1582 – Synod of Manila

- Tried to control abuses of officials

- By Domingo de Salazar, O.P. (Dominican)

Tackled issues such as (1) Abuses of colonizers, (2)

Establishment of diocese of Manila, and (3) Method of
conversion since there are five religious orders which
have five different methods of conversion
Palacio del gobernadora
He attempted to publish handbook for confessors, what
powers them and what are their limitations - official residence of gov. gen. of the Philippines

It never materialized

Since there were different provinces where different arabales – outside of church
approaches of conversion were occurring, the Synod of
Manila was used to standardize the method - pagtakas
- paglaban
There was an issue of language since the King of Spain - pagtanggap
already had a decree that all colonies must learn
Spanish. However, they have a small population if you did not accept Christianity, you will be deemed as
(logistical nightmare) - infieles
= learn language of natives > us learning their language - vagamundo
= translate everything into their language - ladrones
- tulisanes
Juan de Plasencia devised a plan to consolidate - cimarrones
population – the Reduccion plan
Rey de Espana
- from reducer which means to settle
- natives will be resettled used the sound of Consejo de Indios / Ministerio de Ultramar
church bells or “bajo el son de la campana” council of indies / ministry of overseas colonies

Plaza complex – noble settlement pattern Viceroy de Nueva Espana

(under Mexico)
Why? To monitor the natives from womb to tomb
Gobernador y Capital General
- create a public open space (plaza) where they
commander in chief of army and navy; head of Ph
will erect public institutions needed
- church, government halls, hospitals, cemeteries, Corregimientos Real Audiencia Alcaldia
schools, marketplace
- natives relocated around Gobernadorcillo

2 important documents Cabeza de Barangay

datu
1. Padron – held by cabeza de barangay
- list of all converted Christians because he needs - collects tributes from natives
to (a) to collect tributes and (b) check duties - recruits men for forced labor
2. Mapa de almas – held by parish priest
- same content we are an indirect colony because we are not really
- list of all baptized and converted under the King, only its men
- who attends mass
- who confesses Governador y capitan general
- trace who buys indulgences - also vice-real patron
- real patron: king
Rizal’s Noli me Tangere has idea of confession; a social
- has power over ecclesiastical appointments and
control which is the driving force of his novel
to supervise missionary works
- because of our distance to Spain, he was
practically independent of King
Ayuntamiento - because of this, a legal tradition was created
- houses the city council of Manila, cabildo
A la ley se acata, pero no se cumplo 1589 – Colegio Maximo de San Ignatio
= We revere the law, but we do not carry out - became a university in 1621
Yo obedezco, pero no se cumplo 1589 – La Immaculada Conception
= I obey, but I do not comply - Jesuits established after coming back from
expulsion
there are areas still unpacified, has degrees of - grew out of Escuela Pia, a school dedicated for
resistance poor boys
- converted to Ateneo municipal
Alcaldias – rule prvinces (like a governor)
- has both executive and judicial powers 1599 – Colegio de san Ildefonso
- has privilege to engage in trade called “indulto - first school out of Manila
de comercio” - University of San Carlos
Corregidor – heads corregimientos
Gobernadorcillo – heads citys (like mayor) Dominicans
- could be any Filipino, 25 y.o. and above, literate 1611 – Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santissimo
in both oral and written Spanish and had been Rosario (UST)
Cabeza de barangay for 4 years
- highest position that can be attained by a Filipino For the benefit of Spanish orphaned girls
1591 – 1864 – Colegio de Santa Potenciana
to check misconduct of officials 1632 – Colegio de Santa Isabel
a. residencia – judicial review of a residenciado
(one being judged) conducted after term; Beaterio – exclusive school for upper class girls
supervised by a judge called Juez de Residencia 1719 – de la Compania de Jesus
If found guilty – heavy fines, imprisonment, - If you enter, you will be called beata
sequestration of property, or both
1868 – Colegio de La Imaculada Conception Concordia
b. visita – conducted clandestinely by visitador- 1892 – Assumption College
general during the official’s term, any time 1864 – Colegio de Ninas, primary school for girls

Cabildo (city council) “why separate boys and girls?”

