Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields

WEEDS
in Irrigated &
Rainfed Lowland
Ricefields in the
Philippines
Dindo King M. Donayre

Edwin C. Martin
Salvacion E. Santiago
Jeong Taek Lee
© 2016 by Philippine Rice Research Institute
All rights reserved. No part of this booklet may be reproduced or

translated in any form without the written permission of the copyright
owner, except for citations and references which shall be duly credited
to this publication.
Published by:
Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz,
3119 Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Funded by:
Korean Program on International Agriculture (KOPIA)

Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz,
3119 Nueva Ecija, Philippines
ISBN: 978-621-8022-19-5
Suggested citation:
Donayre DKM, EC Martin, SE Santiago, and JT Lee. 2016. Weeds in

Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines. Philippine
Rice Research Institute, Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija,
Philippines. 143 p.
ii
Weeds in Irrigated and
Rainfed Lowland Ricefields
in the Philippines

Edwin C. Martin
Crop Protection Division
Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)
Science City of Muńoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija
Jeong Taek Lee

KOPIA Center, Philippines
Philippine Rice Research Institute
2016
iii
MESSAGE
We are glad to be part of PhilRice’s efforts in

improving the lives of the Filipino rice farmers. With
the realization of this handbook, we have become
closer to the farmers whom we want to benefit from
the products of our research. We’ll now be able
to guide them on how to efficiently manage the
weeds in their rice fields. Further, this handbook
will advance the dissemination of agricultural
technologies and increase rice production in the
Philippines.
To the authors, congratulations for this feat. To

researchers and agriculture professionals who will
use this handbook, may you acquire additional
knowledge that you can impart to our farmers.
And to the farmers, this handbook is for you. We
hope this can inform you in your farm management
decisions so you’ll be more productive.
JEONG TAEK LEE, PhD

Center Director
KOPIA Center, Philippines
iv
MESSAGE
In our continuing pursuit of giving the best for our

farmers, we have come up with this practical
guide to help them identify their weeds. Proper
weed identification is important so our farmers will
know how to handle them. With appropriate weed
handling, farmers will be able to save on additional
cost and maintain an environment-friendly farm with
less herbicide use. This can also be a helpful tool
for researchers and agriculture extension workers in
developing rice farming systems and educating rice
stakeholders.
PhilRice sincerely thanks the Korea Program on

International Agriculture (KOPIA) for the financial
support in the production of this booklet. We would
also like to congratulate the authors of this book
for being able to provide sufficient information for
our farmers and their fellow researchers. Finally, we
thank the Filipino farmers for being our inspiration in
advancing rice research for development.
SAILILA E. ABDULA, PhD

Acting Executive Director
v
vi
FOREWORD
Knowledge in proper weed identification is very critical
in the selection and implementation of effective weed
management. It is also valuable in the choice and
recommendation of economical and environment-
friendly methods of control.
This handbook was purposely developed to serve
as guide to all farmers, students, professors,
researchers, extension workers, and decision-
makers for effective management of weeds in the
Philippines.

Edwin C. Martin
Jeong Taek Lee
vii
viii
CONTENTS
Guide to Weed Species Listed 1
Rationale 2
Classification of weeds 2
Based on morphology 2
Based on life cycle 3
Based on habitat 4
Based on photosynthetic activity 4
Grasses 5
Cynodon dactylon 7
Dactyloctenium aegyptium 8
Digitaria ciliaris 11
Echinochloa colona 12
Echinochloa crus-galli ssp. hispidula 15
Echinochloa glabrescens 16
Ischaemum rugosum 19
Leptochloa chinensis 20
Paspalum distichum 22
Oryza sativa (weedy rice) 25
Sedges 27
Cyperus compactus 28
Cyperus compressus 31
Cyperus difformis 32
Cyperus digitatus 35
Cyperus distans 36
Cyperus halpan 39
Cyperus imbricatus 40
Cyperus iria 43
Cyperus rotundus 44
Fimbristylis miliacea 47
Fimbristylis dichotoma 48
Scirpus grossus 51
Scirpus juncoides 52
ix
Broadleaves 55
Aeschynomene indica 57
Alysicarpus vaginalis 58
Alternanthera sessilis 61
Ammannia baccifera 62
Ammannia coccinea 65
Basilicum polystachyon 66
Cardiospermum halicacabum 69
Commelina benghalensis 70
Commelina diffusa 73
Eclipta prostrata 74
Eclipta zippeliana 77
Eichhornia crassipes 78
Hedyotis corymbosa 81
Hedyotis biflora 82
Hydrolea zeylanica 85
Ipomoea aquatica 86
Limnocharis flava 89
Lindernia antipoda 90
Lindernia procumbens 93
Ludwigia adscendens 94
Ludwigia hyssopifolia 97
Ludwigia octovalvis 98
Ludwigia perennis 101
Marsilea minuta 102
Melochia concatenata 105
Merremia emarginata 106
Macroptilium lathyroides 109
Monochoria vaginalis 110
Murdannia nudiflora 113
Pistia stratiotes 114
Physalis angulata 117
Portulaca oleracea 118
Salvinia molesta 121
Sphenoclea zeylanica 122
Sphaeranthus africanus 125
x
Weed Management Options 126
Use clean rice seeds
Practice field sanitation
Practice thorough land preparation
Practice good water management
Do manual and mechanical weeding
Use biological control
Use herbicides
References 132
Terminologies 140
Acknowledgements 143
xi
Guide to Weed Species Listed
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. - scientific name
Bakbaka, kawad-kawad - local names commonly

used by Filipino farmers
Poaceae (Graminae)- family name
CYNDA - EPPO Code (European and Mediterranean

Plant Protection Organization)
Grows in - habitat related to rice ecosystem and

establishment
Life cycle - life span in the field
Means of propagation - method of reproduction
Distinguishing characteristics - morphological

characteristics that immediately describe the weed
species.
Reported impacts on rice - negative effects of weed

species on growth and development of rice plants in the
fields as well as on the quality and quantity of harvested
grains. Weed species lacking this part means that no
information was available.
Weakness (-es) - agronomic conditions and control

techniques that negatively affect the growth and
development of a weed.
References - literatures from where information on the

weed were taken.
Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines 1

Rationale
Weeds are among the major groups of pests that
farmers always consider as limiting factors in rice
production. If not controlled, weeds can reduce yield
of rice from 44 to 96% by way of competition for the
limited resources for growth and development such as
nutrients, sunlight, and water. Indirectly, they can also
cause increase in the cost of rice production. Weeds
can reduce the quality and value of rice grains through
the contamination of their seeds during harvest. They
also serve as alternate hosts and refuges of disease-
causing pathogens, insect pests, rats, and other pests
of rice.
Classification of Weeds
Knowledge in weed classification is very important in
selecting, designing, planning, and implementing cost-
effective and environment-friendly weed management
strategies and techniques.
A. Based on morphology
a. Grasses
• Members of the family Graminae (Poaceae)

• Leaves are long and narrow, which usually arise
alternately in two rows from the nodes, and have
ligules and sometimes auricles
• Leaf veins are in parallel while leaf sheaths are
split around the stem
• Stems are called culms with well-defined nodes
and internodes
• Stems are round and hollow inside
2 Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines

b. Sedges
• Members of the family Cyperaceae

• Leaves are also long and narrow but do not have ligules
and auricles
• Leaf veins are also parallel but the leaf sheaths are
continuous around the stem
• Stems are triangular in shape and have no nodes and
internodes
c. Broadleaves
• Members belong to many families

• Leaves are fully expanded with netted veins
• Leaves, flowers, stems, and branches are broadly
arranged in various shapes, colors, and structures
B. Based on life cycle
a. Annuals
Weeds that complete their life cycle from seed to seed in less
than one year or in one growing season.
b. Perennials
Weeds that complete their life cycle in more than a year.
They can be simple or creeping. Simple perennials spread
through seeds and by vegetative propagations. They may
regenerate vegetatively into a new plant if their shoots are
injured or cut off from the mother plant. Creeping perennial,
on the other hand, are those that reproduce by seeds and
vegetative organs such as stolons (creeping above-ground
stems), rhizomes (creeping below-ground stems), tubers,
aerial bulblets, and bulbs.

C. Based on Habitat
a. Aquatic
Weeds that emerge and grow in very wet or submerged soils
(wet to moist)
b. Semi-aquatic
Weeds that row in dry lands with some tolerance to
submergence conditions (dry to wet)
c. Terrestrial
Weeds that grow in dry lands (moist to dry)
D. Based on Photosynthetic Activity
a. C3 weeds
Weeds that employ a photosynthetic pathway where a
3-carbon compound is the first stable product. Weeds
belonging to this group prefer environment where
temperature and sunlight intensity are moderate, and water
supply is plenty. C3 weeds, however, cannot tolerate very
high temperature since they are prone to wasteful biochemical
process called photorespiration. Thus, most of them are
dominant in ricefields that are under submerged condition.
b. C4 weeds
Weeds that employ a more efficient photosynthetic pathway
in which a 4-carbon compound is the first stable product.
Weeds under this group have physiological adaptations that
allow them to thrive in very hot and drier areas (dry land or
rainfed conditions), and where concentrations of carbon
dioxide are limited.

