s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.

. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
a laalia. i . O Unita laalia.-3
i . O p – Block Elements
a laa lia. i . O – II a laalia. i . O
a laalia.
s s s s s s s s s s
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada Book .wP.P adaada
Back .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www ww w www www
ww Answer the following ww questions. ww ww ww
g 1.What is .inert O rgrgpair effect?
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
1) s a
As
s laalia
we
i .
move down the s a la
group
s
alia i .
in p–block elements s aslaa lia i
the
.
outer ns 2
s a l
electrons
s aalia i .
become inert s aslaalia.
a
adadaand do not involve adina a
adchemical a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
combination. w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww wwww ww ww
2) Only np electrons take part in chemical combination. ww ww
g 3) Thisi.O is O grg
rknown as inert pairi.effect. O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .
asal al a i . l
asa al a i . l
asa a lia i . l
asa alia i . aslaalia
a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
. adad
.P2.Chalcogens
P belongs .Pto
. adap–block.
P d
Give .P.P
reason.
adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w ww w w www w www w
ww ➢ Because their ww outer electronic configuration ww is ns2np4. ww ww
g ➢ In these . O rgrelements
O g the last electron
. O rgrg enters np orbital.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a laalia i . a laalia i . a laa lia i . a laalia i . a laalia.
ada➢adaHence they belong
s s s s s s s s s s
. P. P . P. adto
P aada
p–block elements. dada
. P. Paa . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
3. Explain why fluorine always exhibit an oxidation state of –1?
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
1) s a la
Since
s
a ia i .
l fluorine is the most s aslaa ia i .
lelectronegative element s aslaa ia i .
l it exhibits only asanegative slaalia i .
state of –1. s aslaalia.
ada
ada2) adaada of fluorine is .1s 2adaa2d2p
a5 adaada adaada
w.wP.P Electronic .wP.P
configuration
w w P. P 2s . w . P. P w . P. P
ww
ww ww ww www www www
3) To attain noble gas configurationwitwgains 1 electron andwexhibit w -1 oxidation state. ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
4.Give s as la
the
alia i .
oxidation state s
of aslaalia
halogen
i .
in the following s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.Pa)OF
. P b)O F w w.P.P c)Cl O d)Iw w.P.4P
O w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww
2
ww
2 2
w 2 3
wwww 2 ww
ww wwww
Oxidation state of w fluorine is -1
g a)OF2 is a–1 i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a asal l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.Pb)O
. adad
P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww 2 F 2 is –1 www w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g c)Cl2O3laia.O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as a l i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada 2x+3(–2) = 0 .P.P
P adaada . P. Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww 2x–6w=w ww
w0w ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww
2x = +6
g . O r
O grg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as laalia i . x = +3
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
O.S
.wPd)I
. adaadofa Cl is +3
P . P. adaada
P . P. Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www 2O4 w
www wwww w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
2x+4(–2) = 0
g .O r=gr0g
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s as
2x–8
laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada 2x = +8 .P.P a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww X = +4 ww ww wwww ww
ww wwww
O.S of I is +4g g
g
i .O . rr
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 1 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lala i . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adaada are inter halogen
5.What
.wP.P .wP.P adaadcompounds?
a adaada
GivePexamples
.w.P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www Each halogen w
ww combines with other w
wwhalogens to form awseries w
ww of compounds called www
ww ww ww w ww
inter halogen compounds.
g .:O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aE.g
slaa lia i .IF 7.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww 6. Why fluorinewisw
ww wmore
w reactive thanwother ww halogens?
w wwww ww
ww
g ➢ Fluorine rgris
g the most reactive relement
grg among halogen. rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
➢ sThis
a a
l
asa a l a i
is due to the low
a
value
s
a
l
asa al a i
of F–F Bond
a sa
l
asa a
dissociation
l a i energy.
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww
ww 7.Give the uses w ww
whelium.
w wwww www w wwww
ww ofw ww ww ww
g 1) Heliumrgand rg oxygen mixture isrgused
rg by divers in place rgrof
g air oxygen mixture.This rgrg
a
lala i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
lala condition called a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
s Prevents
as the painful dangerous
s as s as la
labends. s aslala s as
ada
ada2) daada inert atmosphere
aprovide adaain
daelectric arc welding adaaof
dametals. adaada
. P. P Helium is used .to P. P . P. P . P. P . P. P
wwww w www wwww wwww wwww
ww 3) Helium has ww lowest boiling point hence ww used in cryogenics) ww ww
g 4) Heliumrgrgis much less denser than rgrg air and hence used rfor
grg filling air balloons. rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
. adaada is the hybridisation
.wP8.What
P .wP.P adaadaof iodine in IF7.?Give P. adaadaits structure. .P.P
P adaada . P. adaada
P
www ww w w
www w
www w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
g Interhalogenrgrg Hybridisation rgrg Structure
rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s aIF
s a 7l Sp
s as
3
adl 3
s as a l Pentagonal bipyramidal s as a l s as
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g 9.Give the.O
i . rgrg
balanced
O equation for
i .O . rgrgreaction between
the
O i .O . rgrg
chlorine
O with cold NaOH
i .O . rgrgand hot
O .
NaOH? a sa
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww wwww www w wwww
ww • Chlorine reacts ww with cold NaOH to ww
give sodium hypochlorite ww ww
g Cl2i+2NaOH
. O rgrg
O → NaOCl+NaCl+H . O rgrg 2O
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lala i .
sodium s as
a i
la i .
lahypochlorite s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww • Chlorine reacts wwwith hot NaOH to give wwsodium chlorate ww w ww
ww
ww wwww ww
ww ww w ww
ww
3Cl2+6NaOH → NaClO3+5NaCl+3H2O
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaa lia i . sodiumlachlorate
s as a lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada will you prepare
10.How
. P. P
ada
adachlorine . . adaada
in the laboratory?
