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Chap 9 : Herededit and Evolution www.cbse.
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CBSE Previous Years Chapterwise Questions Exam 2019-2020
CLASS : 10th
CHAPTER 9
SUB : Science
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Herededit and Evolution
ONE MARK QUESTIONS in next progeny?

Ans : [CBSE 2015]
Since no biochemical reaction is reliable, therefore, in
1. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding pea copying of DNA, it may cause slight difference which
plants bearing violet flowers with pea plants bearing causes these variations.
white flowers. What will be the result in Fj progeny?
Ans : [All India 2018] NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS
All will bear violet flowers. For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
www.cbse.online for
2. In a beetle population, the number of green beetles is 1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
more than blue and red beetles. Give a reason behind Bank
this situation. 2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
Ans : [CBSE 2018] 3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
4. NCERT Solutions
Variation/Natural selection. All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
3. What indication do we get by reappearance of dwarf provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
Disclaimer : www.cbse.online is not affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education,
plant in F2 generation? New Delhi in any manner. www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide free
study material pdfs to students. At www.cbse.online CBSE stands for Canny Books
Ans : For School Education
After obtaining progeny in F2 generation in a

dihybrid cross, Mendel concluded that when two 9. How can the chromosomes be identified?
pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, one pair of
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
character segregates independently of the other pair
of character. In human beings, the individual chromosomes are
identified by their lengths, position of centromere and
4. How many pairs of chromosomes are present in human banding pattern on staining.
beings?
Ans : [CBSE 2016] 10. A normal baby girl receives her X chromosome from
whom : mother, father, both mother and father or
23 pairs. either from mother or father?
5. An organism which is a worm, has very simple ‘eyes’, Ans : [CBSE 2015]
that are really eye spots which detect light. Name that From both mother and father.
organism.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
Planaria.
6. Why is the progeny always tall when a tall pea plant

is crossed with a short pea plant?
11. No two individuals are absolutely alike in a population.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
Why?
The trait which represents the tallness in a pea plant Ans : [CBSE 2015]
is dominant over the another trait, shortness (dwarf).
All individuals have different kind of DNA. So all
7. All the variations in a species do not have equal individuals are not alike to each other.
chances of survival. Why?
12. When does the process of gene flow take place?
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
Some variations are caused by environmental changes
and they do not bring out any change in DNA. Gene flow or gene migration takes place in between
Therefore, all the variations do not have equal chances the populations that are partly but not completely
of survival. separated.
13. How are characters or traits controlled?

8. Why is it that asexual reproduction produces exact
copies but sometimes minor variations are also seen Ans : [All India 2014]
Download all GUIDE and Sample Paper pdfs from www.cbse.online or www.rava.org.in Page 108
Chap 9 : Herededit and Evolution www.cbse.online
Characters or traits of an organism are controlled by 24. Name the plant on which Mendel performed his
the genes /DNA. experiments.
Ans : [CBSE 2013,14]
14. What is a gene?
Ans : [All India 2014] Garden pea (Pisum sativum).
It is a functional piece of DNA that is responsible for 25. What are the basic events in evolution?
expression of a trait in the organisms. Ans : [CBSE 2013.14]
15. What is heredity? The changes in DNA during reproduction are the
Ans : [All India 2014] basic events in evolution.
Transmission of characters and traits from one 26. What is genetic drift?
generation to the next. Ans : [CBSE 2012,13]
16. Mendel observed a contrasting trait in relation to The change in the frequency of certain genes in a
position of flowers. Mention the trait. population over generations.
Ans : [All India 2014-15] 27. What are fossils?
Axial flower position (dominant), terminal flower Ans : [CBSE 2012, 13]
position (recessive).
Preserved traces of living organisms.
17. Name the term used for the traits that are exhibited
28. What are analogous organs?
externally.
Ans : [CBSE 2011, 12, 13]
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
The organs which have similar functions but different
Phenotype.
structures are called analogous organs.
18. Give the respective scientific terms used for studying:
29. The human hand, cat paw and the horse foot, when
a. the mechanism by which variations are created
studied in detail show the same structure of bones and
and inherited, and
point towards a common origin.
b. the development of new type of organisms from
a. What do you conclude from this?
the existing ones.
b. What is the term given to such structures?
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
Ans : [Sample Paper 2010]
a. Heredity
a. They have common origin/ancestory.
b. Species
b. Homologous organs.
19. Write the sex of the baby that inherits Y-chromosomes
30. When a tall and dwarf pea plant were crossed, Fx
from the father.
showed only tall plants but in F2 generation, some
Ans : [CBSE 2014] plants were dwarf. What does it mean?
Male. Ans : [CBSE 2008]
20. What is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross in F2 It means reappearance of the dwarf character, a
generation? recessive trait in B’2 generation shows that the dwarf
Ans : [CBSE 2014] trait/ character was present in individuals of F* but
it did not express (due to the present of tallness, a
9 : 3 : 3 : 1. dominant trait / character)
21. Give an example where sex determination is regulated 31. How is the age of fossil determined?
by environmental factors.
Ans : [Panchkula 2008]
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
The age of fossil fuels is determined through carbon-
In snail, sex is determined by environmental factors dating or time dating method.
(temperature).
32. What is evolution?
22. Define speciation.
Ans : [Panchkula 2008, CBSE 2013,14]
Ans : [CBSE 2013,14]
Gradual unfolding of organisms from pre-existing
Speciation means origin of new species from the organisms through change is called evolution.
existing one.
23. What is the effect of DNA copying which is not TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
perfectly accurate on the reproduction process?
Ans : [CBSE 2013,14]
33. What are fossils? What is their significance in the
It will result in less variations which may further lead study of evolution?
to less adaptation to changing environment, thus,
Ans : [Sample Paper 2016-17]
giving less chances of survival.
Fossils are impressions of the body/ body parts or
the remains of organisms living in the past, which got or second generation.
preserved in sediments of earth.
a. Study of fossils helps in working out evolutionary 40. “The chromosome number of the sexually producing
relationships. parents and their offspring is the same”. Justify this
b. Fossils provide one of the most acceptable statement.
evidences in support of evolution, because we can Ans : [CBSE 2015]
study the evolutionary past of individuals in the In sexual reproduction, both the gametes (male and
form of their fossils. female) contain half the number of chromosomes
c. Age of fossils can also be found by time dating (haploid or n) and by the fusion of these gametes,
using isotopes of carbon! carbon dating. the zygote have full set (diploid 2n) chromosomes.
d. By studying fossils occurring in different strata of
rocks, geologists are able to reconstruct the time 41. If YYRR is round yellow, what do the following
course of evolutionary events. represent?
yyrr yyRR
34. (a) On what rules inheritance is based?
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
(b) Is each trait influenced by both paternal and
maternal DNA? yyrr - Wrinkled, green seeds
Ans : [CBSE 2016] yyRR — Round, green seeds
a. The rules of inheritance is based on the fact that 42. How did Mendel explain that it is possible that a trait
the traits in the progeny are carried out by DNA’s is inherited but not expressed in an organism?
of both the parents (mother and father). These Ans : [All India 2017]
rules are known s ‘Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance’.
The rules are: Yes, it is possible.
(i) Law of dominance, Example - When pure tall pea plants are crossed
(ii) Law of segregation, and with pure dwarf pea plants, only tall pea plants are
(iii) Law of independent assortment. obtained in F1 generation.
b. Yes, it is true that each trait is influenced by both On selfing tall plants of F1 both tall and dwarf
paternal and maternal DNA. plants are obtained in F2 generation in the ratio 3:1.
35. a. What is the genetic constitution of human sperm? Reappearance of the dwarf character, a recessive
b. Mention the chromosomes pair present in zygote trait in F2 generation shows that the dwarf trait/
determining the sex of a male child. character was present in individuals of F1 but it did
not express (due to the present of tallness, a dominant
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
trait / character)
a. 22 + Y or 22 + X
b. (22 + Y + 22 + X) 43. What is a dominant trait with respect to height in pea
plant. Give any two examples.
36. a. How many gene sets should a germ cell have? Ans : [All India 2014]
b. Mention two factors causing evolution.
Characters/Traits like ‘T’ are called dominant trait
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
(because it express itself) ‘t’ are recessive trait
a. One gene set. (because it remains supressed).
b. (i) Reproduction isolation (ii) Natural selection
Character Dominant Trait Recessive Trait
37. What is micro evolution? Does it explain speciation? Seed shape Round Wrinkled
Ans : [CBSE 2016] Pod shape Inflated Constricted
a. In micro evolution, the changes are small which
Pod colour Green Yellow
occurs in lower categories and change the common
characteristics of a particular species. Height of plant Tall Dwarf
b. It does not properly explain speciation.
38. In an area A, the leaf materials available to beetles