Grasses
Cynodon dactylon
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Digitaria ciliaris
Echinochloa colona
Echinochloa crus-galli ssp. hispidula
Echinochloa glabrescens
Ischaemum rugosum
Leptochloa chinensis
Paspalum distichum
Oryza sativa (weedy rice)

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Local names: Bakbaka, buku-buku, galud-galud, kawad-
kawad
Family: Poaceae (Graminae)
EPPO Code: CYNDA
Grows in: rainfed lowland ricefields

Life cycle: perennial
Means of propagation: seeds and vegetative parts (stolons
and rhizomes)
Distinguishing characteristics: stems are branching, spreading

on the ground, and rooting at the nodes; leaves are covered
with long white hairs around the ligules; spikes are terminal and
finger-like; and seed heads consist of 3 to 7 finger-like spikes
measuring 4 cm long. C. dactylon can be easily differentiated
from Panicum repens and Paspalum distichum through its 2-3
leaves that grow on each node on extended runners.
Reported impacts on rice: C. dactylon is a C4 weed. It is an

alternate host of disease-causing pathogens such as Bipolaris
oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani. It can produce up to 230 seeds
per panicle.
References: AICAF (1996), Koo et al. (2005), Pancho and Obien

(1995), Perez and Labrada (1985)
(Photos taken at PhilRice Negros, Murcia, Negros Occidental)

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.)
Beauv.
Local names: Damong-balang, bayakibok, krus-krusan,
sabong-sabongan, tugot-manok
EPPO Code: DTTAE

Life cycle: annual, sometimes perennial
Means of propagation: primarily by seeds and sometimes
by stolons
Distinguishing characteristics: D. aegyptium has basal

stems that are creeping, rooting, and dichotomously
branching. Its upper stems bearing the flowers are slightly
ascending (erect). Its digitate inflorescence appears like
starfish or bird’s foot.
Reported impacts on rice: D. aegyptium is a C4 plant and is

well-adapted to drier areas. A single plant can produce up to
66,000 seeds. It can reduce yield of rice by 10 to 75%. The
weed is also an alternate host of tungro viruses and rice bugs.
References: Caton et al. (2010), Galinato et al. (1999),

Pancho and Obien (1995)
(Photos taken by Gerald E. Bello at San Miguel, Iloilo)

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel.
Local names: Baludgangan, halos, saka-saka
EPPO Code: DIGAD

Life cycle: annual
Means of propagation: seeds
Distinguishing characteristics: a creeping grass that

has smooth, flattened stems. Basal parts of the stems are
more or less lying on the ground while the upper stems
are ascending. It has thin and narrow-lanceolate leaves;
prominent, and membranous ligules that are clasping the
stem. Inflorescence is composed of 3-6 pseudo-spikes
digitally arranged as pseudo-whorls at the apical portion.
Reported impacts on rice: D. ciliaris is a C4 weed. A single

plant can produce an average of 1,700 seeds. It reduces
yield of rice by as much as 62%.
Weakness: D. ciliaris is very sensitive to shading.
References: Galinato et al. (1999), Moody et al. (1984),

(Photos taken at Science City of Muňoz, Nueva Ecija;

PhilRice Negros, Murcia, Negros Occidental)

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link
Local names:Dukayang, lau-lau, pulang-pwet
EPPO Code: ECHCO
Grows in: irrigated and rainfed lowland ricefields

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: stems usually grow flat on

top of the soil surface while the uppermost portions grow
in upward position (ascending). Most stems are purple or
reddish. Spikelets are ovate to broad ovate, closely crowded
in four rows along one side of the branch, nearly sessile,
sometimes with awn measuring less than 1mm.
Reported impacts on rice: E. colona is a C4 weed. One

plant can produce 3,000 to 6,000 seeds. Control of this weed
by hand weeding is difficult due to close resemblances of its
young seedlings to rice at early stages. Its full competition at
ratios of 4:1 and 8:1 (weed: rice) reduces yield of rice by 86%
and 93%, respectively. The weed can also act as alternate
host of other pests such as Sarocladium oryzae causing
sheath rot of rice, rice bug, and rice black bug.
References: Ampong-Nyarko and De Datta (1991), Caton et

al. (2010), Galinato et al. (1999), Kim and Park (1996), Khatua
et al. (1982), Michael (1983), Moody et al. (1984), Pancho
and Obien (1995), PRISM (2016), Radosevich et al. (1997),
Rahman et al. (1982), Valverde et al. (2000)

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.
ssp. hispidula (Retz.) Honda
Local names: Telebisyon, antena, bayakibok, biyuro,

humay-humay, marapagay, naik, palay-pato
EPPO Code: ECHCG

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: tall and can grow up to 200cm.

It has stout and spongy stems; thick roots; and pinkish to purplish,
green, soft, nodding panicle with densely crowded, elliptic, and
pointed spikelets. Awns are long (2.5cm) and reddish or purplish
in color.
Reported impacts on rice: E. crus-galli is a C4 weed. It can

complete its life cycle within 42 to 64 days after emergence
producing an average of 2,000 to 40,000 seeds/plant. Some of
its variants growing in direct-seeded rice areas in the Philippines
are resistant to chloroacetamide (butachlor) and acetanilide
(propanil) groups of herbicides. At its early stage, the weed is
difficult to control by handweeding because it resembles rice
seedlings. The weed can reduce yield of direct-seeded rice by
18 to 57% when its population is at 10 to 80 plants/m2. It is also
an alternate food of rice bug and rice black bug in the absence
of rice.
References: Azmi (1992), Galinato et al. (1999), Juliano et

al. (2010), Michael (1983), Pancho and Obien (1995), PRISM
(2016), Valverde et al. (2000)
(Photos taken at Malagos, Davao City; and PhilRice Negros,

Murcia, Negros Occidental)

Echinochloa glabrescens Munro
ex Hook. f.
Local names: Telebisyon, antena, dawa-dawa, marapagay,
paray-paray, humay-humay
EPPO Code: ECHGL

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: erect and can grow up to 100

cm tall. It has panicles that are usually narrow, pyramidal has
numerous spikes and green to purplish spikelets that shed at
maturity. Awns, if present, are about 1 cm long.
Reported impacts on rice: E. glabrescens is highly competitive

especially when its seedlings grow with rice seedlings during
transplanting or after direct seeding. Mean yield reductions in
rice could range from 6-73% when its infestation level is at 5
to 40%, respectively. The weed was also reported as alternate
food of rice bug and rice black bug in the absence of rice.
References: Ampong-Nyrako and De Datta (1991), Donayre

et al. (2014), IRRI (1983), Michael (1983), Moody et al. (1984),
Pancho and Obien (1995), PRISM (2016), Rao and Moody
(1992)

Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.
Local names: Ipot-doron, bika-bika, bulo-bulo, gulong-
lapas, limba-limba, salsaladay, tinitrigo, trigo-trigohan
EPPO Code: ISCRU

Life cycle: annual
Means of reproduction: seeds
Distinguishing characteristics: erect and can grow up to 100

cm. It has distinctive, prominent transverse ribs or ridges on the
lower glume of the spikelets. Its stems are purplish with long
hairs at the nodes. It also has leaves that are flat and wide. Its
inflorescence is single when young but splits at maturity into two
spike-like racemes.
Reported impacts on rice: I. rugosum is a C4 weed. One plant

can produce an average of 4,000 seeds. Failure to control it
could reduce yield of rice by as much as 60%. It can also reduce
the quality of rice grains by way of contamination when its seeds
are accidentally harvested and mixed with rice.
References: Ampong-Nyarko and de Datta (1991), Galinato et

al. (1999), IRRI (1983), Lubigan and Moody (1990), Marenco
and Costa dos Santos (1999), Moody et al. (1984), Pancho and
Obien (1995), PRISM (2016), Singh et al. (1991)
(Photos taken at Dingle, Iloilo; and Science City of Munoz, Nueva

Ecija)

Leptochloa chinensis L.
Local names: Kuring-kuring, marapagay, maroy-paroy,
salay-maya, palay-maya
EPPO Code: LEPCH

