A Primer of Higher Space Claude Bragdon

A primer of higher space (the fourth dimension) by Claude Bragdon.
Bragdon, Claude Fayette, 1866-1946.

Rochester, N.Y., The Manas press, 1913.
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A primer of higher space (the fourth dimension)Claude Fayette Bragdon

,
NK
I 570
Library
Architecture/
The Beautiful Necessity.

The Golden Person in the Heart.
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
Episodes from an Unwritten History.

A PRIMER OF HIGHER SPACE

I
AiPRJMERx OF
HIGHEPo-SPACE
1913 • THE: MAnXs • PRoESS
ROCHESTEPo: NEW; YORK

(THE: FOURTH • DIMENSION)
Copyright 1913 by
CLAUDE BRAGDON
TO
to last guided the author in this ad-

venture upon uncharted oceans of thought.

Whose pole-true intelligence has from first
PHILIP HENRY WYNNE
FOREWORD
The Fourth Dimension of Space is a
memory-haunting phrase, often heard,
yet little understood. In this slender
volume the author has attempted to explain
what is meant by it, and to usher the reader
into some of those fascinating halls of
thought to which it is the door. Although
the exposition is along known and already
conventional lines, it is hoped that there is
enough new and original matter to justify
the book, and enough simplicity of presen-
tation to justify its title, A Primer of
Higher Space.
288594
THE FOURTH DIMENSION

A PACK OF CAR^: A UNITY, BEjCtMS
MANIFEST IN THE! 2 DIM^NÔHS1 Of A PLAN3 SPAC£
THE INDISPENSABLE ANALOGY
ADVENTURE with me down a precipice of thought,
sustained only by the rope of an analogy, slender
but strong. This rope, anchored in the firm ground
of sensuous perception, extends three paces in the
direction of the great abyss, then vanishes at the
giddy brink. Let us examine this sustaining simile
foot by foot and strand by strand.
Familiar both to the mind and eye are the space
systems of one, two, and three dimensions; that is,
lines, planes, solids. Lines are bounded by points,
and themselves bound planes; line-bound planes in
turn bound solids. What, then, do solids bound?
Here is where the analogical rope vanishes from
sight. If you answer that a solid cannot be a bound-
ary we part company. No argument of mine can
convince you to the contrary. But if you are inter-

A PRIMER OF HIGHER SPACf
ested enough to ask, "Well, what do solids bound!!
logic compels the answer, "Higher solids: fou
dimensional forms (invisible to sight) related to tr
solids we know as these are related to their bounded planes, as planes to their bounding lines."
Let us retrace our steps and go over the ground again. A point, moving a given distance in an ura
changing direction, traces out a line. This line, mov-
ing in a direction at right angles to itself a distance equal to its length, traces out a square. This square,
moving in a direction at right angles to its plane i
distance equal to the length of one of its sides, trace
out a cube. It is easy to picture these processes and
the resultant geometrical figures of one, two, and
three dimensions, because the line, the square, and
the cube have their correlatives in the world of ob-
jects; but the imagination fails when the attempt is
made to continue this order of form-building. Here
again the rope disappears into the void. For the
cube to develop in a direction at right angles to its
every dimension a new region of space would be
required—a fourth dimension. Should you declare
that there is not and cannot be such a region of space,
I wave you farewell, as before. But if you hesitate,
I cannot forbear to press my advantage. In such a
higher space the cube would trace out a hyper-cube,
or tesseract, a four-dimensional figure related to the
cube as the cube is related to the square. This figure,

invisible to the eye, is known to the mind. The num-
ber of its points, lines, planes and cubic boundaries,
and their relation to one another, are as familiar to

i THE FOURTH DIMENSION
the mathematician as are the elements of the cube
whence it is derived.*
Again return, and for the third time. Arithme-
tically it is possible to raise a number to any given
power; that is, to multiply it by itself any number of
times. There is a known spatial correlative of the
second power of a number, the square; and of its
third power, the cube; but we have no direct or
sensory knowledge of that analogous form, the
tesseract, which would correspond to the fourth
power of a number, nor of the four-dimensional
space in which alone its development would be pos-
sible. With the geometry of such a space mathe-
maticians long have been familiar, but is there such
a space—is there any body for this mathematical
soul?
THE REASONABLENESS OF THE HIGHER SPACE
HYPOTHESIS
Before dismissing such an idea as absurd, let it
be remembered that the mathematician is today the
scout of science. Of this fact the discovery of Nep-
tune is a classic example. A French mathematician
computed and announced the place of a hypothetical
body exterior to Uranus. A German astronomer
pointed his telescope towards the designated quarter

of the heavens and found an object with a planetary
disc not plotted on the map of stars. It was the
sought for world. May not the preoccupation of
mathematicians with problems involving a hypothet-
ical space of four dimensions anticipate the discov-
*The hyper-cube has 16 corners, 32 edges, 24 square faces and 8 bound-
ing cubes.
ery and conquest, not of a new world, but of a new!
space? I
The existence of a space of four dimensions can!
never be disproven by showing that it is absurd or |
inconsistent, for such is not the case. Not only has j
the higher space hypothesis such validity as the great' (
law of analogy can give, but it solves many of the
problems and reconciles many of the contradictions
which confront the modern man of science. So true
is this that Helmholz continually kept the possibil-
ity of physical higher space before him in his
dynamical reasonings which are among the classics
of physical science. Kelvin also felt the pressure of
the mathematical reality of higher space so strongly
that he declared himself ready to accept it as an
explanation of physical phenomena when these could
be more consistently explained by such a concept.
The idea that space may have more than three
dimensions may seem highly revolutionary, but it is
no more so than the idea that the world is spherical
instead of flat, or that the earth revolves around the
sun instead of the sun around the earth. These
familiar and established truths contradict the evidence
of the senses, and therefore they were received with
incredulity until the proof of them became over-

whelming. Should the evidence in favor of a many-
dimensional space become overwhelming, we should
be forced to accept the idea and come to think in
terms of it. In other words, if we came to observe
in space contradictory facts, and if these facts forced us to ascribe to a body two attributes or qualities
which we formerly thought could not exist together, <

bur reason would seek to reconcile these contra-
dictions. If the idea of a fourth dimension recon-
ciled them, we should develop a sense of higher
space.
THE FOURTH DIMENSION DEFINED
The expression, the fourth dimension, offers
a shock to the mind accustomed to practical handling
of matter, because all our experiences of measure-
ment or dimensionality are ultimately founded upon
matter possessing but three dimensions, so that we
havegreat difficulty in accepting the reality of a direc-
tion not contained in our space or our matter but
definitely at right angles to every line that can be
drawn within the matter and space which contain all
our ordinary experiences. Our idea of space is par-
tial, and like many another of our ideas needs modi-
fication to accommodate it to fuller knowledge.
What we think of as space is more probably only
some part of space made perceptible. It may be
that our space hears a relation to space in its totality
analogous to that which the images cast by a magic
lantern bear to the walLojL-Htbirh rhcsp images-axe
made to appear—a wall with solidity, thickness,
extension in other and more directions than. .JthflSS
embraced within the_ waYîflg. circle of light, which

would correspond to our sense of the cosmos. In
other words, perhaps that which we think, _Qi_.ajLsaa£g_
is only so much of it asjourjimitfid. sensuaus-mechan^
ism is able to apprehend,.
For knowledge arises from consciousness, and
consciousness everywhere and always is conditioned
by the vehicle of physical perception. The par-

A PRIMER OF HIGHER SPACE]
ticular "space" or dimensional order apprehended'
by consciousness must bear an exact relation to the!
amplitude of motion in space of which the vehicle) it capable7~ A~s~"Trfi$ amplitude of motion varies,
widely in different departments of nature, there
naturally arises the idea of spaces of different dimen-
sionalities, each added dimension corresponding to I
a power of motion in a new direction. The grub, I
working its way upward out of the earth in which it I
is buried, may be said to inhabit a linear, or one- I
dimensional space; the caterpillar's space, the sur- |
face of a leaf, is two-dimensional; while the winged
butterfly attains the freedom of all three dimensions.
Understood in this way—as new powers of move-
ment in new media—the expression the fourth
dimension of space is sufficiently descriptive of an
unfamiliar power of movement in an unknown
medium,"but related to the movements and the media
known to us by an orderly sequence of evolution.
THE DESIGNATION OF THINGS IN TERMS OF THEIR
DIMENSIONALITY
One other apparent contradiction in the use of
terms, involving the possibility of misconception,
should also be mentioned. In any discussion of the ,
higher space hypothesis such expressions as a "one-
dimensional" body, or a "two-dimensional" body,

are apt to occur. Such terms, though convenient, are
not accurate, because there can be no such thing as
a one-dimensional or a two-dimensional body in our
three-dimensional space. Its three dimensions must
exist always and everywhere, and everything must
have some extension, however slight, in every oneôf
6
its_three.dimensions. This is clear, even axiomatic,
and the case must be the same if space has more
than three dimensions. Whatever the number of
dimension^ in space,everything must Tiave that num-
ber of dimensions ,too.If there are more than three
dimensions in space and we perceive only three in
the objects around us, then we are forced to the con-
clusion that we perceive things .only. partially. All
the dimensions beyond the third are fat ju._nQn-„
existent, but our lack of perceptive power does not in
,any_ way affejcXth^
Notwithstanding this self-evident fact (that the
number of dimensions in an object must be co-equal
with the number of dimensions in space itself), there
is a sense in which such expressions as a "one-
dimensional" or a "two-dimensional" body have
quite sufficient validity. They may be used to desig-
nate, first, a cross-section, limit, or boundary—the
edge of a razor would be one-dimensional in this
sense, and the surface of a table two-dimensional—
and second, to designate something in which the given
number of dimensions, is patent, andHany dimensions
beyond these latent; or in which the constituent
particles have, or appear to have, free movement or
power of transmission in the designated number of

dimensions, and restricted movement in all direc-
tions above and beyond that number. Understood
in this way, a nerve, a hair, the stem of a leaf—the
trunk of a tree, even—might properly be called one-
dimensional; a leaf, a handkerchief, a piece of paper,
two-dimensional; and any solid of our space three-
dimensional. For there is a perfectly appreciable
difference, based upon extension in space, between
7
A PRIMER OF HIGHER SPACES
these various classes of objects, notwithstanding that'
all of them have, as we know, extension in all three]
dimensions—and according to the higher space,
hypothesis, in more than that number.
A BROADER CONCEPT OF SPACE
Having now in a manner paved the way, let us
put aside all our preconceived ideas as to the limita-
tions of space, and form a new concept which will
embrace the higher dimensions as easily as the lower.
It is necessary to do this, not because our space con-
ception is false, but only because it is partial. Let
lift"7hTnk "t~"nnf~nf" abstract space, but of material
spaces, differentiated from one another by their
dimensionality, and designated in terms of it (as a
one-space, a two-space, a three-space, a four-space,
and so on)—the greater the number of dimensions,
the "higher" the space. Let us think of each space as
.generated from the one next below it, and as having
the dimensionalities of all spaces lower than itself
patent, and those higher than itself latent. Also,
conceive of each space ns-the cross-section of the next, higher space—as limiting two contiguous portions of
higher space.. For example, one segment of a line"
(a one-space) is divided from another by a point,
and the line itself is generated by the motion of a
point; one portion of a plane (a two-space) is sepa-

rated from another by a line (a one-space), and the
plane itself is generated by the movement of the line
in a direction at right angles to its length. Again,
two portions of a solid (a three-space) are limited
with regard to one another by a plane (a two-space);
this plane, moving in a direction at right angles to

the surface, generates a solid (a three-space). Also,
by analogy, two portions of a higher solid (a four-
space) are limited with regard to one another by a
solid (a three-space), and this solid, moving in a
direction at right angles to its every dimension,
generates a higher solid.
From this it is possible to formulate a definition
applicable to a space of any dimensionality: A
space is that which separates two portions of the next
7tigher_space from each other. Also, Any space can
generate its next higher space by moving in newdirection, that is, a direction not contained within
itself.
A HYPOTHETICAL TWO-DIMENSIONAL UNIVERSE
With these axioms as a guide, let us by a simple
expedient try now to gain some elementary notion of
four-dimensional space, undisturbed by any apparent
absurdity in the idea. Consider our three-dimen-
sional space as the higher space of a two-dimensional
world of similar form and constitution to our own.
Now by the terms of our definition,^. two-dimen-
sional universe would be a plane separating two con-
tiguous portions of universal three-dimensional space
from each other.1 This plane, to have concrete
existence, to be anything more than a geometrical
abstraction, would need to have some thickness,

some extension, however slight, in the third dimen-
sion. A terrestrial world in such a two-dimensional
universe would not be a sphere, as in our three-space,
but a circular disc, the cross-section of a sphere.
[The matter of this disc-world would have the power
of free movement in the two extended directions of

the plane (its space), but no power of movement in
the infinitesimal, or third dimension.^/Assume that
this disc-world is held together, like our own, by an
attractive force analogous to gravitation, which not
only determines and preserves its circular form,
but holds its inhabitants, two-space "men," to
The direction of the attractive force holding him
to the rim of his disc (the surface of his earth)
would give him the sense of up and down, the airy
region above his head and the earthy region beneath
his feet, thus determining for him one dimension of
his plane space. Also, since he can move forward
and backward along that rim, he would be conscious
of a direction parallel to the circumference—the sec-
ond dimension; but being denied any further power
of movement he would have no knowledge of right
or left—the third dimension—for this direction
would extend into his "higher" or three-dimensional
the rim which forms
its "surface." Such a
two-space man would
bear the relation to a
human being that -a
cross-sectional slice of
a solid bears to the

solid itself. What
account would this
flat-man, on the rim
of his disc-world,
traversing his plane
space, give of the uni-
verse in which he
finds himself?
10
space, f Suppose him to be inspired by some intima-
tion of this higher space (as we are beginning to
be inspired by intimations of a space higher still), in
what form would the apprehension of it enter his
limited consciousnessj and how would it affect his
concepts?
He would come to conceive that the conditions
of his existence demanded the presence of an ex-
tended wall of matter everywhere in contact with
the objects of his world. He would infer also that
these objects must have an imperceptible thickness
in the higherdimension—that they might indeed con-
ceivably (though invisibly to him) extend away into
it. /What seemed to him to be the solids of his world
might be, in fact, the two-dimensional boundaries or
cross-sections of three-dimensional solids in, or
passing through his spacei in the same manner that
in his world a one-dimensional line would be recog-
nized'as the boundary or cross-section of a two-
dimensional square. Reasoning along these lines,
^1T5 might conclude that he himself was but a two-
dimensional cross-section of some three-dimensional
body, the corporeal part of a higher being inhabiting
three-dimensional space; and the sublime faith
might grow up in him that his unified consciousness

had its home in planes of existence the nature of
which, by his physical limitation to two dimensions,
he could not be aware. \
DEDUCTIONS FROM FOREGOING PREMISES
If this train of reasoning is logical for a two-
space man, exactly analogous suppositions may be
formed by us with regard to four-dimensional space.
11
A PRIMER OF HIGHER SPAC
We have a right to infer thaqour space is, as it were,
an interval, a gap, in higher space. We may
believe that there is a direction extending at right
angles to every direction that we know; that our
world and everything in it is sustained and environed
by this boundary. [ We must, however, give up any
attempt to picture to our imagination this four-
dimensional space. We can no more do so than the
flat-man can imagine the three-dimensional space
contiguous to his own. We cannot point to it any
more than the two-space man can point to his right or
to his left, because it involves a power of movement
which we do not possess. We may suppose that in
some way|unknown to us all the objects of our world
have an infinitesimal "thickness" in the higher
dimension; that they are in reality three-dimensional
projections or cross-sections of higher solids travers-
ing our space. We may conclude, indeed, that our
physical bodies are such projections of higher
bodies—still our own—and that our essential selves
have their home in planes of being, the nature of
which, by the limitation of our consciousness to three
dimensions, we cannot be aware.} It may be urged that the cross-sectional space,
world, man, first described, has nowhere any exist-
ence, that the whole concept is a figment of the imagi-