Ayuntamiento - Difference between teachings for girls and boys
- alcalde ordinario - Prevent premarital sex
- regidores (councilors)
- escribano ( scribe) 1865 – Ateneo
- alguacil mayor (chief constancy) Established because of decree of Queen Isabela, 1863
- Mandates Spanish colonial possessions to
1550, July 17 provide free, compulsory, publicly supported,
King Charles V issued a decree that mandated all system of education
Spanish colonies to establish schools for the natives - Under the law, each town must have 2 schools,
one for the boys and one for the girls ages 6-14
1565 - Taught Christian doctrine
Philippines was colonized; schools were established - 3 r’s
- Christian morality
1596 - Sacred morality (providential)
Schools were established for sons of native ruling elite to - Gen. geography
prepare them for leadership - Spanish history
- Vocal and Instrumental
1601 – Colegio de Ninos - Spanish Language
- closed 5 years later because of lack of funds,
was an annex and a part of a bigger school – Schools are civilizing tools, especially young ones
Colegio de Manila - Start them young, tell parents = hitting two birds
taught them: with one stone
- Christian doctrines - Educational system is perpetuating status quo
- reading, writing, arithmetic
- vocal and instrumental music
- handicraft
schools established by Jesuits
 Peninsulares - Cutting of logs in the forest
- 40 days a year until 1884, when it was reduced
Insulares to 15 dqays

Principalia Exemptions:
- son of native ruling elite
Indio - suffering from terminatingand debilitating
sicknesss
Infieles / Chinos - by paying falla, from falta or absence (1 ½ real,
for 40 days)
Peninsulares – full-blooded born in Spain
Insulares – full blooded born in Philippines Repartimiento system resulted to another economic
Principalia – natives converted to Christianity (w/power) policy, Encomienda (from encomendar, to entrust)
Indio – converted but w/o much wealth Before, the idea was a land grant but it turned out that
Infieles – did not convert grant was given by Spanish crown to a meritorious
Spaniard. It granted authority to exercise control/power
This brings concept of Limpieza de Sangre (clean blood) on land and its inhabitants
- Spaniards believe they are great, a higher notch
than converted Christians (“they are the true “How is one called meritorious?”
Christians”) If he helped in colonization of the Philippines
- racist because the Chinese were at the bottom Encomendado – people
- the idea of intermingling and intermarriage was Encomendero – pacificador
frowned upon - Has to provide justicia y instruccion which was a
- mongrels – mixed Christian learning doctrine, governanve, and
social order. The doctrine does not pertain to
Late 18th Century justice per se
Population of mixed population increased resulting to a - Can collect taxes/tributes at 8 reales (his
new stratification privilege since he could collect more than that)

ENCOMIENDA
A. Encomienda de la Real Corona – owned by king
P Sons of the country of Spain, areas near or part of Manila
- Realeng a : king
I B. Encomienda de Particulares – privately owned

Filipinos Creoles/Mestizos GALLEON TRADE

1572 Manila-Acapulco Trade (Galleon Trade)
Principalia Chinese boats had goods in Manila to be reshipped to
Mexico (Acapulco) and Spain and to be bought by
Indio/Chino Hijos del pais Spaniards
Infieles - Offloaded in Acapulco, transported by land to
one part in Mexico, Veracruz, then shipped to
Spain
Wealthy indios were called “Bestias Cargadas de Oros” - 100% profit because trading route is profitable
or Best Leiden with Gold - Only service fleet running across the huge
stretch of the Pacific for 200 years
Economic Changes brought by Spaniards - Chico and Guerrero effect – some Indios would
escape to Mexico and settle there
REPARTIMIENTO SYSTEM
- from repartir, to divide, allocate, and assign Route was return route of Legaspi; send back Ordaneta,
- Polo y servicios – drafting of laborers either they were sailing the wrong direction, against the current
Filipino or Chinese male mestizos, 16-60 y.o. and trade winds. They have to go to Japan to catch the
obligated to render/give personal service to the Kuroshio current which will push them until they reach
community projects Alta California. Then, they will sal southward to
- Construction and repairs of infrastructures, Acapulco. It was called “la tornaviaje”. It took months.
galleons
- Construction of churches “How does one participate?”
 - By securing a bolete or ticket or a license to
trade Monopoly of Opium – Only Chinese were allowed to use
because the Spaniards saw it as unholy. Instead, they
found a way to earn w/o directly handling it, by selling
Casa Moneda minting place contracts to sell, distribute, and use opium (from poppy
1. Bolete – space in the galleon (one trip) plant, a depressant)
- Sold by Gobernador y Capitan General
- To minimize abuse of power, distribution was Aduana – customs house
given to Junta de Repartimiento (The Allotment Contratista – won contract; gov’t will give him his
Board) paramilitary group or comisionado
2. Goods/products Alcaiceria de San Fernando in Fumadero Publea de
Anfion – public space where Chinese can smoke