P P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www In the laboratory w
wwwchlorine is prepared w
wwthe oxidation of hydrochloric
wby w
www acid by potassium w
www
ww ww ww ww ww
permanganate.
g .O rgrg → 2KCl+2MnCl
O .O rgr2g+8H2O+5Cl2↑ i.O.O
O rgrg .O rgrg
O
2KMnOla4l+16HCl
s as a
ia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
ww 11.Give the useswof
ww wwsulphuric acid. ww
w ww wwww ww
ww
➢ In the manufacture g of fertilizersg ,ammonium sulphate gand super phosphates. g
g O r
O r g
. i.manufacture of other .O r rg
O .O r rg
O .O r rg
O .
➢ In l
asa a li
thea l
asa alia i .
chemicals such as l
asa alia i .
hydrochloric acid, nitric l i
asa etc.,
acid
al a i . aslaalia
a sa a s
a a sa a s
a a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww wwww www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 2 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lala i . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g
➢ Aslalaia.O rgrg agent.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as a i .
drying
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P ada➢adaIn the preparation .wP.P aofdaadpigments,
a explosives
.wP.P
ada
adaetc., .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
12.Give a reason g to support that sulphuric g acid is a dehydrating g agent.
g O
ia. i.O r r g O r r g
. i.O in water. O
. i.O r rg .O rgrg
O
➢alaaSulphuric
s s l acid is highly
s aslaa lisoluble
a s aslaalia s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adad➢ a It has strong affinity a
adadatowards water and a
ada it absorbs water
adthus a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.quickly.
P ww.P.P
ww
ww ➢ Hence itwcan ww be used as a dehydrating
w ww agent.
ww ww
ww ww
ww
➢ When rgrdissolved in water, itrforms grg mono (H2SO.4O .Hrg2O)
g
i . O . O g
i . O . O i . O rg and dihydrates i . O
(H
. rgr2SO
O g 4.2H2O) .
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
adad
.P13.Write
. P the reason for .P.P
dad anamolous behaviour
athe .P.P adad of Nitrogen. .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ➢ Small www w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww size ww ww ww
g ➢ rHigh grg electro negativity rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O
i . O
lala➢ Non–availability
a a i . O
i . O
lalad–orbitals in valency a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
s as s asof s as la
lashell s aslala s as
. P. adaada ➢ Chemically
P . P. P aada due to high bonding
adinert . P. adaadenergy
P
a
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
wionization
w wwww wwww wwww
ww ➢ High ww energy ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
14.Write s aslaa ia i .
lthe molecular formula s aslaa ia i .
l and structural formula s aslaa ia i .
l for the following s aslaalia i .
molecules s aslaalia.
. adaada acid
.wPa)Nitric
P .wP.P adaada b)dinitrogen pentoxide .wP.P adaada .wP.P
c)phosphoric
ada
adaacid .wP.P adaada
w
ww d)phosphine ww www www www www
ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
Compound s aslaalia i . a laa l
Molecular
s s
ia i .
Formula s aslaalia i .
Structural Formula s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
a) Nitricacid HNO3
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g b)Dinitrogen
. O O grg
rpentoxide N2O5 OO
. rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lala i i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
. adaada
.wPc)Phosphoric
P acid .wP.P adaadH a 3PO4
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s
d)Phosphineaslaalia i .
s
PHaslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa 3 a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 3 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lala i . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg of argon.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
15.Givelathe
s as a li a i .uses
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P ada➢adaArgon prevents.P the
. P
ada
adaoxidation of hot filament
. P. adaadaand prolongs the.Plife
P . P
adafilament bulbs. adaada
adain .P.P
www ➢ Argon is used w
wwinwradio valves andwtubes. w
www wwww wwww
ww ww w ww ww
g O
.the rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
16. Write
s aslaali a i . valence shell
s asla li
electronic
a a i . configuration
s aslaof
alia i .
group–15 elements.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a a
adadValence shell electronic a
adadaconfiguration of.P group a
adada15 elements is ns 2 a
dad.a
anp 3 a
adada
ww.P.P w .P.P
w w w . P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww wwww ww
ww
17.Give two requations to illustraterg the
g
i . O . O grg
i . O . O rg chemical behaviour i . O . rgrgof phosphine. i.O.O
O rgrg .
BasicsaNature
a a slaal a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adaPhosphine
d is weakly
.P.P
dad and forms phosphonium
abasic .P.P adad salts. .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww
ww PH3+HI w
wPH w
w 4I www w ww w w www w
ww → ww ww ww ww
g . O r∆grg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
PHd4a s
I+H as
a i
laOla → i .
PH +H s
O as+I
a
+lala
i–
i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
3 da
. P. a ada 2
P . P. a ad3 a
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww Combustion wwww wwww ww ww wwww
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When phosphine is heated with air or oxygen it burns to give metaphosphoric acid
g . O Δrgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaali a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
4PH a 2 ⟶
adaad3+8O P4O10a+6H daada2O adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P w . P. P w . P. P w . P. P w . P. P
ww
ww www
Phosphorous
ww pentoxide wwww
w wwwww www
ww
Δ
g O
.Oi.O⟶r gr g .2O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
P4O10+6H
s aslaali2a 4HPO3+4H
s aslaalia iO.
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada acid
Metaphosphoric a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
ww
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18.Give a reaction between nitric acid and a basic oxide.
g
i .O . rgrg with a basic oxide
O i .O . O grg
rto i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
Nitric acid
a s a
l
asa al a i
reacts
a s
a
l
asa al a i form salt and water.
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad +10HNO3 ⟶.P.P
3FeO dad
3Fe(NO
a 3)3+NO+5H2O.
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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19.What happens grg when PCl5 is heated?
g . O r
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
On
s as
a
lalai i
heating . Phoshorous
s as
a
lalai i
pentachloride . decomposes
s as
a
lalai
intoi . phosphorus a
trichloride
s as
i
lala andi .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
chlorine.