nation, and that conclusions based upon premises of
this order are entitled to no consideration. It is true
that we know of no two-dimensional space, world,
or beings such as have been described; the whole
analogy is an artifice, a false-work, constructed for
the purpose of acquainting the reader, easily and
rapidly, with certain fundamental higher space
12
concepts. But these conclusions, though deduced
from premises avowedly artificial, are not for that
reason necessarily false. They are not solely sus-
tained by means of this flimsy scaffolding, but rest
upon other and firmer foundations, as will be shown.
A PHYSICAL TWO-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM
And yet this particular scaffolding is not quite so
rickety as it appears. A study of nature from the
standpoint of the higher space theory—that is, the
consideration of it as an aggregation of material
spaces of different dimensionalities—brings to light
many systems resembling in their essential elements
the hypothetical one above sketched. Recollect first
that space, as the word is here used, is the space of
the physicist rather than that of the geometer. Space
should be conceived of as concrete and relative, not
as abstract and absolute. With this idea in mind,
and granting that all life manifesting as motion is, conscious life, as much aware of its environment as
the limitation of its motion permits, let us see if we
cannot find some combination of related spaces of
different dimensionalities—actual, concrete spaces—
which shall form a basis for deductions of the same
order as those already made from imaginary
premises.
Since by the terms of our definition, "A space is

thajjKhich limits two contiguous portions of the next
higher space," the surface of a pond or pool, limiting
a^jt_does the water beneath and the air above, would
constitute a two-dimensional space limiting two por-
tions of three-dimensional space from each other.
A lily-pad floating horizontally on this surface
13
might be considered (a~world of this two-space, and
its inhabitant some microscopic unit of conscious-
ness free to move in the two extended dimensions of
the leaf, but prevented by the thinness of its plane
world from moving up and down, and therefore,
necessarily ignorant of everything above and bejgxsfJ
Except for a change of axis, this corresponds in its
essential features to the cross-sectional system first
sketched, and nature abounds in such systems and
sequences. The plane space, plane world, and
plane-bound consciousness so far from being arbi-
trary and absurd, are literally true in fact.
THE MOVABLE THRESHOLD OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Du Prel says, in his Philosophy of Mysticism,
"From the standpoint of every animal organisrruwe
can divide external nature into two parts, which are
the more: unequal as the organic grade is lower, the
one includes that, part with which the sense appar-
atuTestablish.es relations; the other is transcendental
for the organism in question; that is, the organism
lives in no relation to it. In the biological process
the boundary line between these two world-halves
has been pushed continually forward in the same
direction. The number of senses has increased, and
their functional ability has risen. . . The bio-

logical rise and the rise of consciousness thus signify
a constant removal of the boundary between repre-
sentation and reality at the cost of the transcendental
part of the world, and in favor of the perceived
part."
Now if this shifting psycho-physical thresh-
old is simply the Era (fihg line "between lower and
14
higher spaces^then the whole evolutionary pmrp«i
cons ists trTtheco nCues i»~ dimensijon. .hy- d i m enslon»_fli
successive space-worlds,..,This certainly holds true as
faTas our observation extends. To the grub, work-
ing its way up to the surface of the earth, that sur-
face is transcendental; to the caterpillar, the earth is
real, and the free air transcendental; while to the
butterfly, master of this added dimension, the thresh-
old has again receded. Indeed there are indications
that the butterfly is_in_-possession -at— a- space-sense.
whichjsjstill a mys.tery-ta-u&. Fabre himself cannot
explain how the great peacock moth finds its mate in
the dark and at a distance sometimes of miles.
Arguing by analogy^jrverything which is to us
transcendental exists nevertheless in some space. It
is therefore possible that by an intention of con-
sciousness w^ma^^ able first to apprehend, then to
perceive as real, that which is now considered tran-
scendental.
THE CONQUEST OF SPACE BY CONSCIOUSNESS
Right at this point we cross the track of Plato.
In one of the Platonic dialogues Socrates makes an
experiment on a slave who is standing by. He
causes space perceptions to awaken in the mind of
Meno's slave by directing his close attention to some

simple facts in geometry. Plato's comment was that
behind .tb£ phenomena of mind that Meno's slave
boy exhibited, there was a vast, an infinite perspec-
"tiye. It is possible that by dwelling on elementary
higher space concepts, we may repeat Socrates'
experiment on new grounds; that is, by an intention
of consciousness upon the fourth dimension we may
15
push back the psycho-physicalbojinjiary_ajid capture
for serjse the now transcendental iourjhjiiinension.
Because this pushing back of the psycho-physical
boundaryjsincessant and universal, we have only to
observe its lower and earlier manifestations in order
to understand its immediate and ultimate. Such
"observation leads to the conclusion that our sense of
time may be only an imperfect sense of_space. This
is clear if we consider thlTmanner in which the facts
of space must present themselves to a consciousness
"Wfth~~a~7esS developed sense of space than ours—and
by a less developed sense of space is meant a more
limited power of representation in form. Many
{hings which we as human beings apprehend with-
out difficulty simultaneously, after the manner of
space, such a consciousness could only apprehend
successively after the manner of time. A worm, for
example, requires time in order to examine an angle
or a hole—things in which with us the time element
does not enter at all. ffhus, that which is time to
one grade of consciousness, is space for the next
ascending grade. If this is true, then though the
fourth dimension cannot manifest itself to our three-
dimensional powers of perception as space, it can,
and perhaps does, manifest itself as time—that is, by

means of changes of state in the objects of our world,
involving a temporal element, j
THE FOURTH DIMENSION AS TIME
This is important. Let us see if we cannot
realize it more completely and concretely. (Think of the fourth dimension, not as a new region of space
—a direction, as has been said, towards which we
16
can never point—but as a principle of growth, of
change, a measure of relations which cannot be
expressed in terms of length, breadth and thickness.
Now go back to the consciousness limited to the Two
dimensions of a plane. The objects of our world
(three-dimensional objects) passing through his
plane world would manifest their third dimension as
a principle of growth, of change, and as a measure
of relations which could not be expressed in terms of
two dimensions! TEe changing cross-sections which
they traced in the constituent matter of his plane in
paTsing through would alone be in evidence. These,
appearijig^waxinj^jwaning, would seem to him to be
the matter of his world in a dynamic condition,
"organized into forms mysteriously endowed with an
inherent power of change, of expansion and contrac-
tion. TmagIne~"for example, a cone passed, apex
downward, through a plane. It would appear there
firsj.j[s a_goint4 expanding into a circle, and this still
growing circle would suddenly disappear. All of
these modifications of form would be caused by the
gradual involvement oj^he jhird dimension -of the
cone into the two dimensions of the plane—they
would be a_temporal expression. of the_cone's exten-
si on_. in. that third dimension. This is a common-

place of science. All higher dynamical reasonings
use motion as a translator of time into space or space
into timeT
If, then, as thus appears, the third dimension
could manifest itself to a consciousness limited to
two dimensions as a sequence of changes in two-
dimensional objects which required time for their
unfoldment; then, by analogy, a fourth dimension,
17
which would be spatial extension in some new
direction at right angles to the three known to us,
would manifest itself to our perception equally as a
time change. What changes, involving a temporal
element might be regarded as significant of higher
dimensionality? What but the universal flux of
things—life, growth, organic being, the transition
from simplicity to complexity, the shrinkage or
expansion of solids? These would be, by this view,
the evidence of a fourth dimension; they would be
measurable only by means of it, since a temporal
element is involved in every such change.
One manner of conceiving the fourth dimension,
therefore, is as space changing in time.^Ne are to
think of the physical universe se accessible To our obser-
vation as possessing at least four co-ordinate and
interchangeable dimensions, of which three are
included under the name of space, and the fourth
is called time. If all movement in space were sud-
denly to cease, the fourth dimension would be elimi-
nated from it. Fantastic as this idea may appear, it
is exactly that which has produced interesting
results in dealing with the problem presented by the
ether of space. Mathematical physicists have found
that appar£ni_experimental contradictions disap-

pear and pie mathematical framework of physics is
greatly simplified if, instead of referring phenomena
to a set of three space axes and one time axis of refer-
ence, they are referred to a set of four interchange-
able axes involving four homogeneous co-ordinates,
three of space and one of time. Time, in other I
words, is employed as though it were a dimension of |
space—the fourth dimension, j
18
THE HISTORY OF HIGHER SPACE THOUGHT
While the higher space hypothesis is a flower of
the modern garden, it has its roots in the rich soil of
the past. No great violence of invention is required
to discover (as has been done) the idea of higher
space in the Ancient Wisdom of India, and in the
philosophical systems of Parmenides and Pythag-
oras. As C. Howard Hinton says, "Either one of
two things must be true—that jrour-dimensional con-
ceptions give a wonderful power of representing the
thought of the East, or that the thinkers of the East
must have been looking at and regarding four-di-
mensional existence.'] Plato, in a famous passage
in the Republic, shows that he held the precious
secret in the hollow of his hand. Reference is made
to the memorable allegory of the chained captives,
reduced to be the denizens of a shadow world. All
movements observed by them were but movements
'on a surface, and all shapes but the shapes of out-
lines with no substantiality. Plato uses this illustra-
tion to portray the relation between true being and
the illusions of the sense worl^L-Jlt is a significant
fact that the term "quarta dimensio" was used first
by Henry More, the Platonist, about the year 1671.
Kant not only recognized the possibility of the

existence in space of more than three dimensions, but
he inferred their very probable real existence. "If
it is possible," he says, "that there are developments
of other dimensions of space, it is also very probable
that God has somewhere produced them. For His
works have all the grandeur and variety that can
possibly be comprised." Swedenborg's involved
descriptions of "heavenly" forms, motions and
19
mechanics, become somewhat more intelligible
when interpreted in terms of higher space. It would
appear that in common with many other seers he
I knew only as much of four-dimensional existence as
fish know of water—they are unconscious of it
because it is the medium in which they live and
move. [ Certain modern researchers in these super-
physical realms are aware of the unique character of
their environment. One of them, Mr. C. W. Lead-
beater says, "I can at any rate bear witness that the
tesseract, or four-dimensional cube, is a reality, for it
it is quite a familiar figure on the astral plane."
Modern science, to which testimony of this order
has no validity because it is not susceptible of cor-
roboration by the usual methods, has approached the
subject of higher space along totally different lines.
The notion of geometries of n dimensions—the
geometry, that is, of higher space—began to suggest
itself to mathematicians in the early half of the
nineteenth century, and has assumed an increasing
importance ever since. Attempts to utilize the
higher space hypothesis in the explanation of
chemical and physical phenomena has served to
bring the subject prominently before workers in
these branches of science. And finally, because the

hypothesis would account for many so-called psychic
phenomena, it has been seized upon by the psychic
researcher, hard pressed for some quasi-scientific
explanation of things the reality of which he cannot
doubt.
Research leads always into the profound. The
light of things known serves but to reveal a greater
abysm of mystery beyond the threshold of conscious-

21
promise of eternal progress.

ness. The higher space hypothesis makes man in
his present estate appear but as an earthworm in

power and knowledge, nevertheless it holds out the

PLATES
THH C^NEfcATlON OP OORJ^PONDINQ FiqtJKE£
IN ONE- TWO-THREE- AND TOURr^PAC^1.
THE: UNEl A 1-$PAC£ FlCURE GENERATED
5V THE MOVEMENT OF A point; CDMTAIN-
IN0 AN INFINITE NUMBER POINTS, AND
ZFORM ITS1 BOUNDARIES
m*- THE1 SQUARE". A 2%fPAC£TlCURE QENERA"
TED BY THE MOVEMENT OF A LINE IN A
DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO ITSE/LETO
A DISTANCE EQUAL, TO TO OWN EENOTH
IT CONTAINS AN INFINITE NUMBER., OF1
UNES, AND 1$ BOUNDED BY 4 UNES AND 4 POINTS
. THE CUBE; A 3-SPACE EiqURE 0R\50LJD*
GENERATED BY THE MOVEMENT OF A
.SQUARE, IN A DIRECTION PERPENDlCUiAR
TO rFS OVN PLANE. TO A DISTANCE
EQUAETO THE EENGTfi OF THE ^QLIARE
THE CUKE CONTAINS1 AN INFINITE NUM
BER^ OP PLANES (vSOUAHS?) AND IS BOUNDED BY 6 SURFACES
12 UNES AND 8 POINTS'
2C:
?!
THE DESSERT oilteTJ^-hypERCuee:
A^PACE" FIGURE GENERATED BY THE
MOVEMENT OF A CUBE IN THE DIRECTION
(TO US UNlMAqiNABEE) OFTHE4TH DI-

MENSION. THtf MOVEMENT EXTENDED
TO A DISTANCE EQUAL, TO ONE EDGE OF
THE CUBE AND ITS DIRECTION 1$ PERPEN-
DICULAR. TO ALL CUILSlSMENtS'IONS AS
EACH OF THESE 315 PERPENDIGULAR.TO
THE OTHERS. THE TESSERACT CONTAINS
AN INFINITE NUMBER OF FINITE
(CUBES) AND 1$ BOUNDED 5Y 8 CUBES, 7&
SQUARES. 32.LINESAND 16 POINTS.
Nar^:Tte}URi? 4 a symbolic! iî^-s^rimtc^QN^Y--AÔRri< a*
DIAGRAM —*SUqcfl?$TINq; <SOMl£ EtfUVTlON^ WE CAN PREDICATE CTTHE:
rg$$T3&Cl!f. EiqURE* S l?A EBPRI^NTATION- PE£WN ON A DIFTE12TJNT
PRINCIPLE IN ORDER TO OUT A DnVgREtfT <CT CP RliLATlO^.

PLATE 1
COLLATIONS, IN FORM AND SPACER OF $OM$
PROPHIOT^ OF Ab^TtfACT NUMb^
A NUMBER MULTIPLIED BY ITSELF1 qiVE? TH;
hh-hh SECOND POWER CF1 THAT NUMBER^ COM-
MONLY CANTED nts1 Vquaee!' BY reason
op ntf close RELATION to the GEOMET-
RICAL, ^QyAH? WHCtfE Ara?CONTAIN,*1 TH{
qlVEN NUMBER^ CP UNITS1 cat L^NqTH.
THEi UKgAt-ONnO'
fas! aejcsjNttfz.
xwxvs. -ksaiACH*
THE! iSECOND POWHR-OT 3 15 3 TIME,? 3,
OR 9. riO 1 E£PKEtf£mtf A qSOMETTUCAL.
^QUART WHOSE tfEET 5 UNITS1 IN I^NQTH.
SAY 3 INCHES1 THE AREA CT THE ,SOiiAKE~WILL. Ofr/IOUSLY
BT? 9 Squ/RE INCHED
LET US1 NOWBUIID UP FROM THE .SOU/EE
TO A HElqHT OE 3 INCHED THE ClJBE REP-
RESENTED INElO, 2. THE SOLID WILL OBVI-
OUSLY CONTAIN 3 X3 X3 -27 CUBIC INCHED
BY ANALOGY WITH THE ^METRICAL
FIGURE "FHE NUMBER- 27. THE 3RD POWER;OPJ 3, L? CALLED
IN ARITHMETIC THE VUBE" OF1 3.
NOW THE 4-TH. 5TH AND HIQHER. POWERS1 OF A
NUMBER ARE; COvlMONPIVÊS1 CP ARITHMETIC. WHAT
DO .SUCH HIGHE^ POWERS1 MEAN IN C£OMErrRY?

