INTERVIEW QUESTIONS (WRITTEN TEST)

1. What are the routine tests of Current transformer?

 Insulation Resistance (IR Test)

2. What are the routine tests of Voltage Transformer?

 Insulation Resistance (IR Test)

3. What is 5P10 and 5P20?

 5P10: When the secondary current of CT increases to 10 times the rated primary current
(10*In) the accuracy error percentage will be ±5 % from the actual secondary ratio.

 5P20: When the secondary current of CT increases to 20 times the rated primary current
(20*In) the accuracy error percentage will be ±5 % from the actual secondary ratio.

4. What are the routine tests for Circuit Breakers?

 Insulation Resistance (IR Test)

5. What is Interposing CT’s (ICT’s)?

Interposing CT’s are used when the ratio of transformation is very high. It is also used to correct
for phase displacement for differential protection of transformer.
6. What is Transformer turns ratio formula?

Note: May ask with an example problem like above one.

7. What are the types of Circuit Breakers?

According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as-

- Oil circuit breaker.

- Air circuit breaker.

- SF6 circuit breaker.

-Vacuum circuit breaker.

8. What are the types of Operating Mechanism in Circuit Breakers?

- Spring operated circuit breaker.

- Pneumatic circuit breaker.

- Hydraulic circuit breaker.

9. Why CT secondary should not be open circuited?

If CT secondary is open circuited, all the primary electric current will behave as excitation
current, which ultimately produce huge voltage. As CT is basically a transformer which having
few turns on primary and more turns on secondary, so if the secondary is open circuited in load
 condition or primary energised, a enormous amount of high voltage (in KV) will be induced in
the secondary side of CT so that it will cause the CT failure (Insulation Failure) or damage.

10. Why PT secondary should not be short circuited?

The PT Primary consists of large number of turns and secondary consists of few number of turns.
So if the secondary of the PT is shorted means a large amount of fault current will flow which cause
severe damage to the connected measuring instruments (voltmeters), relays etc.

11. What are Directional Relays?

Directional relays describe the fault direction. It will operate when phase shift occurs between
the polarizing quantity (V) and an operate quantity (I).

12. In directional relay what are the forward and reverse direction angles?

Approximate Forward angle direction: 90̊ - 270̊

Approximate Reverse angle direction: 270̊ - 90̊

13.What is knee point voltage formula?

Knee point voltage (Vk) = (VA + Rct/square of Isc)*ALF

VA – burden

Isc – secondary current

ALF – Accuracy limit factor (if 5P20 means ALF is 20 and if 5P10 means ALF is 10 )
14. What is knee point voltage test in CT?

This is the significance of saturation level of a CT core mainly used for protection purposes. The
sinusoidal voltage of rated frequency applied to the secondary terminals of electric current transformer,
with other winding being open circuited, which when increased by 10% cause the exiting electric current
to increase 50%.

15. What is unit protection and non-unit protection?

Unit Protections:

-Generators

-Transformers

-Motors

Non-Unit Protections:

-Feeders

-Lines

16. What is skin effect in Transmission lines?

The phenomena arising due to unequal distribution of current over the entire cross section of the
conductor being used for long distance power transmission is referred as the skin effect in transmission
lines. Such a phenomena does not have much role to play in case of a very short line, but with increase in
the effective length of the conductors, skin effect increases considerably.
17. What is V/F Protection?

Generally the V/F Protection is called as over fluxing in transformers.

The flux density in a transformer can be expressed by

B = C V/f,

where, C = A constant,

V = Induced voltage,

f = Frequency.

The magnetic flux density is, therefore, proportional to the quotient of voltage and frequency (V/f). Over
fluxing can, therefore, occur either due to increase in voltage or decrease in-frequency of both. The
maximum over fluxing in transformer shall not exceed 110%.

18. Why Directional Over Current protection needed?

Directional over-current protection responds to over-currents for a particular direction flow. If power flow
is in the opposite direction, the directional over-current protection remains un-operative. Hence we need
directional protection to sort out fault in a particular direction.

19. What are the tests for Generators?

Stator Test:

-Insulation Resistance (IR Test)

-Winding Resistance test

-Hi - Voltage Test (Hi-Pot)

Rotor Test:

-Insulation Resistance (IR Test)

-Winding Resistance

20. What are the protections of Generators?

Electrical Protections:

- Differential protection (87/G1)

- Generator-transformer differential protection (87/GT1)

- Generator stator earth fault protection (64GI)

- Generator inter-turn protection(87TG)

- Generator loss of field protection(40G)

- Generator negative sequence current protection(46G)

- Generator under power and anti motoring protection (67-1G, 67-2G)

- Generator overload protection(51G)

- Generator over voltage protection(59G)

21. What are class types for CT and VT?

CT:

Metering class : 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0

Protection Class : 5P10, 5P20, PS

VT:

-0.2 (Metering)

-3P (Protection)

22. What are the routine electrical tests of Power Transformer?

-Insulation Resistance (IR Test)

-Magnetising Current

-Magnetic Balance

-Vector Group

-Winding Resistance Test

-Ratio Test

-Turns Ratio Test

23. What is Differential Protection?

Generally Differential protection is provided in the electrical power transformer rated more than
5MVA.The differential relays normally response to those faults which occur in side the differential
protection zone (Internal Faults) of Transformers or Generators or Bus Bars or Lines.
24. What is the principle of Differential Protection?