Means of reproduction: primarily by seeds but can also
propagate by culm cuttings
Distinguishing characteristics: slender, tufted, and can grow

up to 120 cm tall. Its leaves are linear, flat, thin, membranous,
and sometimes reddish or purplish. Its inflorescence has
narrowly ovate panicles consisting of 2-7 spikelets.
Reported impacts on rice: L. chinensis is a C4 weed and

can produce 27,000 seeds per plant. It can reduce yield of
rice by as much as 48% when allowed to compete at 16
plants/m2. It is also an alternate host of other rice pests such
as the green and zigzag leaf hoppers.
References: Ampong-Nyarko and de Datta (1991), Galinato

et al. (1996), Khan et al. (1996), Kim and Park (1996), Moody
et al. (1983), Pancho and Obien (1995), Pane and Mansor
(1996), PRISM (2016), Prusty et al. (1992)
(Photos taken at PhilRice CES, Science City of Munoz, Nueva

Ecija; and Dingle, Iloilo)

Paspalum distichum L.
Local names: Bakbaka, barit, damong-ube, lubid-lubid,
malit-kalabaw, ragitnit
EPPO Code: PASDS

Means of propagation: rhizomes and aerial stems (stolons),
occasionally by seeds
Distinguishing characteristics: long creeping and branching

stolons; erect, reddish-stems that grow up to 50 cm tall;
inflorescence has two erect, Y-looking racemes; and ligules
below leaf sheaths.
Reported impacts on rice: P. distichum is a C4 weed. It can

reduce yield of irrigated rice by 4, 45, and 46% when the
crop’s seedlings are planted at distances of 15 x 15cm, 20 x
20cm, and 25 x 25cm, respectively. When growing with rice,
P. distichum is difficult to control by handweeding because
the detached stolon fragments regenerate easily; and by
chemical method because its stolons may escape the toxicity
effect of the herbicide applied.
Weaknesses: its shoot development is largely reduced when

shaded and deeply flooded in the field. Repeated harrowings
before final levelling and planting also reduce its growth.
References: De Datta (1988), Hsiao and Huang (1989),

Manuel et al. (1979), Mercado (1978a, 1978b), Pancho and
Obien (1995), PRISM (2016)

Oryza sativa L. (weedy rice)
Local names: Halo, lahok, lakay, sabag, weder-weder
EPPO Code: ORYSA

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: generally taller and have fewer

tillers than rice; most seeds have short to long awns that are white,
yellow, or purple; most grains have red pericarp while some are off-
white; and mature earlier than cultivated rice. Mature seeds of other
variants shatter or fall when touched.
Reported impacts on rice: it absorbs up more nutrients (Nitrogen)

in the soil than cultivated rice. It can reduce yield of cultivated rice
by 20 to 90% when it competes at densities of 5 to 40 plants
m-2. It can also reduce the quality and price of milled rice when
its pigmented grains are mixed during harvest. Its control by
chemical and manual methods is very challenging particularly in
direct-seeded rice because it has the same morphological and
physiological characteristics as cultivated rice.
References: Burgos et al. (2006), Chauhan (2013), Dai et al.

(2014), Delouche et al. (2007), Eleftherohorinos et al. (2002),
Fischer and Ramirez (1993), Martin and Casimero (2009), Martin et
al. (2014), Sales et al. (2011)
(Photos taken at Aliaga, Nueva Ecija; and Dingle, Iloilo)

Sedges
Cyperus compactus
Cyperus compressus
Cyperus difformis
Cyperus digitatus
Cyperus distans
Cyperus halpan
Cyperus imbricatus
Cyperus iria
Cyperus rotundus
Fimbristylis dichotoma
Fimbristylis miliacea
Scirpus grossus
Scirpus juncoides

Cyperus compactus Retz.
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: CYPCM

Life cycle: perennial, sometimes annual
Means of reproduction: seeds and rhizomes
Distinguishing characteristics: its erect stems can grow up

to 70 cm tall. It has spongy leaves that have the same length
as the stem. Its inflorescence is a compound of numerous,
big, round, spikes and reddish-brown spikelets.
References: AICAF (1996), Moody et al. (1994), Pancho and

Obien (1995)
(Photos taken at Hinigaran, Negros Occidental)

Cyperus compressus L.
Local names: Tuhog-dalag, gisai-kalabaw
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: CYPCP

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: stems are smooth, green,

and densely tufted. Leaves are shorter than stems while
its inflorescence is simple and open. Spikes have 3 to 10
crowded spikelets in digitate cluster, while spikelets are
greenish and very flattened in appearance.
References: Moody et al. (1984), Pancho and Obien (1995)
(Photo taken at Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija)

Cyperus difformis L.
Local names: Baong-baong, bulo-butones, payong-
payong, siraw-siraw, treskantos, tuhog-dalag, ubod-ubod
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: CYPDI

Life cycle: annual
Mode of reproduction: seeds
Distinguishing characteristics: can grow as tall as 75 cm. It

has stems that are pale green and sharply 3-angled at the top;
shorter leaves than the stems; umbellate inflorescence that is
simple or compound; and numerous spikelets that are globose.
Reported impacts on rice: C. difformis is a C3 weed. One

plant can produce 50,000 seeds with 60% germination. It can
complete its life cycle within 30 days and spreads rapidly to
become a dominant weed in a ricefield where moisture level is
fluctuating. When left uncontrolled, it can reduce yield of rice by
as much as 43%.
References: Ampong-Nyarko and de Datta (1991), Galinato et

al. (1999), Kim and Park (1996), Moody et al. (1984), Pancho
and Obien (1995), PRISM (2016), Swain et al. (1975)
(Photos taken at Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao)

Cyperus digitatus Roxb.
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: CYPDG

Means of reproduction: seeds and rhizomes
Distinguishing characteristics: its stems are triangular, flat

leaves, compound inflorescence composed of digitately arranged
spikes and yellow spikelets.
Reference: Pancho and Obien (1995)
(Photo taken at Bago City, Negros Occidental)

Cyperus distans L. f.
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: CYPDT

Distinguishing characteristics: has erect and smooth

stems that are triangular; leaves that are as long as the stems;
and umbel-type inflorescence. It also has spreading, slender,
red or reddish-brown spikelets.
(Photo taken at PhilRice Negros, Murcia, Negros Occidental)

Cyperus halpan L. (‘haspan’)
Local names: Balabalangutan, manik-manikan, barsanga,
bungot-bungot
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: CYPHP

Means of reproduction: seeds and rootstocks
Distinguishing characteristics: has slender stems with

longitudinal median rib on each side. Inflorescence has numerous,
long, slender-shaped primary rays and short secondary rays. Its
spikelets are digitately arranged in clusters.
References: Koo et al. (2000), Pancho and Obien (1995)
(Photos taken at Babatngon, Leyte)

Cyperus imbricatus Retz.
Local names: Obod-obod, ballayang, balabalongutan
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: CYPIM

Means of reproduction: seeds, sometimes by
rhizomes
Distinguishing characteristics: coarse, tufted, and erect.

Its stems are triangular; leaves are shorter than the stem;
compound umbel green inflorescence when young and
brown when mature; and with numerous long spikelets.
(Photos taken at Braulio E. Dujali, Davao del Norte)

Cyperus iria L.
Local names: Payong-payong, siraw-siraw, taga-taga
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: CYPIR

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: its stems are smooth

and triangular; linear-lanceolate leaves; umbel-shaped
inflorescence; and numerous, spreading, erect spikelets that
are yellow to yellow-brown.
Reported impacts on rice: C. iria is a C4 weed. It can establish

quickly in the field soon after rice plants are transplanted or
direct-seeded. One plant can produce 3,000 seeds. When
not controlled, it can reduce yield of rice by as much as 40%. It
can also act as alternate host to other rice pests such as green
leafhoppers, and plant pathogenic microorganisms such as
Pyricularia oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sarocladium oryzae
causing rice blast, sheath blight, and sheath rot diseases,
respectively.
References: AICAF (1996), Ampong-Nyarko and de Datta

(1991), Dhammu and Sandhu (2000), Galinato et al. (1999),
Kim and Park (1996), Moody et al. (1984), Pancho and Obien
(1995), PRISM (2016)

Cyperus rotundus L.
Local names: Barsanga, mutha, sudsud
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: CYPRO

Means of propagation: tubers and rhizomes
Distinguishing characteristics: erect with smooth

unbranched three-sided stem, dark green leaves, and flowers
in red-brown spikelets. It has extensive underground parts
called the basal bulb, rhizomes, tubers, and roots which
permit rapid production of multiple young sprouts in the soil.
Reported impacts on rice: C. rotundus is a C4 plant and is

considered as the world’s worst weed. It is a problem due to its
prolific behavior in the soil, persistence in harsh environments,
and infestations in many crops. In earlier years, it used to be
dominant only in upland rice areas in the Philippines but has
adapted and infested irrigated and rainfed lowlands as well. Its
full competition with upland rice plants reduces rice yield by
42%. Its effects on yields of irrigated and rainfed lowland rice
plants, however, are still unknown.
Weaknesses: Its leaves are susceptible to infection by

Puccinia philippinensis that causes leaf rust. The bulbs of the
weed are susceptible to feeding by Bactra sp.
References: Baltazar et al. (1999), Carbonell and Moody

(1983), Donayre et al. (2015), Donayre and Minguez (2016),
Holm et al. (1977), Kim and Park (1996), Moody et al. (1984),
Nishimoto (2001), Okafor and De Datta (1974), PRISM (2016)
(Photos taken at Aliaga, Nueva Ecija)

Fimbristylis dichotoma
Local names: Bungot-bungot, buntot-pusa, gumi, siraw-siraw,
sirisibayas, sumpana-balik
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: FIMDI

Distinguishing characteristics: F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl has the

same characteristics with F. miliacea except that its spikelets are
less in number, bigger and ovoid. Pancho and Obien (1995) has
deeper taxonomic classification between the two weed species.

Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl
Local names: Bungot-bungot, buntot-pusa, gumi, siraw-siraw,
sirisibayas, sumpana-balik
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: FIMMI

Distinguishing characteristics: erect with flattened stems that bear

2-4 unequal bracts that are shorter than the inflorescence. Leaves
are linear, flat, soft, and overlapping in two rows. Spikelets are
numerous, globose to ovoid in shape, and brown to brown-orange.
Reported impacts on rice: F. miliacea, a C4 weed, is a prolific seed

producer. A single plant can produce more than 40,000 seeds.
References: Begum et al. (2008), Kim and Park (1996), Moody et

al. (1984), Pancho and Obien (1995), PRISM (2016)

Scirpus grossus L.
Local name: Tikiw
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: SCPGR

Means of reproduction: seeds and by rootstocks
Distinguishing characteristics: has triangular stem. It has

numerous brown spikelets that are ovoid.
References: AICAF (1996), Moody et al. (1984), Pancho

and Obien (1995)
(Photos taken at Aklan)

Scirpus juncoides L.
Local names: Apulid, bitubituinan, balbas-kalabaw
Family: Cyperaceae
EPPO Code: SCPJU

Life cycle: annual/ perennial
Distinguishing characteristics: stems are erect and slender.

Leaves degenerate to become sheath-like and cover the base
of the stems. Fruits are brown to black when mature and broadly
elliptical.
References: AICAF (1996), Morita (1997), Pancho and Obien

(1995)
(Photo taken at Dingle, Iloilo)

Broadleaves
Aeschynomene indica
Alysicarpus vaginalis
Alternanthera sessilis
Ammannia baccifera
Ammannia coccinea
Basilicum polystachyon
Cardiospermum halicacabum
Commelina benghalensis
Commelina diffusa
Eclipta prostrata
Eclipta zippeliana
Eichhornia crassipes
Hedyotis biflora
Hedyotis corymbosa
Hydrolea zeylanica
Ipomoea aquatica
Limnocharis flava
Lindernia antipoda
Lindernia procumbens
Ludwigia adscendens
Ludwigia hyssopifolia
Ludwigia octovalvis
Ludwigia perennis
Marsilea minuta
Macroptilium lathyroides
Melochia concatenata
Merremia emarginata
Monochoria vaginalis
Murdannia nudiflora
Pistia stratiotes
Physalis angulata
Portulaca oleraceae
Salvinia molesta
Sphenoclea zeylanica
Sphaeranthus africanus

Aeschynomene indica L.
Local name: Makahiyang-lalaki
Family: Fabaceae
EPPO Code: AESIN

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: erect and robust, and can

grow up to 1 m tall. Stems are branching and woody at the
base. Leaves are even-pinnately arranged with numerous
leaflets that are linear or oblong. Flowers are light yellow. Pods
are linear-oblong, straight or curved, and composed of 4-8
joints with ridge-like appearance.
(Photos taken at Sta. Barbara, Iloilo)

Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.
Local names: Banig-usa, mani-manian, maramani
Family: Papilionaceae
EPPO Code: ALZVA

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: has ascending-erect

growth. Stems are branched, stout, and hairless; leaves
are ovoid, usually cordate at the base, round at the tip with
spines, hairy at the lower surface; flowers usually red with two
basal yellow stripes; and pods are yellowish.
References: Koo et al. (2005), Pancho and Obien (1995)
(Photos taken at Miag-ao, Iloilo; and Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija)

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC.
Local names: Lupo, bonga-bonga, bilanamanut
Family: Amaranthaceae
EPPO Code: ALRSE

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: has a spreading or prostrate

growth in the field. It has leaves that are elliptic-lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate in shape. Its flowers are white and are globose
to oblong.

Obien (1995)
(Photos taken at PhilRice Negros, Murcia, Negros Occidental;

and Dingle, Iloilo)

Ammannia baccifera L.
Local name: Apoy-apuyan
Family: Lythraceae
EPPO Code: AMMBA

Life cycle: annual, perennial
Means of propagation: seeds and stem fragments
Descriptions: stems are erect, branched and brownish;

branches are longer near the base of the stem and shorter when
near the apex; leaves are elliptical to lanceolate, acute at the
tip, and narrow toward the basal part. Flowers in clusters are
purplish.
Weakness: sensitive to herbicide application particularly 2,4-D

and butachlor.
References: AICAF(1996), Pancho and Obien (1995)
(Photo taken at Sta. Barbara, Iloilo)

Ammannia coccinea Rottb.
Family: Lythraceae
EPPO Code: AMMCO

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: stems are erect, branched,

and glabrous, and can grow up to 50 cm. It has leaves that are
opposite and auriculate at base. Flowers form petals that are
pinkish.
Reported impacts on rice: at a population of more than 100

plants m-2, it can reduce yield of rice up to 21%.
References: Morita (1997), Shen et al. (2008)
(Photos taken at San Miguel, Iloilo)

Basilicum polystachyon (L.)
Moench
Local name: Pansi-pansi
Family: Lamiaceae
EPPO Code: OCIPO

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: erect and branched weed

that grows up to 1 m tall. Its stems are 4-angled while leaves
are ovate to oblong-ovate, with toothed margins. Racemes
bear dense flowers and can grow 10 cm long. Flowers are
lilac or pink.
(Photo taken at Sta. Barbara, Iloilo)

Cardiospermum halicacabum L.
Local names: Lubo-lobohan, alalayon, bangkolon, parol-
parolan, paltupaltukan, parya-aso, paspalya
Family: Sapindaceae
EPPO Code: CRIHA

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: a climbing herb; has long

stems that are slightly hairy; alternating leaves with slender
petioles; leaflets that are biternate, ovate to lanceolate, and
serrate at the margins and sometimes lobes. Flowers are white
and very small while fruits are lantern-shaped.
Reference: AICAF (1996), Koo et al. (2005)
(Photos taken at San Jose, Occidental Mindoro)

Commelina benghalensis L.
Local names: Alikbangon, gatilang, kulasi
Family: Commelinaceae
EPPO Code: COMBE

Means of reproduction: seeds and by vegetative fragments
Distinguishing characteristics: fleshy stems are creeping to

ascending. Leaves are wide in the center, elliptic-ovate and
alternately arranged. Petals of the flowers are three to four, and
are blue. Petals have different sizes (two to three are large,
while one is small) and are blue.

Obien (1995)

Commelina diffusa Burm. f.
Local names: Alikbangon, gatilang, kulasi
EPPO Code: COMDI

Means of reproduction: seeds and vegetative
fragments
Distinguishing characteristics: fleshy stems are creeping

to ascending, and heavily branched. Leaves are narrow,
alternately arranged, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate-shaped,
and with stem-clasping sheath. Petals of the flowers are three
(two large and 1 small), and are blue.
References: AICAF (1996), Moody et al. (1984)

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
Local names: Higis-manok, tultulisan, tinta-tinta
Family: Asteraceae (Compositae)
EPPO Code: ECLAL

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: a C3 weed; its stems are

fleshy, reddish, hairy, and rooting at the nodes. Leaves are
dark green and oppositely arranged, and are linear-oblong
to lanceolate, with distinct toothed margins. Flower heads
measuring 1-cm diameter bear small white flowers (florets).