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwPCl5(g) ⟶ PCl3(g)w+Cl w ww ww ww
ww
ww wwww2(g). ww
ww wwww ww
ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
20.Suggest
s a laali a ia. reason why HFs a l
is
aali
aa i .
weak acid, where s a l
as
aalia i .
binary acids of the
s a l a
all
a lia i .
other halogens salaalia.
s
daastrong
da daada s daada s daada s daadas
. are
P a
P acids. . P a
P . P a
P . P a
P . P a
P
wwww. wwww. wwww. ww.
wisw wwww.
ww • Among w w
halogen ww
acids, the electronegativity difference ww maximum (1.9) inwHF w acid.
g • Hence rgrgthe bond betweeni.OH rgand
rg F is stronger iand rgthe
rg acid HF is weaker. rgrg
l a i .O
a i . O l a a i . O l a a.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O laalia.
a s•aasaIt takes tremendous
l
a s as a
amount l of energy to a s a
breaks a lthe H-F bond in a
water.
a s s a l
a s as
.P.P adad .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww www w www w ww ww www w
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w ww ww www w
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g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 4 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
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g .O rgrof
O g . O rgrgin
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
22.Whatlaltype
s as a
ia i . hybridisationlaoccur
s as a lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adaada5
a)BrF
.wP.P
b)BrFP3 adaada
.w.P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www w
ww www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
S.NO Inter Halogen Hybridisation
g .O rgrg
O Compound .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a)adadaa a a 5
adadBrF a
adada sp3d
3 2 a
adada a
adada
ww.Pb)
. P w w.P.P ww. P.P ww. P.P ww. P.P
ww
ww wwww BrF3 wwww sp d ww ww ww
ww
23.Completerg the
g
i . O . O rg following reactions i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
Answer:
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P ada1.d 4NaCl+MnO2+4H .P.P a2dSO
ad 4 ⟶ Cl2 + MnCl .P.P ada2d+ 4NaHSO4 + 2H.P2.O adad
P .P.P adad
wwww w
ww w wwww wwww wwww
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g 2. NaNO2r+HCl grg ⟶ NaCl
rgrg + HNO2 rgrg rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. ada3.adaIO3–+5I–+6H+ .P.⟶
P adaada 3I2 + 3H2O .P.P
P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
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g 4. I2+2SO2O
. rgr32–
O g ⟶ . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P ada5.adaP4+3NaOH+3H.2PO . adaada
P ⟶ 3NaH 2PO . P
2.P
a+daadPH
a
3↑ . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www w
www w
www w
www w
www
ww ww ww
i. sodium hypophosphitephosphine ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
6. s a la
6AgNO
s
alia i .
+PH +3H ⟶ s aslaalia
6Ag
i .
+ 6HNO + sHaslaal
PO
ia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada
3 3 2 a
adada
3 a
adada
3 3 a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww
7. 4Mg+10HNO 3 ⟶ 4Mg(NO3w)2w+ NH4NO3 + 3H2O ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
∆ a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P ada8.d 2KClO3 → 2KCl .P.P adad+ 3O2↑ .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w
ww w wwww wwww wwww
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g 9. Cu+2Hr2gSO
. O O rg 4 ⟶ CuSO4rg+rg2H2O + 2SO2↑
. O O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
ada
ada10. ada
ada2SbCl adaada adaada adaada
ww. P. P 2Sb+3Cl 2 ⟶
ww . P. P 3 ww. P . P ww. P. P ww. P. P
ww
ww wwww wwww ww
ww ww
ww
g 11.2HBr+H . O rgr2gSO4 ⟶
O 2H . 2O
O rgr+gBr2 + SO2
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ada
ada12. ada
adaXeO adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P XeF +3H O w⟶ .wP.P + 6HF w.wP.P w.wP.P w.wP.P
ww
ww
6 2
wwww 3
wwww ww
ww ww
ww
g 13.5XeO .O 6Or4–gr+2Mn
g 2++14H+ ⟶ .O.O rgr2MnO
g –
4 +5XeO3+7H .O r2gO
O rg .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P 14. 2XeOF +SiO w w. P
⟶. P 2XeO F + ww
SiF. P . P ww. P. P ww. P. P
ww
ww 4
wwww
2 2 2
wwww 4 ww
ww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w
ww w wwww wwww wwww
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g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 5 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P .Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada .P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrgNi/200atm
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
ada Xe+3F2
ada15. ⟶ PP da a adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P w .w.a ad XeF6 w.wP.P w.wP.P w.wP.P
ww
ww w
ww w
400℃ wwww ww
ww ww
ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O Orgrg .O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
Book inside short
s a
s la li
answers
a a i.
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a
adada is Aquaregia?.Write a
adada down its use. .P.P a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P1.What
. P w w.P.P ww ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww When three wwparts of concentrated
ww wwwwhydrochloric acidwand wwone part of concentrated
w ww
ww
g nitric acid are r g mixed,
g Aquaregia (Royalr g g water) is obtained.rg g rgrg
i O O r O
.isi. used for dissolvinglalgold,
i O r
. i. platinum i .O . Or i .O . O .
Use : This
a s
a
l
aa
s
al a aa a
a
s
a s l
aa al a i
a s
a s a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w
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g Xenon: Orgrg O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
a i . i . O
lala is used in fluorescent a i . i . O
lala bulbs, flash bulbs a i . i .
lala lasers.O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
1) s
ada a
Xenon
s s as s asand s as s as
. P.Pada2) Xenon emits an . P adaada light in discharge
P
intense
. . P. P
daada instantly. Due Ptoathis
atubes . . P
daadait is used in highPadaada
. .P
wwww wwww wwww w ww
w w ww
w
ww speed electronic ww flash bulbs used by ww photographers w w w w
g Radon: .OO rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
1) s a la
a
Radon
s
ia i .
l is radioactive and s aslaa ia i .
l as a source of sgamma
used aslaalia i .
rays s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ada
ada2) ada
adaas ada
adaimplanted adatoaddestroy
a adaada
w.wP.P Radon gas is sealed w.wP.P small capsules w P.P
.wand in the w.wP.P
body malignant
w.wP.i.e.