were very less. What are the two consequences seen in 44. Variations are important for the survival of species
case of beetles? overtime. Justify this statement with reasons.
Ans : [CBSE 2015] Ans : [CBSE 2014]
a. Due to poor nutrition, the average weight of adult a. It causes adaptations,
beetles decreases. b. It promotes natural selection.
b. The number of beetles (population) decreases due
45. How can we say that change in genes can be brought
to starvation.
about the change in DNA?
39. What is F2 generation? Ans : [CBSE 2014]
Ans : [CBSE 2015] A gene is a segment of DNA on a chromosome
The generation produced by the offsprings of F1 occupying a specific position.
generation i.e., first generation as parent is called F2 a. It provides informations from one protein to
another and is responsible for its alteration. surface”. Comment on the statement stating
b. It ensures the stability of the DNA of the species. reason.
So, we can say that change in gene segment b. List two factors which could lead to the rise of
can bring about change in DNA. new species.
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
46. Where are the genes located? What is the chemical
a. This statement is correct as the fossils found
nature of gene?
closer to the surface of earth are more recent and
Ans : [CBSE 2014] those found in deeper layers are older ones.
Genes are located on chromosomes in linear sequence b. Natural selection and genetic drift.
and at fixed positions. Chemically, genes are acidic in
52. “Experience of an individual during its lifetime cannot
nature since they are nucleic acids which constitute
DNA. be passed on its progeny and cannot direct evolution”.
Justify this statement giving an example.
47. State the meaning of inherited traits and acquired Ans : [CBSE 2013]
traits. Which of the two is not passed on to the next
Since acquired characters are not inherited over
generation? Explain with the help of an example.
generations. Change in non-reproductive tissues
Ans : [All India 2013, (C) 2008] cannot be passed on to the DNA of the germ cells.
Acquired Trait Inherited Trait 53. What are sex chromosomes? Which sex chromosomes
1 Experiences of an Genetically inherited are found in male and female human beings? State the
individual during its chromosome responsible for the development of male
lifetime. child in human beings?
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
2. It cannot be passed on They can be passed on
from one generation to from one generation to Sex chromosomes are set of chromosomes present in
the next. the next. human beings which help in sex determination.
XX and XY.
3. Example: power to lift Example: Eye colour
Y chromosome.
weights and reading or height
French 54. How are fossil studies important in working out
evolutionary relationships. How would the age of
48. Tails of some mice were amputated and they were
fossils be determined?
allowed to breed. The mice that were produced also
had their tails amputated and it was repeated for Ans : [CBSE 2012]
many generations. What is the reason of tail appearing Fossils are impressions of the body/ body parts or
again and again? the remains of organisms living in the past, which got
Ans : [All India 2013] preserved in sediments of earth. Any remains of an
organism that has been preserved in the earth’s crust.
Such traits are acquired traits. Traits acquired during
Study of fossils helps in working out evolutionary
the life-time of an individual are not inherited as these
relationships. Age of fossils can be determined by time
changes are not in the genes of reproductive tissues.
dating using isotopes of carbon (carbon dating).
The changes in the non-reproductive tissues cannot be
passed on to the DNA of the germ cells, hence such 55. A tall pea plant was crossed with a dwarf one. F1
acquired changes are not inherited by the progeny. generation was allowed to self pollinate and F2
Example: tailless mice (if tail is removed by surgery) generation was also obtained. Answer the following
cannot produce tailless progeny. questions:
a. What would be the phenotype of plants in F1
49. a. Write full form of DNA.
generation?
b. Why are variations essential for the species?
b. What would be the phenotypic ratio in F2
Ans : [CBSE 2013] generation?
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid c. Give reason for your observation in F1 generation.
b. Survival Ans : [CBSE 2012]
50. What is the importance of DNA copying in a. all tall
reproduction? Why is variation beneficial to the b. 3:1
species but not necessary for the individual? Explain. c. Reason: The tall trait of pea plant is dominant
trait over short trait, a recessive trait.
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
DNA copying is essential part of reproduction because 56. A violet pea plant [VV] was crossed with a white
it ensures that same blueprint of the body design is one[vv]. F1 generation was allowed to self pollinate
maintained. Variation for the species is beneficial for and F2 generation was also obtained,
adaptation and better survival. It may result in new Answer the following questions:
species formation. a. What would be the phenotype of plants in F1
generation?
b. What would be the percentage of plants with
51. a. “Recent fossils are found closer to the earth’s
white flowers in F2 generation? themselves to produce fertile offsprings.

