PROJECT REPORT

(Project Semester July-December 2010)

GSM BASICS
&
MNP(MOBILE NO. PORTABILITY)

Submitted by

ROBIN GARG

Registration No.-10812371
Programme & Section .-B.Tech-MBA(159) &H6801A25

Under the Guidance

FACULTY COORDINATOR TRAINING MANAGER/GUIDE

Name: Mr.Ankit Kohli

Name:Ms. Pardeep Kaur
Designation:Senior Engineer

Department: Switch deptt.

Seal:

Department Of ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION
Lovely School of TECHNOLOGY
 Lovely Professional University, PhagwaraJuly-December 2010

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled GSM BASICS &MNP(MOBILE NO.
PORTABILITY)is an authentic record of my own work carried out at BHARTI AIRTEL LTD.
as requirements of Industry Internship project for the award of degree of ____________.
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, under the guidance of Mr.Ravinder Singh and Mr.
Anil Rawat, during July to December, 2010 .

(Signature of student)
Name of Student: Robin Garg
Registration no: 10812371

Date: ___________________

(Name & Designation) (Name & Designation)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
It is a pleasure of mine to find my self penning down these lines to express my sincere thanks
to my training & placement officer Ms. Pardeep kaur who gave me this opportunity of
industrial training for 6 months to enhance my professional practice & to get preliminary
industrial exposure in the concerned discipline. 

It gives me immense pleasure & honor to express my heartful thanks to Mr. NITIN
KALRA(Senior Manager- Human Resource) & Mr. RAVINDER (D.G.M, Punjab) for giving
me opportunity for the training in their reputed industry. 

I express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr.arvinder Wadhwan(Head of Switch team

punjab)Mr. Ankit kohli (Engineer in switch deptt.), Mr. Deepak Gautam (Senior
Engineer, ),Mr. Vijay Dhiman,Ms.Sanjeet Kaur for giving me knowledge about cellular
communication and concepts related to MNP &APG operations. 

The six months at AIRTEL gave me intense understanding of mobile communication and the
cellular technology concepts. Apart from it gave me a practical Outlook of the functioning
involving both technical and personal communication skills thus enriching my knowledge in
various aspects. 

My deepest gratitude is to my teachers & all the members of L.P.U for always boosting my
morale & providing me encouraging envirnment. 

In the last but not the least, I want to thank my Parents without grace of whom nothing was
possible. 
 
 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
S. NO. CONTENTS Page No.
1. Abstract 2
2. Acknowledgement 3
3. Company Profile 4
4. Introduction to GSM 13
5. Wireless Concept 17
6. GSM Basics 19
7. GSM Transmission process 29
8. GSM Network 36
9. GSM Switching System 37
10. Base Station System 44
11. Operation & Support System 51
12. BSS Interfaces 52
13. Channel Concepts 56
14. GSM Identities 60
15. Traffic Cases 64
16. Call Processing 72
17. My Departments 78
17.1. Operation & Maintenance Centre 79
17.1.1. Structure of OMC 80
17.1.2. Functions of OMC 80
17.1.3. Introduction to OSS 84
17.1.4. OSS applications 86
17.2. Network Switching subsystem 91
17.2.1. Switch hardware 92
17.2.2. Mobile Intelligent Network 107
17.2.3. CCS#7 Signalling 112
18. My Projects Du ring Training 121
18.1. Monitoring of Alarms 122
18.2. Fault Management 123
18.3. TRU additions 127
18.4. Definition of New Cell site 128
18.5. Roaming Testing 133
18.6. Definition of A-Links & A-ter Links 147
18.7. Definition of CCS#7 & semi-permanent links 151
18.8. B- number Analysis 155

19. Bibliography & References 168

 
 
ABSTRACT 
This report includes all my learning work done during my six months Industrial Training in
MNP operation , APG node prepertion,daily backup at airtel 

This whole report is divided mainly into three different sections. First section gives the
knowledge about basic concepts of Global System for Mobile Communication. The second
section gives the overview of both departments in which I completed my training. The third
section describes my profile during my six months industrial training. 

The first section of report covers all the basic concepts related to GSM like wireless concepts,
switching system, channel concepts, various identities related to GSM, base station system. 

The second section of report covers the overview AIRTEL of my departments, various
responsibilities of both departments, hardware related to switch and basic concepts of mobile
intelligent networks. 

The third section covers my profile during six months period. My training profile includes
alarm monitoring of nodes and cell sites, fault management, of C7, backup of different nodes
etc.
 