WE CANNOT MAKE COMPLETE PHYSICAL REPIÊNT
ATION CP 4-DIMENii,IONAL, SoUdS IN OUR, 3-^PACE1. JUtfT
AS WE CANNOT CONSTRUCT A CUBE IN A PLANE1 SURFACE
BUT WE CAN MAKE DIAGRAM1? OP HYPERSOLIDS, AND THE
PROPERTIED CP MANY >SUCH FIGURE^ IN.HYPERSTACE
ARE WELL KNOWN. HAVING BEEN D^MOWTt^TE1D
LIKE1 PROPOS'ITIOHS1 IN ElrCUD.
HYTWPAOE IS THUS1 MATHEMATICALLY REAL.AN)
THE1 MASTER. MINLV OE SCIENCE CONNER IT TO SE,
PHYSICALLY POfflBLE (LORD KELVIN AND OTHERS1).
A-4TSnAcKuNrr
PLATE 2
THE DEV0CMNT OF A UNIT OF 2.3. AND 4 SPACE
INTO THE NEXT LOWER, SP/£E AND TOR, EXPRESSION
IN AND 5Y MEANS OF UNITS CFTH05E LOWEIoSPACES
IF THE COUNDINq LINES OFTK SQUAR£>
Arb-OD WERE MADE OF A CONTINUOUS
WIRE. AND IF THAT WIRE WERE CUT AT
D. TH BOUNDARY COULD THEN bE bENT
$> DOWN INTO UNE WITH A~b
FORMINQ AONE-DIMENSIONAL,
FIQURE OF FOUR.IJNEAR. UNITS—THE,
ORIqINAL LINEAL UNIT A-& HAVINQ ON?
LINEAL UNIT AT EACH' END OF IT AND
AN EXTRA ONE; bEYOND AT ONE END
,2l
IF THE CUBE A-6-CD-q WERE MADE
OF A CONTINUOUS SHEET OF TIN AND
IF THAT SHEET WERE CUT ALONO CEOAIN
LINES FORMED bYlNTCRSECTINC]
FACES. THE WHOLE COULD bE
FOLDED DOWN TO FORM A TWO-
DIMENSIONAL FiqURE OF SIX
$GUARES~-THE SOUARLT A5CD HAVINQ A
SQUARE ON EACH SIDE OF IT AND ONE 5EYONDONONE
-r
SIDE
SIMILARLY IFTHE TESSERACT(REPRESENTED 5YTH:. DIGRAM)

WERE MADE OF SOLID WOOD AS TO ITS bOUNDINq OU5ES
AND IF THIS WOOD WERE CUT THROUQH THE APPROPRIATE
PLANES THE CU5ES COULD. bY ANALOqY. C£ FOLDED DOWN
TO FORM A THREE DIMENSIONAL FIQURE OFEIqHT CUBES
PLATE 3
"FTC} 1
COWtfÔNDINQ DE^PMENTTÂNDPIOECriON^
OF AOJm AND OATE$ERACT IN IQMB^RÊ?
the; cum a ^pace FiquEE. can se REPRE-
sented in a ^pacei (two
dimeôs^ in two way^:
IV tf-OWNQ liy 6 FACE.? AS
THEY MiqHT EETGLDED
DOWN OR,DEYEL0PED UPON
APLANE, OR3YAPROJECTIONAI, DRAWING.
THE1 F1R.ST METHOD WOULD SHOW THE
SQUARES1 WITHOUT DIS-
TORTION, BUT WOULD
Q1VE SMALh IDEAOr TPEIIL
CORRELATION INTO A-
UNIT (FlCj l). THE4 $EX£XD
METHOD INDICATES1
THI£ CORRELATION, BUT AT mE5CPEN&
OF1 MAKING AT LEAST 4 Ctf THE16 FACES'
APPEAR, A3 RHOMBIC PARALI^LOGRAM^
INSTEAD OF AS .SQUARED
THE TE$ERACT, A4-
,SPACE ElCiURE. CAN BE
FOLDED DOWf.aLDEVEb
OPED INTO A3-DIMEN-
^lONADPlCrUEE1 -OR-W£ MIQHT CONSTiaJlT

A^LACE PROJECTION OF THE 4-&PACE
TE&SEp^CT 5Y MAKINCt,
SAY A MODEL, OF WIRE, IN.
WHICH TFE BOUNDARIES1
ARE CORRELATED INTO
ACON^TENT HCURE,
BUT IN WHEH AT IEA5T
6 OF THE 8 BOUNDING
CUBES ARE DISTORTED
INTO PARAUHQPIPEDtS!.
TION ct Tlq 4 I? r1QR^TH^
PUEIO,^ OFFXHI&mNqTFE
8 DOUNDINQ CUEEtf Cf THE1

PLATE 4
THL? J^J^^NTATIQN AND ANALytfjS OF1 Tr£
T£$E£ACT, OI^TOlJErDIMEjNÎONAL CUES bY
AME/THOD ANALpqCXtf TO THAT S!MELPY£d
IN MAKING A mRAUJE^ PB^PIJCTIVE;
tfcj l. A <3LA$ CUBE?, HELD DIRECTLY IN
T1KDNT OF1 THE/ P/YE/, WILL, APPP/AR,
AS1 vSHOVN IN THE1 ACDOMPANYINCt
DRAWINQ. TM^-BF/lNC-APlANE? PlCr
UEE/ OF'WO D1MI^N|5ION|^-MI0HT
HAVE/ BE/PH PRODUCED BY DRAWINCj
OKI? i&XJAEH pîde/ OF1 ANOTHER
ANDTHF/N CONNEjCTlNq THE/ CORRES-
PONDING; CORNE/R3. THl£ COULD BE/
DONE/ WITHOUT ANY THOUGHT OPTHRE/E/ DIME/NtS1lON^
YE*T OITTEniS1 PJAK^T1ICqXIEE; 'MANY OP THE/ PRaPE/RTlE/tf
OF1 THE/ CU5E1 CAN BE/ tSTUDIpD. BY COUNTING. THE1 FOUfc
&DFJ3 HqURpft WHICH WE FIND TO BE/ WE/ LP/ARNTPE
NUMKE/R.C^FACE/,3 OF" THE CUBE/. BY COUNTlNCj THE/
NUMBE/R_<oF (I^NE^POINTA WHICH ARE/ E/I<3HT, WE/
JÂRN THE/ NUMBE?R.<OF THE/ CORNERS1 OFTHET CUBE) BY COUNTlNQ THE? LJNEtf, WHICH ARE' TVP/L,VE/. WP LFARN
THE/ ^^13^0^ E/DaqlS1 OP THE/ CUBE?.
INTHF/iS'AME/WAY THATFiqURF;i
RE/PEE/iSE/NT^1 THE/ CUBE, TiqUKEj 2
REPRESENT^ THE/ THEE/E/-DIMe;Ni^JDN-
AL.FORM COiy£E!^PONDlNqTOTHE/
TE/&E/RACT. JUST A£ WE/ DRE*W A

^MAUER^QyARp; INSIDE; OFALARGP/B.
CNE/.Ô WE/ RPPKElSP/NT A ^MALLp/R.,
CUBP; WgLU* OF1 ALAR^RCUEEj AND
JUST A61 WE/ DRPVIINEN JOININQ
THE! CORRP/^PONDINq CDRNE/R^ OF THE/ SQUARE #3 WF/ FORM PLANPlS1 JOININ0THE/ CORRES-
PONDING E/DGEg CPTHEi C/UKE& TO P'IND THE/ MJMBFX
OF1 CUBIC BCXJNDARJE^ CP THE? TE/$E*RACf, WE/ CPjUNT
THE/ 1ARQE? OUTEfc CUBE/, IKF/ ^MALLINNFXCUB^, AND
THE/ ^ ÛRROUNDINq ,s!aLJD^-pjACH A DI^TORTE/D CUBE;-
^GHT IN ALL,. AT^THE/R_£TUDY OF1 THE/FIGURE/ DtfCOV-
e/r£ za plane; Square/face;£. $z:E£>qE& is cornfXpointj:
PLATE 5
THE bOUNrmY EETWEEN T¥0 ADJACENT
portions any $pm% ]£ in qenkral a
Space cj1 dimension^ tKwr.dy one-—.
EOR.THE DI^C-UÎON OF1 PHYSICAL. JJEAUTIE^ WE ART? TO
dCNC£lV£ BtH KIND OÂCE A$ PO^|^^LN0 AN INElN-
ITJÎMAIjy ^MAIX^4XTE'N.S1IQN in the; next higher
DIMENSION
*iqf 1 apoint, or~ o-iSPace divider a
a. v & UNI?, OR_ l^PACE INTO TWO PART^
(EKjI) EOR, CUI^ PHYSICAL, REASON-
ING? WE MAY TAKE F,QR_TH5l POINT
ACIRCEE OF1 Vzoo.ooo.ooo OE AN INCH DIAM£T£l^-ABOUT
THAT OE A MOI^CUEE.
THE JJNE A-D (F1Q Z). A l-.SPACE,
PORM^ THE BOUNDARY B:ETWEN
T WO ADJACENT PAKtf OE THE PLANE
QdZiSPACE C D^^. NOTE THAT A£
THE DIVIDED liNE; (Fiq 1) 1$ HiqHEJL
SPACE TO THE DIVIDING: POINT. ,Sb THE PLANE HIQHFX
fllAGT TO THE UNI? THAT DIVIDE^ IT AND bOUNEtf THE TWO
.ADJACENT PORTIONS1'
PK}3.
HI
AGAIN: THE PLANE a CEI03).A 2-^PAOE

SEPARATE^ AND MUTUALLY bOUND^
TWO ADJACENT PORTIQN^ OE THE
SQLJD 3-,SPACE H I KJNLMO
ThEeEfopE, WE HAVE AT JTA£T RIGID
ANALOGY TO JUSTIFY U^ IN ,SAYlNq THAT OUR.3-^PACE
DIVIDER HYPER^PACE OE 4 D1MEMQN& AND MUTUALLY
BOUNDS1 TWO ADJACENT PORTIONS1 THEREOE.
THL* POINT P ]$ WHOiry GONTAINEP IN THE -UNE,
Every point oE the elne; ab in contact with its1
HIGHER. .SPACE, THE P1ANE; EVERY PART CP THE PLANE Q
1$ IMMERSED IN ITS1 HIQHERÂCE, THE $OUD TOUCHING
EVERY POINT OE THE PLANE. tfMIEARiy OUR.3-,srtf£E. A*
A BOUNDARY IMMERSED IN4tSPACE. MU£T UNDENlAbLY

BE IN CONTACT AT EVERY POINT WITH THAT 4-£PACE
THAT tf. THE INNERMOST PART^ OP1 OUR. $OUD$ ARE A$
OPEN TO TOUCH EROM 4tSTACE AS1 ARE W BOUNDARIES TO
US.
PLATE 6
IN OENERAL. ROTATION OCCURS IN Z-SPACE ABOUT
A POINT, IN ABOUT AIJNE, AND IN 4-
£PAC£ AbOUT A PLANE
r1lq 1.
tiq z.
TP TWO LJNElS. Ab AND A'B IN
THE (SAME T^PAÊ? Aid? !SYM~
* ME?TRICAL, IN ILLATION TO A
POINT O OF1 THAT ÂCE" (pK}. l)
AB (CANNOT BE! MOYE*D IN
1-^PAdEj THAT THE? OOCREtf PON>
INCj POINTS »5HALE COINCIDE1.
TO EFFECT ,SUCH COINCIDENCE
IT LS NECESSARY TO
Ab THROUGH Z-^SPACE1 ABOUT
O A£l A CENTER,, OIL, ROUGHLY
^REAKINq. A b MU.ST BE1 TAKEN
UP INTO 2-$PACE?, TURNED OVEjt
AND PUT DOWN ON b'A'.
LIKEWISE". IF1 TWO TRJANQUEjiS
IN THE1 (SAME Z-$?M^ ARE1
(Svmmetmcai, wth respect
TO ALJNE? (J1K} COINCIDENCE
Of COPJ^SPQNDINCj POINTS
AND IJNE£ CAN EE? E?FFECTED
ONLY BY ROTATING. ONE1 TRI-

ANGLE? THROUGH 3-|SPACE?
AbOUT THE1 AXLS OP1 SYMMETRY THAT l£ ONE1 TRJANQEE
MUff BE1 TAKEN UP INTO 3-SPACE, TURNED OVEX, AND PUT
DOWN ON THE OTHER-
AGAIN, IF1 TWO POLYHEDRAL "PlGURES IN THE SAME1 3-SPAG3
ARE ^METRICAL WITH RESPECT TO APLANE, BUT NOT WITH
REtfPECT TO ANY SINGLE! LINE OL POINT (PIG 3), COINCIDENCE
OP COWtESPQNDING POINTS. 1JNE&AND PLANES CAN BE1 E^r
FEtTE?D ONiy bY ROTATING ONE POLYHEDRAL, FlGUR^THRO'
4-SPACE AbOUT THAT PLANE?. COOUQHLY SPEAKING, ONE
POLYHEDRON MU^T bE TAKEN UP INTO 4-.SPACE; TURNED OVEfc,
AND PUT DOWN ON THE OTHER.. A MIRROR. IMAGE1 OP A THING
PRESENTS THIS KIND OP A RE\OLUTlON, IMPOSSIBLE1 IN

3-^PACE.
PLATE 7
IN 3 tfAO? A5OTT A LINE
SYMMETRY IN ANY ^PACE TH£ EVIDENCE
OF A HIGHR, DIMENSIONAL ACTION
ITU KEAD1LY ODNCEIVA5LE
THAT THE 2 -DIMENSIONAL
SYMMETRY WHICH IS SO
TIC OF VKiETAM£ TORM?
MAY EE THE RESULT OF A
ROWIQN AbOUT ACEN-
TRAL AXIS,0? ETHERIG
r^JcnoE^ in THE DIMEN-
SION CP SPACE NOT CON-
TAINED WTHINTH: PLANE
OT THE PETAL ORJGF THE1
LEAF. I.E., IN ITS HIGHER.
SPACE
may it not ee1 that
the 3-dimensional
Symmetry which is
SO UNIVERSALLY CHAfc
ACTERJSTIC OF ANIMAL ORGANISM? IS THE RESULT OF
hi- ROTATION. OR, REVOLUTION AbOUT A PLANE: THE 4-
DIMENSIQNAL MOVEMENT ANALOGOUS TO THE TURNINQ
ABOUT A LINE IN AÂCE? THE PJQHT AND THE LEFT
HANLV,"FOR>EXAMPLE. MAY CME THEIR; CORRESPONDENCE
OF PART? TO A ^DIMENSIONAL ROTATION IN THE MINUTE

inwidl^matte;r^c^ckjr^vOW THE EEFECTOE THIS1
KIND OFAMOTONmDUIDI^SUCHASTHET^HAmr
SHOW: ^DIMENSIONAL
SOLID? RELATED TO ONE
ANOTHER; A? ObJECT
AND MIRROR. IMAQE
FIQ 3 REPRESENTS
CRYSTALS' CT A TARTRATE
KEARJNQ TIE RELATION
^3 Cff OBJECT AND IMAGE
IF 1CHANCED INTO 2 WITHOUT CHEMICAL RESOLUTION
ANDEEtDNSTfTUTICN IT WOULD INDICATE A <iTH DIMENSION
Tiqz
ROTATCNIN 4:S&CS AEOUTA PLANS'
PLATE 8
LOWio Spaces are: contained in hioher,
(i/E, IN SPACES HAVINq ALARqETc NUMEE^, crnMENJlCWj
AND THE FlOURES OF SUCH LOWER. SPACES HAVE CLOSE
RELATIONS TO CX3RRESPONDINq FiqUE£S OF MORE DIMEN-
SIONS THUS ARE FOUND IN JLOWER-SPACES SICNIFICANT
SUqQESTlONS CP HiqHER-J
THT CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE.
CONSIDERED SIMPLY AS A LINE. AND AS
POSSESSlNq bUT ONEDLME^STSION, PRE-
SENTS TEW RELATIONS THE COMPLETE
CIRCLE IN THE PLANE, HOWEVER. (Fiq 2).
A 2-DIMENÎONAETlqURE. HAS A RICH
OÔMETW OF" ITS OWN, TREATING OF
RADII, TANQENTT. CHORDS, ETC IN CON-
NECTION WITH 3-SPACE THE CIRCLE Fest NUMEROUS ADDITIONAL, AND IMPORTANT
RELATIONS WITH THE SPHERE, CYLINDER.
Geriatrics). ANY OTHER FIGURE
IN JJKE MANNER. CAJNS IMMENSELY IN
INTEREST WHEN \>Ê CONSinER.THE
NEXUS OF ITS RELATIONS WITH HKjHERr
SB4CE. FURTHERMORE!, JUST A* CERTAIN
LINEAR/ EiqURE£ REQUIRE <3-^PACE TtJE,
THEIR. GENERATION (THE HELIX.Eiq. 4,
FOR- EXAMPLE). IN HYPERSPACE AWEATJI
OE AND INTERESTING} LINE^ AND
^JRPACEi5 ARE! BROUGHT TO uqHT.