Obien (1995), PRISM (2016)
(Photos taken at PhilRice Negros, Murcia; Guihulngan City,

Negros Oriental)

Eclipta zippeliana Bl.
Local names: Higis-manok, tultulisan, tinta-tinta
Family: Asteraceae (Compositae)
EPPO Code: ECLPZ

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: a C3 weed; has the same

morphological characteristics as E. prostrata except that its
leaves are light green, oblong-obovate to lanceolate, has
margins that are coarsely spinulose-toothed. In addition,
stems and leaves are much covered with many hairs.
References: Pancho and Obien (1995)
(Photos taken at PhilRice Negros, Murcia)

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)
Solms
Local name: Water lily
Family: Pontederiaceae
EPPO Code: EICCR
Grows in: irrigated lowland ricefields

Means of reproduction: stolons, plant fragments, seeds
Distinguishing characteristics: a floating aquatic weed

that has short and rosette-like stems. Leaves are ovate to
orbicular, with petioles that are swollen and spongy. Flowers
are numerous and are purple.
Reported impacts on rice: this weed restricts irrigation and

crop growth causing heavy economical losses in rice paddy
fields. It can also transmit pathogens that infect several other
crops.
References: AICAF (1984), Harley (1994), Koo et al. (2005),

Moody et al. (1984), Pancho and Obien
( 1995), Patel (2012)

Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam.
Local names: Dalumbang, kaddok-na-kalinga,
palarapdap, pisak, pisek
Family: Rubiaceae
EPPO Code: HYOBI
Grows in: irrigated and rainfed-lowland ricefields

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: has erect or spreading

growth; leaves that are short-petioled, elliptic-ovate to
oblong; branched and slender stems; and inflorescence with
2-8 small flowered umbels.
References: Moody et al. (1984), Pablico and Moody (1986,

1987), Pancho and Gruezo (2009), Pancho and Obien
(1995), PRISM (2016)
(Photo taken at San Miguel, Iloilo)

Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam.
Local names: Dalumbang, kaddok-na-kalinga,
palarapdap, pisak, pisek
Family: Rubiaceae
EPPO Code: HYOFR
Grows in: irrigated and rainfed-lowland ricefields

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: has erect or spreading

growth; its leaves are linear-oblonceolate to linear-oblong and
are gradually narrow to the apex. Stems are branched and
slender; inflorescence has 2-8 small flowered umbels.
References: Moody et al. (1984), Pablico and Moody (1986,

1987), Pancho and Gruezo (2009), Pancho and Obien
(1995), PRISM (2016)
(Photo taken at Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija)

Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl
Local names: Kangkong-kangkungan, garampingat,
lupo-lupo
Family: Hydrophyllaceae
EPPO Code: HYMZE

Life cycle: perennial, occasionally annual
Means of reproduction: runners and seeds
Distinguishing characteristics: stems are hollow, and usually

grow flat on top of the soil surfaces while the uppermost
portions grow in upward position (ascending). Leaf blades
are lanceolate to ovate, glabrous or pubescent, base acute,
margin entire, and apex acute. Petals of the flowers are purple-
blue.
Reported impacts on rice: stems of H. zeylanica when

cut can germinate into new seedlings. Thus, it establishes
rapidly in the field particularly under flooded conditions. It is a
very competitive weed. Yields of rice infested with the weed
at ratios of 1:1, 1:5, and 1:10 (rice:weed) are significantly
reduced by 19, 24, and 52%, respectively.
References: Davenport (1988), Donayre and Endino-Tayson

(2015), Donayre et al. (2014), Morita et al. (2012), Pancho
and Gruezo (2009), Pancho and Obien (1995), PRISM (2016),
Rui-cheng and Constance (1995)

Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.
Local name: Kangkong
Family: Convolvulaceae
EPPO Code: IPOAQ

Means of reproduction: seeds and cuttings
Distinguishing characteristics: an aquatic weed that has

slender, smooth, and creeping stems; It spreads on the
ground or floats on water. Stems are hollow and rooting at
the nodes. Leaves are alternately arranged with morphological
variations in shapes. Flowers are funnel-shaped and are white
to purple.
Reported impacts on rice: how the weed reduces the yield

of rice has yet to be reported; it is an alternate host of golden
apple snails in the absence of rice plants.
References: AICAF (1996), Pancho and Gruezo (2009),

(Photos taken at Butuan City, Agusan del Norte)

Limnocharis flava (L.)
Buchenau
Local name: Pala-pala
Family: Butomaceae
EPPO Code: LMNFL

Means of reproduction: seeds and vegetative propagules
called ramet
Distinguishing characteristics: has triangular-shaped leaves

and stalks. Its leaves are erect, papery, light green, ovate to
broad elliptic that measure 6-20 cm long. Its stems are hollow
and smooth in surface while its flowers are yellow and three-
lobed. Its fruits are spherical.
Reported impacts on rice: L. flava is a very competitive

weed especially under flooded conditions. In a field study,
it significantly reduced the yield of irrigated-transplanted
rice (NSIC Rc 144) by 18, 23, 30, and 48%, respectively
when allowed to compete at 10, 20, 25, and 30 plants m-2
all throughout the growing season. Competition at 50 to 60
plants/m2 resulted in yield reduction in rice by 63%.
Weaknesses: the weed is sensitive to drier conditions, hence

thorough land preparation and proper water management are
crucial practices to effectively manage it.
References: AICAF (1996), De Grano (2008)
(Photos taken at Nasugbu, Batangas)

Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston
Local name: Lalagang
Family: Scrophulariaceae
EPPO Codee: LIDAP

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: has spreading or erect

growth. Its stems are slender; and leaves are oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, shortly petioled, with tooth-like margins. Its
flowers lilac.
References: Morita (1997), Pablico et al. (1989), Pancho and

Gruezo (2009), Pancho and Obien (1995)

Lindernia procumbens (Krock.)
Philcox
Local name: Lalagang
Family: Scrophulariaceae
EPPO Code: LIDPY

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: It has spreading or erect

growth; slender and four-sided stems; and leaves that are
elliptic, shortly petioled but without tooth-like margins. Flowers
are white to lilac.
References: Koo et al. (2005)

Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara
Local name: Kangkong-dapa
Family: Onagraceae
EPPO Code: LUDAC

Means of reproduction: seeds and cuttings
Distinguising characteristics: has stems that creep on

the ground or float. Its stems are also rooting at the nodes
with their white spongy pneumatophores arising in clusters.
Leaves are oblong, elliptic and can grow up to 8 cm long.
Flowers have five petals that are white with yellow at the
center.
References: AICAF (1996), Moody et al. (1984), Pancho

and Obien (1995)
(Photos taken at Butuan City, Agusan del Norte)

Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don)
Exell
Local names: Kahoy-kahoy, malapako, tina-tina
Family: Onagraceae
EPPO Code: LUDLI

Means of reproduction: seeds and propagules
Distinguishing characteristics: erect and branched and can

grow up to 60 cm tall. Stems are angled, green to reddish, and
woody at the base. Leaves are narrow and lanceolate. Flowers
are yellow with four “diamond-shaped” petals (elliptic) 2-3 cm
long. Stems are eight, or more than the number of calyx lobes.
Capsules are slender, 4-angled, and reddish.
Reported impacts on rice: a C3 weed of rice across a

wide range of cultural types, in both clay-loam and clay-soils.
Full competition at ratios of 4:1 and 8:1 (weed: rice) can
significantly reduce rice yield by 64 and 81%, respectively.
Weakness: L. hyssopifolia is susceptible to the chrysomelid

beetle, Altica sp. with its larvae and adults feeding voraciously
on leaves of the weed.
References: Chauhan and Johnson (2010), Moody et al.

(1994), Pancho and Obien (1995), PRISM (2016), Singh and
Gangwar (1987)
(Photos by Cherry Endino-Tayson at PhilRice Negros, Murcia,

Negros Occidental)

Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.)
Raven
Local names: Kahoy-kahoy, malapako, tina-tina
Family: Onagraceae
EPPO Code: LUDOC

Means of reproduction: seeds and propagules
Distinguishing characteristics: a robust, erect, and

branched weed than can grow up to 3 m tall. Stems are ridged
and sometimes reddish. Leaves are lanceolate. Flowers are
yellow, with four big ovate-shaped petals. Stamens are eight,
or more than the number of calyx lobes. Capsules bearing the
seeds are bigger in size, 4-angled and reddish.
Reported impacts on rice: L. octovalvis is differentiated from

L. hyssopifolia and L. perennis by its big, yellow flowers. Out
of 350 weed species in rice worldwide, L. octovalvis is fourth
in global-scale importance among broadleaves. It invades a
wide range of rice culture systems especially dry-seeded rice.
Weakness: susceptible to the chrysomelid beetle, Altica sp.,

with its larvae and adults feeding voraciously on leaves of the
weed.
References: Caton et al. (2010), Kim and Park (1996), Moody

(1989), Mori et al. (1980), Moody et al. (1994), Pancho and
Obien (1995), PRISM (2016), Raju and Reddy (1986)

Ludwigia perennis (L.) Raven
Local names: Kahoy-kahoy, malapako, tina-tina,
sigang-dagat
Family: Onagraceae
EPPO Code: LUDPN

Life cycle: annual
Means of reproduction: seeds and plant fragments
Distinguishing characteristics: erect and branched weed

that grows up to 30 cm tall. Stems are irregularly ridged
and sometimes reddish. Leaves are narrow and lanceolate.
Flowers are yellow with four to five egg-shaped (oblong-
elliptic) petals. Stamens have the same number as calyx
lobes. Capsules bearing the seeds are 4- angled and are
reddish.
Weakness: L. perennis is susceptible to the chrysomelid

beetle, Altica sp. The insects’ larvae and adults feed
voraciously on leaves of the weed.