 
 

Spearheading the Indian telecom revolution for two decades  

Bharti Enterprises, India’s leading telecom conglomerate has been at the forefront of
technology and has revolutionized with its world class services. Established in 1976, Bharti
Enterprises has been a pioneering force in the telecom sector with many firsts and
innovations to its credit. Working on the principle of providing end to end communication
solution across the telecom value chain from manufacture of hardware to development of
telecom software and from fixed line to cellular and wireless services, e-commerce,
broadband, domestic long distance, undersea cable, infrastructure development and business
solutions. Bharti Enterprises under cable chairmanship of Sunil Bharti Mittal is the only
company to have brought to India the excellence and expertise of leading Telecom players of
the world. Bharti Telecom, the manufacture division of Bharti is the largest sets under the
brand name Beetel. Bharti Tele-ventures, the services division of Bharti has major interests in
Basic, long Distance and Cellular, Broadband and Infrastructure Operations in the country. 
Highlights 
 BHARTI announces agreement with VODAFONE marking the entry of the World's
Largest Telecom Operator into India

 BHARTI wins SILVER TROPHY at the CII NATIONAL SIX SIGMA AWARDS

 BHARTI TELE-VENTURES adds another first by winning the prestigious ‘MIS

ASIA IT EXCELLENCE AWARD 2005’

 Bharti Enterprises and AXA Asia Pacific Holdings Limited announce Partnership for
a life insurance joint venture in India

 AIRTEL Launches future factory - Centers of Innovation to Incubate Pioneering

Mobile Applications

“As we spread wings to expand our capabilities and explore new horizons, the
fundamental focus remains unchanged: seek out the best technology in the world
and put it at the service of our ultimate user: our customer.”

      Sunil Bharti Mittal 

 

Bharti Enterprises has successfully focused its strategy on telecom while straddling diverse
fields of business. Bharti Tele-Ventures Limited, a part of Bharti Enterprises, is India's
leading provider of telecommunications services. The businesses at Bharti Tele-Ventures
have been structured into two main strategic business groups - the Mobility Leaders business
group and the Infotel Leaders business group. The Mobility business group provides GSM
mobile services across India in twenty three telecom circles, while the Infotel business group
provides broadband & telephone services, long distance services and enterprise services. All
these services are provided under the AIRTEL brand. Bharti Tele-Ventures is today
acknowledged as one of India's finest companies and its flagship brand 'AIRTEL', with an
aggregate of 14.42 million customers as of end of August ‘05, consisting of approximately
13.41 million mobile customers across the length and breadth of India.

Business Strategy
Bharti Tele-Ventures' strategic objective is “To capitalize on the growth opportunities that the
Company believes are available in the Indian telecommunications market and consolidate its
position to be the leading integrated telecommunications services provider in key markets in
India, with a focus on providing mobile services”.

The Company has developed the following strategies to achieve its strategic objective:

 Focus on maximizing revenues and margins;

 Capture maximum telecommunications revenue potential with minimum geographical
coverage;
 Offer multiple telecommunications services to provide customers with a "one-stop
shop" solution;
 Position itself to tap data transmission opportunities and offer advanced mobile data
services;
 Focus on satisfying and retaining customers by ensuring high level of customer
satisfaction;
 Leverage strengths of its strategic and financial partners; and
 Emphasize on human resource development to achieve operational efficiencies.

Businesses:

Bharti Tele-Ventures current businesses include -

 Mobile services
 Fixed-line
 National and international long distance services
 VSAT, Internet services and network solutions

Competitive Strengths

Bharti Tele-Ventures believes that the following elements will contribute to the Company's
success as an integrated telecommunication services provider in India and will provide the
Company with a solid foundation to execute its business strategy: 

 Nationwide Footprint - As of September 30, 2003, approximately 91% of India's total

mobile subscribers resided in the Company's fifteen mobile circles. These 15 circles
collectively accounted for approximately 56% of India's land mass;
 Focus on telecommunications to enable the Company to better anticipate industry
trends and capitalize on new telecommunications-related business opportunities;
 The strong brand name recognition and a reputation for offering high quality service
to its customers;
 Quality management team with vision and proven execution skills; and
 The Company's strong relationships with international strategic and financial
investors such as SingTel, Warburg Pincus, International Finance Corporation, Asian
Infrastructure Fund Group and New York Life Insurance.

 
 
 
 
 BRANCHES  OF  BHARTI
AIRTEL comes to you from Bharti Tele-ventures Limited - a part of the biggest
private integrated telecom conglomerate, Bharti Enterprises.