THE FOLLOWINd CONCRETE IIXUSTRATION. MAY HELP TO
SUMMARIZE THE EORECOINq IDEAS IN THE MIND: THE
PATH OF A MAN MOVING ACROSS A HUGE SHEET OF ICE
REPRESENTS POUqHLY A LINE 03TCA1NED WITHIN A Z-$m£
THE EARTHS SURFACE THIS SURFACE, JSElNq THE BOUN-
DARY OF THE EARTHS SPHERE. REQUIRES, U HO? THE HELDC,
THE SCOPE qiYEN 5Y ^SPACE FOR, ITS DESCRIPTION. —NOW
OWINQ TO THE TRAVEL OT THE SUN TOWARDS THE CON-
STELLATION HERCULES THE EARTH REVOLVES ABOUT THE
SUN NOT IN A PLANE. BUT IN A HELIX. MOREOVE&.TfE WHOLE
STARRY UNIVERSE MAY BE SLEEPING ALONCr ArPATH OF
"WHICH THE 4TH DIMENSION IS A COMPONENT.
PLATE 9
FOUR-DIMÎONAL, SPACE)JEDCTtfND^ A¥A/ IN
A DIRECTION AT iUOHT ANdL# TO Ml DW$H\ON$
IN TH^-DIMElN^lONM^P^. WtH 1$ TH^
for£ i^po^d. or, open from the: KâiON
OF1 THH! TOURTH DIMKNtfQISr
l. A POINT tSTARTlNCi PPOM THE?
^NTPjR., OP A LJNEJ (A AND
MOVING OPP IN A PP^PTtfNDlCUIAFO
DIRECTION INTO A PLANE^ (A Z-$P££$
WIU, NOT APPROACH ANY PORTION
ct the; i^neJ. [Pic 1]
a point ,startinct Prom the:
centex cp adrot (a 2-£pac!e})
AND MDVlNCf CPP ON A LINE? PEfcr
PE/NDICULAR..TO ITj5" PIANF; flli
NOT APPROACH ANY PORTION OF THS aRClJMFPMNC^ OP TrE CIRCLE
21-
A POINT STARTING; FROM THE? C^NTEfcOP A^PHE^KE?
[Pl^3] AbO MOVIMCf. OPP ON AUNF^ PEftP^NDIClulAR., To OUR-#?AC# WILL, NOT APPROAdH ANY PART OPlTitf (SURr
fACpCP H£ iSPHpEfr £>UP W1U, MOVE; AVAY AT THE? .SAME?
E^PRQM ALL. POINTS1 OP THtf ,StJRPACE/.
Pl<3-3
bejcau^f; analogy ke!quire£ THAT THE? bOU*
OP HYRpPjCUD^ $>ORTO$ OP POURjDUvIEÎONAL, $pa
gal THRTft-DIMF'NtfONAli, iT TH^REJfORF; POLLOV? THAT
EACH POINT V1THPN A,SOLLD 1$ AUhTHAT PN iTp PLAc£ ^P-

ARATEy THE! TVO PORTIONiS1 INTO VHICH THE1 THRT^-JPACE!
6PTHE* ,5blJD DIVIDE^ PbURrDlMPÎONAI, ,5PAC!E?. iÂCjT
POINT T^THI3j THE! 5P?qiNNINCf OP1 APATHWi/ INl'Q^^D
OUT OP'-pbUTL DI^NflONAL, iSllAdE! LX^ THp INDIVIDUAL, CLOTHED IN iT^POXJRrDPdpN^lONAI^ V£*HlCLp; TORSAKE THE
PHYSICAL. bODY AT DEATH E>Y THIS1 ROUTE?? DOpJS1 AN QE>~
CPÎNa^NTTTY CAPTURE THE? rHYS'ICAL, BODY OP ANOTrP
PXdURINCj THE? TEMPORARY A5|SP?NOE? OP Ppi1 KI^HTPUL
TPNANT E>Y gNTjÎI^TJiEOUC^THe mOJ^
WAV OP THE1 POUPTH DIMEÎON
PLATE 10
3a£h *$pac$: ol dimensional, ordi^cdnTaW^
an infinity cp $pm%$ o? dimensions t1j-vel^
e&/ cn£, and 1$ itû1 on£ of1 an infinite
NUMBER, OF1#MlI^,SlAcE^5, CONTAINED
WITHIN A tfPACE OF1 DIMLÎON^1 C&fi&M CNI?
*K} 1. A LJNE1 dONTATNi^ AN INFINITE NUM-
EÔF1 POINTS W1).
tfid 2 A PLANtf COSTTAUSI^ AN PÎNlTtf
Nu^lH?R,c^♦UN4s1-i"^sÂcE,^, Q?io z).
A toD<22NTAdNtf AN INFINITE?
BY ANALOGY AN INFINITE NUMEtfl!.
TAINFJD WITHIN AHYPURr50LJD-A 4-
if1, a£ PHmDjtoPH^ ajîrm.thb;
VtflbLft WORLD l£Xtf Ttf ONLY IN, AND
T!101LC!CNl^ClOU)5N^,lSlS1-^F, IT Iff BUTTHtf
*Pp;pi5?PTlON OT A I^te^lYI^-THtfN
fciR_^!AC^H (ÔNtfiOUtf PÔNTHI?EEj
B^XtfTtS1 A DlOTREjNT WORLD.
IT Ifclipwd ipqiCAIjy THAT THEjsfl dOUNTLE!^1 P£R=
gONAL CDNâ T^NHSlSkg IN WHICH THg THPJ^-DlMÎQNr
AL_Pia^P-TlON nFLTHg-^MJD INHERES. MAY BflTHQLTiHT
Of1 A$ SO MANY O-.gPACE1.gaOINg TO fORM AHKjH^CR.
fO^DIM^VlONA^ OONÔU.S1NHSlS1 OF1 HU-
MANITY AÂW^^yosTrT CXS1AR.THAT HUMANrrY
I^HlQH^RrDIMI^NÎONAI, IN RELATIONTOTH^ INDIVIDUAL,
MAN I? W$ CONSIDER. HUMANITY IN YVS TOTALITY IT HAS

POV£R£ OP WITCH NO SlNQg HUMAN KHINQ ]$ PO$$$$$R>
IT I|S1 BOTH OLP AND YOUNQ. Y£T LÂTHlE.SS; TVJ$ IN AU,
PlACgS AT ONC%L iTjSElff All, ObJSW. HgARÂLL&XJNDS.
mNIÂI^HOUCjHTA ÔTRIENdE^ ALL, ALL
DÛOHTS1. NOV $WPO$% A MAN TO W£LL CONSTANTLY IN
THS THOUdHT a? THI^HUMANlTy TO TDUNTtfY Ali, Hl$
INTERESTS \flTH ITS1 lARaElUNTEREM 1,3 ITNOTTH1NK-
AbLEj THAT H£ MIGHT TPAN^ND THE P^PÔNAL, LIMIT-
ATION, AND MtfRqi? HIM&L,? INTOTffi LAMJLCM30U?-
NL*# Of1 WICH HE1 HA£ ALL, THE VHILE ttf^N A PART?
PLATE 11
KhE REPRESENTATION OP THLt" FORM Olr AN
ODJHCT ^ dQNDlTlONED AND RffgTRlCTgD bV
TH^PACE' IN WHICH £UCH R£PR££ENTATION
OdCUR& TBtHTfWR THflfl&5D3
0OMPl£T£ THE REPRESENTATION
foil Exampi£. the? £phe?rj* (a 3-,srAc£Fom)G\iT onlyee
E£PP45ENTE?D IN j5TACE bY A CIRCLE? OFAOAMr
ElTE^K- "EQUAL, TO THE? DIAME^TIX OF1 THE (S1PHÔl, AND
IN LINEl/ViL tfPACE bY A UNEj OP1 A UjNCjTH ÛAL, TO
THE] ÂID DIAME?TEX/.
THEtftf IQ^R^riME1NÎQNAL, P^J^^NTATlON^ MAY .
CONCEIVED OP AS THEffiADQ^ CAgT bY HlQHff&nfly
Vr^MA on in^T?,,<JPAr^ wnPTryi
THE? .jPHEfeE1 A CA£[ff TM ÎPrULAR. b UPON
the; plane; d. andthi?Ijnl?ar,$hajxw dupon the4
JUNE? 1*. OJ^HAT. THEN, 1^ THE? (SPH^RI? iTsELf1. IN'THI^
jffiN^THEj ,sHADO^JLTHE HYPffP^HPfeE?.' IS&ATEDlOTEE ,
£PHEKE? A$ IT l£ KI/LATEJDTO iTjS CIRCLE OF" qpjÂTH^TTl-
AML?1!^. _
MAtT,__
PLATE 12
A NUM50C OF DI&IMTLAIl qÔM^TltlCAL,
FlCjURES ARK 5U£C£!PTlbL£ OF bÎNO CORJl£-
ItiTgD AND COMblNHD INTO A flNQU; HIQH^R:
DIMENSIONAL, FORM
THIS FACT AS REqARLV TWO. ANDTHKEE DIMENSIONAL
SPACE. IS WELL ILLUSTRATED 5Y MEANS CE THE TWPVINC}
PUZZLE PROBLEM
question. vhat form
of a vooden stopper-will,
ANSWRJaQJÂLLY FORTHREe:
HOLES IN A BOARD. ONE 1NTH
SHAPE OF" A CIRCLE, ONE A
;>QyARE. AND ONE A TRIANGLE (ElQ l).
FlQ Z.
ANSWER/. A STOPPER-WHICH V1LL.EIL1,
ANY OF1 THE THREE HOLES IS A WEDGE -
SHAPED SOLID HAVING, A CIRCULAR- BASE
one Square action, and one TRIAN-
GULAR-. (FIQ Z)
BY ANALOGY, /THE^THREE-DIMENÎON-"
JAL QDRRELATTVES OF THE CIRCLE. THE"
SQUARE1, AND THE TRIANGLE, NAMELY THEJ>PHEKE,TH1?
CUBE!, AND THE TETRAHEDRON, MICHT BE BOUNDARIES
AFtTJTPl^SEtlTlONS 'CF^ME SlNGLE^'OUteDlMEN^
SIONAL,T^RM CE^HICH SUCH T"ÛRTÂ5TjfiljQdJNr^R^
THE PRISM, AND THE PYRAMID MIQHT ALSO BE PIOLtTlONi

IF1 THE PERSONALITY IS1 THE PROJECTION, ON THE
PHYSICAL PLANE, OF THE INDIVIDUALITY OR.HICHCR £Etf
^-;fftyyj?Th^rg\/inrrA.T, MirTHT ppnTTfT iTSELE IN MANY
DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES SEPARATED FROM ONE AN-
otIheETntimE/
reincarnation may thus ee conceived oe as the-
SUCCESSIVE REPRESiSNTATION^ OF A TRANSCENDENT SELF
fl
PLATE 13
THE FOURTH DIMENSION MAY Ni' MANIFESTED
TO \J$ THROUGH CERTAIN MOTION^ IN OUR.
SPACE; OF THREE DIMENSIONS bY TRANSLATING
ITCELF FOR. OURvEXPERIENCE, INTO TIME
1 IN THlg g BEST EEUSTRATED EY
—2[\p yv considering! mfr Tffi ,svMi?TiLrm
INTERM^ CFlOWE&lSPACE
~! T E THtf LINE^ AB. HAVINQ EXTEN-
| \ #ONIN THE* DIMENSION NOT
x+-Ac> CONTAINED IN THE 2-SPACE CDEf
MOVES IN THIjS ADDITIONS, THIRD DIMENSION.' DO¥WARD,
TO WIT. THE1 POINT 2 WHERE THE LINE? PENETRATES THE
PLANE, MOVES TO THE EEPT. PROM YTO Z. AND THE TIME
REQUIRED TO COMPLETE1 THIS1 MOTION ERQM Y TO Z IN
2-,$PACE MEASURES THE EXTENT PERPSNDIOULAR^TOTHE
PLANE OFTHE LINE A b IN THEUNQONTAI^D DIMENSION.
THAT & THE TIME MEASURES AX.
T1lq. a
> 'v^1
THE SPHERE N (Eia 2). IN TRANSIT ACROSS A 2-SPACE/
REPRESENTED bY THE PEANE1 £DEE WOULD MANIFEST
ITSELE IN THE PEANE; AS1 A POINT EXPANDINQ TO A CIRCTE1
WHICH WOULD ATTAIN AMAXIMXJM DIAMETER-- EQUAL TO
THAT OF THE1 SPHERE.. APTER_ WHICH IT WOULD SHRINK
TO A POINT AND DISAPPEAR^. ^jqj,

