How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

The general relationship is shown in Figure 8d). For concrete classes Creep
above C50/60 the principles are the same but the maximum strain Depending on the assumptions used in the design, it may be necessary
values vary. to determine the effective creep ratio hef (ref. Cl. 3.1.4 & 5.8.4). A
nomogram is provided in the Eurocode (Figure 3.1) for which the
Two expressions can be derived for the area of steel required, (based on cement strength class is required; however, at the design stage it often
a rectangular stress block, see Figure 7) one for the axial loads and the not certain which class applies. Generally, Class R should be assumed.
other for the moments: Where the ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs) exceeds 35%
AsN /2 = (NEd – fcd b dc) / (σsc – σst) of the cement combination or where pulverized fuel ash (pfa) exceeds
where 20% of the cement combination, Class N may be assumed. Where
AsN = Area of reinforcement required to resist axial load ggbs exceeds 65% or where pfa exceeds 35%, Class S may be assumed.
NEd = Axial load
fcd = Design value of concrete compressive strength
σsc (σst) = Stress in compression (and tension) reinforcement Biaxial bending
b = Breadth of section
dc = Effective depth of concrete in compression = lx ≤ h The effects of biaxial bending may be checked using Expression (5.39),
l = 0.8 for ≤ C50/60 which was first developed by Breslaer.
x = Depth to neutral axis a a

h = Height of section ( ) + ( ) ≤ 1.0

MEdz
MRdz
MEdy
MRdy

AsM /2 = [M – fcd b dc(h/2 – dc/2)] / [(h/2–d2) (σsc+σst)] where

where MEdz,y = Design moment in the respective direction including second
AsM = Total area of reinforcement required to resist moment order effects in a slender column
MRdz,y = Moment of resistance in the respective direction
Realistically, these can only be solved iteratively and therefore either a = 2 for circular and elliptical sections; refer to Table 5 for rectangular
computer software (e.g. RC Spreadsheet TCC53 from Spreadsheets for sections
concrete design to BS 8110 and EC27) or column design charts (see NRd = Ac fcd + As fyd
Figures 9a to 9e) may be used. Continues page 41

Figure 9a
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.05

1.3
Kr = 0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.05
0.3 Asfyk/bhfck
1.1
1.0 0.4
1.0 0.9
0.8
0.9
0.7 0.5
0.6
0.8
0.5 0.6
0.7 0.4
N/bhfck

0.3
0.7
0.6 0.2
0.1
0.5
0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
1.0
0.2

0.1

0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
2
M/bh fck

38
 5. Columns

Figure 9b
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.10

1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.10
0.3 Asfyk/bhfck
1.1
1.0 0.4
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.7 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5
0.6
0.7 0.4
N/bhfck

0.3
0.7
0.6 0.2
0.1
0.5
0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
Kr =1
0.2

0.1

0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
2
M/bh fck

Figure 9c
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.15

1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.15
0.3
1.1
Asfyk/bhfck
1.0
1.0 0.9 0.4
0.8
0.9
0.7 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5 0.6
0.7 0.4
N/bhfck

0.3
0.6 0.2 0.7
0.1
0.5 0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
Kr =1
0.2

0.1

0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
2
M/bh fck

39
 5. Columns

Figure 9b
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.10

1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.10
0.3 Asfyk/bhfck
1.1
1.0 0.4
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.7 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5
0.6
0.7 0.4
N/bhfck

0.3
0.7
0.6 0.2
0.1
0.5
0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
Kr =1
0.2

0.1

0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
2
M/bh fck

Figure 9c
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.15

1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.15
0.3
1.1
Asfyk/bhfck
1.0
1.0 0.9 0.4
0.8
0.9
0.7 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5 0.6
0.7 0.4
N/bhfck

0.3
0.6 0.2 0.7
0.1
0.5 0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
Kr =1
0.2

0.1

0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
2
M/bh fck

39
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Figure 9d
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.20

1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.20
0.3 Asfyk/bhfck
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9 0.4
0.9 0.8
0.7 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5
0.6
N/bhfck

0.7 0.4
0.3
0.6 0.2 0.7
0.1
0.5
0
0.8
0.4

0.3 0.9

0.2
Kr = 1
0.1

0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
2
M/bh f ck

Figure 9e
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.25

1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.25

1.1 0.3
Asfyk/bhfck
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.4
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.6 0.5
0.5
0.7
N/bhfck

0.4
0.3 0.6
0.6
0.2
0.5 0.1
0 0.7
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.2

0.1
Kr = 1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
2
M/bh fck

40
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Figure 9d
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.20

1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.20
0.3 Asfyk/bhfck
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9 0.4
0.9 0.8
0.7 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5
0.6
N/bhfck

0.7 0.4
0.3
0.6 0.2 0.7
0.1
0.5
0
0.8
0.4

0.3 0.9

0.2
Kr = 1
0.1

0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
2
M/bh f ck

Figure 9e
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.25

1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.25

1.1 0.3
Asfyk/bhfck
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.4
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.6 0.5
0.5
0.7
N/bhfck

0.4
0.3 0.6
0.6
0.2
0.5 0.1
0 0.7
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.2

0.1
Kr = 1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
2
M/bh fck

40