 Indios – rowing, cutting timber This was racialized because certain groups are allowed,
 Orphaned Spaniards get free ticket, which some some are not; construction of criminality
sell illegally
SUMMARY
Products traded:
- Ivory, silk, porcelain from China Changes brought about by the Spaniards
- Cotton from India  Socio-cultural changes – changed the way they
- Abaca fiber lived; settlement plans
- Wine  New religious system
- Pina fiber  Educational institutions
- Slaves  Political structure – new but retained some
elements
 Economic polocies – for extracting profit
There was also an exchange of culture
- Black Nazarene
- Plants like Camachile, mais, chocolate (xoco atl)
- “tiangge” from Aztec

1815 – Galleon trade was abolished

Why?
- Brewing Mexican war of independence
- Establishment of Real Compania de Filipinos,
patterned from companies of different empires,
which is a direct trading relationship between
Spain and Philippines = competitor
- Mercantilism was disappearing

Real Compania was part of a bigger plan by Jose Basco

Y Vargas, the Plan General Economico or General
Economic Plan for the Philippines
- A blueprint of how to save Spanish
establishment of monopolies of different
products like tobacco, vinegar, sugar, bettle nut,
wine, opium
Monopoly: only gov’t has power
Bettle nut – believed to make spirit and body come
together, which the Spaniards monopolized so locals
planted on their own to defeat its purpose

Bandala – enforced requisitioning of goods by the gov’t;

your ccrops will be forcefully sold (sometimes w/o pay)
to the gov’t and will be given to laborers; an oppressive
system
What were the reactions of the Filipinos  Rojo along with Simon Anda y Salazar settled in
1. Acceptance Bacoor, Pampanga
2. Rejection
3. Resistance – never a peaceful one, always had Why did we lose?
sporadic results, unorganized, not connected, - Spanish empire was declining
had different origins = all failed - Spain didn’t industrialize so ships weren’t
These will show us how nationalistic sense evolved. maneuverable; only galleon ships
Some revolts were personally motivated, or because of - Frigates – assists ships, has lesser
different localized problems advancement in weaponry

1587 – 1588 – Conspiracy of Tondo 2 revolts 1762 – 1763

 Agustin de Legaspi – descendants of Lakandula  Headed by Palaris and Diego Silang, who wanted to
and Sulayman rule the country by himself so he allied with an
 Martin Pangan – sultanate of Brunei offered help to outside power to overthrow Spain
get power back but plan was debouched by Antonio  He allied with the British, was given title Justicia y
Surabao; Tiniente Mayor
 Both failed because they were related (?)  1763 – Treaty of Paris ended the seven years war
between Britain and France
1621 – 1622 – Bohol  1764 – British surrendered Manila to Spain because
 Headed by an outlawed babaylan, Tamblot of Simon Anda y Salazar’s loyalty; he paid Miguel
 He revolted because of religious reasons Vicus and Pedro Becboc to assassinate Diego
 He used magic, charm, and divination on order to Silang
attract unbelieving natives to go back to their old  Revolt continued by his wife
beliefs and abandon Christianity
 Juan Alcarazo Polaris revolt
How?  Against abuses and tax collection
 Successful in overthrowing Spain in Pangasinan but
1740 – 1825 – Dagohoy revolt when British left Manila, they were easily executed
 Longest revolt headed by Francisco Dagohoy
 His brother Sagarino was instructed to run after an Secularization issue – the transfer of the parishes from
infidel but was killed working under Father Gasper the regulars to the seculars
de Morales. He was refused to be given a proper
Christian burial Middle of 19th century
 Dagohoy displayed body in front of church -transmitted into political movement which culminated
 Had 20,000 followers into the Filipinization of the church
• Transfer
 He died 1800-1801 but the revolt outlived him
• Regular-secular
• Filipinization
1762
 8 warships, 3 frigates, 6000 regular British soldiers, A. Regulars - friars
and 600 sepoys (indian mercenaries) headed by • Belong to religious orders
William Droper and Samuel Cornish • Superior is provincial head/of order superior
 In 1761, Spain entered agreement with Britain
under the “pat of family” Reformation movement
 Spain agreed that they will help France in any war  Church wanted to counter this, created counter-
 But British already was war with France, “The reformation
Seven Years War”  Different orders has different vows
 Objective: bring catholic church closer to people
 we call them as missionaries
British Occupation of Manila
B. Seculars - priests
 Gov. general of the Philippines died so we had no
 Administrators of church
official leader, and the supposedly new leader  Head is bishop
would come from Cuba but they were bombed by
the British empire so we had none. Problem: Not enough seculars to rule the church
 Archbishop Manuel Antonio Rojo assumed position Temporary solution: give temporary permit to regulars to
but since he was a friar, he wasn’t fit to lead so the assume position
British were able to occupy Manila
18th century Other factors:
The king of Spain issued a decree that there are now 1. Opening of Philippines to world commerce
seculars to replace regulars in the parish function = not - Spanish power was decreasing they needed to
implemented jive with other markets in 1834
Implications:
Why? Because it became a political movement which led o Different foreigners would arrive in Philippines
to/in the Filipinization of the church o Increase in demand for cash crops (crops that
make big profit)
Regulars come from peninsulares and insulares o development of rural areas - sugar,
Seculars come from mestizos and principalia abaca, tobacco
If you give power to seculars = you give them freedom = o economic development of middle class
racial aspect
2. Rise of the middle class or clase media
1871 – Gregorio Meliton Martinez wrote letter to Spain - Inquilino system - composed mostly of
“the growing enmity between seculars and regulars Philippines mestizos and Chinese mestizas;
might bring lamentable results to Spain” supplied demand for cash crops
- rent land from farmers
1872, Jan 20 – the Cavite Mutiny broke out - Hire farmers
3 Martyr priests were implicated - Share profit - ½ - owner of land
Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora - ½ - ¼ inquilino
- ¼ farmers
What is the connection?
 they were unjustly implicated because Cavite
artillery workers received salary...to their 3. Opening of Suez Canal 1869
construction, wages were reduced because of - Suez canal in Egypt made travel time from
the new tax imposed Gov. Gen. Rafael de Philippines to Spain shorter = penetrate
Izquierdo Philippines easier
 Relatives of these also working in tobacco
plantation has not been paid for 2 years. They Inquilino system
sympathized their kin = Cavite Mutiny Since middle class had money, they were able to send
 3 priests had no connection/fault but they were their kids to school = also deemed as “educated class”
still imprisoned and put on trial. They were still below peninsulares and insulares
 Feb 17 1872 killed via garrote = still experienced abuses