Similarly a hyperSpherE
ol4-d1men|sional sphere at '
radius r,. pas3inq throuqh
our, space, would appear. 9 ^> *
to us as a sphere with radius qradually increaslnq
From zero to il and then gradually deCreas'ing
Prom R.TO zero (Acts) THE PHENOMENA OE LIFE-GROWTH ARE" SIGNIFICANT-
LY ÛOqESTlVE1 OP 4TH DIMENSIONAL ENTRANCED UPQM
3-SPACE EXPERIENCE
PLATE 14
^3
THE! DEIN5ITY OF1 bOOEtf AN INDICATION Of &
PRJ$UE£ TtoM THE} DIRECTION OF1 THE! TtolBrI
DIM£N3IQN AND AMEjA^JEEj Cf ^XTEjNtfQN IN
THAT DIMENSION
DIMINISHING AS TO DfiPlfi.THtf RAPIDITY OF THIS LATERAL
SxtWion1_md The: Force and height of the! waves
WILL DEFEND upon the; height From which the stream
Or'^TZIorAUS, THAT lS TO SAY UPON ITS1 PREÛKEj IN
THE! THIRD. QR/VBbTICAL PACTION. [F[G l]
<OARRYLNQ OUT THE ANALOGY IN OUR. WORLD QF1
THREE DIMENSIONS THE EXPAN^LVXTbRCE! CECALS
WOULD BE DUEj TOÔNlE! SIMILAR., influx FROM the; eEqon
OP1 THE FOURTH DIMENSION, AND THEl AMOUNT OF" PRES-
SURE! EXERTED BY A GAS WOUL£> EEj A MEASURE; at FOUEr
DIMENSIONAL EXTENSION. #D LpNQ AS THE QUANTITY
of Energy c^cming. cow From a higher^ world IS
NOT EXFENDtT> THEjREl WOULD BEj jSOME DEGREE C5F1
Force-Entering by way of the; fourth dimension
WHICH CAUSES THEj CAS TO DILATE! IN OJILTHPEE-I^MEitf-
gpSM+J^QRLD-^THE CAPACITY OF A GAS TO EXPAND
COMES THUS FROM AFOUR-DIMENSIONAL WORL£>.
The! density oF Solid bODiEtf would be. duetto
the! Same; causer(, with this difference;, that they
are: stable;, and cannot dilate; that is to Say,
they are! in equilibrium with atmospheric pres-

sure(. AS A CONSEQUENCE,THE VARIATIONS IN THE}
densities oE bodies woudtbE due!To variations
in the! force! exErtEd From The fourth dimension,
thettsukrh dimension can thus &e considered
AS R^Ê^NTe!E2 BYlTHE DENSITY QE SOLIDS, CR.LV THE,
E!xpA^giWECiRCE! QEQAgES.
TACE TENDS NATURALLY TO SPREAD
OUT IN THE TWO DIMENSIONS OV
THE PLANE. SETTlNq UP, IN SO DOINCj,
UNDULATIONS IN THE! SHAPE? OF
ENLARGING CONCENTRIC CIRCLES1,
PLATE 15
/SOLUTION INTERPRETED IN T^MS OF HKSER_$Bfi£E!
1? PA$ A HETJX (A SPIRAL IN THRE'E4 DIME'NtfON^), THROUGH
ARUM (£Z-$P££$),m$ INTffRtfJ^nON WJ, OIVE4 A POINT
MOVlNq IN AC3RCIS1 [AT1iq 1]. IFTHE1 HEXLX KtfMAINg ^TnjL,
AND THE? EM MOVE& VERTICALLY UPWARD. TH^1 SPIRAL,
T-iq xv_ WIU, EE? R^PREJ^NTHD IN THE? FILM IV
TH^^N^CllTlV^ PO^lTTQN^^rHE
POINT CP INTgR^TION. IN THE? HUM
"THITpMANE/NT E'XI^NCS OE4 THE4.
Spiral wj.be; eote'pj^nqe1d M ATiMg
^RIE?^-THE* RECORD OFTPAVE^N^
THE SPIRAL, WLL EE4 A POINTJ^>LNq_
INACllRiE1.
IT IÂ^Y TO IMAGINE4 ODMPLJGATE4D
'^jtructuee^ or the4 jsatuke; cj1th^
ÎI^.^TmcTURT?iSclD^1TlNq CP4
TTLAME4NT&ANDTO ÛPPOffi ALÔTHAT
THJEtfE? ^TRLKTURF# ARE4 IÎSTlNqUlSH- -
A^T^ROMT^H OTHE^ ATEYEW&CTDN. IFVEdDN-
MlLTHDr INTE^CTION^ CP1 TIIE?^ TLIAMEW WITH
THE TTlM A£ IT PA&Eg TO EE THE? ATOMS GON^TUTINq
AT11LMAR. UNIYE/Rtftf, W ^HAIL HAVE4 IN THE TTLM A.
WORLD OP4 APPARENT MOTION; VE $HAU, HAVtf JbCDIE^
CDRPJ&FONDlNq TD THElttlAMtfNTARY STkUCTUKft AND
THE4 PO#TlON|3 OPTHLftE4 iSTT&XMJREtf VITH REGARD TO
ONE AMÎ^P-VTO.qi^RI&nOE^
MOYINa AMONGST ONE ANOTHER. THlg mutual, motion
IS APPARENT Ml^LY- THE? JgEALTTiMS OF4 PE4RMAHE?Nf
jjfr'uQjjTjn^^ and altthh4 ^^rtv^ MoTKNg
ARE AO3gumgf5T0LbY ONI* m?ADY-jC»y0<lE'NT CFTHffT'LLR
~~NQV IMAGINE? ATjajRrr^ME^lQNAIj^PAL, PAggLEKj
THROIJgj ATHKEK-DIM^NgDNAL ^PA^ZTBg^NT CT
INTERACTION, lNl?TEtAD OF4 MOVINq INA.dlKlE?, VJLL,
TRACff OUTA^PB^. A#UMINq. A# SîOREj.A G3MPLI-
CATtfD ^TPLJCTURP? TOFlTHE4 .SPIRAL, iTjg PR££E?NTME?NT
TNT .V|<PATir{ "^riTJ, CON^V OF" ftOraTfl? IMTTTT TIP C^fl^PTtt
OTVARJOU^ MAqNlTUDE^ MOVINQ HARMON rCUSLYAMCtqff
one? ancthe+r., and Rj^qyiRiNq time! ior,thetr_ deVeT^
OPME?NT. MAY NOT THE? ATOM.THE4 MQL^C4ULX THE! CEtL,-

"ÂRTH TCSgLtf 5E4 JO MANY PATh£ AND PATTERS Of1
J""N"q UNTIV?
PLATE 16
ATbMAab PLANT
oemss in ro^TAiK
OF PiAN^ IN TOWVES.
AND ASYnSMCFJCJjqJ
iNTOETmrr.iN
WDRD£ AL2.ANDA
3 .SPACE WORLD.
LOÊR. SPACE SYSTEMS IN aJR^CORlD ^
HKjHHlt.SP.ACH SPHCXJIATIQN IS LARGELY EASED ON THE ANAIQCfV
SUPPLIED bYAHYPOTHHC^PED Z-^RACH CQN^CDUS'NBS? LIMIT-
ED TOTHE TWDEiiMHWlCaSlJ OP A PLANE, C^WAl-SPACH
CON£tnoUSNH# CONFINED TO A
LINE- HAVH SUCH CONDITIONS O?
HXtf THNCH ANYEHAHTTY?-PaL,
IF THEY HAVE NOT IT IS USELESS
TO ATTEMPT TO TPOVE 5Y THEM
THF, PHAITTY Of A 4-DLMHN^[ON-
AL WORLD. IF. A? SSSbtf rPO>tAELX
ALLUtE 1? CDN5CIOUS;Ng^, AS
much ware" as ntf spatiaL
LIMITATIONS PERMIT, NATIM?
TMIWWHERE AbOLMÎN-SUCH
IDWSIL SPACE SYSTEMS \ THHY"
STAND PXH15PTFA INDEED. IN NEAfc.
LY E VLW PLANT THAT GKCWtf TOIL"
*THH POINT. TH?HINH. THE SUfc

TACE. AND THF/ SPHERE
IN .SEED. STEM. LEAF. AN> FRUIT
APPEAR^
ALTHOUGH SUCHLINES AND PLANES1
ARE REALLY J.rraMHRÎONAVPHPV VET FULFIL THE! CONDITIONS"
AND CONFamTO.THE DEFINITION OF LCWEfL SPACES, WHICH
DO NOT PgHCLUDE! EXTENSION IN HQHElLDIMENSiaNS. SO
T£w> a.c Ti-n^ T.c mttt;h or ,noFrTt£iom OF MCYHMgNT
TH£0EDK_IN STALKS AND stems the free moyltmhnt OF
PARTICLES iSiatfTRICTED LN AILD1PECTIONS AW ONE1. IN LWES
ms1 RESTRICTED LN THE THIRD DIMENSION
5NCW CRMSYAI,
NArtueriuM ibat
HUMAN HAND
A C&NSCQLISNESS CONTAINED IN SUCH A FORM AS1 *A' WOULD
IN EFFECT I>IHAfcrr A l-SPACE'Cx A 2-5PACH. ANDO Ad-SPACEr
PLATE 17
\
'AN INTHKPE^lfflQN CT1 CEpmiN £OCM£ED PSYCHIC
I^CMENAlNTE^^C^TriLt HOHI^^mW
APPARITION IN AQQffD flKE FIQ 1 PJ^RE/tfEvNTS "WHAT WOULD
dDRRESPOND, IN 2nSPACE.TO A ONE
V\ \ ROOM Hou^ ^ fNTER, IT WITH-
v x OUT IÎNQ THROUQH ANY CFTHt.
BREAKS IN THE PfRIMETER. REPRE
^NTlNCq DOOJLAND WINDOW
VOULD CONSTITUTE A TSYOHlO* PHENOMENON IN 2-SPACE,
BUT IT CDULP EJ? ENTERED BY WtY Or 3-SPACE BY A REVOL-
UTION ABOUT THE LINE Of ONE Of ITSSlDEtf SIMILARLY A
3-.SPACE HOUSE (Eiq 2), MiqHT El? ENTERED £>Y A ^DIMEN-
SIONAL, IDEATION ABOUT THE PLANE OE ONE Of EST AIDES'
PO&f &ION, OBSESSION, AUTOM/fiftC1 WRiTLNCiAND ALLIED
PHENOMENA ARE SUSCEPTlbLf Of EXPLANATION BY MEANS
Of THE HlCfiEE-£PAG5 HVPdTHE$& IT 1$ ONLY NECEÂRYTD
REALIZE THAT f ROM THE HTqHf 1?, R-frTTON THF?
INTERIOR; Cf A &UD 1$ AS f yprvrtn A$ YHf tn^hf; a? A
PLANE giqURE jg EXPOSED FROM THf REGION Of THf THTPD
DIMENglON-THf HEART GOULD EE PLUCKED fRQM THE
BOTjQffTHOUT 5REAKINCt THf SKIN AN ALTgNETVADINCj
WILL CLOTHED IN MATTEL GAPAblE Of1 AfOLnbDIME^lONAL
ROTATION. MK4HT THLtf POtfE^ IfSEXf Of THE! HAND OL BRAIN
CLATOYANCf IN IMACflNE ACTTY IN 2-v5PACE WITH

-ms BOUSES SIMILAR,TOElO 1 TO NORMAL
2-SPACE PERCEPTION THEY WOULD APPEAR
net 6 A? IN VlQS; ONLY THE UNEf TORMINA
i THE ^LLSVISIBIE.THE NEARER OI^S
! (DNCEALlNCj ALLTH05H MORE REMOTE.
1 BY RlSlNq IN THE THIRD DIMENSION Tffi
f IELD OE VtfOT \roULDENLARQESOAS
TO INCLUDE THE ENTIRE CiTY OP HOUS-
ES. THE? INTERIORS VOULD THENBECD>E
VISIBLE, THOUQH OBLIQUELY fRQM HiqH OVERHEAD THE IN-
TEPJORS WOULD OPEN BROADLY INTO VIEW. cORRESPQIOINqiX
JfrV-MQV3M3 OUTOf 3-SBÊ INTO.4-SPACE. THE*f IELD OE PER-
CEPTION WOULD EXPAND clJBJCALLY AND TIE iNTmOÔEALL-

SnSPACEvflDLIDS WOULD STANDjflg\EALED BEING EXEQSEE) IN__
1HE REGION OF ThE 1TH DIMENSION.
PLATE 18
MAN AS SHZN E>V CLAIRVOYANT (4-DIMENSION-
AL VISION), AND bY ORDINARY HUMAN 5IGHT
A 2-SPACE *MAN*INHAMTINa A
bOUM)ARJE'^ OR.CIQS-S5CT10NS QFTffi^QUQLCfHIi^TOTHE"
THINGS WHICH HE? KNOW TO C£ ADIMENSKDNAL,. BUT OF WHICH
He CAN ££E ONLY THE OUTSICftS' ■ hV ANAIOC?/TROM A 4TH
DIMENSION TlfiSE SAMg CTI^Dim.!NTURK APPEAR. TRANSPAfc
-ggf^FTr^riVprîVTJn 55 raTlSL JTlJbQIJNnARin? QRT^-SECTOC
CjL4j3^WIONAl^^ VISION K CFTH1S OUr
^RlMjMi^criHATrriî-dimenSiqnae seen ciaiilvoyant-
BY THE INTERNAL. STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN fcODY ifVISIBLE WITHIN rrSCASlNQ.AlSOTH; AUIl^.a^HlGHEIUDI^NS'lQNAL LODY
PLATE 1
INTRODUCTION TO THtf MA0IC TE^RACl?
THE UNTRAINED MINDPlNDtf ^ME?THIN<4 ^PEjCSAUV
fJATlttfACTORY AMD tfEfcURE? IN NUME?PJCAL REtATlON^.
IT ^jAjSliy BEjUEVE;^ THAT THAT TRUE? OF14, 17, OILlOOl
UNITS MUST BE THUS CE14, 17, OR-lOOl APPI^tf—MIL<E& OE. MEjN. THE AUTHOILAddOEDIN^lnY INVOKED THE? MATH-
EMATICIAN C^NIU^ OE1 PHHJP HENRY VYNNEj It) FURNISH
HIM VTTH &DME INBjXPUC3NA&Lj; ITO*TRATlON. TOUNEED
UPON THE? PROPEPjlE?rf OF1 NUMEE$L)OF' AN OPEN ROAD
POSL. HUMAN THOUGHT INTO THE? FOURTH DIMENSION.
THE RESULT OE1 MR-.VYNNti'^ DIYIN0 JNTOTHE? J3E?EP
VATERi* OP1 MATHEMATICS WAS THE PRODUdTlON OF1 THE
MACHO TJÊACT, APE?ARL VHICH ANYBODY # FRE?E?TO
ElXAMIHE? AND ADMIRE?, BUT ONI? WHICH ONLY A MATH-
EjMAttOlAN CAN rROPE?RlY APPRALSE?. IE4 THE RE?ADE?R_,
VIL^FOU-OV THE EJNÛINCt E?XPlANATJCaST tfTtfP BY jSTE?Fj
VERIPYlNCj THE? EE?IhAT10N^ NOTED HE EE? ABLE1 TD PAP^ClIFATEj, WTHOUT BgEP KNOVlE?DCIE| LAEOL,
IN THE AS^RANCE? OF" THE? UNGE?RIVINC} RE?AL,lTY OF4
HYI^1PACE? VHICH COMEtf TO THE MATHEMATICIAN Of
AN OPEN MIND. AS AEE#UlT OF1 H$ I$ÂRCHEi$.
14
15
11
10
1Z
13
IS
A MAGIC fc&JAM CP ?0\JRj
THE? AC?CtoMPANYIN0 PlCtURE1 J£EPPJS?-
SE?NT£ A MACld (SOJJAEE? OE14 MADE? BY A
VEXL< KNOW METHOD THE? RElADEk-j