Marsilea minuta L.
Local names: Paang itik, kaya-kayapuan
Family: Marsileaceae
EPPO Code: MASMI

Means of reproduction: vegetative parts and spores
Distinguishing characteristics: an aquatic fern with long,

slender, and branched rhizomes. Leaves have slender and
long stalks bearing four triangular-shaped, quadrifoliate
leaflets. Sporocarps and short hairs can be found at the base
of the petiole.
Reported impacts on rice: persistent and very competitive to

rice. When not controlled, it can reduce yield of rice by 70%.
References: AICAF (1996), Ampong-Nyarko and de Datta

(1991), Caton et al. (2010), Moody et al. (1984), Pancho and
Obien (1995)
(Photos taken at PhilRice CES, Science City of Munoz, Nueva

Ecija)

Melochia concatenata L.
Local names: Bankalanan, kaliñgan, marasaluyot
Family: Sterculiaceae
EPPO Code: MEOCO

Distinguishing characteristics: stems are erect or spreading,

and branched with scattered stellate hairs. It has leaves that
are oblong to ovate, long, acute, broad base, and rounded or
cordate. Inflorescence are terminal or axillary heads with the
flowers somewhat crowded, intermixed with linear bracteoles;
petals are obovate, white, sometimes pink or pale purple.
Fruits are depressed-globose capsules.

and Lambunao, Iloilo)

Merremia emarginata (Burm.
F) Hallier f.
Local name: Kupit-kupit
Family: Convolvulaceae
EPPO Code: MRREM

Life cycle: annual
Means of reproduction: vegetative parts
Distinguishing characteristics: a slender, twining, sparsely

hairy to glabrescent weed. Stems are reddish and rooting at
the nodes; leaves are kidney to heart-shape, often wider than
long, and irregularly toothed. Flowers have yellow corolla, and
rounded sepals with few to many white weak hairs.
References: Pancho and Gruezo (2009)
(Photos taken at Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija; and Miag-ao, Iloilo)

Macroptilium lathyroides (L.)
Urb.
Local name: Balabalatong
Family: Papilionaceae (Leguminosae)
EPPO Code:PHSLY

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: an erect legume that has

branchy and woody stems. Leaves are three (trifoliate) and are
ovate to lanceolate. Flowers are red-purple. The weed also
has green (young) to brown (mature), long and slender pods
that bear seeds.
References: AICAF (1996), Moody et al. (1984), Pancho et

al. (1995)

Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.
f.) C. Presl
Local names: Gabi-gabi, gabi-gabihan
Family: Pontederiaceae
EPPO Code: MOOVA

Means of propagation: seeds and tubers
Distinguishing characteristics: a fleshy, semi-aquatic,

monocotyledon weed that has shiny appearance in the field.
Its stems are soft, erect, and rooting at the nodes. Flower
stalks are long bearing lilac-blue or violet petals that are
arranged in 2-6 groups. Its leaves are heart-shaped and
petioles that are soft and hollow.
Reported impacts on rice: M. vaginalis is a C3 weed. Its

trait of discontinuous germination allows it to survive and
evade weed control. It reduced yield of rice by 16% when it
was allowed to compete within 7 to 40 days at 100 plants/
m2. Competition until maturity at the same population level
reduced yield by 25%.
References: AICAF (1996), Galinato et al. (1984), Holmes et

al. (1977), Kim and Park (1996), Lubigan and Vega (1971),
Moody et al. (1984), PRISM (2016), Satar and Biswas (1991)

and Dingle, Iloilo)

Murdannia nudiflora (L.)
Brenan
Local names: Kulasi, kulkulasi, alikbangon
EPPO Code: MUDNU

Means of reproduction: seeds and vegetative parts
Distinguishing characteristics: has branched and creeping

stems. Its leaves are long, narrow, and lanceolate. Its flowers
are small and purple. Flower-stolons are long, measuring 3
to 7 cm.
References: Moody et al. (1984), Pancho and Obien (1995),

Soerdan et al. (1974), Valdez (1968).

Pistia stratiotes L.
Local names: Kiapo, kiyapo
Family: Araceae
EPPO Code: PIIST

Means of reproduction: seeds and vegetative offshoots
connected by stolons
Distinguishing characteristics: a floating weed with

yellowish-green leaves that form like cabbage plant. It has
short flowers and feathery roots. It also bears small plantlets
called offshoots that are connected by stolons.
References: AICAF (1996), Kim and Park (1996), Moody et

al. (1984), Pancho and Obien (1995), PRISM (2016)
(Photos taken at Nasugbu, Batangas; Butuan City, Agusan

del Norte)

Physalis angulata L.
Local names: Asisiu, kugut, potokan, sisiu, tutulakak,
tino-tino
Family: Solanaceae
EPPO Code: PHYAN

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: an erect and branched

weed. It has ovate to oblong leaves and pale-yellowish
flowers. Fruits are oblong to ovoid.

Gruezo (2009), Pancho and Obien (1995)

Portulaca oleracea L.
Local names: Alusiman, kantataba, ngalug, olasiman
Family: Portulacaceae
EPPO Code: POROL

Means of reproduction: seeds and stem cuttings
Distinguishing characteristics: an herb with prostrate or

spreading growth. It has stems that are branched, succulent,
smooth and reddish. Its leaves are fleshy, alternately arranged,
obtuse, oblong-obovate, sessile, and base cuneate. Flowers
are yellow with 5 petals.
References: Koo et al. (2005), Moody et al. (1984), Pancho

and Obien (1995)
(Photo taken at Miag-ao, Iloilo)

Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell
Family: Salviniaceae
EPPO Code: SAVMO

Means of reproduction: cut fragments and spores
Distinguishing characteristics: it is a hairy floating weed with

branched stems. Young leaves are flat and oblong to oval while
mature leaves are cordate and slightly folded upward. Leaves
are also covered with spine-like hairs. S. molesta usually
proliferates to form wide mats. Each node of the slender stem
produces three leaves (two are green and floating, and one
is brown, root-like, and submerged).
Reported impacts on rice: can reduce yield of rice by

12.5%. Spread of this weed in ricefields was due to mistaken
identity as azolla plant.
References: AICAF (1996), Azmi (1988), Moody et al. (1984),

Pancho and Obien (1995), Pablico et al. (1989), Room (1994)
(Photos taken at San Carlos City, Negros Occidental; and Los

Baños, Laguna)

Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.
Local names: Balabalanob, burat-aso, mais-mais,
silisilihan, ukim-ukim
Family: Sphenocleaceae
EPPO Code: SPDZE

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: an erect and branched

weed with soft and hollow stems. Leaves are oblong to
lanceolate, narrow, and pointed at the tips with short stalks.
It has green and cylindrical inflorescence, and white to
greenish flowers.
Reported impacts on rice: can reduce yield of rice by 45%.

Some variants of the weed have also been reported resistant
to 2,4-D.
Weakness: susceptible to infection by Alternaria alternata

(Fr.) Keissler f.sp. sphenocleae. S. zeylanica inoculated with
10 spores/ml of the fungus showed blighting and wilting after
24 hours of inoculation. At 6 days after inoculation, all S.
zeylanica plants died due to severe infection.
References: AICAF (1996), Bayot et al. (1992), Kim and

Park (1996), Masangkay et al. (1999), Moody et al. (1984),
Pancho and Obien (1995), PRISM (2016), Sy and Mercado
(1989).

and Bohol Experiment Station, Ubay, Bohol)

Sphaeranthus africanus L.
Family: Asteraceae ( Compositae)
EPPO Code: SPSSE

Life cycle: annual
Distinguishing characteristics: an erect weed with stems

and branches that have broadly winged leaves. Leaves are
obovate to oblong, with wide margins that are finely toothed. It
has many round-shaped heads that bear clusters of greenish-
white flowers.
(Photo taken at PhilRice Negros, Murcia, Negros Occidental)

Weed Management Options
Use clean rice seeds
This technique is very effective in preventing

contaminations and further entries of weed
seeds in the field. Using clean rice seeds that
are pure, full, and uniform in size ensures a
minimum of 85% germination rate as well as
better growth of seedlings that are healthy.
Practice field sanitation
Keeping the seedling nurseries, irrigation

canals, and field bunds clean and weed-
free helps prevent entries of volunteer weed
seeds and asexual propagules into the
fields. Using clean equipment also helps
prevent further contamination in the field.
Keeping fields weed free after harvest

and during fallow period before the next
cropping season will help reduce weed
seed populations in the soil seedbanks,
and reduce weed infestations in the next
cropping season.
Practice thorough land preparation
This helps control weeds by burying them

under the soil, separating shoots from

roots, encouraging germination of dormant seeds,
desiccating shoots, and exhausting carbohydrate
reserves of perennial weeds.
Flood the field within 1-2 days whenever water is

available and enough to supply the area. Plow the
field and keep it submerged for 1 week to soften
lumped soil and decompose organic materials. Allow
the water to drain naturally to enhance germination of
weed seeds and are killed later by harrowing. Harrow
the field 2-3 times at 1-week interval and then level
it evenly by any means. Evenly leveled field facilitates
good management of water, nutrients, and pests
particularly weeds and golden apple snails.
Use the stale-seedbed technique to manage

troublesome weeds such as C. rotundus and weedy
rice (O. sativa). This technique involves plowing
and harrowing 2-3 times during fallow period, plus
follow-up application of selective herbicides when
necessary.
The technique reduces weed population in the soil

by flushing out all weed seeds and other asexual
propagules (tubers, rhizomes, stolons, etc.) that
are capable of germinating and forming into new
seedlings. Weeds that emerge then are eradicated
by repeated plowing and harrowing, and application
of herbicides.