Why Spanish Government feared GomBurZa? e.g.

 Padre Pedro Paterno Pelaez was an archbishop Don Tiburcio in El Filibusterismo (married by Dona
of Manila, champion of secular priests, wrote Victorina)
essays campaigning transfer of church to This led to their assertion of their position in society (call
seculars, he was active for reforms)
 He inspired Mariano Gomez and Fr. Jose
Apolonio Burgos These reform programs were constituted by 2 important
calls
19th Century- century of change 1. Call to assimilate Philippines because of abuses
1. Opening of Suez Canal from civic and clerical officials
2. Opening of world commerce - Idea was to eliminate idea of hierarch, make
3. Entrance of Liberal ideas Philippines province of Spain = no P, no I =
protected equally
Pamphlet: author defended Philippines clergy against 2. To have representation in the Spanish courts,
charges that they were inferior and disloyal to Spain. the highest law making body
He attacked regulars; secular had legal rights
Regulars taking over parishes was an anomaly Gregorio Sanciano - tackled issue of indolence of
Death of GomBurZa served as a catalyst in Philippines Filipinos on book “El Progreso de Filipinas”
history … a new era Pedro Paterno - wrote another book “La Antigua
The propaganda movement and later on the Katipunan Civilizacion Tagala”
with revolutionary aims
- argues that even before Spaniards, Christianity was
already in Philippines
- organized Reunion Artisticas, an annual event where
diff Filipinos (intellectuals) would convene in his
house in Madrid about new found info about the
Philippines, compiled in a book called Sampaguita
Jose Protacio Rizal y Mercado Alonzo - he made use of his ability to speak/write in
- born into a prominent family in Calamba, Laguna, Tagalog
June 19, 1861 - wrote pamphlets, parody of prayers which were
- Father: sugar planter with land from Dominicans, anti friars: Dasalan at Tocsohan (Ama naming,
Chinese mestizo 10 utos nf prayle)
- 7th child out of 11 - also wrote La Soberania Monacal (The Monastic
- Francisco Mercado - closely associated with Burgos
Supremacy) and Frailocracia de Filipinas
- Mother: Teodora Alonzo
- Primary educ. In Binan, Laguna
- Later enrolled in Ateneo Municipal de Manila- - he was warned of the arrival of Gen. Veleriano
graduated in 1877 Wayler, “the butcher” of Cuba so he went to
- 2 years at UST, college of med, not completed Spain
because in 1882, he secretly sailed to Spain - a group of Filipino women wrote to Wayler to
establish a night school in Malolos; they were
La Solidaridad – headed by Galicano Apacible compared to Sparta
- published own newspaper named after own
group 1899 - La Solidaridad, written in Spanish because
- first edited by Graciano Lopez Jaena, later on by audience were Spaniards
Marcelo H. Del Pilar - fort nightly, published every 2 weeks
3 main functions
1887 – Noli Me Tangere was published 1. expose conditions of Philippines to Spaniards
- with help of Maximo Viola 2. to have avenue to publish articles of studies in
- letter to Felix Resurecion Hidalgo, “the facts I the Philippines
narrated are all true and actually happened, I 3. avenue for them to defend Filipinos from
can prove it.” allegations and malicious attacks of friars
1891 – El Filibusterismo
- with help of Valentin Ventura (money) and Jose Comite de Propaganda – to look for funds to be sent to
Alejandrino (proofread) (also wrote La Sende del Spain
Sacrificio) on Ghent, Belgium Pen names
1892, June 26 – Rizal arrived in Manila - Rizal: dimas alang, laon-laan
1892, July 3 – organized La Liga Filipina in Tondo - Del Pilar: plaridel
- he was confronted by Gov. General Eulogio - Luna: taga ilog
Despujol about leaflets that were - Mariano Ponce: tikbalang
attacking/against the church and the pope - Jose Maria Panganiban: Jo Mapa
1892 – July 7 – he was exiled to Dapitan, Zamboanga
- La Liga Filipina died 1896 – M.H. Del Pilar died

