minutes and 15 regional .

Fig 1: Radio station

There are basically two major units performing their duties for proper functioning of
ALL INDIA RADIO STATION

Programming Unit:-arrange Programs Done for Each Day.

Engineering Unit: Looks At All The Software/Hardware For Proper Functioning.each
unit has been assigned a daily task which they have to complete accordingly.
 FM RADIO STATION

CHAPTER 2
PRESENT SETUP
Currently there are two complexes in All India Radio,Thirupathi.
They are:

1. STUDIO CUM OFFICE COMPLEX.

2. CONTROL ROOM.
2.1 STUDIO CUM OFFICE COMPLEX

A broadcasting studio is a room in studio complex which has

been specially designed and constructed to serve the purpose of
originating broadcasting programs. Whenever any musician sings and
we sit in front of a performing musician to listen to him, we enjoythe
program by virtue of the superb qualities of our sensory organs namely
ears.However, when we listen to the same program over the broadcast
chain at our homethrough domestic receivers, the conditions are entirely
different. These changes that we experience is because of the audio
processing that are performed in a broadcasting studio.
There are three studios at AKASHVANI studio complex. They are:
 MUSIC STUDIO
 TALK STUDIO
 PLAYBACK STUDIO

Music and talk studio are together known as RECORDING

STUDIO. A Recording studio is a facility for sound recording and
mixing. Ideally both the recording and the monitoring spaces are
specially designed by an acoustician to achieve optimum acoustic
properties (acoustic isolation or diffusion or absorption of reflected
sound that could otherwise interface with the sound heard by the
listener).
Recording studios may be used by recording musicians, voice
over dialogue replacement in film, television or animation, Foley or
to record their accompanying musical sound tracks.
 FM RADIO STATION

The typical recording studio consists of a room called “Studio” or

“Live room”, where instrumentalists and vocalists perform; and the
“Control room”, where sound engineers operate professional audio for
analog or digital recording to route and manipulate the sound.
Following equipment are generally provided in a recording/dubbing
room:
i. Console tape recorders
ii. Console tape decks
iii. Recording/dubbing panel having switches jacks and keyset
iv. Mics used in studios are of standard gain of 70db.
v. There are two types of micsused :-1.dynamic mics. 2.condensor
mics
vi. AIR uses GSAT-10 Satellite For Transmission Of Its Programs.

The above equipment can be used for the following purpose

 For recording of programmes originating from any studio.
 For recording of programmes available in the switching.
 Consoles in control room.
 For dubbing of programmes available on cassette tape.
 For editing of programmes
 For mixing and recording of programmes.

We can brief the studio arrangements at AIR-Churchgat(Mumbai) as follows:

2.1.1 MUSIC STUDIO
The MUSIC STUDIO is an acoustically treated room attached to a control
room.The studio consists of five microphones and sufficient musical
instruments.The control room consists of workstations/computers and a control
console for adjusting and checking the quality of the program. These arrangements
togher are used for producing musical programs. Live musical programs can be also
conducted here. RADIO ASSIST is the software which is commonly used for
processing the raw version of the recorded program. The processed version of the
recording is saved to the server and then it is made available for broadcasting by
scheduling it to the program list using the software VIRTUAL STUDIO.
 FM RADIO STATION

2.1.2 TALK STUDIO

The TALK STUDIO is similar to a music studio with an acoustically treated LIVE
ROOM and a CONTROL ROOM. The live room consists of only two to four microphones. It
is equipped with a telephone connection which is a user friendly attribute for recording
Phone-in programs. The control room consists of an additional Phone-in console for
conducting Phone-in programs. The acoustics of the talk studio is entirely different from a
music studio. It is constructed in such a way that the reverberation time is minimised and no
echo is experienced. The recording produced and processed at the talk studio is then
forwarded to the playback studio for transmission. Talk studio can be also used to produce
live chat programs

2.1.3 PLAYBACK STUDIO

A PLAYBACK STUDIO is entirely different from all other studios. It consists of
transmission console, microphones, two workstations/computers (Master & Standby). Its main
function is co-ordinating the programs, announcements and advertisements. All the recorded
programs will be available in the workstations used and the programs are sent to the control
room for broadcasting as per the schedule. Before transmission of the first program a tone of 1
kHz and signature tone will be aired. A GPS clock is used both in the studio complex and
transmitting section, to avoid time delays.
Fig 2 : BLOCK DIAGRAM
 FM RADIO STATION

2.2 CONTROL ROOM STUDIO CONSOLE:

s The Studio console is the major equipment used in the STUDIO

CONTROLROOM. It is with the help of this device the different programs that are
produced and those that are received from other stations routed to air. The various
inputs to the console are the programs from various studios, the programs that are
received using a C BAND receiver