Should, verify the; Tou.oviNq relation^
FOlLTHEY ARE? NOT TRIVIAL, IN CONNECTION
WH VHAT CDME$ LATE?R,
FlCf r E?ACH HORIZONTAL AND EACH VERTICAL,
column add) 34. e?ach dladonal, add) 34. four-corne?r.
<3&l$ add 34. tour, central, c£u£ add 34. two middle!
c£ll$ op top row add 34. v1.th tvo op1 bottom row'.
Similarly with middle? c£U,$ of1 pjohT and levt <3jlt
UMN£ Cp ROUND THE ,5t£JARE/ CLOCKVtfE: 1$T CEXL
EENOND 13T C&RNE?R_+ 1ST BE?YO:ND 2D +.. ,3RD+... 4TH =
M. E?A(2H CDRNE?R,£ET OFF1 BY HEAVY LJNE£ ADD,? 34
TAKE? ANY NUMN;R_AT RANDOM', T1I ND THE? THREK OlHR
NUMI3E?R£ CiDRP^^PONDINq TO IT IN ANY MANNER, VHICH
REOT^ ^MMtfTRlCAUY TVO DIME?N£lON$ AND THE? .SUM
OPTHE? FOUR.NUMBER5 VIII, EE? 34.
PLATE 22
A M A01C CUKE! OF1 KDURj
dJKg OF1 "FOUR, Ct^^RUCTEjD E.Y A
PURE! E^XTtfNtfON OF1 THE! ^QUAKE!
METHOD OF111101 PIA^ 22.
THE! MACjlC OUEE! Cf14
MADE! UP OF164 dJCÎSfl^
BEjARINâsrAUn <S
EAdE^ ORE? aF'THE! NUM-
Etfltf TtoM 1 ID 4? INCLU-
SIVE!. NCW THE? CUEtf CAN ^LJC^D INTO 4 VE^TlCiAL,
SECTION^ T1RDM l£FT TO EJ0HT A£ IN tfd 1. VHIdH SHOW
THE; ^TlONiS1 fl?PARATEfc> $Q THAT THE INTEjRJOPL &JMr
MATlON^ CAN E>"E! tfEfcH
OIL IT ClAN E>E? £eTARATe!D INTO OTHtfR.,4 VERTICAL,
Sections by cutting planer ppî^ndicuiar-tothe:
Ijix^ A b—PKOdEEjDIRj F'ROM F'RONT TO BACK.
0P_THE! 4 tf^CTlON^ MAY 5Ej HORIZONTAL,, MADE BY
PLANE$ PEjRP^NDIdULAIL TO AD.
NOW EjAdH ONE; OF1 THE&Ej 1Z SE^TION^ PRE^NT^ A
maoe! Square; in which âc!h row and iÂdH oolumn
ADD£ 130. THE? DIAGONAL^ Ctf THE^tf ^cpAEEjS DO NOT
ADD 130, BUT THE! 4DIAQONAL,$ OF" THE 0UPJJ51 DO ADD 130
the; reader Should veJrjfV ai?$w a* the;£e; ,suM"
MATI0N£ IN EjACH OF1 THE! THEEft tfEfrtf C^^dTlON^.
PLATE 23
ATWHÎb dONÎD^RATlQN magic: fwsgtf
a ngTAugp $ruus of the maq\C cube; of1 4 will
TO CONVINCE THE! R£ADE?R> CP THE; I^NTIALLY jQLJD
nature; cP the; $>ace? arrancje;me?nt and The; i^RFEfcY
CONTINUITY OF1 THE? ^MAqiCAL,* PROPtfRTIE^ OF1 NUMKE?!^
FROM TWO DIMElN^lON^ tothre£.
NOV THF^SE? ,?AME? NUMERICAL PRQPEjRTlElS1 CONTINUE?
UNINTgHRUPTElDLV INTO THE FOURTH DIME1N.S1lON. TP
FIX THE! E3$A MORE! CONCRETELY con# ex?RjThe; yellow-inCt ^tatfJme1nt^ band on the! povw of1the? numketj^
Fiq 1.r^pr^nts1 a MAqid
line; of1 7. ob2e?ryeJ that the;
$UM)4 OF" PAIRS OF NUMBER tJdUI-
DISTANT FROM 4 1|5
7*4- 1
^X2
TIC} 2 RJ?PRE?£E?NT|4 A MAQlC
SQUARE? OF1 7. OB,SE?RyETHATH£EE?
THE! VARIOUS1 ,SUMMATlONi$ OF11
NUMBERS1 3IVE?
IN THE? MA0IC CUBE1 OF1 7THE?
£UMMATlON£ ARI) 7*+l.
*Kt1.
7234J6I
FI0 2.
30
39
4J
10
19
Zf
38
47
18
27
23
4S
17
Z6
35
37
14
zr
34
36
45"
13
15
24
33
42
44
21
Z3
3Z
41
43
12
22
31
40
43
2
OhffiBXg THAT A MAGIC. IINE CANNOT EEJtORMEJD OF1 LtfiSP
^THAN 1 NUMBER, ORA MA0IC ,SQUAE^ OF1THAN 9
cm 1].
A MAqiC Cube! beôulee^ AT LEAST 27 NUM-
BER [tlQ Z], AND EVEN WITH THItf NUMBER,
the?ee! are? many limitations due; to lack
OF1 .SCOPE "FOR-NUMEiaDUtf CQMBINATION^ PO?-
5lE>LE WITH Cutter,OLE^TTEjIL.CSf1 7.
MAaiC CXJb£ CP1 THRlE
:$ACH RCW ANDÂCH COLUMN
OP1 E?ACH OF1 THE? 9 MAQlC
ÔJ-W^^(3|5Q.UAjsJ|S)
TO EACH DIMEN-
SION) ADD) 42.
jIachof1the^
cue£ diagonal^
ADDS 42.
E&CHOF'THEje
DIAGONAL^ CfTl£
3 magic ^quake^
CONTAINING THE? CENTRAL, NUMBER,14, AlXtf 42
ANY RANDOM UNEl DRAWN THROUGH THE CENTER OF*
THE? CUBE? WILL CUT TWO SUSFMS! CSlW WHOSE! NUM-
e>e?r£ will add tvice? 'the) central, numbe?^!*. all
these? une# are: "magic une^ *
our, weju, kncwn numeie?r£ 1, 2.3, 4 etc. contain
AMONG THEjM TtXJR;DIME?N£lONAL, MACflC! PATH,? AS1 REAL, AND DElMQHSTRABL^ AS1 THQSi? IN 2-£PACE?.
A MAN WILL QFT^N GIVE? "TWO AND TWO MAKE$
FbUK AS AN EXAMPLE CE1 PERFECT CE?PCPlTUDFi?. THE?,&?
MAqr! NUMB^RjPROPEjRTrE;^ REjTOKP ON HIM BY GHALr

L"E;N0IN0 HIS DENIAL, Cf THE FOURTH DIM^NÎON
'WHICH Hltf OVN WE^~TIUJ|STED NUMBERS' AFFIRM MOST
INSISTENTLY
* THI|S CUBE OF1 3 (AN ODD NUMBER-) HAS1 A CENTRAL
dUBEjL^T, WHICH ddVEtf RJ^ TO S^VBXAL, mTF?REj£TlNG
PROPE!l?rr^ LACKING IN THE? 4-CUBE?.
PLATE 25
EXPLANATION OF THE! MAqi£ TC&ERACT
THE; ATTEMPT WJL, NOW BE? MADE ID E^NDDIL
CXUARiy INTEkUQlBLE lyflL-WNNE!',? MAqiC TE^RACT
the; re?ade?r. is uroejd to verify for. himself1
rHEÛMMATlONi^ PARTICULARLY SPEClFlElD AND THEj
VARIOUS OTIÊ^ RELATIONS POINTED OUT. A DETAILED
$TUDY OF1 THE| FIGURE" WIU, RESULT IN THE UNPOLDINO.
OF1 SOME OF1 THE! AMAZINC} AND BEjAUTlFUL INTER-
RELATIONS THAT LIE1 OUTSIDE! 3-SRACe; HORIZONS
FIRST VE? MUST OON^lDElRvTHE; A'MbOLS AND
CONVENTIONS USE|D. INSTEjAD OF1 THE; USUAL MAGlC
SQUARE? DIACjRAM OF F10.1 THE; ARRANqtfMEjNT OF1 FIQ.
3V1LL BE! E^PljOYETa
in the1 num-
be?rs may ee/ 1mac5inejd
TO BE] ElNCLP^D IN
CRYSTAL, ^PHEjREj^ SUP-
PORTEND ON A WIRE?
FPvAMEjWORK VHK1H
ALLOCS U^ TO SE?E INTO
THE! INTERFACE1S. THE? V1RE?S MAY BE" BE/NT ASIDE?
ie1 nejce1SSary; and ake? Supposed to be1 capae>le? OF*
EXTENSION OIL. ^HORTEjNINCr AT CUILPlJEjAÛRE1, THOUGH
NOT SPONTANEOUSLY ELASTIC PLATE" 20 REjPRE^NT^
6 P^CTANCjULAR, PRISMS STRFTCHEjD OUT FROM ORIO-
1NALLY CUBICAL FORM BY THE EXTENSION OF" THE BLUE!

AND THE1 YEjLLOV WIRE1S. THIS DISTORTION 1^ OF1 COURSE^
TO EXHIBIT THE1 NUMBERS MORE! CLE?ARLY AND THE1
PRISMS SHOULD BE; CONCEIVE?D AS PUSHED BACK AFTeJR^
inspection into their, prdpeir, cubical foilms.
re?me;mbe?r^the;n,that re?d, 3ee£n, blue;, yellow
VIKEtf ARE1 N02MALLY OF EXACTLY EQUAL LElNdTH.
FURTHER (tfEft PLATE? 20):-
®E?D STANDS EORvMOTlQN TO THE? ®ICHT;
©REftN - .. ". TOWARDS THE ©ROUND
(DOW WARDS);
©lue1 » ©a^kwardS (4mY
FROM us);
©EjLLOV« » IN THE? POSITIVE Se|NSE!

oe the; fourth dimension: INTO ®AMAPURA.
PLATE 26
THE! MAqiC T$£$l$VACr- CtoNTlNUE^D
NOV TU1LN ID riATE) 20— dONtflEE^THE j&HBjEEj CON-
TAININCr 37; l£T IT MOVE! TO THE ®IC]HT ALONCi THtf
(BSD IJNEj. lÂVINC} Aff IjQJJAL^ INTKGVAl^ I^KEj tfHKEEtf
TbR. 62 AND 24. TH^RS AR2? THEjN 3
jhs. #PHEjKE$ THtf J5EJIN0 A
(g) *» 05&XVE; THAT 37+62+ 24= 123.1HEJ
MAdlC £UM: = [(1+81) + 2] X3, OIL,MOREj
^L QEiNrgRALLY. S-^.THE! dORHECl' SUM
tiQBl 4-^PACE:.TOli.
nejxt the; lire; 37, 62,24. Shall, move; ixmnvard-
TOVARXtf THE; ©ROUND-ALONC4 ©EEtfN IJNE& L£!AVlNCr
2 Similar, line^, to vtT, s, 49, <ss, 77,12,34. "e&ch line?
YEHitf THE! MACtIC! £UM 123, $0 AL£0 DO Q/cn ^
TOE] 3 VElRTlC&L LLNE$. VE! THFÊEÔRi!
HAV^ AMACflC ^ 2].
THL4 ÔUARi ^HAUL, NOV MOVE? @AC!K-
VARD.S ALpNC} ©UJEj PATHtf, 1EAVIN0 TVO |
SIMILAR-* teJJAWEjS1 AND C^NEjRATlNq THE] v
^LR^T(^TEE;TCHElD-OUT) MAGIC! 3-CLJKE: WHICH
VE; VILL, CALL. 37-74. NOTE? THAT ALL. THE| ^
BLJJEJ JJN^S A$ WEWh A$ bOTH THE) OP AND
THE ^Viy-CrE^RATEjD RI?D AND <3EE£N LIHE# Cjl VE?
the; MA3KI &JM 123. [F1lq 3].
THE! DIAqONAL^ OF1 THE? MACjld £OUAKE# AND OFTHE;
MACjlCi CXJEEtf DO KT
ADD 123 ^XOeJPT
vhe;n the?y cro#
THEJ iÊNT^R. OF1
THE? TElS1^RACT.
ALL 8 C# THE; HJsS-
TJRACT DIAGONALS
DO ADD 123. bOTH
THEtfEj FACTS1 ARJEl
as TheJy Should be;
THOUGH THE? HiqHEjL
ESIATIQN^ WHICH
AEE^THElCAU^
ne^d not ee?

ioundeTj he?rX
:>
PLATE 27
the; mmjic r$jsÂCc-cDimm$D—-
NOW WE; WILL TAKE OUR, LONG, LEAP OUT INTO THE
DARK.
LET OURElRiST CUBE, 57-74, MOVE! OTT PERPENDICULAR-
LY IN THE! + ÊjNft? OE1 THE. FOURTH DIMENSION, LEAVING,
IN 4-SPACE WO SIMILAR CUBEtf, AND GENERATING,
THE1 MAGIC TESSERA^. THE? PATHS Of1 THE CRYSTAL
SPHERES ARE (^MbCSÂIjy) REPRESENTED BY THE SYSTEM
OF1 LINES DESIGNATED A$ YELLOW
ii1 we .really have; achieved the; maoici TErSERACT,
THEN EVELY RED (MARKED) WIRE (1), GREEN WIRE! (z\ BLUE
WIRE (3), YELLOW VIM; £4), MUST BEAR 3 NUMBERS YIELD-
ING the; magic Sum 123. This will be Tound to be
THE CASE.
OB^RVEj THAT ALL 4 DIMENSIONS1 ARE PERF1ECTLY
FJQJJIPOTENT. TOR. CLTJARNESS THE WIRES marked blue1
AND YELLOW HAVE BEEN STRETCHED, BUT THIS MIGHT
HAVE KEEN DONE TO THE E£D AND TO THE GRIftN INSTEAD.
WHEN THE TESSERACT HAS BEEN PUSHED BACK INTO UNDlS-
TOETED TORM THE RE;d,CjREEN. BLUE, YELLOW WIRES ARE
ALL OT EQpAL I^NGTH, AND "EACH Of THE 108 WIRES
OAWUES 3 NUMBERS WHOSE iSUM IS 123.
this being ,st>, who Shall Say which dimension is
more1 real Than The others, and why?
THUS THE MAGlG TESÊ1RACT CjENE^RATEjD' LtfT US
now SS£ if1 ve Can confirm our, .somewhat analytic

consideration by collectlnc; cur. results in a more
imaclnable torm in short, ley us t*y to troiejct
back from 4-space the concrete assemblac^ oe
number which constitute the? ma01c tess^ract.
wej find that we can- the result ay-n
is .shown in plate 21.
the; tinting; will Suggest to the!
eye an outer and an itsfner-> cube,
which are respectively 37-74 and
OS -45" Or1 PLATE 20 (A AND d, FIG-1).
BUT THE READER. MUST ALSO IMAGINE
ANOTHERCtTbE, 78-04 OF PLATfi 21
(B, Piq 1), HALF1 WAY BETWEEN THE

OTHER-TWO (SE|E 78,35,66,07, 4* Iff, 7S, 04,
IN THE PROJECTION ALfc))- ^L^TtiG 1.
PLATE 28
"THE: MACjlc! TH^2M^T—dONCXUDEjD
THE! READER hSHOUUD tSATLSpY HIM^LP* E>Y TRIAL,
THAT £V£RY IN PLATE; 20 HAiS1 IT^ CORRESPOND-
inc line; in plate; 21. also that each line; of
THE! 108 IN THE! PRQJElCTlON CARRIE!,? 'THE ,SAME! J
NUMEElR^ AS1 THE! CORRESPONDING} LINE1 OF THEj 108
in the; generation. the; FbLLPîNa points are; IMPORTANT, it is
PURELY ARBITRARY WHICH CUbi; PUT APPARENTLY
* WITHIN' OR'VITHOUT* THEY ARE? RE&LLY ^DEJ bY ÎDE;
IN 4-^PAC!E; AND MERELY APPEAR. TO KE CONTAINER
ONE VITHIN ANOTHER,; PXACTLY Atf IN A I^PEjCTlVEl
Sketch or1 a 3-^pacs; room inteJejop^the; parallel-
OC-RAM OF THE! EURTHEjJ^miL I^
APPARENTLY CONTAINED WITHIN THAT
OF THE! NEARER^. FlCf 1 ILL^5TRATEiS,
THtf AND ALSO ANOTHER^ IMPORTANT
POINT, VIZ. THAT THEJ APPARENTLY &ANP
INd UNEj^ AND PLANEtf OF THE TE#£Rr
ACT pat PURELY AN ILLUSION OP PFjb
TO!TIVE;. IN FlCj 1, AE 5 q, ETC A£E
tn l. PART OF A ^TEM OP 3 ÊjTS1 OP PERPEND
DIOULAR^, THOUGH THEY APPEAR, TO &ANT, WHILE A b APPEAR^ PERPENDICULAR,!© AD, ETC PiJRTHFX,, OB-
SERVE THAT IT WAS THE EXIGENCIES OF REPEESENTA-
TION THAT CDkPElLLEjD IN THE PROJECTION,THE
PLAOlNq OP .SPHERE 73 INSIDE; OP41, AND THAT INSlDE OF
Q3-THEV REALLY PALL °NE KEiHIND ANOTHELiN 4-^PAC£

IT I? INTERESTING} AT THIS1 POINT TO IDENTIFY A
OF THE? TE^SERACT DIAGONALS1 AND TO VERIFY THEIR;
summations1, just as1 in flcf.1 a diagonal extend^
Prom one; cornfx op the; four square acrsdSS the
CENTRAL TO THE; OPPOSITE; dORNEjlbOP THE INNPjb, SO
in the; TeWsacT ve? pa$ from The; outermost CjM
CORNFXTO THEj OPPOSITE! CORNER^C^ THE INNERMOST
OJbEl.ClRaS1fS1lNa AND INCLUDINCj THE TESpERACT CEN-
TER., .SPHERE? 41 THUS1;—37+41+41^123; 18+41+£+=123tlt.
the; eorecoinct vill ^jeVicIeJ to Explain the)
SKETCHED and Enable the) reAdfXto examine; the;
CURIOUS1 ASÊM&L&aE; Of1 CONCEPTS1 AND RELATIONS1
VttiCH OON^TITUTE; THE MA4IC TE&SEKACT.