Marcelo H. Del Pilar What factors resulted to failure of propaganda

- Kupang, Bulakan, Bulacan movement?
- Julian and Blasa Del Pilar  Violent opposition of friars and officials to reform
- Aug. 30, 1850  Dilly-dally tactics of middle class; unsure, shy
- Colegio de San Jose – UST - because they are not part of least fortunate, if a
- A lawyer and a defense attorney revolution would break out, they have everything to
- 1882, first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines, lose (class issue)
Diariong Tagalog - news spread about Rizal’s exile and fate
- members of La Liga Filipina turned on one another
 Not all propagandisrs have sane views - some reorganized themselves into Cuerpo de
 Same problem, different causes Compromisarios but they were slow and only
 Rizal – system existed in the minds of followers
 Del Pilar – friars - some members did not believe in reform anymore =
 Bonifacio – Spain KKK
 Different solution for analysis
The Light of Liberty by Jim Richardson – published docs
“reforms would never be injected from the Philippines about La Liga Filipina
unless friars were expelled”
obj : 1. Make people lose respect for friars 1892, Jan – letter about establishment of Katipunan =
2. de-catholicize country months before arrival of Rizal, there were already talks
about Katipunan
- formal establishment of KKK was when Rizal was exiled Conflict between Magdiwang and Magdalo (Aguinaldo’s)
Kataastaasang Sanggunian
Night of July 17, men met at #71 Ascarrago St. (Bonifacio)
- Deodato Arellano, owner
- Valentin Diaz
- Teodoro Plata Sangguniang Bayan
- Jose Dizon
- Ladislao Diwa
Sangguniang Balangaay
 They gathered around a table with a flickering light; (Magdiwang & Magdalo)
“in light of failure of LLF, we should establish a
secret society”
 Blood compact through signed formulary of What are the factors that led to more members?
membership 1. Leadership of Bonifacio and method (open
 Approved a six-point program recruitment)
1. They will establish an underground, secret 2. Publication of Katipunan newspaper called
society named Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galang Kalayaan
na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan - 1895, Dec 30 – Bonifacio as Supremo
2. They will win their adherence through hasik, a - 1986, Jan – Kalayaan
triangle system - Problems: no printing press, what they would
3. They will pay an entrance fee (real fuerte) and a call the newspaper, who would be editor-in-chief
monthly fee (medio real) - Fake editor-in-chief: M.H. Del Pilar, in
4. They will establish a sangguniang balangay or Yokohama, Japan
branch for every new district - One katipunero donated 400 to the Katipunan to
5. All efforts must be exerted towards achieving buy 2nd hand printing press, Candido Iban
society’s goal
6. All reforms must be agreed upon by all 3 most powerful – Bonifacio, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Emilio
Jacinto
3 cardinal objectives - Jacinto was the brains, his version of the primer
1. Political – overthrow Spanish gov’t and later on became the official Kartilya
achieve independence
2. Moral – teach proper hygiene, no gambling, etc.  Some letters were missing = steal letters from Diario
3. Civic – org acts as a mutual assistant that “helps de Manila through workers
one another”  Jan-March ongoing
 1896 March – first and only issue of Katipunan was
Hasik proved to be inefficient; only 300 members even in published
1895. They changed the method = 30 000 members  Around 1000 published, 300 in manila, 300 in South
Luzon, rest in northern part
 Resulted to a larger problem of being revealed to
How to be a member? authorities
- Recruiter will become your sponsor, padrino, who will
teach you the constitution, stand, and objectives 1896 Aug. 19 – Patino incident
- Final’s night: precided by Mabalasik
- Table has lamp, bolo, revolver, skull, with a portrait of - Apolonio Dela Cruz, Teodoro Patinio
Rizal and the flag of Katipunan on the wall - Honoria
- 3 questions: Ano ang kalagayan ng Pilipinas (1) - Sor Teresa Madre Portera, Friar Mariano Gil
noon, (2) ngayon, at (3) bukas?
- Answer: liwanag, dilim, liwanag
1896 June – Pio was sent to Rizal in Dapitan
- Spain was bipartite; two-part history; since they
Rizal’s 3 suggestions
believed that before Spaniards came, we were
1. get middle class as your allies
uncivilized but after, they brought light
2. if not, at least neutralize them (if you cannot, they
- Katipunan was tripartite
will be the enemy)
3. you have to get Antonio Luna to lead all military
operations
- but Luna declined because he saw Spain as
fatherland