Current News:

 AIRTEL Becomes The First GSM Operator In The Country To Cross The 10 Million-
Customer Milestone
 AIRTEL “Express Yourself” campaign wins two “Silvers” at the prestigious AAAI
awards for Brand Campaign of the Year and Best Advertising Film, amidst stiff
competition from 37 advertising agencies.
 AIRTEL adds another first becomes the first private sector mobile service to launch
operations in J&K
 AIRTEL Live launched - the most comprehensive mobile portal featuring movies,
music, mobile games & sports on the mobile

Vision:

By 2010 AIRTEL will be the most admired brand in India:

 Loved by more customers

 Targeted by top talent
 Benchmarked by more business 

MISSION:

 Error free service delivery

 Innovative products and services
 Cost efficiency
 
 
 NORTHERN REGION 

After touching the hearts of more than 1 million customers and winning the Techies Award
for Best Cellular Services for four consecutive years, Bharti Cellular has reached Punjab- the
land of colors, festivals, industrious people and emerging opportunities, Haryana- the place of
handicrafts & textile industry, and Himachal Pradesh the ultimate destination for nature
lovers.

Punjab is said to be a sweet home-coming for Bharti, launched on Feb 8,2002. With over
25000 bookings on day 1 and having 50,000 customers in just 75 days it is already on an
expressway to success.

Ahead of competitors in Himachal, and with grand start in Haryana, Bharti is here to take
care of communication needs and live up to the true spirit of Northern Region of Excellence. 

1: Introducing three new circles in the region: Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, U.P (West). 

2. Market leaders in Punjab. 

3. One of the best cellular companies of Country.  

4. Achieving a record 15 lakh customers in 4 years duration. Fastest growing                 

network. 

5. Best HR team of the region. 

 
 
 
 Northern Region of Excellence
      Northern Region –Overview 
 

 
 
TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT HIERARCHIES 
 

 DEFINITION 

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital
cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to
create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for
a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. 

INTRODUCTION 

The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most
demanding telecommunications applications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing
percentage of all new telephone subscriptions around the world. Currently there are more
than 45 million cellular subscribers worldwide, and nearly 50 percent of those subscribers are
located in the United States. It is forecasted that cellular systems using a digital technology
will become the universal method of telecommunications. The countries with highest number
of subscribers are the United Kingdom and Italy. 

Figure 1. Cellular Subscriber Growth Worldwide  

The concept of cellular service is the use of low-power transmitters where frequencies can be
reused within a geographic area. The AIRTEL of cell-based mobile radio service was
formulated in the United States at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. However, the Nordic
countries were the first to introduce cellular services for commercial use with the introduction
of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in 1981. Cellular systems began in the United States
with the release of the advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) system in 1983. The AMPS
standard was adopted by Asia, Latin America, and Oceanic countries, creating the largest
potential market in the world for cellular.

In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone systems were analog rather than digital, like
today's newer systems. One challenge facing analog systems was the inability to handle the
growing capacity needs in a cost-efficient manner. As a result, digital technology was
welcomed. The advantages of digital systems over analog systems include ease of signaling,
lower levels of interference, integration of transmission and switching, and increased ability
to meet capacity demands.

Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems have been

developed without the benefit of standardized specifications. This presented many problems
directly related to compatibility, especially with the development of digital radio technology.
The GSM standard is intended to address these problems.

HISTORY OF GSM 
This history of GSM is outlined in the following table: 
 

DATE ACTIVITY
1982- Conférence Européenne des Postes et Telecommunications (CEPT) began
1985 specifying a European digital telecommunications standard in the 900 MHz frequency
band. This standard later became known as Global System for Mobile communication
(GSM).
1986 Field tests were held in Paris to select which digital transmission technology to
use. The choice was Time Division Multiple Access

(TDMA) or Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).

1987 A combination of TDMA and FDMA was selected as the transmission
technology for GSM.

Operators from 12 countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding

committing themselves to introducing GSM by 1991.
1988 CEPT began producing GSM specifications for a phased implementation.
1990 Phase 1 specifications were frozen to allow manufacturers to develop network
equipment.
1991 The GSM 1800 standard was released.
1992 Phase 1 specifications were completed.

First commercial Phase 1 GSM networks were launched.

The first international roaming agreement was established between Telecom

Finland and Vodafone in UK.
1993 The number of GSM subscribers reached one million.

The first commercial DCS 1800 system was launched in the U.K.
1994 The MoU now had over 100 signatories covering 60 countries.

More GSM networks were launched.

The total number of GSM subscribers exceeded 3 million.

1995 The specification for the Personal Communications Services (PCS) was
developed in the U.S.A. This version of GSM operates at 1900 MHz.

