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    TCP IP Reference Model

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    arjunnarang18
    The TCP/IP reference model has four layers: 1) Physical layer - Transmits bits over a communication channel and defines transmission rates. 2) Data link layer - Transforms the physical layer into a link and handles framing and error detection. 3) Network layer - Handles addressing and routing of packets between networks using IP addresses. 4) Transport layer - Manages end-to-end delivery of messages using ports and provides reliable delivery with TCP or connectionless delivery with UDP.

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    TCP IP Reference Model

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    arjunnarang18
    305 views40 pages
    The TCP/IP reference model has four layers: 1) Physical layer - Transmits bits over a communication channel and defines transmission rates. 2) Data link layer - Transforms the physical layer into a link and handles framing and error detection. 3) Network layer - Handles addressing and routing of packets between networks using IP addresses. 4) Transport layer - Manages end-to-end delivery of messages using ports and provides reliable delivery with TCP or connectionless delivery with UDP.

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    The TCP/IP reference model has four layers: 1) Physical layer - Transmits bits over a communication channel and defines transmission rates. 2) Data link layer - Transforms the physical layer into a link and handles framing and error detection. 3) Network layer - Handles addressing and routing of packets between networks using IP addresses. 4) Transport layer - Manages end-to-end delivery of messages using ports and provides reliable delivery with TCP or connectionless delivery with UDP.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    305 views40 pages

    TCP IP Reference Model

    Uploaded by

    arjunnarang18
    The TCP/IP reference model has four layers: 1) Physical layer - Transmits bits over a communication channel and defines transmission rates. 2) Data link layer - Transforms the physical layer into a link and handles framing and error detection. 3) Network layer - Handles addressing and routing of packets between networks using IP addresses. 4) Transport layer - Manages end-to-end delivery of messages using ports and provides reliable delivery with TCP or connectionless delivery with UDP.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 40
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that the document discusses the TCP/IP reference model and its various layers including physical, data link, network, transport and application layers. It also discusses concepts like addressing schemes at different layers.

    The main layers of the TCP/IP model are the physical, data link, network, transport and application layers. The physical layer is responsible for transmitting bits, the data link layer frames data and handles errors, the network layer routes packets, the transport layer handles end-to-end delivery and the application layer provides services to users.

    Some of the addressing schemes discussed are the physical address at the data link layer, the IP address at the network layer and ports at the transport layer.

    TCP/IP Reference Model

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 1


    Sending a Letter

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 2


    Comparison between OSI and
    TCP/IP

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 3


    TCP/IP Reference Model

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 4


    Internet protocol stack
    „ application: supporting network applications
    „ ftp, smtp, http application
    „ transport: host-host data transfer
    „ tcp, udp transport
    „ network: routing of datagrams from source
    to destination network
    „ ip, routing protocols

    „ link: data transfer between neighboring link


    network elements
    „ ppp, ethernet physical
    „ physical: bits “on the wire”

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 5


    Peer to Peer Process

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 6


    An Exchange Using TCP/IP
    Reference Model

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 7


    TCP/IP Layers
    • Physical Layer: Concerned with
    transmitting bits over a communication
    channel.
    – Issues largely deal with electrical and
    procedural interface to the physical
    transmission medium.

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 8


    Physical Layer

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 9


    The physical layer is responsible for
    transmitting individual bits from one
    node to the next.
    ¾Define the characteristics of the interface between the
    devices and the transmission media
    ¾Encode bits into signals and decode signals to get bits
    ¾Define transmission rate, which must be the same for both
    sender and receiver
    ¾Synchronize clocks

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 10


    TCP/IP Layers
    • Data Link Layer: Concerned with
    transforming the raw physical layer into a
    `link' for the higher layer.
    – Issues largely deal with framing, error
    detection/correction and multiple access.