1896 July – Japanese warship named Congo

 - nothing came out from meeting - Bonifacio called for a 2nd Tejeros convention
- Bonifacio ordered to steal weapons from Cavite - He and his remaining followers wanted to create
artillery a new gov’t independent of what was
1896 Aug 19 – Patino incident established a day before
1896 Aug 21 – general meeting at the backyard of Juan - Naik-Naile military agreement
A. Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino - Recruitment by far more forces to join revolution;
1896 Aug 24 – emergency meeting in Caloocan Indang, Cavite
attended by 1000+ Katipuneros - News reached Aguinaldo; ordered his men to
- Bring out cedula, tear it capture Bonifacio
- Cry of Pugadlawin 1897 April 25 – forces of Aguinaldo closed in on
- Bonifacio and his men were ready to die for Bonifacio; killed his brother, wounded another, he was
independence stabbed her larynx, raped her wife
Plan was to attack simultaneously around Manila 1897 May 7 – members of Aguinaldo’s committee were
1896 Aug 29 – around 11:59 PM, attacks and riots pulling on his inner demon to execute Bonifacio
1896 Aug 30 – start of Reign of Terror - Major Lazaro Macapagal
- Gen. Ramon Blanco cannot contain situation, - Mountain in Maragundon – open letter – was
imposed martial law on 8 provinces including read to Bonifacio – killed while running away
Manila 1897 May 10 – death of Bonifacio
- Public executions, 13 martyrs, Filipino priests - Oryang asked Lazaro for her husband
publicly executed - Lazaro fainted
1896 Dec 30 - Rizal’s execution
- Blanco ended his term around end of Nov which
was the start of Rizal’s trial San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulakan
- He was sympathetic to Rizal so he was replaced - In mountainous area of Biak-na-Bato
by Gov. Gen. Camilo Polavieja who penned - Gov. Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera – they
execution of Rizal cannot anymore put a stop to the revolution
- His execution ignited further the revolution - Aguinaldo sent a middle man named Pedro
1897 Jan – Summary Retaliation Policy – a signal that Paterno
the gov’t can’t handle revolution - Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho wrote
constitution, a word per word copy of Cuban
 While Bonifacio was losing his battles, a young constitution = agreement
general was winning his – Gen. Miong - Truce of Biak-na-Bato
1897 Dec – They were able to control whole Cavite 1. Give 800,000 to revolutionaries if they promise
- Best general was positioned in Cavite to self-exile to Hong Kong
- Gen. Lachambre faced Gen. Miong 2. 900 000 to families of affected non-combaters
3. If 700 Katipuneros would sell their firearms
 Bonifacio went to Cavite to resolve issue between
Magdalo and Magdiwang 1897 December
Aguinaldo was given 400,000, flew to HK with his
members and Isabelo Artacho. The money was
deposited into his bank account but it should have been
1897 March 22 – Bonifacio and his members convened
divided among them = controversial
in the Tejeros Convention whose aim was to resolve
To get his share, Artacho filed against Aguinado in court.
conflict
To escape this, he went to Singapore on April 1898
- Magdalo wanted a new goventment since
Katipunan was a secret society but is now out =
they need a revolutionary government He met with an English writer named Howard Bay who is
- Election of new gov’t to which Bonifacio agreed writing about the Philippines. He told Aguinaldo “the US
- Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y F consul in SG wanted to meet with him” – US consul
Spencer Pratt
- Bonifacio lost; got the position Director del
Interior - Pratt told Aguinaldo that they are ready to help
- Daniel Timong, magdalo, insulted Bonifacio him overthrow Spaniards
- Bonifacio declared the election null - He trusted Pratt (agreement was oral, none
written)
- Pratt called the head of squadron US
1897 March 23 – Aguinaldo stated oath of office = first
Commander George Dewey
president
 - He went back to HK to meet with US consul red katapangan colors of US
Rousenville Wildman blue kapayapaan
- Upon his arrival to Philippines, he must declare white purity
a dictatorial government and independence white triangle Katipunan
- Aguinaldo gave 100 000 to Wildman to buy rays 8 provinces where 8 provinces
Martial Law was
weapons but nothing came out of it because the
imposed; revolted
agreement was only done orally stars Luzon Visayas Luzon Visayas
Mindanao Panay
Why are Americans in the scenario? sun gigantic steps
- With the outbreak of Philippines revolution, there
is already an ongoing revolution in Cuba; they
were winning against Spain = Spain was a 1898 June 30 – Dewey talked to Aguinaldo that they
crumbling empire needed to vacate Cavite (reinforcement from DC was
- A lot of businessmen invested in Cuba and were coming)
angered by the revolution - Aguinaldo moved headquarters to Malolos,
- US gov’t was forced to intervene Bulacan

