Analytic Geometry and Calculus I

Exam 1 Practice Problems Solutions 2/19/7

Question 1
Write the following as an integer: 2log4 (9)+log2 (5)

We have:
2log4 (9)+log 2 (5) = 2log4 (9) 2log2 (5)

= 5 2log4 (9)

 1 log4 (9)
= 5 42

12
= 5 4log4 (9)
1
= 5(9) 2
= 5(3) = 15.
Here we used the properties:

ab+c = ab ac ,

aloga (b) = b,
(ab )c = abc = (ac )b .
Question 2
Eliminate the parameter t to find a Cartesian equation of the curve given
parametrically by the relations: x = 1 + 3t, y = 2 − t2 and sketch the curve.
Also sketch the part of the curve for which t ≥ 0.

We have:
x = 1 + 3t,
x − 1 = 3t,
1
t = (x − 1),
3
y = 2 − t2
 2
1
=2− (x − 1)
3
1
= 2 − (x − 1)2 ,
9
9y = 18 − (x − 1)2
= 18 − (x2 − 2x + 1)
= 17 + 2x − x2 .
So the curve has the equation x2 − 2x + 9y = 17.
This is the equation of a concave down parabola.
1
The equation y = 2 − (x − 1)2 shows that the parabola has vertex at (1, 2)
9
and is symmetrical around the vertical line x = 1.
The point (1, 2) gives the global maximum for y.
As t varies x ranges once through all possible real values, so the whole
parabola is traced.  
1 17
The parabola intersects the y-axis at t = − , so at the point 0, .
3 9
√  √ 
The parabola intersects the x-axis at t = ± 2, so at the points 1 ± 3 2, 0 .
When t = 0, we are at the vertex (1, 2).
As t increases from zero, the whole right half of the parabola is traced out.

2
Question 3
Find the following limits:
|x − 2|
• lim−
x→2 x2 − 4
When x < 2, we have x − 2 < 0, so |x − 2| = −(x − 2).

So we have:
|x − 2| −(x − 2)
lim− 2
= lim−
x→2 x − 4 x→2 (x − 2)(x + 2)
−1 −1 1
= lim− = lim− =− .
x→2 x + 2 x→2 2 + 2 4
|x − 2|
• lim+
x→2 x2 − 4
When x > 2, we have x − 2 > 0, so |x − 2| = x − 2.

So we have:
|x − 2| x−2
lim+ 2
= lim+
x→2 x − 4 x→2 (x − 2)(x + 2)
1 1 1
= lim+ = lim+ = .
x→2 x + 2 x→2 2 + 2 4
|x − 2|
• lim
x→2 x2 − 4
|x − 2| |x − 2| |x − 2|
Since lim+ 2
6= lim− 2 , the limit lim 2 does not exist.
x→2 x − 4 x→2 x − 4 x→2 x − 4

3
Question 4
Suppose that:
f (1) = 2, f 0 (1) = 4,
f (3) = 4, f 0 (3) = −2,
g(1) = 3, g 0 (1) = 5,
g(2) = 1, g 0 (2) = −7.
f (x)
Let h(x) = f (g(x)), k(x) = f (x)g(x) and m(x) = .
g(x)
Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curves y = h(x),
y = k(x) and y = m(x) at the points with x = 1.

• We have h(1) = f (g(1)) = f (3) = 4 and h0 (x) = f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x), so

h0 (1) = f 0 (g(1))g 0(1) = f 0 (3)(5) = −2(5) = −10.
So the tangent line to y = h(x) has slope −10 and goes through the
point (1, 4), so has the equation:

y − 4 = −10(x − 1) = −10x + 10, y + 10x = 14.

1
Also the normal line to y = h(x) has slope and goes through the
10
point (1, 4), so has the equation:
1
y−4= (x − 1), 10y − 40 = x − 1, x − 10y = −39.
10

• We have k(1) = f (1)g(1) = 2(3) = 6 and k 0 (x) = f 0 (x)g(x)+f (x)g 0 (x),

so k 0 (1) = f 0 (1))g(1) + f (1)g 0 (1) = 4(3) + 2(5) = 12 + 10 = 22.
So the tangent line to y = k(x) has slope 22 and goes through the point
(1, 6), so has the equation:

y − 6 = 22(x − 1) = 22x − 22, y − 22x = −16.