c. What would be the ratio of vv: Vv in F2
generation. 60. Some of the traits are acquired while others are
inherited. Explain. Which of two will not be passed
Ans : [Delhi 2012]
on to next generation?
a. all violet flowers Ans : [Delhi 2009 C]
b. 25%
c. 1 : 2. Acquired traits are those features which are present
in an organism due to experiences during its life time,
57. a. Do eyes of octopus, insect and human show for example, swimming and knowledge of a language
relation in their evolutionary process? in human beings.
b. How can we say that birds have evolved from Inherited traits are those features which are
reptiles? transferred from one generation to the next through
Ans : [CBSE 2012] DNA or genes present in the cells of a reproductive
a. No, eyes of these animals do not show any tissue. For example, colour of eyes and hair in human
evolutionary relationship as they are analogous beings.
organs. Traits acquired during the life time of an individual
b. The presence of feathers both in dinosaurs and can not be inherited because the information of this
birds indicate birds have evolved from reptiles. feature is not ingrained in the DNA of individual.
Some organs may be adapted to perform new
functions during evolution, e.g., feathers which 61. What is the difference between homologous and
were meant for providing insulation in cold analogous organs? Give one example each.
weather, slowly became adapted for flight. Hence Ans : [CBSE 2008 C, 2012]
birds are closely related to reptile as dinosaurs
a. Homologous organs: Structures in animals share
had feathers, though could not fly.
a common ancestry. The structure, which has
58. From the set of figures given below, make a pair of similar basic structure and developmental origin
homologous and analogous organs each and give one but perform different functions.
reason in case of both, to justify your answer. For example: Fore limbs in vertebrates.
Homologous organs give an evidence of common
ancestory and evolutionary relationship between
apparently different species.
b. Analogous organs: Analogous organ are the
organs in different organisms which have different
basic structure but have similarity in shape and
function. However, these organs do not provide an
evidence in support with common ancestory, e.g.,
Wings of bat and bird.
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
62. Discuss the role of variations in evolution. What is

Ans : [Sample Paper 2010] natural selection and genetic drift? [CBSE 2017]
Organs: or
a. Bird wing and Bat wing - Analogous organs. Explain the following:
Structures are different but functions are same. (a) Speciation (b) Natural Selection
b. Human forelimb and Bird wing — Homologous Ans : [All India 2015, CBSE 2011]
organs. a. The members of a population have minor
Structure are same but functions are different. differences among them which is called variations.
b. Two sources of variations are sexual reproduction
59. Why do human beings look different from each other?
and environmental factors.
What do you mean by species?
c. Sexual reproduction has greater chances of
Ans : [All India 2009] producing variation.
Human beings are sexually reproducing organisms. d. Variations with some advantage has greater
Genetic recombination occurs during gamete chances of surviving, for example, long neck of
formation in the sex organs followed by union of giraffe.
two gametes coming from two parents with different e. Natural selection and genetic drift lead to
genetic combination. Thus it ensures more diversity formation of new species hence evolution.
in characteristics in terms of colour, size, and looks. Natural Selection: Some variations may have
Inspite of this, they are able to reproduce among survival advantage hence they happen to gain
themselves to produce fertile offsprings. A species over others so that they can propagate more than
is a group of individuals which have some common others. Ultimately such variations are selected and
characters and they are able to reproduce among propagated among all members of the population.
This is called adaptation of the species which with pure dwarf pea plants, only tall plants were
help them to cope well in their surroundings. obtained in F1 generation. On self pollinating the
In course of time, it could lead to accumulation F1 progeny, both tall and dwarf plants appeared
of adaptation. In geographically separated in F2 generation in the ratio 3 : 1.
populations of a species and development of Appearance of tall character in both the F1
reproductive barrier among them may lead to the and F2 shows that it is a dominant character.
formation of a new species. The absence of dwarf character in F1 generation
Genetic Drift: Some variation may not give and its reappearance in F2 shows dwarfness is the
survival advantage to members of population. recessive character.
But if by chance other variations are wiped out b. When Mendel conducted a dihybrid cross having
from populations, the remaining variations get two sets of characters, he obtained only one set of
propagated in next generations. parental characters in F1 generation whereas in F2
generation he obtained both the set of parental
63. Explain how gene expresses itself in a cell? Why are characters now recombined in the ratio of 9 : 3 :
we somewhat similar to our parents yet not identical 3 : 1.
to them? The appearance of new recombinants in the
Ans : [CBSE 2017] F2 generation along with parental type shows that
Genes are functional segments of DNA. They are units traits are inherited independently.
of heredity that gets passed on through reproduction
66. “Natural selection and speciation lead to evolution”.
from parents to progeny. It is the blue print of life.
Justify the statement.
DNA expresses itself through synthesis of proteins.
Proteins make structures in our body and also controls Ans : [Delhi 2017]
the functioning. In other words cells, tissues, organs Natural selection: Some variations are advantageous
and hence a living body expresses the traits inherited for an organism to adapt better in the prevailing
as genes/ DNA. Since we inherit the DNA, half from conditions of habitat. It makes it easy to obtain food
one and half from other parents, hence we somewhat and mating partner by them. In this manner they are
resemble them. At the same time we show mixed able to propagate more, transmitting their genes to
traits of both so can not be identical to either of them. next generation and producing more individuals with
similar genetic makeup and phenotype.
64. “It is a matter of chance whether a couple will have a. It leads to change in frequency of some genes in
a male or a female child.” Justify this statement by a population which give survival advantage to a
drawing a flow chart. species from elimination.
Ans : [Foreign 2015,2017] b. When most of the members of a population
Women produce only one type of ovum (carrying possess this variation, it is called its adaptation.
X chromosome) and males produce two types of c. Over a period of time large numbers of adaptations
sperms (carrying either X or Y chromosome) in equal are accumulated in the various populations of a
proportions. So the sex of a child is a matter of chance species which may be physically segregated from
depending upon the type of sperm fertilizing the ovum. each other.
d. Geographical barriers like mountains, rivers
etc., lead to incapability to reproduce amongst
themselves in the population.
e. By processes like genetic drift and natural selection
combined with geographical separation, when the
populations of a species become incompatible/
fail to reproduce with each other, speciation
- evolution of a new species from pre-existing
species - occurs.
67. With the help of one example each, distinguish between

