Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 131 views

    CMSC21 Recario LabWk1 CBasics

    Uploaded by

    Rogz Bautista
    This document discusses C programming basics including input/output, functions, and parameter passing. It provides examples of printf and scanf for output and input. Functions are described as blocks of code that perform specific tasks, and can have arguments, return values, or both. Parameter passing by value or reference is covered, with examples given. The document concludes with an exercise assignment on creating a basic calculator application in C.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    CMSC21 Recario LabWk1 CBasics

    Uploaded by

    Rogz Bautista
    131 views5 pages
    This document discusses C programming basics including input/output, functions, and parameter passing. It provides examples of printf and scanf for output and input. Functions are described as blocks of code that perform specific tasks, and can have arguments, return values, or both. Parameter passing by value or reference is covered, with examples given. The document concludes with an exercise assignment on creating a basic calculator application in C.

    Original Title

    CMSC21-Recario-LabWk1-CBasics

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses C programming basics including input/output, functions, and parameter passing. It provides examples of printf and scanf for output and input. Functions are described as blocks of code that perform specific tasks, and can have arguments, return values, or both. Parameter passing by value or reference is covered, with examples given. The document concludes with an exercise assignment on creating a basic calculator application in C.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    131 views5 pages

    CMSC21 Recario LabWk1 CBasics

    Uploaded by

    Rogz Bautista
    This document discusses C programming basics including input/output, functions, and parameter passing. It provides examples of printf and scanf for output and input. Functions are described as blocks of code that perform specific tasks, and can have arguments, return values, or both. Parameter passing by value or reference is covered, with examples given. The document concludes with an exercise assignment on creating a basic calculator application in C.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    C Basics, I/O, Parameter Passing, Functions

    Prepared by: RNC Recario


    [email protected]
    Institute of Computer Science UPLB
    Nov 2011

    OBJECTIVES
    At the end of the laboratory session, the student is expected to
    o Recall the fundamentals of C Programming from CMSC 11
    o Identify the basic C routines for input and output
    o Identify and recall the different types of parameter passing
    o Identify and recall functions
    o Develop a modular programming approach of solving a problem
    o Solve an exercise which involves modularization and parameter passing

    C BASICS and I/O


    o According to types of statements:
     Sequential –statements that are executed sequentially.
     Conditional – statements that are executed depending on the truth value of a condition imposed
     Iterative – statements that are repeated done over a number of times or when a condition is
    already FALSE.

    o Basic input / output


     printf(“[text|formatspec]”, [var|const]);
    – prints the value unto the screen
    – text represents any text or string of characters
    –formatspec represents the format specifiers in C (e.g., %d, %i, %f, %lf)
    – var represents any variable corresponding with the formatspec
    –const represents any constant corresponding to the formatspec
     scanf(“formatspec[,formatspec]”, (&var|var)[,&var|var]);
    – gets input from the keyboard
    –formatspec represents the format specifier
    –var represents the variable corresponding with the formatspec. This is used if the variable is non-
    atomic data type.
    –&var represents the memory address of a variable. This is used if the variable is atomic data type.

    FUNCTIONS
    Functions are common constructs in C. By definition, a function is a block of codes that does some
    specific tasks. A function is composed of a function name, argument(s) or parameter(s), function body
    and the return value. Almost all programming language has an equivalent function construct.

    int computeSum(int a, int b){


    return(a + b);
    }

    A function can be “classified” into four types according to the arguments and return type.
    A function can be any of the following
    o No argument(s), no return value
    o No argument(s), has return value
    o Has argument(s), no return value
    o Has argument(s), has return value

    A function can have multiple arguments but can only return at most 1 value. However, if there is a need
    to return two or more values, this can be accomplished through pointers (an example of this is passing
    an array in and out of a function).

    A common mistake done by students (and that might include you in the near future) is that they usually
    create or define a function within another function. Here is an example of this erroneous approach.

    int getInput(){
    int a=3, b=5;
    int computeSum(int a, int b){
    return(a + b);
    }
    }

    Note that the above example is WRONG. A correct way to do that would like something like the one
    shown below although it will still not work. (The next question is why?)

    int getInput(){
    int a=3, b=5;
    }
    int computeSum(int a, int b){
    return(a + b);
    }

    A function can be invoked or called from the main()or in any function. An example of a function call
    would look something like this:

    int k;
    k = computeSum(5, 4);

    unlike a function definition or creation, function calls can be nested. A valid function call would look
    something like this:

    k = computeSum(computeSum(1,2),3);

    while an invalid function call based on the above example would look something like this:

    k = computeSum(computeSum(1,2,3),3);

    C follows a very rigid rule when calling a function. In C, a function call to another function is allowed if
    the function to be called has already been defined before the function calling it. To simplify my point,
    let’s create a simple example.
    void func_a(){
    func_b();
    }
    void func_b(){
    func_c();
    }
    void func_c(){
    //some codes
    }

    The above function calls will not work because function func_a has been defined first before func_b
    which it needs to call. In order for this set of functions to work properly, the ordering should be:

    void func_c(){
    //some codes
    }
    void func_b(){
    func_c();
    }
    void func_a(){
    func_b();
    }

    In some cases, a function needs to be called more than once by some functions. This implies a case that
    function calls will violate the said rule. In order to override this rule, we have what we call function
    prototype. By function prototyping, we are declaring the functions before they are defined. This gives us
    the opportunity to validly declare and define functions in any order.

    An example of function prototype is shown below:

    void func_a();
    void func_b();
    void func_c();
    void func_c(){
    //some codes
    }
    void func_b(){
    func_c();
    }
    void func_a(){
    func_b();
    }

    PARAMETER PASSING
    There are types of parameter passing: pass by value and pass by reference. A pass by value allows you to
    create another copy of the value within a variable that you passed. In contrast, a pass by reference
    allows you to pass the actual variable that you need by passing its memory address. In practice or
    application, the difference of the two types is not observable. But if you are handling a huge amount of
    data (e.g, 2d array, let’s say an image), pass by reference should be the one used.
    An example of a pass by value is this one:

    int computeSum(int a, int b){


    return(a +b);
    }
    main(){
    int a=5, b=4;
    printf(“%d”, computeSum(a, b));
    }

    An example of a pass by reference is this one:

    int * computeSum(int *a, int *b){


    return(*a +*b);
    }

    main(){
    int a=5, b=4, c;
    c=computeSum(&a, &b));
    printf(“%d”, c);
    }
    Exercise 1: C Basics
    Prepared by: RNC Recario
    [email protected]
    Institute of Computer Science UPLB
    Nov 2011

    filename: <surname>_<section>_exer<exerno>.c
    Example: recario_u1l_exer1.c
    Ensure that you have a backup copy of your work. Always save your work! You will show your work to
    me after you have finished working.

    The Problem
    You need to create a basic calculator application subject to the following conditions:
    There are four operations valid: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. For simplicity, the
    operation works for integer-based values only.
    Your application must be able to catch some mathematical conditions. Example, division by zero is not
    allowed.
    Everything should be modular. Everything should be pass by reference.
    A menu should be available that allows you to choose what operation you need to do.
    A skeleton c code is provided for you to start. You are allowed to modify it if you are not comfortable
    with my coding style provided that you will still meet the conditions outlined in this exercise.

    You might also like