Fig 3: Control room studio console

2.2.1 STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK

The programs produced at the Studios are not transmitted from
the same complex with intention of preventing the problems due to
interference and radiation. Instead, the programs are transmitted from
the transmission complex which is situated at Malad (Mumbai). The
high quality sound programs from AIR studio centre are normally
transported to the AIR transmitting centre with the help of a
transmission link named as the STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK
(STL).AIR is having three types of STL called STL-01, STL-02 and STL-05.
The numbers 01, 02 and 05 describe the number of base band (50Hz – 15 kHz)
channels that could be transported. For quality transmission of the programs, STL is
realized using four methods.

1. A microwave link.
2. FM transmitter link.
 FM RADIO STATION

3. ISDN link.
4. Optical fibre cables.

Fig 4: CONTROLED ROOM

2.2.2. MICROWAVE
Radio and television broadcast companies originate their signals in studios,
but must get them to the transmitter site. In many cities, a nearby hill or mountain
holds most of the transmitters. A microwave studio transmitter link (STL) delivers
the signal without wires. Positioned at a fixed location and using radio waves, a
microwave transmitter sends those waves across space to be received by a
microwave receiver at another fixed location. Microwave is broadband, so it can
transmit a substantial amount of information from point to point, for use in cell
 FM RADIO STATION

phone and wireless Internet service, with no need for any other equipment between
the two fixed locations.

2.2.3 integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication
standards for simultaneous digitaltransmission of voice, video, data, and other network
services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. It was
first defined in 1988 in the CCITT red book. Prior to ISDN, the telephone system was
viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special services available for data. The
key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding
features that were not available in the classic telephone system.

2.2.4 SALIENT FEATURES OF ISDN:

 ISDN is a fast network
 ISDN is a telephone network/digital network.
 Integrated services
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CHAPTER 3
ANTENNAS
Antenna is usually a metallic device (a rod or a wire) used for
radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves. The radio frequency
power developed in the final stage of a transmitter is delivered through
cables/feeders, without themselves consuming any power to the
transmitting antenna. The RF energy gets converted into
electromagnetic waves and travels in the free space at the speed of
light. The receiving antenna picks up the radio waves and delivers
useful signal at the input of a receiver for reception of signals. The
transmitting and receiving antennae are reciprocal in the sense, any
characteristics of the antenna in general applies equally to both.
Antennas play a vital role in AIR also since these are the
communication links between the various stations and the transmitter
complex as well. As the purpose differ the shape, size and specifications
varies in case of Antennas. In an AIR station we can see a wide variety
of Antenna systems. These include:
1. A C-band receiver antenna with a dish whose diameter is about 5m. This
antenna receives signals from other stations like Delhi.
2. A DTH receiver antenna with a dish whose diameter is about 1m. This
antenna receives signals from stations like Calicut and
Thiruvananthapuram
3. Yagi antennas are mounted on the top of a mast of height around 45 m.
This is the transmitter antenna for the microwave studio transmitter link.
And a similar receiver antenna is mounted on a mast of
4. height about 50m. This enables the line of sight communication between
the studio and the transmitter.
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Fig 5: Reflector antenna

Fig 6: Microwave link

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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
Broadcasting, in its significance, reach and impact, constitutes the
most powerful medium of mass communication. In India, All India Radio
operates this service, over a network of broadcasting stations located over
the country. Starting with 6 broadcasting stations in 1947, the AIR today
has a network of 82 broadcasting stations. AIR's programs pattern
combines three main elements: a national channel providing programs of
countrywide interest and significance, a zonal service from each of the
four metropolitan centers (Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras); and
regional services from individual stations each catering to the needs and
interests of its respective area. Currently there are two complexes in AIR
Churchgate, Studio cum office complex and the CONTROL ROOM. In
studio complex, there are three studios, MUSIC, TALK and the
PLAYBACK. The first two together called to be the recording studio
facilitates sound recording and mixing whereas the latter helps in
coordinating the programs, Announcements and advertisements.
The Studio console is the major equipment used in the STUDIO
CONTROL ROOM. The various inputs to the console are the programs
from various studios, the programs that are received using a C BAND
receiver which is broadcasted from Delhi and the programs that are
received via an ISDN link. The Outputs from the console is taken through
two master amplifiers among which one is active at a time. This output is
directed to the STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK(STL). This further
route the programs to TRANSMITTER at Malad. The source to the
transmitter complex is also realized using Microwave, FM Transmitter,
ISDN or Optical Fiber Cables
FM RADIO STATION