inherited traits and acquired traits. Why are the traits
acquired during the life time of an individual not
inherited in the next generation? Explain the reason
of this fact with an example. [All India 2017]
or
Distinguish between inherited traits and acquired
traits in a tabular form, giving one example of each.
Ans : [Delhi 2017]
65. How do Mendel’s experiments show that the Acquired Trait Inherited Trait
a. traits may be dominant or recessive,
1 Experiences of an Genetically inherited
b. traits are inherited independently?
individual during its
Ans : [All India 2017] lifetime.
a. When Mendel cross pollinated pure tall pea plants
Acquired Trait Inherited Trait b. Mendel studied that genes segregate during the
formation of gametes (sperms in males and ova in
2. It cannot be passed on They can be passed on females) and they again combine in the offspring
from one generation to from one generation to (one from each parent) and appear as dominant or
the next. the next. recessive trait. This can be worked out by making
3. Example: power to lift Example: Eye colour a test cross.
weights and reading or height c. Mendel proposed three laws, namely:
French (i) Law of segregation: Each inherited trait is
defined by a pair of gene. Parental genes are
68. What is evolution? How does it occur? randomly separated to the germ-cells so that
Ans : [All India 2016] germ contain only one pair of gene.
(ii) Law of independent assortment: Genes of
Organic Evolution: Gradual unfolding of organisms
different traits are sorted separately from one
from pre-existing organisms through change is called
another so that the inheritance of one trait is
evolution.
not dependent on the inheritance of another.
a. Evolution occurs in the form of genetic drift and
(iii) Law of dominance: An organism with alternate
natural selection combined with geographical
forms of a gene will express the form that is
separation.
document.
b. Speciation - evolution of a new species from pre-
existing species-occurs. 71. a. What function is performed by human arms,
c. Fossils are impressions of the body/body parts or forelimbs of dog and forelimbs of whales?
the remains of organisms living in the past, which b. Which type of organs are these?
got preserved in sediments of earth. c. Why do we call them so?
d. Study of not living species but also fossils helps in
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
working out evolutionary relationships.
e. Fossils provide one of the most acceptable a. Human arm : holding things Forelimbs of dog :
evidences in support of evolution, because we can running Forelimbs of whales : paddles
study the evolutionary past of individuals in the b. Homologous,
form of their fossils. c. Same origin, different functions.
69. “Two areas of study namely evolution and classification 72. If a population of red beetles, living on green bushes,
are interlinked”. Justify this statement. is being eaten by crows. During sexual reproduction,
Ans : [All India 2016,2017] a green beetle is found in progeny:
a. What is the future of new trait?
All living things are identified and categorised on the b. Will it survive in the new habitat?
basis of their body design in form and function. After a
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
certain body design comes into existence, it will shape
the effects of all other subsequent design changes a. Among progeny, when green beetle is found, it
simply because it already exists. So, characteristics escaped attack of crows as it merged with green
which came into existence earlier are likely to be colour. Green beetles increased, red decreased.
more basic than characteristics which have come into b. New trait will survive.
existence later.
73. An angiosperm plant having red coloured flowers
This means that the classification of life forms will when crossed with the other having the same colour
be closely related to their evolution. On connecting produced 40 progenies, out of which 30 plants were
this idea of evolution to classification, it is seen with red coloured flowers, 10 plants were with white
that some groups of organisms with ancient body coloured flowers. Find out:
designs have not changed very much. However, other a. What is the possible genotype of parent plants?
groups of organisms have acquired their particular b. Which trait is dominant and recessive?
body designs relatively recently. Because there is a c. What is this cross called as and what is its
possibility that complexity in design will increase over phenotypic ratio?
evolutionary time, it may not be wrong to say that Ans : [CBSE 2016]
older organisms are simpler, while younger organisms
are more complex. a. Rr and Rr.
b. Red colour of flowers is the dominant trait while
70. Explain Mendel’s concept of heredity, by giving three white colour is the recessive trait.
points. c. Monohybrid cross, phenotypic ratio is 3 : 1.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
74. What is DNA copying? State its importance.
a. Mendel worked on pea plant {Pisum sativum) and Ans : [Delhi 2015]
discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He
found that traits (characteristics) are controlled A process where a DNA molecule produces two similar
by factors (which are now called genes) and each copies of itself in a reproducing cell.
factor (gene) come in pairs. These factors (genes) Importance -
are inherited as distinct units, one from each a. It makes possible the transmission of characters
parent. from parents to the next generation.
b. It causes variation in the population.
75. “We cannot pass on to our progeny the experiences denoted by ww.
and qualifications earned during our lifetime”. Justify a. What is the expected colour of the flowers in their
the statement giving reason and examples. F1 progeny?
Ans : [Delhi 2015] b. What will be the percentage of plants bearing
white flower in F2 generation, when the flowers of
Acquiring knowledge / skill in one’s lifetime such as
F1 plants were selfed?
learning dance, music, physical fitness or any other
c. State the expected ratio of the genotypes BB and
suitable example.
Bw in the F2 progeny.
Reason:
a. Such characters / experiences acquired during Ans : [CBSE 2015]
one’s lifetime do not bring any change in the DNA a. F1 generation — blue.
of the reproducing c$ll/germ cell. b. 25%
b. Only germ cells are responsible for passing on the c. BB : Bw = 1 : 2.
characters from the parents to the progeny.
80. Give reasons for the following:
76. a. Insects, octopus and vertebrates all have eyes. a. Traits acquired during lifetime of an individual
Can we group eyes of these animals together to are not inherited.
establish a common evolutionary origin? Justify b. All the human beings belong to a single species.
your answer. c. Variations keep on accumulating during
b. “Birds have evolved from reptiles”. State evidence reproduction and do not disappear in next
to prove the statement. generation.
Ans : [Delhi 2015] Ans : [CBBE 2015]
a. No, the structure of the eye in each of the a. These are acquired traits that do not make any
organisms is different. change to the DNA of an organism.
b. Fossils of certain dinosaurs/reptiles show imprints b. Homo sapiens originated in Africa and spread
of feathers along with their bones but they across the globe in stages. The humans with
could not fly presumably using the feathers for different colours in different regions have come
insulation. into being as an accident of evolution, so that
Later they developed / evolved and adapted they could live their lives the best they could. So
feathers for flight, thus becoming the ancestors of all belong to the same species.
present day birds. c. Inheritance from the previous generation provides
(OR any other suitable evidence/example) both a common basic body design, and subtle
changes in it, for the next generation. So the
77. What are chromosomes ? Explain how in sexually changes keep on accumulating generations after
reproducing organisms the number of chromosomes in generations.
the progeny is maintained.
Ans : [Outside Delhi 2015] 81. In a pea plant, find the contrasting trait if:
a. the position of flower is terminal.
Chromosomes - Thread like structures made up of
b. the flower is white in colour.
DNA found in the nucleus. The original number of
c. shape of pod is constricted.
chromosomes becomes half during gamete formation.
Hence, when the gametes combine, the original Ans : [CBSE 2015]
number of chromosomes gets restored in the progeny. a. Axial position of flower.
(or same thing explained in the form of a flow chart). b. Purple colour of flower.
c. Inflated shape.
78. Explain with an example for each, how the following
provides evidences in favour of evolution in organisms: 82. a. “Chromosomes are heredity carriers.” Why do we
a. Homologous organs say so?
b. Analogous organs b. Which vital function is not controlled by
c. Fossils autosomes?
Ans : [All India 2015, 2016, 2011, Delhi 2017] Ans : [CBSE 2015]
a. Homologous organs - study of homologous organs a. Chromosomes are made-up of DNA. Genes are
suggests that the organs having same structure located on the chromosomes. It is the DNA copy
but performing different functions have evolved which transfers from both the parents to their
from a common ancestor. Example: forelimbs of a offspring. Therefore, chromosomes made-up of
frog, lizard, bird and man. DNA and containing genes are said to be the
b. Analogous organs - show adoption of organs for heredity carriers.
common use. Example: wings of butterfly and b. Sex of the child is not controlled by autosomes.
wings of bat.
c. Fossils - provide the missing links between two 83. a. During evolution some changes may have occurred
species. Example: - Archeopteryx / fossils of some for a reason but proved to be useful for some other
dinosaurs with feathers. purpose. Cite one such example.
b. Has the evolutionary changes took place all of
79. A pea plant with blue colour flower denoted by BB sudden. Elaborate.
is cross-breed with a pea plant with white flower Ans : [All India 2014]
a. Evolutions of feathers: Functional Advantage: A c. Birds developed feathers for insulation.