PLATE 29
THE PROJECTION MADE 5YA
CU5H IN TRAVERSING A PLANE
A'KETOTENTf y
THEJERItfCF"
CSOSS-SKCnCNS TRACED 5Y THE
CU5K inenterjnq the plane
vErancAuy eyoneo? itj1 anqiet
/V> REPRESENT? THE .JERiEJ'
W/ REJWANT ON TO1 ENTERJNQ
iv one c? rn? edge,?
'C REPRESENT? THE
UNCHANGINQ CROttf-
JECTION TRACED EYTrE
CUKE MEETINGTHE
<^S. PLANE .50UABE-
^5feb\ IV 5Y ONE Of
AlÎQJJlBlj1 PROJECT
TOW ARE mcofca-
TIONS Of ThESE i CLA0E?
THE CUBE? IN TH? ADCM;
DIAGRAM. .SYMMETRICAL
SOUDS OE A 3-DIMENlTION-
AE .SPACE, TRACE \ARJOU? EPHEMERAE AND CHANCING CRQff-
SECTIONS IN THJ PLANE TZ A 2-^PACE. THE CHARACTER. OK
THE CROXr-^CTlON 5EING DETERMINED BY THE ANGLE AT
WHICH THE CU5E MEEE? THE PLANE— IE THE CUtEJ1 BE

TAKEN TO REPRINT TJHE HTOHPl? ^y^S Cf INDIVIDUAL?
IN A HIQHERj-^PACEjg^LD. THE PI.ANE QUI?,PHENOMENA!,
WORLD, TEE CRQSJ-JECTIOW WOULD THEN REPRESENT THE
iQ^R^ 5PACE-A5PECT^ OP THESE HIQHL^Î^- IÔNAOrW.
PLATE 30
MAN THE SQUARE
A HIGHER SPACE PARABLE
"Artful nature has given to the most
perfect animal the same six limits as
the cube has, most perfectly marked.
. . . Man himself is, as it were, a
cube."
—Mysterium Cosmographicum.
Kepler.
v.
I
MAN: ATHE^-DIMEJNÔNAL, PROJECTION Of A HiqH5R_r$J.'ACE UNITY
MAN THE SQUARE
THE CUBE AND THE SQUARE
"The phenomenal world receives its culmination and reflex
of all in MAN. Therefore he is the mystic square—in his
metaphysical aspect—the Tetraktys; and becomes the cube on the
creative plane."
The Secret Doctrine. Vol. II, p. 3Q, Third Edition.
H. P. Blavatsky.
"And the city [the New Jerusalem] lieth four square, and
the length is as large as the breadth. The length and the breadth
and the height of it are equal."
The Revelation of St. John the Divine, xxi:16.
HERE ARE two examples of that order of recon-
dite mystical truths so remote from ordinary
knowledge and experience, or else so clothed with
symbolism, as to be unintelligible to all save the
initiated.
We are told of a certain correspondence or iden-
tity between the phenomenal world and man, and the
symbolization of the two by the square. We are
59
further instructed that Fit the "creative plane"—pre-
sumably some higher world of causes—the square is,
or becomes, a cubgj This idea, embodied in the first
quotation, is borne out by the statement in the second,
that the New Jerusalem, the dwelling place of per-
fected humanity (which might be a world or might
be a body) has "the length and the breadth and the
height of it" equal—in other words, is a cube.
What meaning lies here concealed? In order to
discover it, let us try the experiment of taking the
quoted statements not figuratively—as they were
doubtless intended to be taken—but literally, and see
where we are then able to come out.
With the simple-mindedness and confidence of
children, let us picture to ourselves the phenomenal
world, not as symbolically, but actually, a square.
The square should not be conceived of as a purely
geometric plane, i. e., having no thickness in the
third dimension, for in that case it would have no
physical existence. It should be thought of rather as
| an almost infinitesimally thin film of matter separat-
ing two portions of the cube—its higher space world
—from each other: in other words, a cross-section of
the cube. Fix this image clearly in mind: the crea-
tive plane, that is, the archetypal world, or world of

causes, a crystal cube "like unto clear glass," divided
midway by an iridescent film, the phenomenal world,
made up of matter in a different state or condition—
analogous, let us say, to oil on water, or to the bubble
which sometimes appears in the neck of a bottle.
[Illustration 1].
60
MAN THE SQUARE
MACROCOSM AND MICROCOSM
This crystal cube would then represent the
macrocosm, of which man—archetypal man—is the
microcosm. "As is the great, so is the small: as is
the outer, so is the inner." We must conceive of the
great cube as containing many small cubes, replicas
of itself in everything except
size. "Nothing is great:
nothing is small." This dif-
ference in size between the
great cube and the small
ones need not disturb us: it
has no importance, for if the
small cubes are conceived of
as themselves containing still
smaller cubes after the man-
ner in which they are con-
tained within the great cube,
then every part of each has
its correspondence in the
other, and is capable of
being expressed by the same ratios. If the great
cube were shrunk to the size of one of the small
cubes, there would be no difference whatever between
them. If, on the other hand, the small cubes were

expanded to the size of the great cube, the same
would be true. This relativity of spacemagnitude
—a difficult thing to understand by minds untrained
in philosophy and metaphysics—is apprehended
unconsciously by everyone in such a concrete exem-
plification of it as is afforded by photography, for
example. At a moving picture exhibition we never
think of the image on the screen as being essentially
@THE ARCHETVPAL
\tfORLD (TheCubd AND
THE PHENOMENAL
WORLD The .Square] 11
61
different from the photograph from which it is pro-
jected, though the difference in spatial extension is
enormous. All that matters is the relation of parts to
one another, and these being identical, the question
of absolute size does not even enter the mind.
/ The small cubes should be thought of as moving
about within the limits of the great cube, such motion
bringing them repeatedly in contact with the filmy
plane which corresponds to the phenomenal world.
They would register their passage though the matter
of this film world by tracing in it countless cross-sec-
tions of themselves. If, as has been assumed, these
small cubes correspond to the higher, or divine selves
of men, identical in form and substance with the
Great Self, their "Father in Heaven," then each
transit of each cube, or individual, through the film
square would be for it a physical incarnation, and the
correlated succession of cross-sections which it traced
in any one transit would represent one phenomenal
life. Attributing consciousness to the individual
cube—to its totality and to its every part—that aspect
of consciousness stirred from latency to activity by
contact with the matter of the film world in passing
through it during one phenomenal life, would con-
stitute the personal consciousness. ]

BIRTH AND DEATH
I Each personality, each new projection of the
cube in the plane, would be "born," so to speak, with
the cube's initial contact with the film—since only
thus and then could personal consciousness arise—
and each would disappear or "die" with the final
contact. The stream of impressions would be, as
62
MAN THE SQUARE
ours is, linear, i. e., successive—a constant becoming.
All things would seem to be vanishing irrevocably
into the void of time. There would be no survival,
no immortality, for the personal consciousness on its
own plane of manifestation, since the film matter
which gave it, for the moment, form, would flow
together and shape itself into new and different
figures, the cross-sections of other cubes—new per-
sonalities. /
With the cube—the true individual—the case
would be different: the cube would know itself not to
be "born" nor to "die." /Each ot its "personalities,"
or the tracings which it made in passing through the
film, would inhere within it, since every conceivable
cross-section is embraced within the cube itself. It
would neither gain nor lose them by passing through
the film: it would only manifest them in the matter
of a lower spatial world.
The cube consciousness (individual) would
embrace all cross-sectional consciousness (per-
sonal): it would have full knowledge of the film
world, since it would apprehend that world from a
higher region of space; but the cross-sectional or
plane consciousness—a fragment, as it were, of the
cube consciousness—would depend for its knowl-

edge of the things of its world upon the constantly
shifting line bounding the plane figure traced in the
film by the cube in passing through. This line
would be its vehicle for sensation. What report
would such a vehicle make to the indwelling per-
sonal consciousness: what notion would that con-
sciousness get, through this channel, of its world and
the things of its world—and of the higher world?)
63
FILM PHENOMENA
In order to answer this question at all adequately,
it will be necessary to know something more of "film
ghjnomena^'' to go into a more detailed analysis of
/thetransit of solids through a plane. Picture, if you
please, these thousands of little cubes streaming, so
to speak, through a plane, meeting it at every possi-
ble angle and tracing cross-sections of themselves in
transit, in the same way that the surface of a liquid
traces the successive cross-sections of any solid intro-
duced into it,/as the fluid separates and flows together
again. A moment's reflection will make plain the
fact that the cubes, although identical in shape and
size, would create plane figures widely divergent
from one another, the differences being caused by
the variation of angle at which each individual cube
happened to encounter the plane. [Illustration 2]..
If, for example, a cube entered by one of its corners,
with its longest internal diagonal perpendicular to
the plane, the first presentment of it would be a point,
the meeting place of three adjoining faces. The tri-
hedral section bounded by these faces would then
trace itself out as an expanding equilateral triangle,
until the three lowest corners of the cube became
involved, when this triangle would change, by reason

of the truncation of each apex, into a hexagon with
three long sides and three short ones. The long sides
would grow shorter and the short sides longer, as the
cube continued its descent: there would be a moment
when all six sides were of equal length, after which
the forms would succeed each other in an inverse
order, the hexagon changing into a triangle, which
would shrink to a point and disappear, as the cube
64
MAN THE SQUARE
jpassed beyond the limits of the plane. If the cube
should enter by one of its edges, the first presentment
of it would be a line, which would thicken, so to
speak, into a parallelogram, whose long sides, in the
ensuing motion, would remain constant, and whose
short sides would
THE M3VIim,CCÎNAnA^|
'a
lengthen until they
exceeded the other
two by the amount
that a parallelogram
expressing the di-
agonal plane of the
cube is longer than
one of its square faces.
This maximum at-
tained, the section
would shrink again,
the changes occur-
ring, as before, in an
inverse order; ending,
as they began, in a
line, and an evanish-

ment. Only in case
the cube should hap-
pen to meet the plane
squarely by one of its
faces—that is, per-
pendicularly to the
plane—would the re-
sulting cross-section undergo no change through-
out the period of transit. In this case, the tracing
would be a square. [Illustration 3. See also
plate 30].
i-
/.
65
Now the angle at which the.
cube could meet the plane might
vary almost infinitely, and each
variation would result in a
changing cross-section of dif-
ferent form, though every one
of these would be referable to
one or the other of the three
general types described above.
If the cubes descended, not ver-
tically, but obliquely, the plane
presentments of them, besides
waxing and waning and chang-
ing their outline, would have,
in addition, a lateral motion,
great or small in proportion to
the obliquity of the cubes'
orbits; and thence, too, would
arise a difference as to the
figures in their duration, the more nearly vertical
the descent, the shorter the period of phenomenality.
Bearing clearly in mind that|5achorie of these
changing continuous cross-sections, made by a single
transit of a single cube, constitutes for the latter—

theindividual—one physical incarnation} and for the
figure itself—the personality—its single and sole
existence, we are now in a position to consider life
from the point of view of such a personal conscious-
ness confined within a changing perimeter—its life
vehicle—and limited to the two dimensions of a
plane—its world.
▲-
APlT^KEATXAejOUS
ANQEft1
66
MAN THE SQUARE
j PLANEWISDOM
Suppose we seek out the most intelligent inhabi-
tant of this "Flatland," and limiting our perception
in the way his would be limited, share his conscious-
ness. This Flatlander we will name Planewisdom,
since he is of both an observant and a reflective turn
of mind. Looking upon life and the world, the per-
petual flux of things would perhaps first and most
impress him—no rest, no stability, no finality any-
mysteriously "out of the nowhere into the here,"
quickly developing lines and angles, doomed pres-
ently to wane and disappear) and all of this kind
would seem to be afflicted with a similar destiny—
birth, a short perturbed existence, ending in dissolu-
tion. Of course Planewisdom would not have accur-
ate knowledge of the true nature of all his fellow
plane-beings, for this knowledge could come only
from the standpoint of the higher-dimensional space;
but in his transit he could examine the enclosing lines
and angles of his fellow plane-beings and from these
form some approximate notion of the distinctive
characteristics of each. He would conclude that
although every man was different from every other,
they all had characteristics in common. All passed
through certain recognizable phases in approxi-

mately the same space of time: a period of increment
or growth, the attainment of a maximum, a phase of
diminishment ending in disappearance. He would
observe that some developed more varied outlines
than others, making them lead troubled, irregular
lives; such as began as a point being more "unhappy"
than those which began as a line, because in the latter
perceive himself to have come
67
case, though one dimension changed, one remained
constant. In those rare instances in which all four
boundaries appeared at once and of equal length, a
serene and unperturbed existence was the result.
Now, suppose that Planewisdom, wishful for this
untroubled, equable life, should attempt to develop
his changing irregular polygon evenly and symmet-
rically like the square. Failing in every effort to
modify his perimeter, he
might conceive the idea that
a change of contour could be
brought about only by a
change of consciousness. He
would recognize a distinc-
tion between his body, and his consciousness. / Though
his body was confined to the
plane world by the condi-
tions of its existence, this
limitation need not neces-
sarily extend to his con-
sciousness. This conscious-
ness he would realize to be
within him..,; yet who could
"say that it was on that account confined to the
plane which constituted his world? What if there