GSM growth trends continued steadily through 1995, with the number of GSM
subscribers increasing at the rate of 10,000 per day and rising.

In April 1995, there were 188 members of the MoU from 69 countries.
1996 The first GSM 1900 systems became available.

These comply with the PCS 1900 standard.

1998 At the beginning of 1998 the MoU has a total of 253 members in over 100
countries and there are over 70 million GSM subscribers world-wide. GSM
 subscribers account for 31% of the world’s mobile market.
 
 
 
 
 

GSM WOLDWIDE 
 
 

GSM worldwide (indicated by darker areas) 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

      

GSM BASICS
FREQUENCY BANDS
RADIO CHANNEL

A mobile station communicates with a base station via a radio channel. A radio channel is a
bi-directional radio transmission path. Each radio channel has two distinct frequencies; one
for downlink and one for uplink. 

Downlink is defined as the transmission path from the base station to the mobile station,
while uplink is defined as the transmission path from the mobile station to the base station..

                                   Uplink and downlink on a radio channel 

The base station transmits on one frequency while the mobile station transmits on another
frequency. This creates a full duplex communication path. That is, simultaneous
communication in both directions.

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

Different frequency bands are used for GSM 900, GSM 1800 and GSM 1900. An operator
applies for the available frequencies or, as in the United States; the operator buys frequency
bands at an auction 

For GSM 900 the available frequency bands are:

o Uplink 890 - 915 MHz

o Downlink 935 - 960 MHz

For GSM 1800 the frequency bands are:

o Uplink 1710 - 1785 MHz

o Downlink 1805 - 1880 MHz

For GSM 1900 the frequency bands are:

o Uplink 1850 - 1910 MHz

o Downlink 1930 - 1990 MHz

TERMINOLOGY

   DUPLEX DISTANCE

The distance between one uplink frequency and its corresponding downlink frequency is
called the duplex distance. The duplex distance varies for different frequency bands, refer to
Table below:

              

                                   

                                                               Duplex distance

  CHANNEL SEPARATION
The distance between adjacent frequencies on either the uplink or downlink is called channel
separation. Channel separation is 200 kHz, regardless of the standards mentioned above. This
separation is necessary to reduce interference between channels.

In addition to the duplex distance, every mobile system includes a channel separation. This is
the distance on the frequency band between channels being transmitted in the same direction.
This is required in order to avoid the overlapping of information in one channel into an
adjacent channel.

The length of separation between two channels is dependent on the amount of information
which is to be transmitted within the channel. The greater is the amount of information to
transmit, the greater the amount of separation required. 

       Channel Separation (200 KHz) 

 

From the figure above, it can be seen that the information to be sent is modulated around the
carrier frequency of 895.4 MHz. The same is true of the information to be sent on 895.6
MHz. To avoid interference between the two sets of information, a separation distance of 200
kHz is required. If less separation were used, they would interfere and a caller on 895.4 MHz
may experience crosstalk or noise from the caller on 895.6 MHz. 

TRANSMISSION RATE
The transmission rate over the air is 270 kbit/s. This is true for GSM 900, GSM 1800 and
GSM 1900. The amount of information transmitted over a radio channel over a period of time
is known as the transmission rate. Transmission rate is expressed in bits per second or bit/s. 
Mobile Number Portability
Mobile number portability enables mobile telephone users to retain
their mobile telephone numbers when changing from one network
operator to another. It is a very important concept that should be
implemented in India where total number of mobile subscribers cross
45 crore mark at the end of August 2009. Number portability is also
likely to help new entrants into the Indian mobile-services market,
such as the Indian joint ventures of Telenor and Etisalat. The move to
introduce the MNP comes as the country's mobile subscriber base is
expanding fast, sometimes having an impact on network quality.
Presently, MNP is already existing in many developing and developed
countries across the world.
The MNP option will, however, not lead to a dramatic shift by subscribers
from one operator to another, as quality of service and network
coverage are not significant differentiators in the Indian market.
The introduction of number portability in other countries did not lead
to a significant shift by subscribers from one operator to another, and
in India too there will be an initial churn of up to 20 percent of subscribers,
which will then taper off. Usually, customers do more likely
to shift if new operator will introduce new services or if another operator
introduces an aggressive tariff plan.
Types Of Number Portability
1. Wireless number portability relates to transferability between
wireless mobile lines only and not between fixed lines and wireless.
In most of the country this type of mobile network portability
is existing.
2. Full number portability allows transfers between both fixed
lines and mobile phone lines. Iceland, Canada and United States
are the only country in the world that offers this type of services.