P
ww
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cancer growth
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
3. dadsaasa l alia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
aa a
adada a
adada adadaa a
adada
ww.PNeon:
. P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
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Neon is used in advertisement as neon sign and the brilliant red glow is caused by passing
g electric current i .O . rgrgthrough neon gas iunder
O .O . rgrglow pressure. i.O.O
O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
. adad
.PArgon:
P .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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Argon prevents the oxidation of hot filament and prolongs the life in filament bulbs
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
Krypton:
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww 1) Krypton is used wwwwin fluorescent bulbs, wwww flash bulbs etc... ww wwww wwww
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2) Lamps filed with krypton are used in airports as approaching lights as they can
g . O rgrgthrough dense fog.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as a li
penetrate
l a a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww 4.Give Uses of hydrochloric www acid www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
1. Hydrochloric g acid is used for the manufacture g of chlorine,g ammonium chloride, g glucose from
g O r r g O r r g O r rg . i.Org
O r
cornala lia. i.O etc.,
starch
a a l alia. i.O
a l alia. i.O
a l alia a laalia.
a s s a s s a a s s a a s s a a s s
dada
aExtraction a
adadbone adada of bone black .P.P adada adada
ww.P2.
. P of glueww P.P
.from w w.P.P
and for purification ww ww.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww www w wwww wwww
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g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 6 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a slaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
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g . O rgrg of chlorine i.O.O
O rgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
5. Give lthe
s a s aalia i .
Uses
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
1.aPurification of drinking adaadwater
a adaada adaada adaada
w.wP.P w.wP.P w .wP.P w.wP.P w.wP.P
ww 2. Bleaching of cotton
ww ww textiles, paper and
ww wrayon
ww w wwww wwww
g 3. It is used .O inrgextraction
O rg of gold iand .O rgplatinum
O rg .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s a slaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P6.How
. P will you ww.P.P
prepare w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
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Bleaching powder is produced by passing chlorine gas through dry slaked lime (calcium
g hydroxide) i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
Ca(OH) a s
a
l al a
a2s+a Cl2 i
a s l al a i
asa 2 + H2O
CaOCl
a a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww ww ww w w wwww wwww
ww 7.Write down tests w
wfor ww ww ww
g Dilute solution . O rgrof
O g sulphuric acid/aqueous . O rgrg solution of sulphates
O . O rgrg gives white precipitate
O . O rgrg (barium
O
s a s
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. . adaada with barium.chloride
sulphate)
P P P. adaada solution. It can
P . P. adaadbe
also
P
a detected using lead
. P. adaadacetate
P
a solution. Here
. P. adaada
P
wwa white precipitatewofw wlead sulphate is obtained. ww ww ww
ww
ww ww w ww
ww wwww wwww
BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 ↓ + 2HCl
g . O r
O grg . O r
O grg sulphate (white . O Ogrg
rprecipitate . O rgrg
O
s a slaalia i .
s aslaalia i .Barium
s aslaalia i . )
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
(CH
.wP.P adaad3COO)
a 2Pb + H2SOa 4 da a
.wP.Pad
PbSOa4da↓ad+
. P. P
a CH3COOH
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
www ww w w w
wwsulphate
Lead (white precipitate w
www ) w
www
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g
ia.O .Orgrg acid is called ias .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
8. Whyalsulphuric
s s aal i
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
aisdadaastrong dibasic acid. ada it forms two.Ptypes
adaHence a
adadaof salts namely sulphates a
adada and bisulphates. a
adada
ww.PIt.P ww.P.P w w . P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
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g H2SO4 + NaOH rgrg NaHSO
rgrg 4 + H2O
rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a asal al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.PH. a2dSO
P ad 4 +2 NaOH .P.P adad Na2SO4 +.P 2H
. ada2O
P d .P.P adad .P.P adad
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g 9.Give uses of rgrsulphur
g dioxide rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O
laladioxide is used insbleaching a
lalai . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
1. Sulphurs a s as hair, silk, wool s as la
laetc... s aslala s as
P daada
aIt P adaada crops and plants P
ada
adain P adaada P adaada
ww. .
2. P can be used for . . P
disinfecting
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ww
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g 10. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s a slaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
daada
1.aOxygen adaada component .for
is one of the essential daadasurvival of livingPorganisms.
athe adaada adaada
w.wP.P w.wP.P w P. P w . . P w . P. P
ww 2. It is used in welding
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g 3. Liquid oxygen .O rgrg is used as fuel in
O .O rgrg
rockets
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s a slaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
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g
i .O . rgrg
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O i .O . rgrg
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O .
a s
a asal al a i
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 7 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s a s s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
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. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg and structurei.of
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rxenon . O rgrg
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11.Hybridisation
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i . fluoride
s asla li
Compounds
a a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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g .O rgrg
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O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
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i .O . rgrg
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a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
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a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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g 13.ExplainOabout
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O .O rgrg
O
Usesasof aslaalia
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s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ➢ Phosphine is w w.P.P
used for producing smokew w.Pscreen
. P as it gives w w
large.P.smoke.
P In a ship, a w w.P.P
pierced
ww
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container with a mixture of calcium carbide and calcium phosphide, liberates phosphine
g and i O rgrg when throwni.O
O
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. into
. rgrgsea.
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
➢a s
aThe
l al a i
asa liberated phosphine a s
a
laal a
ascatches i
fire and a s
a
ignites
l al a i
asaacetylene. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad P.P
.to adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww
ww
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wwwww w
gases serves as a signal
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ships.