1898 February Dewey and Spanish gov’t in Manila had high level
USS Maine visited Havana harbor in Cuba but was negotiation – instructed Spanish gov’t to vacate Manila
blown up mysteriously They held the Mock Battle of Manila to show that they
- People pointed towards Spain did not easily give up
- Public pressured gov’t to go to war against
Spain 1898 Aug 13
- US declared war - Started bobarding Manila by 5 AM
- Personalities were active in SE Asia because - By 12 noon, Spanish hoisted a white flag of
they were already at war surrender, around 6 PM the US noticed
- Spanish flag removed from intramuros; star
spangled banner was hoisted
1898 May 1 – Dewey arrived as a surprise
- Ended 333 years reign of Spain, started Days of
- Defeated all Spanish ships in Manila Bay, known
Empire
as Battle of Manila Bay
- Spain and US entered peace conference in DC;
How?
agreed upon around Aug 12 but Dewey cut
- Spanish sea mines did not blow up because communication cables in HK (our only line) to
they were old prevent Philippines from contacting Spain for
- Ships were only old galleon ships reinforcement
USS Olympia – flagship - If line wasn’t cut, mock battle wouldn’t have
Gunboat diplomacy – intimidating Spain with his ships been necessary
without actually acting; a show of power
British, Russian, German ships were also arriving in the
Philippines, wanting to colonize the country Paris Peace conference – 5 months, Aug – Dec
- 5 delegates from US and Spain
Aguinaldo was still in HK, arrived in Manila on May - Felipe Agoncillo was sent as a representative
USS McCulloch with Commander Dewey on board - He was not allowed to enter
What was the problem? - End agreement: signing of Treaty of Paris on
- Aguinaldo was given only a military salute when Dec. 10, 1898
he was aboard USS Olympia, but was not
recognized as president (?) 1899 Feb 6 – Treaty of Paris was ratified
- 9 months before, Jan, Malolos constitution was
1898 May 24 – Dictatorial form of gov’t also ratified (1st Philippine constitution)
- First Philippine flag was hoisted at battle of - 2 days before, on Feb 4, Fil-Am war started
Alapan; from victory over seized ship from (Filipino insurgence)
Spanish; named it Filipinas - If you call it war, both sides are fighting at the
- Started planning for declaration of Independence same level
1898 June 12 – Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista wrote and - “Insurgence” – subjects are revolting against
read Acta del proclamacion de independencia de pueblo colonizer, US
Filipino (The Act of Dec. of Philippine Independence)
 1896 1897 1898 1899 1902 Two Commissions
Feb Nov
1900 1902 One. Schurman Commission – headed by Jacob Goulot
1899 1899