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 11


    Data Link Layer

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 12


    The data link layer is responsible for
    transmitting frames from
    one node to the next.
    ¾Framing: divide the data stream into manageable data units called
    “frames”
    ¾Physical addressing: insert the physical address of the next node
    into frame’s header
    ¾Flow control: prevent overflow at receiver
    ¾Error control: make sure that frames are correctly received
    ¾Access control: make sure that there is no link access conflict
    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 13
    Node-to-Node Delivery

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 14


    Example
    A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address
    87. The two nodes are connected by a link. At the data link level this frame
    contains physical addresses in the header. These are the only addresses needed.
    The rest of the header contains other information needed at this level. The trailer
    usually contains extra bits needed for error detection

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 15


    TCP/IP Layers
    • Physical and data link
    – None defined, uses whatever machine connected to

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 16


    TCP/IP Layers
    • Internet Layer: Concerned with addressing
    and routing of packets.
    – Issues largely deal with addressing,
    subnetting and route determination.
    • Internet Layer
    – IP
    • Unreliable, connectionless, best effort
    • Datagrams routed independently
    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 17
    Network Layer

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 18


    The network layer is responsible for
    the delivery of packets from the
    original source to the
    final destination.
    ¾Logical addressing: e.g., IP addresses
    ¾Routing: how to get to the destination?

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 19


    Source-to-Destination Delivery

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 20


    Example
    • We want to send data from a node
    with network address A and
    physical address 10, located on
    one LAN, to a node with a
    network address P and physical
    address 95, located on another
    LAN. Because the two devices are
    located on different networks, we
    cannot use physical addresses
    only; the physical addresses only
    have local jurisdiction. What we
    need here are universal addresses
    that can pass through the LAN
    boundaries. The network (logical)
    addresses have this characteristic.

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 21


    TCP/IP Layers
    • Transport Layer: Concerned with end-to-
    end connection characteristics.
    – Issues largely deal with retransmissions,
    sequencing and congestion control.

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 22


    TCP/IP Layers
    • Transport layer
    – TCP
    • Adds connection multiplexing, in-order, reliable,
    stream with flow control
    • Send segments
    – UDP
    • Adds connection multiplexing to IP
    • Client/server

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 23


    Transport Layer

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 24


    The transport layer is responsible for
    delivery of a message from one
    process to another.

    ¾Port addressing: A process is associated with a “port”


    ¾Segmentation and reassembly: Application data are
    divided into segments
    ¾Connection control: connection-less or connection-
    oriented?
    ¾Flow control
    ¾Error control
    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 25
    Reliable Process-to-Process Delivery

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 26


    Example

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 27


    TCP/IP Layers
    • Application Layer: Concerned with
    “application” protocols.
    – Issues largely deal with providing
    services to users and application
    developers.
    • Application layer
    – Combines OSI’s application, presentation, and
    session layers

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 28


    Application Layer

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 29


    The application layer is responsible
    for providing services to the user.

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 30


    Summary of Layers

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 31


    TCP/IP Layers
    • Multiple levels of addresses
    – Applications: port number, machine name
    – LAN: IP address
    – Machine: physical

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 32


    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 33
    Physical Address
    • For one LAN
    • Example: IEEE 802.3
    – 48 bits
    – First 24 are manufacturer-specific
    – Has unicast, multicast, and broadcast
    addressing

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 34


    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 35
    Internet Address
    • IPv4: 32 bits
    • IPv6: 128 bits
    • Virtual as no physical hardware based on IP
    addresses
    • Has unicast, multicast, and broadcast
    addresses
    • Routable
    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 36
    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 37
    Ports
    • 16-bit number in TCP and UDP header
    • A Socket is the triple: IP address, port
    number, and TCP or UDP

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 38


    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 39
    Acknowledgement
    • All figures obtained from publisher-provided
    instructor downloads
    Data Communications and Networking, 3rd edition by
    Behrouz A. Forouzan. McGraw Hill Publishing, 2004
    TCP/IP Protocol Suit by Behrouz A. Forouzan
    McGraw Hill Publishing

    18 March 2006 Girish Kumar Patnaik 40

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