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ww
w
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
14. What
s as
a
lalai isi .Haber's process?
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
.
The
P. adaadsynthesis
P
a of ammonia
. P. P
ada nitrogen and hydrogen
adafrom . P. adaada at high pressure
P . P. P
ada optimum
adaand . P. adaada
P
wwtemperature in presence ww of iron catalyst iswknown w ww ww
ww
ww wwww wwww as Haber's process. ww
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N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH 3
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
ada the uses of nitrogen
adaWrite adaada adaada adaada adaada
w.wP15.
. P w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P
ww
ww ➢ In the manufacture wwww of ammonia, w ww acid and calciumwcyanamide
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w ww
w etc. wwww
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g . O r rg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrgrequired in cryosurgery
O . O rgrgand so
O
s
used
as
i i .
laala in biological preservation.s as
i
laala i .
s as
i
laala i .
s as
i
laala i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww 16. What happens
ww wwwwwhen ammonia reacts wwwwwith excess of chlorine? ww
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i . O . O g
i . O . O i . O . O g
i .O . Ogrg .
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a a s l a i 2
a s
a
l
asa a a
2NCl
l i 3 + 6HCl
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w ww w w www w w
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g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 8 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
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. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P . Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
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g . O rgnitric
O rg acid is an oxidising . O rgrgagent & nitratingiagent.
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
17. Prove
s aslaa lthat
ia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
Non
.wP.P adaadmetals
a like carbon,
.wP.P
daada are oxidised by
asulphur .wP.P
daada acid.
anitric .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww C + 4HNO3 w
ww CO2 +4 NO w
2+
w
w 2H2O www www
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2+
g Nitric acid replaces g g hydrogen atom from g g organic compoundsgwith g nitronium ion NO g g . This
O r r O r r O r r O r r
is called
s as lia. i.O
laanitration. s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia.
a6dH a
ad6 a+ HNO3 a
adada C6H5NO2 + .H a
dada a
adada a
adada
ww.PC. P w w.P.P w w P.P 2aO
ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
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g 18. Write the ruses grg of nitric acid .OO rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . i .O . O i .O . O .
➢ sIt
a a
l
asa a
isl a i
used as an oxidising
a s
a
l
asa al a
agent.i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P ada➢d It is used in the .preparation P.Padad of aquaregia. .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ➢ Salts of nitric
w w
wwacid are used in photography www w wwww wwww
ww ww ww (AgNO3) andwgunpowder w for fire arms ww
g (NaNOr3g)rg rgrg rgrg rgrg
a
lala i . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
s
ada as s as s as s as s as
. 19.
P. adaWhat
P is phosphorescence?. P. adaada
P . P . Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
ww wwww wwww wwww
ww White phosphorous ww undergoesww spontaneous slow oxidation ww in air giving a w w
greenish
g yellow glowrwhich grg is visible in the rdark.
grg This is known .as rphosphorescence.
grg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
ada
adaHow adaada adaada adaada adaada
.wP20.
. P is phosphine prepared? .wP.P .wP.P .wP.P .wP.P
w
ww Phosphine is prepared w
ww by the action of sodium w
ww hydroxide with w w
ww phosphorous in an www
ww ww ww w
white ww
g inert atmosphere
.O rgrg of carbon dioxide
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
P4 +asa l
NaOH a lia
asa + CO2 i .
s aslaalia i . 3NaH 2PO2 + sPH aslaali
3↑a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adad a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
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21. How is orthophosphoric acid prepared in the laboratory? ww ww
g When phosphorous
i .O . rgrg is treated withi.O
O . rgrg nitric acid in thei.O
conc.
O . rgrg of iodine catalyst,
presence
O i .O . rgrgit is
O .
oxidiseda sa
l a l a i
asato orthophosphoricasaacid. l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.PP.Pa4 d+
ad20HNO3 .P.P adad 4H 3PO4 +20NO .P.P adad2 + 4H2O .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww w
ww w www w wwww wwww
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g 22. Write about . O rgrgthe reducing property
O . O rgrof
O g phosphine? . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
Phosphine s as
a i i .
lalareduces silver nitrate s as
a i
lainto i .
la silver s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.
PH
adaad+a6AgNO + 3H .OP.P
P adaada 6Ag . P . P
ada
a+da6HNO + H PO . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww 3 3 w2w
ww wwww 3 3 w3ww wwww
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g 23. Write the . O O grg of oxygen
ruses . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
➢ s aslaa
Oxygenlia i .
is one of the s aslaal
essential
ia i .
component s
for asla
the
a ia i .
l survival of livingsorganisms.aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada P.P
.win adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www ➢ Oxygen is w
used
ww oxyacetylene w
welding.
ww www www
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➢ Liquid oxygen is used as a rocket fuel.
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
Illustrate
a the dehydrating a property of sulphuric a acid a a
24.
.PC.Padada . P.Padada . PH.P adada . P.Padada . P.Padada
ww
ww 12 22 11 H O + H 2 SO ww
4w w 12 w
C+ w
ww 2 4. SO 11H 2 O wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
HCOOH + H2SO4 CO + H2SO4.H2O
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a sa
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww www w wwww wwww
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g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 9 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lala i . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P .P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
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s laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
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P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada .P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww
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g . O rgrgthe bleaching action
O . O rofgrchlorine.
O g . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
25. Write
s a
s laaabout
lia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
adaada is a strong oxidising
Chlorine
.wP.P .wP.P adaada and bleaching agent .wP.P adaadsince
a it produces nascent
.wP.Padaada oxygen. .wP.P adaada
w
ww H2O + Cl2 www HCl + HOCl w
ww www www
ww ww ww ww ww
HOCl g HCl +[O] g g
g O r r g
O + Nascent oxygen
.matter .O rr
O .O Orgrg .O Orgrg
Colouring
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i . → Colourless oxidation
s a
s laalia i. product.
s a
s laalia i.
s a
s laalia.
a a
adadbleaching a
adaisdapermanent. a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.PThe
. P of chlorine
ww.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
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25.Show that sodium per xenate is a strong oxidising agent
g
ia.O rg g
Or oxidises manganese
.xenate i.O . rg g
Or (II) ion into permanganate
i .O . Or rg g i .O . O r rg g .