Practice good water management
This helps suppress or inhibit weed

growths in the field especially when
applied at the right time and level. For
irrigated lowland fields, introduce water
3-4 days after transplanting at 2-3 cm
level; 7-10 days after direct seeding at
3-5 cm level. Increase the water level
and maintain at 5-7 cm as the rice plants
grow later in the season.
Do manual and mechanical weeding
Manual weeding is basically

handweeding and may involve the use
of small hand tools like sickles and
bolos. This technique is very effective
and efficient in removing weeds that
grow within rows and hills of rice. It is
also effective in preventing the spread
of resistant weed biotypes by pulling
the whole weed plant or by removing
the inflorescence that carries the weed
seeds.
Mechanical weeding involves

bigger tools. This technique is best
accomplished in straight row- planted
rice plants using a rotary weeder.

Growth of weeds is suppressed by cutting,
trampling, and burying weeds and plant
parts into the soil.
Use biological control
This approach involves the deliberate use

of beneficial organisms (plant-feeding
insects, disease-causing microorganisms,
and growth- suppressing plants) to inhibit
weed growth or reduce its population to a
level where yield of rice is not affected. This
method is highly recommended for
organically grown rice where use of synthetic
pesticides is strictly prohibited.
An effective biological control agent is

the Azolla, a freshwater plant that can fix
Nitrogen through its symbiotic relationship
with blue-green algae. It has been proven to
suppress weed growths up to 80% both in
transplanted and direct-seeded rice. Other
biological control agents are the fungus
Alternaria alternata f.sp. sphenocleae
causing foliar blight to Sphenoclea
zeylanica; Puccinia philippinensis causing
leaf trust disease on leaves of Cyperus
rotundus; and black beetle namely Altica
sp. feeding on foliages of Ludwigia species.

Use herbicides
Herbicides are synthetic chemicals that

are used to suppress growth or eradicate
weeds. They are among the most
commonly used weed control techniques
by many farmers in the Philippines
because of their efficacy and ease in
application; wide range of coverage; and
immediate visibility of the results after
application.
Constant advisories are always presented

to the public because incorrect usage
of herbicides will endanger the health
of humans and animals, and the
environment. Continuous use of the same
kind, incorrect dosages, and wrong timing
of herbicide application may also result
in evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds.

Timing of herbicide application
1. Pre-plant application. Herbicides are applied to the

soil before rice is transplanted or sown. Examples
are glyphosate, glufosinate, and paraquat.
2. Pre-emergence. Herbicides are applied to the soil

after the crop has been established, but before the
emergence of the rice plants or weeds. Examples are
butachlor, pretilachlor, and pendimethalin
3. Post-emergence. Herbicides are applied after

both rice plants and weeds have germinated and
emerged from the soil. Examples are bispyribac-
sodium, butachlor + propanil, fenoxaprop + safener,
fenoxaprop + ethoxysulfuron, metsulfuron +
chlorimuron, oxadiazon, penoxsulam, penoxsulam +
cyhalofop, bentazon, and 2,4-D.
Safety precautions during herbicide spraying
1. Always wear protective equipment. Use

appropriate cover for head, eyes, nose, mouth and
hands. Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and
covered footwear.
2. When mixing the poison, always stand upwind and

wear protective clothing – especially face protection.
3. Wash contaminated clothes separately.
4. Clean blocked nozzles with a non-abrasive

implement. NEVER use your mouth to clean nozzles.
5. Clean containers properly.

References
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Cooperation of Agriculture and Forestry, Japan. 304p.
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Control in Rice. IRRI Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. 113 p.
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the National Seminar and Workshop on Rice Field Weed Management
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galli (L.) Beauv in direct-seeded rice (in Malay). Teknol. Padi, Jil.18: 19-
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Baltazar AM, EC Martin, MC Casimero, FV Bariuan, SR Obien, and SK

De Datta. 1999. Major weeds in rainfed rice-onion cropping systems in
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by plant pathogens in the Philippines. In: Proc. Int. Symp. Biological
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Burgos NR, RJ Norman, DR Gealy, and B Black. 2006. Competitive N

uptake between rice and weedy rice. Field Crops Research 99: 99-105.
Carbonell PU and K Moody. 1983. Weed control practices in

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Caton BP, M Mortimer, JE Hill, and DE Johnson. 2010. A Practical

Guide to Weeds of Rice in Asia. 2nd Edition. International Rice Research
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Chauhan BS and DE Johnson. 2010. Relative importance of shoot and

root competition in dry-seeded rice growing with jungle rice (Echinochloa
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29.

Chauhan BS. 2013. Management strategies for weedy rice
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of competitiveness between different genotypes of weedy rice (Oryza
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In: Proceedings of National Seminar and Workshop on Rice Field Weed
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De Grano AKY. 2008. Yield Loss Assessment in Transplanted Lowland

Rice Due to Competition of Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch. Undergraduate
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Larinde, and C Rosell. 2007. Weedy sites-origin, biology, ecology, and
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Donayre DKM and CA Endino-Tayson. 2015. Competitive ability, critical

period of competition, and density level of Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl
against transplanted-irrigated lowland rice. IAMURE International Journal
of Ecology and Conservation 14: 191-214.
Donayre DKM, CA Endino, CU Seville and IMG Ciocon. 2014. Major

weeds and farmers’ weed management practices in rainfed ricefields of
Negros, Philippines. Asia Life Sciences 23(1): 137-148.
Donayre DKM, ECMartin, MC Casimero, LM Juliano, and JC Beltran.

2015. Prevalence of lowland ecotype Cyperus rotundus L. and weed
management of rice farmers in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. IAMURE
international Journal of Ecology and conservation 13: 14-28.
Donayre DKM, and LT Minguez. 2016. Histopathology of Puccinia

philippinensis Syd. & P. Syd, a fungus that causes leaf rust disease to
Cyperus rotundus L. Annals of Tropical Research 38(1): 222-229.
Eleftherohorinos IG, KV Dhima, and IB Vasilakoglou. 2002. Interference

of red rice grown in Greece. Weed Science 50: 167-172.

References
EPPO. 2016. EPPO Global Database (available online). https://

gd.eppo.int
Fischer AJ and A Ramirez. 1993. Red rice (Oryza sativa): competition

studies for management decisions. International Journal of Pest
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Galinato MI, K Moody, and CM Piggin. 1999. Upland Rice Weeds

of South and Southeast Asia. International Rice Research Institute,
College, Laguna. 156p.
Harley KLS. 1994. Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach. In:

Weed Management for Developing countries. Labrada R, JC Caseley,
and C. Parker (eds). FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper. Pp.
135-140.
Holm LG, DL Plucknett, JV Pancho, and JP Herberger. 1977. The

World’s Worst Weeds. Honolulu (Haw., USA): East-West Center.
University Press of Hawaii. 609p.
of South and Southeast Asia. International Rice Research Institute,

College, Laguna. 156p.
Harley KLS. 1994. Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach. In:

Weed Management for Developing countries. Labrada R, JC Caseley,
and C. Parker (eds). FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper. Pp.
135-140.
Holm LG, DL Plucknett, JV Pancho, and JP Herberger. 1977. The

World’s Worst Weeds. Honolulu (Haw., USA): East-West Center.
University Press of Hawaii. 609p.
Hsiao AI and WZ Huang. 1989. Effects of flooding on rooting and

sprouting of isolated stem segments and on plant growth of Paspalum
distichum L. Weed Research. 29(5): 335-344.
IRRI. 2004. Rice Knowledge Bank. World wide web page of

International Research Institute at http.//www.knowledgebank.irri.org/
ricedoctor_mx/fact_sheets.
IRRI. 1983. Field Problems of Tropical Rice. International Rice

Research Institute, College, Laguna. 168p.
John PS and R Matthew. 2001. Stale seedbed – an alternate

technology for preplanting to achieve total weed control in direct-

seeded lowland rice. International Rice Research Newsletter 26(2):
67-68.
Juliano LM., MC Casimero, and R.Llewellyn. 2010. Multiple herbicide

resistance in barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in direct-seeded
rice in the Philippines. International Journal of Pest Management 56
(4): 299-307.
Kannaiyan S, M Thagaraju, and G Oblisami. 1983. Effect of azolla

inoculation on weed growth in wetland rice. International Rice
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Khan MA, A Hibino, VM Aguiero, RD Daquioag, and OS Opina.