Why are there 2 phases? Schurman, Jan 1899

Objectives
Luna suggested to Aguinaldo that they enter a guerilla
warfare, but he did not agree. When Luna died, he - Get all info about the Philippines
agreed - Reassure Philippines that Americans would
1st – conventional warfare – face to face respect their rights
2nd – guerilla warfare – surprise attacks, ambush - Suggest plans regarding the Philippines

1901 March 25 1899 May

Palanan, Isabela Schurman Commission suggested
Macabebe scouts, forces headed by Frederick Funston  Establishment of a civil gov’t from military gov’t
They were able to capture Aguinaldo after turning his  Establishment of a legislative body
back against him  Establishment of an independent judiciary
1092 April – Miguel Malvar was captured
1902 July 4 – Theodore Roosevelt issued an amnesty to Two. Taft Commission – headed by William Howard
everyone, ending Philippine war, ended first Philippine Taft
republic Objectives
- To implement suggestions made by Schurman
1898 Dec 10 – Then US President William McKinley commission
issued a benevolent assimilation proclamation Cooper Act (Philippine Organic Act of 1902)
- They perceived us as barbarians, they saw - Served as fundamental basis of all laws of the
themselves as exeptional land
What motivated the US to colonize the Philippines? - Provided instructions regarding establishment of
1. Navy – in order for you to project your power, legislature
you have to make use of water Census: 1903
- Alfred T Mahan concluded that powerful empires Published: 1905
usually make use of waters Elections: 1907
- Establish Philippines as a naval base = The Philippine Assembly
2. Businessmen – they viewed Philippines as a - Philippines became a bicameral set-up
new market - Philippine assembly as lower house (Filipinos)
3. Religious system – viewed Philippines as new - Taft commission as higher house (all Americans)
area where they could express belief system
4. Manifest destiny – they believed that they 1900-1907 – era of suppressed nationalism
needed to expand from coast to coast and - Lot of laws passed which prohibited national
beyond (to the Pacific) sentiments
- Saw Philippines as a new frontier - No KKK or Philippine flags
- To space (moon, mars) - Resettled Filipinos
5. White Man’s Burden – racist ideological idea that - Not allowed to discuss independence
we are barbaric and they had the moral
responsibility to lift us up from barbarism 1916 Jones Law (Philippine Independence Act) –
provided for the establishment of senate
Quezon: president
1897 Dec 1897 – Rudyard Kipling Osmena: speaker
- Reaction to American takeover of the Philippines 1st laws passed by assembly – Gabaldon law
- White race has moral responsibility to save us - Sponsored by Isauro Gabaldon
from barbarism - Provided funds for Gabadon schools all over
- Americans viewed themselves as higher from Philippines
Europeans - Students who excelled were given scholarships
to study in US – pensionado system
Dean Conant Worcester As early as 1898
- The Philippines: Post and Present – book that - First teachers were military
talks about condition before and after arrival of - Volunteer teachers were called Thomasites
Americans - 1st batch – Ship Sheridan
- Some cartoons also portrayed this - 2nd – Buford
 - 3rd – Thomas (biggest) Ratification of a new constitution = 1935 constitution
Quezon won as president
1900-1907 University Act of 1908 Philippine National Defense Act of 1935 – 1st law passed
- University of the Philippines by Commonwealth

1908
- College of Fine Arts
- Liberal Arts
- Medicine
First president – Murray
Long term agenda – different state U’s patterned after
UP

Filipinos started to promote independence

Nationalista party – Quezon and Osmena
Goal: immediate independence
Opposed by Partido Federalista – lost
Goal: to be 51st state of US

1920’s Partido Democrata – alternative to the two

Civil governor Francis Burton Harrison – abides idea of
Jones Law
- Created state council – with governor, house
speaker, and senate president

Little by little, he is imposing a policy of Filipinization

1920’s Independence Commission

- Idea is to exhaust all legal means to ask for
independence
- Year per year, until 1933
1933 – Os-Rox mission
- Peak of US growth until black Friday of Oct 1929
when the US market crashed – “The Great
Depression”
- Philippines was seen as a liability
- Granted independence law

Hare-Hawes Cutting Act

- Vetoes by president Hoover, but still passed
- Free trade in the next years until 1975
- Establishment of commonwealth as a transition
gov’t
- Retain all naval bases

Quezon felt outshined, attacked H-H CA = rejected

1935 Jan – Quezon tried for another law until 2 senators

suggested
- Tydings-McDuffie Act which was almost same
- Quezon- first president of the Philippine
Commonwealth
- 10 years (20 before)
- Refueling station from bases
- Free trade
- Commonwealth
- 1935 constitution