Sodiumalper
a s
a s
a
a l i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i ion even
a s
a
in
l
asa athe
l a i absence of
a s
a aslaalia
dad adad adad adad adad
ww.Pa.P
acatalyst
ww.P.P w .P.P
w ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww 5XeO6
ww
4–
+ 2Mn wwww+ 14H
2+ +
wwww 2MnO + 5XeO 4– ww3 + 7H2O
ww ww
ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s asla
a li
a i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
Seeasaall l li i .
asa the structureasa,aspreparation
a a laalia i .
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s aslaalia i .
properties s aslaof
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s aslaalia.
adad adad a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.Pcompounds
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ww.P.P may be asked ww P.P
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
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g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
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g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
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g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asaa l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
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g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 10 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
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g . O rgrg
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O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
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s a slaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
Book
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP1.
. adaada
P .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
i. The central atom will be the larger one
g .O rgrg only betweeni.two
O O rgrhalogen
O g .O rgthan
O rg two halogens.i.O rgrg
O
ii. It canlabe
s as a lia i .
formed
s aslaal a i . and notla
s as a li
more
a i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
a
da
adaFluorine can’t act Pasada a a
a central metal atom a
dada the smallest one a
adada a
adada
. .P d
iii. abeing
ww.P.P w w w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww iv. Due to high electronegativity
ww ww
ww with small wwsize fluorine helpswthe
ww wwcentral atom to attain
w whigh
ww w
coordination number
g
ia.O rgrg
O
.undergo ia.O .Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
v. Theyalcan
a s
a s aal i the autoaionization.
a s
a slaal i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.Pvi.
. adaThey
P d are strong oxidizing .P.P adad agents .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 2. Explain trend r grg in various properties r grg of Hydrogen halide r grgfrom fluorine to .iodine rgrg
a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai O
i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww .P.P
ww 3.Explain the manufacture
ww ww
ww of chlorineww w
bywelectrolytic method wand
ww w Deacon’s process ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i.
a i a i a i a i
l
➢asaWhen l a
asa a solution of brine a s
a
l l a
asa(NaCl) is electrolysed, a s
a
l l a
asaNa and Cl ions are
+ -
a s
a
l l a
aformed.
s a Na+ ion asaaslaala
.P.P adad reacts with OH-.P . adadof water and forms
P
ions adad hydroxide. .P.P
.P.sodium
P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ➢ Hydrogenwand w chlorine are liberated ww as gases. ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww ww
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 11 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s a
s laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s a
s laalia. i. s a
s laalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia i .
s a
s laalia.
. adaada process .P.P
.wPDeacon’s
P adaada . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P
w
ww In this process a w w
www of air and hydrochloric
mixture w
www acid is passedwup wwwaw
chamber containing w
waww
ww w ww w ww
g number of shelves, rgrg pumice stonesi.O soaked
rgrg in cuprous chloride rgrgare placed. Hot gases rgat
rg about 723
K arespassed i . O
i . O
laala through a jacketsasthat i . O
laalasurrounds the chamber. i
laala . O
i. O i
laala . O
i. O laalia.
a a
s a a s a
s a s a
s a s a
s
.P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
ww
ww 4HCl + O2 w
wwC
400 o w 2H2O + Cl w
w2 ww www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g rgrgCu2Cl2 rgrg rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i.O . O i .O . O i .O . O .
4.Explain
a saasal al a i
about
a s
aasal al a i
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.PThe
.Padadcontact process involves .P.P adad the following steps. .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w wwww www w
ww i. Initially sulphur wwdioxide is produced by ww burning sulphur or iron ww pyrites in oxygen/air. ww
g . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
S d +adO saa2sl→a i
ala SO2i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. aa
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww 4FeS + 11O ww 2Fe O + w
8SO ww ww
ww
ww 2 2
wwww 2 3 ww
ww w 2 wwww wwww
g ii. Sulphur . O rgrg formed is oxidised
dioxide
O . O rgrto
O g sulphur trioxide.O by rgair
O rg in the presenceiof . O ragrcatalyst
O g
s a slaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s as laalia i .
s aslaal a i .
s aslaalia.
adaadas
such
.wP.P
a V2O5 or platinised
.wP.P adaadasbestos.
a
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www www www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
iii. The sulphur trioxide is absorbed in concentrated sulphuric acid and produces oleum
g .O rgroleum
O g .O rgrgsulphuric acid byi.diluting
O O rgrg it with water. i.O.O
O rgrg
(H2S2O7l).aiaThe
s a s a l i . is converted
s aslaalia into
i .
s as laal a i .
s aslaal a i
s aslaalia.
SO a
ada3d+aH2SO4 a
adada H2S2O7 a
aHda2dOa 2H2SO4 adada a a
adada
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P ww.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww
To maximise the yield the plant is operated at 2 bar pressure and 720 K. The sulphuric acid
g
i .O . rgrgprocess is over 96i.O
O . rgpure.
O rg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
aslaalia
obtainedlain l a this
i l al a %
i l al a i l al a i
a saasa a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a asa a s
a
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
ww
ww 5.Explain aboutwAllotrophic www w forms of w www w
sulphur wwww www w
ww w w ww ww
1) Sulphurgexists in crystalline asgwell as amorphous allotrophic grg forms.
g . O r
O r g . O r
O r g . O r
O . O rgrg
O
2) The
s a s
a
lalai crystalline
i . form includes
s as
a
lalai i . rhombic sulphur
s as
(α a
lalaisulphur)
i . and monoclinic
s as
a
lalai i sulphur
. (β
s aslaalia.