wereâh unknown direction, at right angles to the two
known to him, in which his consciousness were capa-
ble of rising)—the third dimension, in point of fact?
Imbued with this idea,The might succeed, by an act of
faith and by an effort of will, in uniting, after a
fashion, his personal consciousness with his cube con-
sciousness, and endowed with a new and mysterious
'PHIIQSOPHICCALK
68
MAN THE SQUARE
power, he might react upon his perimeter in such a
manner as to change it from an irregular polygon
into a square. |Trns''would produce a result in the
higher world of which he could not but be uncon-
scious; namely, that of bringing the vertical axis of
the cube, his immortal body, perpendicular to the
film.J [Illustration 4].
planelove: planebeauty
Planewisdom, being somewhat of a philosopher
and a metaphysician, a "practical occultist" as well,
his studies would tend rather to separate him from,
than to unite him with, plane-humankind. Let us
think of his neighbor, Planelove, as less intellectual,
more emotional. Living so largely in his affections,
the idea of withdrawing himself into his interior
higher self, and so effecting a symmetrical develop-
ment, would not even occur to him, and if it did
would not attract. He could only achieve the sym-
metrical form in a different manner. Loving his
fellow plane-beings, he would feel an inclination
toward them, an attraction between his perimeter
and theirs.
The fulfillment of this love would be in contact,
juxtaposition. If one of his angles touched one of the
sides of another, the resulting satisfaction would be

ephemeral and slight, but the cleaving of line to line
would effect a union not so readily nor so soon
destroyed. Length of line being the gauge of felic-
ity, the contact of the four sides of a square with the
sides of four other squares would represent an abso-
lute maximum. In the endeavor to attain the real-
ization of this dimly felt ideal—that is, in multiply-
69
ing his points of contact with his fellow plane-beings
so as to prolong all of his lines equally and to the
utmost—Planelove, in obedience tojhe universal law
that one becomes that which he persistently admires
and desireSjj would transform himself from an irreg-
'uTaF'pblygbn into a square. This change of outline
would have the inevitable effect of altering the angle
of inclination of his cube to the vertical, thus bring-
ing about the same result achieved by Planewisdom
through an intellectual process accompanied by a
volitional effort; namely, a symmetrical develop-
ment, a life free from mutations. [Illustration 5].
Let us imagine Planebeauty to have a personality
still different from the other two. The thing which
would trouble him in life would be, not so much its
evanescence, its futility, as its dearth of ordered and
formal beauty. The square would excite his admir-
ation on account of its symmetry: four equal lines,
four equal angles, and the persistence of this one
most perfect form throughout an entire J IHfeiU By
dwelling on the unique properties and perfection of
the square, Planebeauty also would shift the center of
his being in such a way that his higher, or cube self,
flQUARE'WIHTTE WORLD
5
70
MAN THE SQUARE
would bring four of its sides vertical to the film
world, and so his cube would trace out a square in the
matter of that world. \
THE THREE WISE PLANEMEN
Planelove. Planewisdom, and Planebeauty are
'jself-made" men of a plane world: they have be-
come what they are by the way in which they have
faced the world, incarnation after incarnation.' At
last, by learning to meet life squarely, they have
arrived at a serene and equable maturity. Drawn
together by the pursuits of a common ideal achieved
by each in a different way, |they incline to, and
become attached to one another; for their lines being
in contact, so also, without their knowing it, are the
square faces of their cubes. This gives them a com-
munity of consciousness which others do not share;
but they find themselves unsatisfied, for all their
philosophic calm. What pleasure can a wise man
take in a world of fools, they ask one another; a
loving man in a world where people are indifferent
to one another, an artist in a world so full of irregu-
larity and imperfection. Even if all men were as
they, still would the riddle of life be as far from
solution as before? Their coming into the world
would remain a mystery, and death would be the

inevitable end of all. Is there no immortality, no
rest, no peace, no knowledge, no perfection any-
where? Sadly they ask themselves these questions.
(Raising their plane-bound thoughts to the seeming
void above them, \ they earnestly desire that some
"mighty teacher, perfect in wisdom, beauty, and com-
71
passion, may come and solve for them the riddle of
their painful earth. [Illustration 6).
<3£> PLANHO/E
PIANFWSDOM.
and PUNEimnV
ODNJOINEDINA
MUTUAL AFPEC
TION 88988881
THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD
From its bright and shining sphere, a pure ray
of the One Light gives heed to this prayer of the
three plane-men. By reason of having passed
through crystal prisms without number it has
learned the rainbow's uttermost secret, and is there-
fore free from the necessity of refracting itself in
substance, which, by impeding, reveals the latent
glories of the lone White Light. Looking down
upon the cube, "like unto clear glass," it beholds,
deep within, the insubstantial pageant of the film
world in which men are but shadows of their higher,
or cube selves, of which they are unaware, because
their consciousness is centered in these lower-dimen-
sional presentments of themselves. It takes note of

the united desire in the hearts of three of these tiny
and transitory figures. It is aware of their lonely
struggle towards the only perfection that they
know, and perceiving that the time has come for the
Great Renunciation, it leaves the bosom of the
72
MAN THE SQUARE
Father, the White Light, to show forth His glory in
a world darkened by ignorance and death.
pTenters one of the little crystal cubes, and shat-
tering it along certain of its edges, folds its six faces
down into the film-world so that they lie there in the
form of a cross—a seven-fold figure, four squares
lengthwise and three across. Thus it crucifies itself
upon matter that by its broken body it may manifest
to plane-men as much as they may apprehend of
their higher, or divine selves. This body of Chris-
tos, though so poor ana^lTmifed a vehicle for the
divine consciousness within, is nevertheless glorious
compared with the most perfect plane-human form,
the square, forTTTtsTfot one square, but six, each
representing a different aspect of the Higher Self. J
[Illustration 7].
rv=^
THE SQUARE: TO1 FEB.-
METER-CUTATXAND
RXDED DOWN MID
A1DWWPATIAL.OR.
UNEAR.W5i2LD
THEOJ5E. OJTAS
ID ITS KXJNDING
SURFACES AIONQ
KITED DOWN INTO
ADD^^-tfATlALa
PLANS WORID
The three Wise Plane-men, having seen the
descending ray as a star in the East, worshiped the
73
incarnate savior of their world, at the place of his
nativity.
Equipped with all knowledge, full of compas-
sion, clothed in that transcendent body which had
been "broken" for plane-humankind, this Christos
of a lesser world in due course gathered disciples
about him—square men all (save one)—to whom he
taught the precious secret of release from birth and
cended into Heaven," folded himself up in his
higher-space form| and became once more a ray of
the One Light, having committed the spreading of
the truth to those whom he had instructed.
THE SERMON ON THE PLANE
One of his discourses has been preserved: rightly
interpreted it will be seen to be in curious accord
with the teachings of êFyworld savior; for through
all their utterances runs an eternal unanimity, the
same in all ages, places, spaces,) This is The Ser-
mon on the Plane, preached to the plane-men by
Him who was "crucified."
"Heaven is all about you: a city lying four-
square, clear as glass and filled with light. Here
your real, your immortal selves, have their true
home. This world of yours which seems so substan-
fial is but a mutable and many-colored film staining

the bright radiance of this crystal heaven. Your
lives are but tracings made by your immortal selves
in this film world. How shall you learn the way to
this heaven of light, the truth of this transcendent
existence? I am the Way, the Truth and the Life.
This is my body, broken for you. This cruciform.
accomplished, he "as-
74
MAN THE SQUARE
figure formed by these six squares is not my immor-
taTbody; the squares are but the boundaries of it,
folded down into a lower-dimensional world. When
my mission is accomplished and I ascend again into
heaven, I shall refold these squares into a single
symmetrical figure, my heavenly body, a solid of the
higher-dimensional space beyond your perception.
"Harken to the truth! Because these squares
are solids of your world, it is hard for you to under-
stand how they can be boundaries of a 'higher' solid.
In order to understand it, imagine for a moment
that your_world, which is two-dimensional, is the
higher space, or heaven world of a one-dimensional
space. The perfected body of a plane-man is a
square: suppose you wanted to give some idea of the
square, which you are, to a consciousness limited to
the one dimension of a line—a line-man. ' First of
all, you would have to lose your solidity, forsake and
forego your inner, or plane life, which for you is
the only true life, and confining your consciousness
to your perimeter, break it at one of its angles, and
fold it down—straighten it out—into a one-dimen-
sional space. Its four divisions, each one the bound-
ary of one side of the square, would be, to the per-
ception of the line-man, a solid of his space, and he

would have the same difficulty in imagining them
folded up into a single symmetrical figure that you
have in imagining these six solids of your space to
be the boundaries of a symmetrical solid of a space
higher still. [Illustration 7). "Each of you has this heavenly, or cube body,1
which you must think of as related to your physical
or square body, as that is related to one of its bound-
75
ing lines. The cube is the true individual, of which ( 1
the square is but a single illusory and inadequate' I
image-~, The individual expresses itself in countless 1
of these personalities, each one a tracing of itself:
the sum total of all possible tracings is the cuhe
itself. Birth and death are illusions of the person-
ality. For the cube they are not, since it did not
begin its existence with its first contact with the
film which is your world, nor will that existence
cease when it passes beyond that world; neither does
the changing cross-section which it traces in thus
passing comprise or comprehend its life. Time and
change are illusions of the personality. The cube
knows neither increment nor diminution. All
conscious cross-sections inhere within it—all pos-
sible forms of the film world. It is their revelation
only which is successive, giving rise to the tempoxaJL.
illusions "Learn now the precious secret of immortality.
The consciousness within the cube and within the
square are one consciousness, and that consciousness
is divine. It is possible, therefore, to identify your_
plane consciousness with your cube consciousness,
and rise, by such means, into the higher-dimensional
world. This is achieved by desire, by work, by
knowledge, by devotion—but more than all by love,

as you shall learn.
"Because each individual traces in the film
world a different figure, determined by the angle at
which it meets the film—by its attitude toward life
—you are all under the illusion that each person is
unique and singular, that some are better and some
worse. But these differences are accidental: they do
76
MAN THE SQUARE
not exist in the heaven world, where all are God's
children, and may become one with the Father.
Live uprightly, love and cleave to one another. By
so doing you will make vertical and parallel the axes
of your higher, or cube "Bodies; and as the sides
of your square bodies cleave together, so will the
faces of your cube bodies coalesce. By loving your
neighbor, therefore, you are "laying up treasure in
heaven;" for two cubes can unite their faces only
when the lines of their square sections are similarly
joined. Love effects this junction.
"When cubes conjoin in mutual love the individ-
ual is transcended, the consciousnesses merge into
one~and a larger unit is formed. This process may
go on repeating itself, so that if love should become
the universal law of life, the aimless drift of souls
would cease, for all would enter the Great Peace at
last. All having united into one great crystal cube,
the Heavenly City, the film world would vanish.
The White Light would shine unobstructed through
the City of the Lord. [Illustration 8). _^*Tf~Ts thus that consciousness becomes self-con-;
scious. It multiplies itself. Each unit, in its cube
body, attains to a ^realization of its form and struc-
ture through the many tracings that it makes in phy-
sical matter (the film world), each transit being

an incarnation, a personal life. The events of each
life seem, to the personal consciousness, to slip away
into nothingness, never to be recovered; but every
experience of every film life, all of its contacts with
other cubes, are indelibly impressed upon the higher
body and by the cube-consciousness may be recov|
ered at will, since all inhere in the bounding planes 77

(ofthe cube. For this reason, when cube conscious-
ness is attained by the personality the memory of
past lives is recovered. All lives may be lived over
again as vividly as before: the indwelling conscious-
ness has only to seek out in the boundaries of its cube
body the particular point or line of contact with the
\film world in which the vanished event inheres.
More than this, when any cube unites with any
other, the indwelling consciousness of each, over-
passing its normal limitation, is able to share in all
of the past experiences of the other as though they
were its own. By multiplying these contacts until
all the cubes coalesce, each individual consciousness
might share the experience of every other, from the
dawn to the close of the cycle of manifestation. This
is Nirvana, 'the Sabbath of the Lord.'
"These things I have spoken unto you that in me
ye might have peace, that all may be one, and that
they may be made perfect in one. My peace I give
unto you."
THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SERMON
This elaborate paraphrase of familiar religious
teachings needs no further elucidation if the reader
has had the patience to follow it up, step by step,
raising, as he did so, everything one "space;" that

is, conceiving of man—the true individual—as_a,
higher-dimensional entity- manifesting itself in a
"th"ree:dimensional space through and by means of
the forms and conditions proper to that space.
To show how curiously in accord the higher
space hypothesis is with the teachings of the Ancient
Wisdom of the East, this essay will close, as it began,
78
MAN THE SQUARE
with a quotation from Madame Blavatsky's The
Secret Doctrine: _^
/fTrie real person or thing does not consist solely
of what is seen at any particular moment, but is com-
posed of the sum of all its various and changing
conditions from its appearance in material form to
its disappearance from earth. It is these 'sum totals'
that exist from eternity in the Future, and pass by
degrees through matter, to exist for eternity in the
Past. No one would say that a bar of metal dropped
into the sea came into existence as it left the air, and
ceased to exist as it entered the water, and that the
bar itself consisted only of that cross-section thereof
which at any given moment coincided with the
mathematical plane that separates, and, at the same
time, joins, the atmosphere and the ocean. Even so
persons and things, which, dropping out of the 'to
be' into the 'has been,' out of the Future into the
Past—present momentarily to our senses a cross-
section, as it were, of their total selves, as they pass
through Time and Space (as Matter) on their way
from one eternity to another; and these two
eternities constitute that Duration in which alone
anything has true existence, were our senses but able
(to recognize it."

DEC 7 - 1915

A Primer of Higher Space Claude Bragdon

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A primer of higher space (the fourth dimension) by Claude Bragdon.

Bragdon, Claude Fayette, 1866-1946.

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A primer of higher space (the fourth dimension)Claude Fayette Bragdon

The Beautiful Necessity.

Episodes from an Unwritten History.

A PRIMER OF HIGHER SPACE

1913 • THE: MAnXs • PRoESS

ROCHESTEPo: NEW; YORK

to last guided the author in this ad-

venture upon uncharted oceans of thought.

The Fourth Dimension of Space is a

memory-haunting phrase, often heard,

yet little understood. In this slender

volume the author has attempted to explain

what is meant by it, and to usher the reader

into some of those fascinating halls of

thought to which it is the door. Although

the exposition is along known and already

conventional lines, it is hoped that there is

enough new and original matter to justify

the book, and enough simplicity of presen-

tation to justify its title, A Primer of

THE FOURTH DIMENSION

MANIFEST IN THE! 2 DIM^N^OHS1 Of A PLAN3 SPAC£

THE FOURTH DIMENSION

THE INDISPENSABLE ANALOGY

ADVENTURE with me down a precipice of thought,

sustained only by the rope of an analogy, slender

but strong. This rope, anchored in the firm ground

of sensuous perception, extends three paces in the

direction of the great abyss, then vanishes at the

giddy brink. Let us examine this sustaining simile

foot by foot and strand by strand.

Familiar both to the mind and eye are the space

systems of one, two, and three dimensions; that is,

lines, planes, solids. Lines are bounded by points,

and themselves bound planes; line-bound planes in

turn bound solids. What, then, do solids bound?

Here is where the analogical rope vanishes from

sight. If you answer that a solid cannot be a bound-

ary we part company. No argument of mine can

convince you to the contrary. But if you are inter-

ested enough to ask, "Well, what do solids bound!!

logic compels the answer, "Higher solids: fou

dimensional forms (invisible to sight) related to tr

changing direction, traces out a line. This line, mov-

moving in a direction at right angles to its plane i

distance equal to the length of one of its sides, trace

out a cube. It is easy to picture these processes and

the resultant geometrical figures of one, two, and

three dimensions, because the line, the square, and

the cube have their correlatives in the world of ob-

jects; but the imagination fails when the attempt is

made to continue this order of form-building. Here

again the rope disappears into the void. For the

cube to develop in a direction at right angles to its

every dimension a new region of space would be

required—a fourth dimension. Should you declare