change that is useful for one property to start
with can become useful later for quite a different 86. With the help of suitable examples, explain why certain
function. Feathers, for example, can start out as traits cannot be passed on to the next generation.
providing insulation in cold weather. But later, What are such traits called?
they might become useful for flight. In fact, some Ans : [CBSE 2014]
dinosaurs had feathers, although they could not Example: Acquiring knowledge by reading/change
fly using the feathers. Birds seem to have later in body weight. Reason: Because such changes do
adapted the feathers to flight. This, means that not bring any change in the DNA of the germ cells/
birds are very closely related to reptiles, since such changes take place only in the non-reproductive
dinosaurs were reptiles. Birds have evolved from tissues.
reptile. Traits: Acquired traits.
b. Evolution changes has not took place all of
sudden. Evolution takes place in stages, i.e., bit 87. List three main factors responsible for the speciation
by bit over generations. Even an intermediate and briefly describe each one of them.
stage, such as a rudimentary eye, can be useful Ans : [CBSE 2014]
to some extent. This might be enough to give a
fitness advantage. In fact, the eye seems to be a Genetic Drift: Random change in the frequency of
very popular adaptation. genes.
Insects have them, so does an octopus, and Natural Selection: Nature selects the fittest individual
so do vertebrates. And the structure of the eye in in a population. Reproductive Isolation: When two
each of these organisms is different - enough for individuals are geographically isolated and natural
them to have separate evolutionary origins. selection operates upon them differently leading to
inability of the individuals to interbreed.
84. Variation is useful for the useful over long time. But
NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS
the variants have unequal chances of survival. Explain
this statement. [All India 2014-15] For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
or www.cbse.online for
Define variation in a species. How does it increases the 1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
survival chances of a species? Bank
a. Identify the organism shown in the above figure. 2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
b. Name one incipient feature selected by the nature. 3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
c. Mention any other primitive feature of birds. 4. NCERT Solutions
Ans : [All India 2014-15] All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
Variation are minor differences among members Disclaimer : www.cbse.online is not affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education,
New Delhi in any manner. www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide free
of a population. They are useful for the process of study material pdfs to students. At www.cbse.online CBSE stands for Canny Books
For School Education
evolution which take place over long time. But some of
the variants find it more advantageous in the present
environmental conditions to survive than others
88. (a) Which type of organs are shown in the figure
variants by virtue of the variation possessed by them
below?
hence they have unequal chances of survival. Thus
some get selected and others get eliminated. Those
which survive pass their genes to next generation
therefore frequency of genes possessed by them
increase in frequency in the population. Example - in
a population of beetles, a new variation (green colour)
get survival benefit/advantage to green beetles
whereas other (red) perishes.
85. (a) Identify the organism shown in the above figure. (b) Which type of origin and structure do these
organs have?
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
a. These are organs which help in flying (wings of
insects and wings of birds).
b. The structure and components of these wings are
different. They look similar because they have a
common use for flying, but their origins are not
common, i.e., they are analogous.
(b) Name one incipient feature selected by the nature.
(c) Mention any other primitive feature of birds. 89. (a) “Each organism has its own identity”. Explain.
Ans : [All India 2014-15] (b) What is speciation?
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
a. Planaria.
b. Eyes which were there only for detecting light. a. (i) The DNA of each organism is different from
others. makeup and phenotype.