. P. adaadasulphur). Amorphous
P . P. adaadallotropic
P
a form includes
. P. adaadaplastic sulphur .(γ
P P. P
daada
asulphur), milk of sulphur . P. adaada
P
wwww and colloidal wwww
sulphur. wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g 3) Rhombic
. O rgrgsulphur also known
O . O ras
O grgα sulphur, is the only . O rgrthermodynamically
O g .
stable
O rgrg
O
s a slaali
allotropic
a i . form at ordinary
s aslaali
a i .
temperature and
s as laa
pressure.lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adaThe crystals have aadacharacteristic
ada4) aa daada and composedPof adaSad8amolecules. adaada
w.wP.P w .wP.P d yellow
w .wP.P acolour
w.w.P w .wP.P
ww
ww 5) When heated wwwwslowly above 96⁰C,witw wconverts
w into monoclinic wwwwsulphur. Upon cooling wwww
g below rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
6)s96 l a i
⁰C
l a.Oi . O β form convertslalback
the i
a .Oi . O to α form. l ali
a .Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
a a s a a s as a a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P ada7)daMonoclinic sulphur .P.P da contains S8 molecules
adaalso .P.P adada in addition to .small P.P
a
adadamount of S 6 .P.P adada
wwww www w www w wwww www w
ww molecules.ww ww ww ww
g 8) It existsrgras g a long needle like prism
rgrg and is also called ras
grgprismatic sulphur..OItO rgis
rgstable
i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O i . .
a sa
between i
aslaala 96 ⁰ - 119 ⁰Casaand a i
aslaalslowly changes into
a s
a
laala
asrhombic i sulphur.
a s
a aslaala i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w wwww www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 12 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s a s s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s aslaalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s a slaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g . O rgrg sulphur is poured
O . O Orgrinto
g . O rgrg rubbery ribbon of
O . O rgrg sulphur
O
9) When
s aslaalia i . molten
s a slaa lia i . cold water
s asla
aali i
yellow
a .
s aslaalia i .plastic
s aslaalia.
.wP.P adaadais produced. They .wP.P
daadavery soft and canPbe
aare .w.P
ada
adastretched adaada (cooling slowly)
easily. OnPstanding
.w.P .wP.P adaada
www it slowly becomes w
ww hard and changes www
to stable rhombic Sulphur.Sulphur ww w also exists www
in
ww ww ww ww ww
g liquid and g g gaseous states. At around g g 140 ⁰C the monoclinic g g sulphur melts to form g g mobile
O r r O r r O r r O r r
pale
a i.O liquid called
laalia.yellow a i.O
laaλlia.sulphur. a laalia. i.O a laalia. i.O a laalia.
a s s a s s a s s a s s a s s
.P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada .P.P adada
ww
ww 6. Write about ozone ww w w www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g ➢ Ozone ris grgan allotropic form.O ofrgoxygen rgrg rgrg
i . O . O i . Org i .O . O i .O . O .
➢ sOzone
a a
l
asa al a i is triatomic gas
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P ada➢d Although negligible .P.P adaamounts
d of ozone.occurs P.Padad at sea level, it is.Pformed . adad in the upper .P.P
P adad
wwww ➢ atmosphere w w w
bywthe action of UV light. www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g ➢ In the laboratoryrgrg ozone is prepared rgrg by passing electrical rgrgdischarge through oxygen.
rgrg
➢ sAt a i . O
i . O
laalapotential of 20,000 a i . O
i . O
lalaabout 10% of oxygen a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
as s asV s as laconverted into ozone,
lais s aslalait gives a s as
. P. adaadamixture known .as
P P. P
daada
aozonised oxygen. .P.P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww
wdistillation
w wwww
ww ➢ Pure ozoneww is obtained as a pale blue ww gas by the fractional ww of liquefied ww
g ozonised rgrgoxygen. rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O laalia.
s as a l s as a l s as a l s as a l s as
adaada about the reducing
.wP7.Write
. P .wP.P adaadaproperty of sulphur .wP.P adaaddioxide
a
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww i)SO reduces chlorine w
ww into hydrochloricww www ww w www
ww 2 ww acid ww ww
g SO2 + 2H2O
.O r+grCl
O g2 H2SO
.O 4rg
O +rg2HCl
.O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s aslaalia i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adad2areduces potassium ada a
da a
adada sulphate (Mn a
ad)ada a
adada
ww.Pii)SO
. P w w.P.P permanganate intow w P.P
.manganese w w.P.2+P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww ww ww ww
2KMnO4 + 5SOw 2w
+ 2H2O K2SO ww 4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO
ww 4
ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
iii)SO a s2a
a slaal a
reduces
i potassium dichromate
a s
a
l
asa a l a i into chromicasa l
asa al
sulphate a i (Cr )3+
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.PK. a2dCr
P ad 2O7 + 3SO2 + H2.SO P.Pada d
K 2SO
adad2(SO4)3 + H2O .P.P
.4P+Cr
. P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w 4
www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g 8. Write about . O rgrgthe bleaching action
O . O Orgrof
g sulphur dioxide. . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
i) In s as
a
presence
i i .
lala of water, sulphur s as
a i
la
ladioxidei .
bleaches s as
coloured a i i .
lala wool, silk, sponges s as
a i
laand i .
la straw s aslaalia.
. P. adaadcolourless
P
into
a
due to . P
its. P
daada
areducing property . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww ww ww wwww
ww SO2 + 2H2O ww H2SO4 + 2[H]ww ww ww
g X + 2[H] i.O rgrg
O XH2 . O Orgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
Coloured s aslaal a i .
colourless s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
. adaada
.wPii)When
P .w P.Padaada .wP . adaada
P adaada
.wPit.P .wP.P adaada
www the bleached ww w product (Colourless) w
is allowed to stand in w
air, is reoxidised by w
ww ww www wwww ww
ww
atmospheric oxygen to its original colour.w
g .O
iii)Henceaibleaching rgrg action of sulphur
O .O Orgrdioxide
g is temporary .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s asla l a i .
s aslaa lia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a
adada adadaa a
adada a
adada a
adada
ww.P9.