Principle of Differential Protection scheme is one simple conceptual technique. The differential relay
actually compares between primary current and secondary current of power transformer, if any unbalance
found in between primary and secondary currents the relay will actuate and inter trip both the primary and
secondary circuit breaker of the transformer.

Three Phase Connection:

This REF relay will not be actuated for external earth fault. But during internal fault the neutral current
transformer only carries the unbalance fault current and operation of Restricted Earth Fault Relay takes
place. This scheme of restricted earth fault protection is very sensitive for internal earth fault of electrical
power transformer.

26. What is Standby Earth Fault Protection?

Standby earth fault relay is a back up protection designed to clear a remote earth fault (Outzone Fault) on
the downstream network.

27. What are Mechanical Protections of Power Transformer?

Bucholz Relay:

Whenever there will be a minor internal fault in the transformer such as an insulation faults between
turns, break down of core of transformer, core heating, the transformer insulating oil will be decomposed
in different hydrocarbon gases, CO2 and CO. The gases produced due to decomposition of transformer
insulating oil will accumulate in the upper part the Buchholz container which causes fall of oil level in it.

Fall of oil level means lowering the position of float and thereby tilting the mercury switch. The contacts
of this mercury switch are closed and an alarm circuit energized. Sometime due to oil leakage on the main
tank air bubbles may be accumulated in the upper part the Buchholz container which may also cause fall
of oil level in it and alarm circuit will be energized.
-Magnetic Oil Gauge or MOG:

All oil immersed distribution and electrical power transformers are provided with expansion vessel which
is known as conservator of transformer. This vessel takes care of oil expansion due to temperature rise.
When transformer insulating oil is expanded, the oil level in the conservator tank goes up. Again when oil
volume is reduced due to fall in oil temperature, the oil level in the conservator goes down.

Naturally the position of the float goes up and down depending upon the oil level in the conservator and
consequently the alignment of float arm changes. Consequently, the bevel gear rotates. This movement of
bevel gear is transmitted to the pointer outside the conservator, as this pointer is magnetically coupled
with the bevel gear. The pointer of magnetic oil level indicator is also incorporated with a mercury
switch. So it is need not say, when oil level in the conservator goes up and down, the pointer moves on
the MOG dial to indicate the actual level of transformer insulating oil in conservator tank. As the
alignment of mercury switch changes along with the pointer, this switch closes and actuates an audible
alarm when pointer reaches near empty position on the dial of magnetic oil gauge. This event alerts us for
topping up oil in electrical power transformer.

Oil temperature indicator (OTI):

This device measures top oil temperature with the help of sensing bulb immersed in the pocket by using
liquid expansion in the bulb through a capillary line to operating mechanism. A link and lever mechanism
amplifies this movement to the disc carrying pointer and mercury switches. When volume of the liquid
in operating mechanism changes, the bellow attached to end of capillary tube expands and contracts.
This movement of bellow is transmitted to the pointer in temperature indicator of transformer through
a lever linkage mechanism. This device is used to measure the top oil temperature. An oil temperature
indicator or OTI is also used for protection of transformer.

Winding Temperature Indicator or WTI

The basic operating principle of WTI is same as OTI. But only difference is that the sensing bulb pocket
on transformer top cover is heated by a heater coil surrounded it. This heater coil is fed by secondary of
current transformers associated with transformer winding. Hence the current through the heater coil is
directly proportional to the current flowing through transformer winding. This is because there is no
scope of direct measuring of temperature inside a winding. When load of transformer increases, the
winding temperature is also increased and this increased temperature is sensed by sensing bulb as the
heater coil surrounds it. Rest of the working principle of winding temperature indicator is same as
principle of oil temperature indicator.
Pressure Relief Valve:

The gases produced due to decomposition of transformer insulating oil will reach top of main tank of the
transformer and released through pressure relief valve which is fixed on the top of the transformer main
tank. While pressure releasing it moves the piston and operated its contacts, and give trip signal.
28. What is Distance Protection?

The basic principle of distance protection involves the division of the voltage at the relaying point by the
measured current. The apparent impedance so calculated is compared with the reach point impedance. If
the measured impedance is less than the reach point impedance, it is assumed that a fault exists on the line
between the relay and the reach point.

The reach point of a relay is the point along the line impedance locus that is intersected by the boundary
characteristic of the relay.

Since this is dependent on the ratio of voltage and current and the phase angle between them, it may be
plotted on an R/X diagram. The loci of power system impedances as seen by the relay during faults,
power swings and load variations may be plotted on the same diagram and in this manner the
performance of the relay in the presence of system faults and disturbances may be studied.

29. What are relay softwares used for Siemens, Alstom, ABB?

Siemens : Digsi 4.7

Alstom : Alstom Agile

ABB : PCM600