(ii) The DNA of each organism is specific within
the same species with specific number of 94. Rekha is very dark in colour. She stays very quiet at
chromosomes/genes. home and in her class also. She is always seeing for
b. Emergence of new species from pre-existing forms the beauty products which can help her to become
through natural selection/artificial selection/ fair. Her friend Lila talks to her about excessive use
genetic drift/evolution, etc. * of beauty products and tells her that they are very
harmful and colour comes by birth and she is not
90. An organ like a wing in birds are an advantage to an responsible for her dark colour.
organism. Did they appear in different stages or were a. What might have caused Rekha’s colour to be
formed due to a single sudden change in them. dark?
Ans : [CBSE 2014] b. Is it possible that all the family members of
Rekha’s family were dark?
Feathers in dinosaur were long and they could not
c. What value do you learn?
fly using feathers. It gave them protection from cold
weather and warmth. Birds seem to have later adapted Ans : [All India 2013]
the feathers to flight. a. Her dark colour may be due to the genetic
inheritance.
91. How are fossils formed? Describe, in brief, two methods b. All may not be dark, depending upon the genes
of determining the age of fossils. inherited and the environmental conditions that
Ans : [All India 2013] each one of them living in.
Fossils are formed when dead organisms are not c. Awareness, logical thinking, scientific
completely decomposed. The organisms may get temperament.
trapped in resins of tree, lava of volcanoes or hot mud
95. A cross was carried out between a pure bred tall pea
which when hardens, retains the animal’s parts thus,
plant and a pure bred dwarf pea plant and F1 progeny
forming fossils.
was obtained. Later, the F1 progeny was selfed to
Two methods of determining the age of fossils:
obtain F2 progeny. Answer the following questions:
a. Relative method: By estimating the age of the
a. What is the phenotype of the F1 progeny and
layer of earth’s crust where the fossil is found.
why?
Fossils near the surface are recent and those in the
b. Give the phenotypic ratio of the F2 progeny.
deeper layers are more ancient.
c. Why is the F2 progeny different from the F1
b. Radio-carbon dating method: By detecting the
progeny?”
ratios of different isotopes of carbon in the fossils.
Ans : [CBSE2013,14]
Fossils help in determining the connecting links
between various groups and their origin from their a. Tall, because genes responsible for tallness are
primitive ones, e.g., Archaeoptyrx. dominant over dwarf trait.
b.
92. Explain the term homologous organ with an example.
Ans : [All India 2013]
The organs which have similar basic structure and c. Because in F2 generation, recessive genes got
mode of origin but perform different functions in expressed in homozygous condition.
different animals are called homologous organs. E.g.,
Forelimbs of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. 96. a. State any two factors that could lead to the rise of
Homologous organs give an evidence of common a new species.
ancestory and evolutionary relationship between b. How do analogous organs provide evidence in
apparently different species. favour of evolution?
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
93. How green beetles had colour advantage over red
beetles? Explain. a. Natural Selection, Genetic drift, Mutations,
Variations.
Ans : [All India 2013] b. The organs which are similar in function but are
Green beetle merge with green background of structurally different suggest that although these
vegetation which give survival advantage to a species two organs may look alike superficially giving
from elimination. an idea of common ancestory but the different
a. in the population of beetles, the new variation in structure and origin suggests that organisms
(green colour) get survival benefit / advantage to having these organs have a distant ancestor but
green beetles whereas other (red) perishes. such organs have developed during the course of
b. It is because of Natural selection — some variations evolution as an adaptation to similar mode of life.
are advantageous for an organism to adapt better
in the prevailing conditions of habitat. It makes it 97. a. Why traits such as intelligence and knowledge
easy to obtain food and mating partner by them. cannot be passed on to the next generation?
In this manner they are able to propagate more, b. How can we say that birds are closely related to
transmitting their genes to next generation and reptiles and have evolved from them?
producing more individuals with similar genetic Ans : [CBSE 2013]
a. Traits such as intelligence and knowledge are observation regarding their ancestry?
not heritable traits, which do not bring upon Ans : [Delhi 2012]
any changes in the DNA of the germ cells and,
The organs which have similar basic structure and
therefore, cannot be passed on to the progeny.
mode of origin but perform different functions in
b. This can be said because traits such as feathers
different animals are called homologous organs, e.g.,
were first seen in reptiles like Dinosaurs, which
forelimbs of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
performed the function of providing insulation
Homologous organs give an evidence of common
to them in cold weather although they could not
ancestory and evolutionary relationship between
fly using the feathers but later birds adapted
apparently different species.
the feathers for flight. This means that birds are
very closely related to reptiles, as dinosaurs were Analogous organ are the organs in different
reptiles. organisms which have different basic structure but
have similarity in shape and function, e.g., wings of
98. (a) Differentiate between: bat and bird. These organs do not provide an evidence
1. Homologous organs and Analogous organs. in support with common ancestory.
2. Pollination and Fertilization
(b) What do fossils tell us about the process of
evolution? THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
a. (i) Organs in different organisms with same origin 102. A group of grasshoppers — some green and some
with different function/ different origin, same brown lived in a grassland having dry bushes and dry
function. grass.
(ii) Transfer of pollen from the stamen to the a. Which one would normally be picked up by
pistil of the flower/fusion of male and female predatory birds and why?
gametes. b. Population of which grasshopper will increase?
b. Help in establishing links and act as evidence of c. Name this phenomenon.
evolution. Ans : [Sample Paper 2010]
99. (a) Explain giving examples how artificial selection a. Green grass hopper, because they stand out,
has helped in the formation of newer varieties of against brown background of dry bushes.
cauliflower. b. Brown
(b) List the steps involved in the formation of new c. Natural selection.
species.
103. (a) Explain why the wing of a bat and the wing of
(c) How different races of human beings belong to the
bird are considered to be analogous organs.
same species?
(b) List two factors that lead to the formation of a
Ans : [CBSE 2013] new species.
a. Formation of newer varieties, e.g., Broccoli, Ans : [CBSE 2012]
cauliflower, red cabbage, etc. by man.
a. Design, structure and components are different.
b. Migration, gene flow, natural selection, new
Origins are not common.
species.
b. Genetic drift and natural selection.
c. Capable of interbreeding among themselves.
104. a.Name the scientist who gave the idea of evolution
100. What is speciation? Discuss any two factors that lead
of species by natural selection.
to speciation.
b. What conclusion did Mendel draw from his
Ans : [Delhi 2012] experiments about traits?
Speciation means creation of new species from pre c. Arrange the following according to evolution.
exiting ones. Cockroach, Mango tree, Gorilla, Fish
The two main factors which could lead to the Ans :
formation of a new species are natural selection leading a. Darwin
to accumulation of adaptation in geographically b. Traits are inherited independently.
separated populations of a species and development of c. Mango tree — Cockroach - Fish — Gorilla.
reproductive barrier among them.
105. a.What are fossils?
Complete separation of sub-populations of a
b. Explain the importance of fossils in evolutionary
spices (Genetic drift) and difference in way of Natural
relationship.
selection in them for many generations results in
speciation i.e. formation of new species that cannot Ans :
interbreed under natural conditions. a. Impressions of the body parts of the organisms
and preserved traces of the living organisms are
101. Fore limbs of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
called fossils.
show similarity in their bones but Wings of bat and b. The presence of fossilized remains of the organism
bird don’t. What conclusion can be drawn from such is the evidence of existence of organisms million
years ago which have now become extinct. Fossils
also help in determining the connecting links If a sperm with “X’ fuses with the ovum, female
between various groups and their origin from child is born and if a sperm with ‘Y’ chromosome fuses
their primitive ones. with the ovum, male child is born as shown below in
the cross.
106. What are fossils? What do they tell about the process
of evolution?
Ans : [Outside Delhi 2008, CBSE 2008 C]
The fossils can be defined as remains or impressions
of the hard parts of the past individuals in the strata
of the earth. Fossils helps in working out evolutionary
relationships. Fossils provide one of the most
acceptable evidences in support of evolution, because
we can study the evolutionary past of individuals in
Hence, we find that the sex of the child is actually
the form of their fossils. By studying fossils occurring
determined by the type of sperm that fuses with ovum
in different strata of rocks, geologists are able to
at the time of fertilization.
reconstruct the time course of evolutionary events.
Age of fossils can also be found by time dating using In this manner we can justify that the sex of the
isotopes of carbon (carbon dating). children is determined by what they inherit from their
father and not their mother.
107. “Only variations that confer an advantage of an
individual organism will survive in a population”.
Comment. FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : [Delhi 2008 C]
According to Theory of Natural Selection, some 109. How do Mendel’s experiment show that traits are
variations are advantageous for an organism to inherited independently?
adapt better in the prevailing conditions of habitat. Ans : [All India 2016]
It makes it easy to obtain food and mating partner
Mendel carried out dihybrid crosses by crossing
by them. In this manner they are able to propagate
two pea plants differing in contrasting traits of two
more, transmitting their genes to next generation
characters. For example, he crossed a pea plant
and producing more individuals with similar genetic
having yellow colour and round seed characters with
makeup and phenotype.
another pea plant bearing green colour and wrinkled
Though according to Genetic Drift Theory, even seed characters. In the F2 generation, he obtained
those not having a variation that confers an advantage pea plants with two parental and two recombinant
also get to 5 survive but only in a small population. If phenotypes as yellow round and green wrinkled
due to an accident most of the individual with other (parental) and yellow wrinkled and green round
variation get removed, the organisms with leftover (recombinant). This indicated that traits separated
variation get to propagate and survive under such from their original parental combinations and got
circumstances. inherited independently.
Hence it is wrong to say that only variations that
confer an advantage of an individual organism will
survive in a population.
108. Explain the manner in which sex is determined in