. P Show that sulphuricw w.P.P acid is an oxidising w w P.P
.agent w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww ww
ww
i)Sulphuric acid is an oxidising agent as it produces nascent oxygen
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a sa
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa a l a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ww w w www w ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 13 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lala i . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s a s s as
. P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww
 s as laalia. i. www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia. i. www.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i. s aslaalia.
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
g
H2SO4 lalia.O rgrg H O + SO +i.O[O]
O rgrg O rgrg O rgrg
i . 2 l2alai.O l alia. i . O l alia. i . O laalia.
s as a s as a s as a s as a s as
.wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada Nascent oxygen .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww ii)Sulphuric acidwoxidises www carbon into carbon w
ww dioxide www www
ww w ww ww ww
C + 2H2SO4 g g 2SO2 + 2Hg 2O + CO2
g O
. i.O r r . i.Org into ortho phosphoric
O r .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
iii)Sulphuric
s as laalia acid oxidises phosphorous
s aslaalia s aslaalia i . acid
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
a4 d+a a 2SO4
ad10H a
dada ada ada a
adada a
adada
ww.PP.P w w.P.P a4H 3PO4 + 10SO2 + P
w w. 4H
. P 2O
w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww iv) Sulphuric acid
ww w w
oxidises
ww iodide into iodine. ww ww wwww ww
ww
g H2SO4 + 2HIrg g 2SO2 + 2Hr2g Og+ I2 rgrg rgrg
i . O . O r i . O . O r i .O . O i .O . O .
a s
a asal al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
. adad is nitric acid manufactured
.P9.How
P .P.P adad using Ostwald's
.P.P adad process? .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww ➢ Ammoniawprepared www w w w
ww is mixed about 10ww w w
ww of air. www w
ww w by Haber's process ww times ww
g ➢ This mixture rgrg is preheated and rpassed
grg into the catalystrgchamber rg where they come rgrg in
➢ scontacta i . O
i . O
lala with platinum sgauze. a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O a
lalai . O
i . O laalia.
as as s as s as s as
. P. ada➢adaThe temperature.P.rises
P adaadaabout 1275 K. .P.P
P adaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww ww
wgauze
w ww
wrapid
w wwww wwww
ww ➢ The metallic ww brings about the ww catalytic oxidation ww of ammonia resulting ww in the
g ➢ formation rgrgof NO. rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O laalia.
➢ sNOas la a
l is the oxidised to NO s asla2l a s asla l a s asla l a s as
.wP4NH
. adaad3a+5O2
P .wP.P
daada + 6H2O
a4NO .wP.P
+120
ada
adaKJ .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
w
ww 2NO + O2 w
ww 2NO2 www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
g ➢ NO2 O rgrg
produced is passed through rgrga series of adsorption rgrtowers.
g rgrg
l alia. i.O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O l alia.Oi . O laalia.
➢asaNO
asa 2 reacts with water a s
a a
tos agive nitric acid. a s as a a s as a a s as
.P.P ada➢d Nitric acid formed .P.P
dadbleached
ais by blowing .P.P da
adaair. .P.P adada .P.P adada
wwww w w w www w www w www w
ww 6NO2 + 3H2O www 4HNO3 + 2NOw+wH 2O
ww ww
g
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
10. Explain
a s
a
l al a i
asa the action of nitric a s
a
l al a i
asa acid on metals with a s
a
l a
asonel a i
a example. a s
a
l
asa al a i
a s
a aslaalia
. adad
.PPrimary
P reaction .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
wwww www w www w www w www w
ww Metal nitrate is formed ww with the release w ofwnascent hydrogen. ww ww
g 3Cu + 6HNO . O rg3rg
O 3Cu(NO . 3)O
O r2g+rg6(H) . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
Secondary s as
a i i .
lala reaction s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s as
a
lalai i .
s aslaalia.
. P. adaada hydrogen produces
P
Nascent . P . adaadthe
P
a
reduction . P.
products
adaadof
P
a
nitric acid . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
wwww wwww wwww wwww wwww
ww 6(H) + 3HNO3 ww 3HNO2 + 3Hw2O w ww ww
g Tertiary reaction . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
With s as l
diluteaa ia i .
l acid the secondary s aslaalia i
products
.
decompose s a
toslaa ia i .
l final products. sasal
give
l a ia i .
s aslaalia.
. adaada
.wP3HNO
P P.P
.wHNO adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada .wP.P adaada
www 2 www 3 + 2NO + H 2O
www www www
ww ww ww ww ww
Hence over all reaction is
g 3Cu + 8HNO .O rg3rg
O 3Cu(NO .O Orgrg3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
s as laalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia i .
s aslaalia.
adada
With a concentrated acid the a
adadasecondary products a
adada
react to give the final a
adada
products. a
adada
ww.PHNO
. P + HNO w w. P . P 2NO + H O w w. P. P w w. P. P w w. P. P
ww
ww 2 3 ww
ww 2 2 ww
w w wwww ww
ww
Hence over all reaction is
g Cu + 4HNO i .O . rgrg
O Cu(NO i .O 3O
. )r2gr+g2NO2 + 2H2 laia.O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .
a i a i i a i aslaalia
3
s asal l a s l
asa l a s asa l s l
asa l a s
adad a a adada a adada a a
adad a a
adad a
ww.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P
ww
ww ww
ww ww ww wwww ww
ww
g O rgrg O rgrg pg. 14 O rgrg O rgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O laalia.
s as s as s as s as s as
. P. adaada
P . P . adaada
P . P.Padaada . P. adaada
P . P. adaada
P
ww ww ww ww ww