1
Also the normal line to y = k(x) has slope − and goes through the
22
point (1, 6), so has the equation:
1
y−6 = − (x − 1), 22y − 132 = −(x − 1) = −x + 1, x + 22y = 133.
22

4
 f (1) 2 f 0 (x)g(x) − f (x)g 0 (x)
• We have m(1) = = and m0 (x) = ,
g(1) 3 g 2 (x)
0 f 0 (1)g(1) − f (1)g 0 (1) 4(3) − 2(5) 12 − 10 2
so m (1) = 2
= 2
= = .
g (1) 3 9 9
2
So the tangent line to y = m(x) has slope and goes through the point
  9
2
1, , so has the equation:
3
2 2
y− = (x − 1), 9y − 6 = 2(x − 1) = 2x − 2, 2x − 9y = −4.
3 9
9
Also the normal line to y = m(x) has slope − and goes through the
  2
2
point 1, , so has the equation:
3
2 9
y− = − (x−1), 6y −4 = −27(x−1) = −27x+27, 27x+6y = 40.
3 2

5
Question 5
√
Let f (x) = (x − 1)2x 1 + x2 .
f (a + h) − f (a)
Use the definition f 0 (a) = lim to find f 0 (1).
h→0 h
√ √
We have f (1) = (1 − 1)21 1 + 12 = 0(2) 2) = 0.

Then we get:

f (1 + h) − f (1) f (1 + h) − 0
f 0 (1) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
p
f (1 + h) (1 + h − 1)21+h 1 + (1 + h)2
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
1+h
p
(h)2 1 + (1 + h)2
= lim
h→0 h
1+h
p
= lim 2 1 + (1 + h)2
h→0
p √ √ √
= 21+0 1 + (1 + 0)2 = 21 1 + 12 = 2 1 + 1 = 2 2.

6
Question 6
x2
. Let f (x) = xe− 2 .

• Find f 0 (x) and f 00 (x).

x2 x2 2x
f 0 (x) = 1e− 2 + xe− 2 (− )
2
x2 x2
= e − 2 − x 2 e− 2
x2
= (1 − x2 )e− 2 ,
x2 x2 2x
f 00 (x) = −2xe− 2 + (1 − x2 )e− 2 (− )
2
x2 x2
= −2xe− 2 − x(1 − x2 )e− 2
x2
= e− 2 (−2x − x + x3 )
x2
= e− 2 (x3 − 3x)
x2
= x(x2 − 3)e− 2 .

• Find the intervals where f is increasing and the intervals where f is

decreasing.

When x ≥ 1, we have f 0 ≤ 0, so f is decreasing on [1, ∞).

When x ≤ −1, we have f 0 ≤ 0, so f is decreasing on (−∞, −1].
When −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, we have f 0 ≥ 0, so f is increasing on [−1, 1].

• Find intervals where f is concave up and concave down respectively.

√ √
When x ≥ 3, √we have f 00 ≥ 0, so f is concave up on [ 3, ∞). √
When 0 ≤
√ x ≤ 3, we have f ≤
00
0, so f is concave down on [0,√ 3].
When − 3 ≤ √x ≤ 0, we have f ≥ 0, so f is concave up on [− 3,√0].
00

When x ≤ − 3, we have f 00 ≤ 0, so f is concave down on (−∞, − 3].

7
• Sketch the curve y = f (x).

As x → −∞, the curve approaches the x-axis from below.

As x increases, the curve decreases and is initially
√ concave
√ down, switch-
3
ing to concave up at the inflection point (− 3, − 3e− 2 ).
1
It then decreases further to its absolute minimum at (−1, −e− 2 ).
Then it increases, crossing the axes at the origin, where it inflects to
concave down.
1
It increases further to its absolute maximum at the point (1, e− 2 ).
Then
√ √it decreases, switching to concave up at the inflection point
3
( 3, 3e− 2 ).
Then it decreases further, approaching the y-axis from above as x → ∞.

• Give the domain and range of the function f .

The domain is all the real numbers.

The range is from its absolute minimum to its absolute maximum, so
1 1
is the closed interval [−e− 2 , e− 2 ].

• Is f one-to-one?
Explain your answer.

f is not one-to-one because it has an absolute maximum and in the

neighorhood of the absolute maximum it decreases on both sides.
1
Alternatively, we may say that y takes all values in the interval [0, e 2 ] as
x ranges over the interval [0, 1], by the intermediate value theorem and
1
all values in the interval (0, e 2 ] over the interval [1, ∞), again by the
1
intermediate value theorem, so takes all values in the interval (0, e 2 )
exactly twice, once in the interval (0, 1) and once in the interval (1, ∞).
In particular f is not one-to-one.