human beings? [Delhi 2008 C]
or
Explain how equal genetic contribution of male and
female parents is ensured in progeny?
Ans : [CBSE 2011] [Delhi 2012]
The sex of the child is determined at the time of
fertilization when male and female germ-cells (gametes)
are fused to form a zygote. The sex is determined by a
specific pair of chromosomes called sex-chromosomes.
In female human being, this pair consists of two similar
(homologous) chromosomes denoted as XX. Hence,
females produce only one type of gametes (Ova/ eggs)
each having an “X’ chromosome.
Whereas male human being has two different types 110. Define evolution. How does it occur? Describe how
of sex chromosomes i.e., X, Y (heterologous) having fossils provide us evidences in support of evolution.
different sizes and shapes. Hence male produces two Ans : [All India 2016]
different kinds of gametes (sperms). Half of them have
Evolution is the formation of more complex organisms
‘X’ chromosome and half have Y” chromosome.
from pre-existing simpler organisms over a certain
period. Accumulation of variation in genetic material sense light.

forms the basis of evolutionary processes.
113. a.What are monohybrid and dihybrid cross?
Fossils provide a unique view into the history of b. How Mendel proved that tallness is the dominant
life by showing the forms and features of life in the trait and dwarfness is recessive in a pea plant?.
past. Fossils tell us how species have changed across Explain with the help of a monohybrid cross.
long periods of the Earth’s history.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
Importance of fossils in the evolutionary process:
a. Some invertebrates living on the sea bed died and a. A monohybrid cross is the cross between two
were buried in the sand. homozygous parents, which differ in only one
b. More sand was accumulated and formed , contrasting trait in F2 generation ratio 3:1.
sandstone under pressure. A dihybrid cross is a cross between two
c. After millions of years, dinosaurs living in the area heterozygous parents which differ in two
died and their bodies were buried in the mud. contrasting traits. This type of cross yields a
d. The mud got compressed into the rock, just above phenotypic ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 in F2 generation.
the rock containing earlier invertebrate fossils. b. Mendel took pea plants with different
e. Again millions of years later, the bodies of horse- characteristics - a tall plant and a short plant,
like creatures dying in the area were fossilised in produced progeny from them and calculated the
the rocks above the earlier rocks. percentage of tall or short progeny.
f. Much later, because of erosion and water flow,
some rocks wore out and exposed the horse-like
fossils.
111. Give five points to show the significance of variations.

Ans : [CBSE 2016]
a. Variations help an organism to get adapted to the It was found that all plants were tall. This
changing environment. proves that tallness is the dominant trait while
b. Variations lead to evolution through natural dwarfness is the recessive trait.
selection and adaptation. 114. What are fossils? How are they formed? Describe in
c. During sudden change in the environment only brief two methods of determining the age of fossils.
those variants will make the population of that State any one role of fossils in the study of the process
particular species which can withstand such of evolution.
changes.
d. Variations result in more genetic vigour, i.e., Ans : [CBSE 2016]
organism emerges as a strong species maintaining Fossils are preserved remains or impressions of pre-
its large population. historic organisms in the different strata of the earth’s
e. Variations make an organism to be resistance to crust.
diseases and environmental fluctuations. or
Fossils are dead remains of animals and plants from
112. a.“Evolution has occurred in stages.” Justify the remote past.
statement.
b. Differentiate between eye and eyespots. Which Fossils are formed when dead organisms are not
animal possesses eyespots? completely decomposed. The organisms may get
trapped in resins of tree, lava of volcanoes or hot mud
Ans : [CBSE 2016] which when hardens, retains the animal’s parts thus,
a. “Evolution has occurred in stages” it is said forming fossils.
because the process of evolution has took place Two methods of determining the age of fossils:
over a long period of time. The complex organs a. Relative method: By estimating the age of the
are created bit-by-bit over generations. layer of earth’s crust where the fossil is found.
There was increasing complexity of the Fossils near the surface are recent and those in the
organs. For example, eye was present in the deeper layers are more ancient.
earliest organism as eyespot which got developed b. Radio-carbon dating method: By detecting the
into a more complex and evolved eye. ratios of different isotopes of carbon in the fossils.
Further there are some organs in the human Fossils help in determining the connecting links
body which are present in the reduced form and between various groups and their origin from their
do not perform any function, e.g., nictitating primitive ones, e.g., Archaeoptyrx.
membrane of the eye, vermiform appendix, third
pair of molars etc. 115. How many pairs of chromosomes are present in human
Similarly, during the course of evolution, some beings? Out of these how many are sex chromosomes?
structures changed their function. So we can see How many types of sex chromosomes are found in
that evolution has occurred in stages over a long human beings?
period of time. “The sex of the new-born child is a matter of chance
b. Eye is a complex structure made-up of different and none of the parents may be considered responsible
tissues which can see image as well as light for it”. Draw a flow chart showing determination of
whereas eyespots are merely dot-like structure to sex of a new-born to justify the statement.
Ans : [Delhi 2015] beetle eaten up by crow, leading to increase in the

a. 23 pairs of chromosomes. population of green beetle.
b. One pair, two types. Artificial selection: It is the artificial mechanism of
c. selecting the breeds having desirable characters to
bring about major changes in plant and animals.
Example, different vegetables generated from wild
variety of cabbage.
119. a.What is geographical isolation?