1991. Rice and weed hosts of rice tungro-associated viruses and leaf
hopper vectors. Plant Disease 75 (9): 926-930.
Khatua DC, BCK Viswaridgalaya, and C. Behar. 1982. Wild host of

Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, a rice sheath blight pathogen. International
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Kim KU and KH Park. 1996. Biology of paddy weeds. In: Weed

Management in Rice. Auld BA and KU Kim (eds). FAO, Rome pp.
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Koo SJ, DV Chin, YW Kwon, and HA Cung. 2005. Common Weeds in

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Lubigan RT and MR Vega. 1971. The effects and yield of the

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Michael DW. 1983. Taxonomy and distribution of Echinochloa

species with special reference to their occurrence as weed of rice. In:
Proceedings of the Conference on Weed Control in Rice. 31 August –
04 September 1981. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos,
Laguna, Philippines. pp 291-308.
Mercado BL. 1978a. Competition between lowland rice and Paspalum

distichum L. Retrieved on September 23, 2013 from http://scinet.
dost.gov.ph.
Mercado BL. 1978b. Biology and control of Paspalum distichum L.

Retrieved on September 23, 2013 from http://scinet.dost.gov.ph.
Mercado BL. 1979. Introduction to Weed Science. Southeast Asian

Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture,
College, Laguna, Philippines. 292p.
Moody K, JP Descalsota, DC Gonzales, and VN Cacnio. 1985.

Salvinia molesta found in Philippine ricefields. International Rice
Research Newsletter 10 (5); 25-26.
Moody K, CE Munroe, RT Lubigan, and EC Paller Jr. 1984. Major

Weeds of the Philippines. University of the Philippines Los Baños,
Philippines. 328p.
Moody K, EM Castin, and LE Estorninos Jr. 1994. Natural enemies of

some weeds in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Weed Science.
Special Issue: 45-63.
Mori SA, LAM Silva, G Lisboa, RC Pereira, and TS dos Santos.

1980. Studies of weed plants of Southern Bahia 1. Productivity and
Phenology. Boletin Technico, Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau. No. 73.
18p.
Morita. 1997. Handbook of Arable Weeds in Japan: For Correct

Identification. Kumiai Chemical Industry Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan. 128p.
Morita H, EC Martin, and N Kabaki. 2012. Re-growth from stem

segments buried into puddled soil in Hydrolea zeylanica Vahl., a

troublesome weed in the Philippines. Pakistan Journal Weed Science
Research 18: 435-439.
Nishimoto RK. 2001. Purple nutsedge tuber sprouting. Weed Biology

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Okafor LI and SK De Datta. 1976. Competition between upland rice

and purple nutsedge for nitrogen, moisture and light. Weed Science
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Pablico PP and K Moody. 1986. Lowland ricefield weeds in Nueva

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Pablico PP and K Moody. 1987. A survey of weeds in transplanted and

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Pane H and M Mansor. 1996. Competition between red sprangletop

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Terminologies
Auricle – claw-like or ear-like appendage
Bulb – a modified underground bud
Calyx – the outer ring of a flower made up of separate or

joined sepals; usually green and leaf-like
Capsule – a dry, dehiscent fruit composed of more than one

carpel, having many seeds, and usually opening at maturity
by valves or teeth
Digitate – a compound structure whose members arise and

diverge from the same point; like the fingers of the hand
Elliptical – oval-shaped
Globose – almost spherical
Inflorescence – the arrangement of the flowers on a plant
Ligule – a thin membranous appendage at the junction of the

leaf sheath and the blade in grasses
Lanceolate – lance-shaped, several times longer than wide;

widest toward the base and tapering at both ends
Off-shoot- a shoot growing from the stem of the mother plant
Orbicular – nearly circular

Ovate – egg-shaped, widest toward the base
Ovoid – ovate or oval-solid
Pneumatophore – a specialized root which grows vertically

upwards into the air from roots embedded in the mud
Raceme – a more or less conical inflorescence with flowers

arising laterally from a common axis, the youngest toward the
tip
Rhizome – an underground stem with bud and scales
Serrate – a toothed margin where the teeth are pointed and

project forwards (saw-toothed)
Spikelet – a secondary spike of one or more flowers

surrounded by bracts
Sporocarp – the spore-containing structure of the

Marsiliaceae and Salviniaceae
Stolon – a modified above-ground stem creeping and rooting

at the nodes
Tuber – a short thickened underground stem
Umbel – an inflorescence in which a number of divergent

flowers arise from the same point

Acknowledgments
The authors sincerely thank the Korea Program on International Agriculture
(KOPIA) for the financial support and production of this booklet. Thank you also
to the managing, language, and technical editors; layout artist; and volunteer
photographers. Huge thank is also extended to all Filipino farmers who allowed
the authors to take photos in their ricefields.
Technical Editors
Aurora M. Baltazar, PhD

Adjunct Professor in Weed Science
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Priscilla M. Barcial
University Researcher
Joel D. Janiya
Senior Associate Scientist-Extension Agronomist
International Rice Research Institute
Leylani M. Juliano
Supervising Science Research Specialist
Joden M. Adiova
PhD Student in Botany
Photographer
Managing Editor/ Layout artist
Anna Marie F. Bautista
Language Editor
Constante T. Briones
Editorial Advisers
Myriam G. Layaoen
Sailila E. Abdula, PhD
For more information, contact:
Crop Protection Division

(Tel. no.) + 63 (44) 456-0277/0258 loc 320

We are a chartered government corporate entity under the Department of
Agriculture. We were created through Executive Order 1061 on 5 November
1985 (as amended) to help develop high-yielding, cost-reducing, and
environment- friendly technologies so farmers can produce enough
rice for all Filipinos. We accomplish this mission through research
and development work in our central and seven branch stations,
coordinating with a network that comprises 58 agencies and 70
seed centers strategically located nationwide. To help farmers
achieve holistic development, we will pursue the following
goals in 2010-2020: attaining and sustaining rice self-
sufficiency; reducing poverty and malnutrition; and
achieving competitiveness through agricultural
science and technology.

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WEEDS

Dindo King M. Donayre

All rights reserved. No part of this booklet may be reproduced or

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice)

Korean Program on International Agriculture (KOPIA)

Donayre DKM, EC Martin, SE Santiago, and JT Lee. 2016. Weeds in

Dindo King M. Donayre

Jeong Taek Lee

We are glad to be part of PhilRice’s efforts in

To the authors, congratulations for this feat. To

JEONG TAEK LEE, PhD

In our continuing pursuit of giving the best for our

PhilRice sincerely thanks the Korea Program on

SAILILA E. ABDULA, PhD

Dindo King M. Donayre

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. - scientific name

Bakbaka, kawad-kawad - local names commonly

Poaceae (Graminae)- family name

CYNDA - EPPO Code (European and Mediterranean

Grows in - habitat related to rice ecosystem and

Life cycle - life span in the field

Means of propagation - method of reproduction

Distinguishing characteristics - morphological

Reported impacts on rice - negative effects of weed

Weakness (-es) - agronomic conditions and control

References - literatures from where information on the

Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines 1

• Members of the family Graminae (Poaceae)

2 Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines

• Members of the family Cyperaceae

• Members belong to many families

B. Based on life cycle

Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines 3

D. Based on Photosynthetic Activity

4 Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines

Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines 5

Grows in: rainfed lowland ricefields

Distinguishing characteristics: stems are branching, spreading

Reported impacts on rice: C. dactylon is a C4 weed. It is an

References: AICAF (1996), Koo et al. (2005), Pancho and Obien

(Photos taken at PhilRice Negros, Murcia, Negros Occidental)

Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines 7

Grows in: rainfed lowland ricefields

Distinguishing characteristics: D. aegyptium has basal

Reported impacts on rice: D. aegyptium is a C4 plant and is

References: Caton et al. (2010), Galinato et al. (1999),

(Photos taken by Gerald E. Bello at San Miguel, Iloilo)

8 Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines

Grows in: rainfed lowland ricefields

Distinguishing characteristics: a creeping grass that

Reported impacts on rice: D. ciliaris is a C4 weed. A single

Weakness: D. ciliaris is very sensitive to shading.

References: Galinato et al. (1999), Moody et al. (1984),

(Photos taken at Science City of Muňoz, Nueva Ecija;

Weeds in Irrigated and Rainfed Lowland Ricefields in the Philippines 11

Grows in: irrigated and rainfed lowland ricefields

Distinguishing characteristics: stems usually grow flat on

Reported impacts on rice: E. colona is a C4 weed. One

References: Ampong-Nyarko and De Datta (1991), Caton et