b. Illustrate formation of a species with the help of
an example where individuals are very different
from each other and one capable of reproduction
among themselves.
116. What is speciation? List four factors that could lead Ans : [CBSE 2012,13]
to speciation. Which of these cannot be major factors a. Geographical isolation is the isolation of
in the speciation of a self pollinating plant species? population by physical barriers such as stretches
Explain. of water or mountain ranges.
Ans : [Foreign 2015] b. There is a population of red beetles living in
a mountain area covered with green bushes.
Speciation - formation of new species from pre-existing
Various sub-population in the large-population
ones.
exists in the neighbourhood. Individuals of
Factors - (1) Mutations (2) Natural selection (3)
a sub¬population reproduce sexually among
Genetic drift (4) Geographical Isolation
themselves and numerous variations accumulate
Geographical isolation cannot be a major factor in these sub-populations of red beetles.
in the speciation of a self pollinating plant species. There may be some reproduction among
Reason - physical barrier cannot be created in self these sub-populations. If a beetle from one sub-
pollinating plants. population strays into other’s area and some
individuals from one sub¬population may be
117. a.Why do we say that homozygous plants produce carried by predators to the area of other sub-
pure progeny? population, then random reproduction takes
b. Define heterozygous. place. It may lead to migration of genes from one
c. Explain how the process of speciation take place. sub¬population to other.
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
120. Identify male and female in the figures given below.
a. Because of presence of same set of genes.
b. Having different pair of genes. Also fill in the blanks 3 to 8 and then clarify about
c. (i) Natural selection. the misconception that mother and not father is
(ii) Geographical isolation, reproductive isolation. responsible for bearing daughters and not sons.
(iii) Genetic drift.
(iv) Accumulated variations causing changes in
the DNA of germ cells to an extent, such
as a change in the number of chromosomes.
Due to this, the germ cells of the two groups
cannot fuse with each other. This results in
the emergence of a new species.
118. Give differences between:

a. Heredity and variations.
b. Dominant and recessive traits,
c. Natural and artificial selection.
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
a. Heredity: It is the transmission of characters from
parents to the next generation.
Variations: The changes that occur in the DNA of
an organism because of mutations, or by chance. Ans : [Sample Paper 2010]
b. Dominant: The trait which is able to express
itself even in the presence of contrasting trait. It 1. Male 2. Female
appears in all the progenies in Fj generation. 3. X and Y 4 X and X
Recessive: The trait which can express itself only 5. XX 6 XX
in homozygous condition. It doesn’t appear in Fj 7. XY 8 XY
generation. A child who inherits ‘X’ chromosome from father
c. Natural selection: Is the gradual natural process will be a girl and the one who inherits ‘Y’ chromosome
by which any biological traits become either more from father will be a boy.
or less common in a population. Example, red
121. a.In which form the traits are transferred from F1 - RrYy
parent to the offspring? Ratio - 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
b. Mention the two processes that essentially J occur b. To study the independent inheritance of two traits
in sexual reproduction? in subsequent generation.
c. How the number of chromosomes is retained in a c. F1 progeny exhibited both the dominant traits.
species? F2 exhibited parental traits along with new
Ans : [Delhi 2013] mixtures/recombinants.
a. Chromosomes - thread like structures made up of 123. Woman are often blamed for bearing daughters. As a
DNA found in the nucleus. student with knowledge in science how will you explain
b. Formation of gametes that involves reducing it to your fellow students that the sex of the child is
the chromosome number to half and genetic not determined by mother’s genetic contribution?
recombination. Ans :
Fusion of gametes to maintain the chromosome
number characteristic of that species. Sex of the child is not determined by mother’s genetic
c. The original number of chromosomes becomes contribution. The sex is determined by a specific
half during gamete formation. Hence, when pair of 7 chromosomes called sex-chromosomes. In
the gametes combine, the original number of female, this pair consists of two similar (homologous)
chromosomes gets restored in the progeny, (or chromosomes denoted as XX. Hence, females produce
same thing explained in the form of a flow chart). only one type of gametes (Ova/eggs) each having an
‘X’ chromosome.
122. Given below is the experiment carried out by Mendel Whereas male human being has two different types
to study inheritance of two traits in garden-pea. of sex chromosomes i.e., X, Y (heterologous) having
different sizes and shapes. Hence male produces two
different kinds of gametes (sperms). Half of them have
“X’ chromosome and half have ‘Y’ chromosome.
If a sperm with ‘X’ fuses with the ovum, female
child is born and if a sperm with ‘Y’ chromosome fuses
with the ovum, male child is bom as shown below in
the cross. Therefore, the father’s genes is responsible
for the determination of the sex of the child.
NO NEED TO PURCHASE ANY BOOKS

For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
www.cbse.online for
1. Previous 15 Years Exams Chapter-wise Question
Bank
2. Previous Ten Years Exam Paper (Paper-wise).
3. 20 Model Paper (All Solved).
4. NCERT Solutions
All material will be solved and free pdf. It will be
provided by 30 September and will be updated regularly.
Disclaimer : www.cbse.online is not affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education,
New Delhi in any manner. www.cbse.online is a private organization which provide free
study material pdfs to students. At www.cbse.online CBSE stands for Canny Books
For School Education
a. Fill in the boxes with appropriate answer.

b. Why did Mendel carry out an experiment with
two traits?
c. What were his findings with respect to inheritance
of traits in Fj and F2 generations?
d. What do you conclude from this experiment?
Ans : [Sample Paper 2010]
a. Gametes - Ry, rY

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Chap 9 : Herededit and Evolution www.cbse.

File Revision Date : 10 July 2019

Herededit and Evolution

ONE MARK QUESTIONS in next progeny?

After obtaining progeny in F2 generation in a

6. Why is the progeny always tall when a tall pea plant

13. How are characters or traits controlled?

38. In an area A, the leaf materials available to beetles

white flowers in F2 generation? themselves to produce fertile offsprings.

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

62. Discuss the role of variations in evolution. What is

67. With the help of one example each, distinguish between

a. Evolutions of feathers: Functional Advantage: A c. Birds developed feathers for insulation.

others. makeup and phenotype.

108. Explain the manner in which sex is determined in

period. Accumulation of variation in genetic material sense light.

111. Give five points to show the significance of variations.

Ans : [Delhi 2015] beetle eaten up by crow, leading to increase in the

119. a.What is geographical isolation?

118. Give differences between:

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a. Fill in the boxes with appropriate answer.

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