ELEMENTS OF FELONIES IN THE REVISED PENAL

CODE AND THEIR PENALTIES (2007)

REVISED PENAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

BOOK TWO
CRIMES AND PENALTIES

TITLE ONE
Crimes against National Security and the Law of Nations

CHAPTER ONE
Crimes against National Security

Art. 114. Treason.

Elements:
(1) Offender is a Filipino citizen or resident alien;
(2) There is a war in which the Philippines is involved;
(3) Offender either—
(a) levies war against the government or
(b) adheres to her enemies, giving them aid or comfort.
Penalties:
(1) Reclusion perpetua to death and a fine not to exceed P100,000 if the offender is a Filipino
citizen;
(2) Reclusion temporal to death and a fine not to exceed P100,000 if the offender is a resident
alien.
Art. 115. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason.
Elements of conspiracy to commit treason:
(1) There is a war in which the Philippines is involved;
(2) At least two (2) persons come to an agreement to—
(a) levy war against the government or
(b) adhere to the enemies, giving them aid or comfort;
(3) They decide to commit it.
Penalty: Prision mayor and a fine not to exceed P10,000.
Elements of proposal to commit treason:
(1) There is a war in which the Philippines is involved;
(2) At least one person decides to—
(a) levy war against the government or
(b) adhere to the enemies, giving them aid or comfort;
(3) He proposes its execution to some other persons.
Penalty: Prision correccional and a fine not to exceed P5,000.
Art. 116. Misprision of treason.
Elements:
(1) Offender owes allegiance to the Government, and is not a foreigner;
(2) He has knowledge of conspiracy to commit treason against the Government;
 (3) He conceals or does not disclose and make known the same as soon as possible to the governor
or fiscal of the province, or the mayor or fiscal of the city in which he resides.
Penalty: Punished as an accessory to the crime of treason.
Art. 117. Espionage.
Acts punished and their respective elements:
(1) Entering, without authority therefor, a warship, fort, or naval or military establishment or
reservation to obtain any information, plans, photographs, or other data of a confidential
nature relative to the defense of the Philippines.
(a) Offender enters any of the places mentioned;
(b) He has no authority therefor;
(c) His purpose is to obtain any information, plans, photographs, or other data of a confidential
nature relative to the defense of the Philippines.
(2) Disclosing to the representative of a foreign nation the contents of the articles, data or
information referred to in paragraph 1 of Article 117, which he has in possession by reason of
the public office he holds:
(a) Offender is a public officer;
(b) He has in his possession the articles, data or information referred to in paragraph 1 of
Article 117, by reason of the public office he holds;
(c) He discloses their contents to a representative of a foreign nation.
Penalty: Prision correccional. The penalty next higher in degree shall be imposed if the offender is a public
officer or employee.
Art. 118. Inciting to war or giving motives for reprisals.
Elements:
(1) Offender performs unlawful or unauthorized acts;
(2) The acts provoke or give occasion for—
(a) a war involving or liable to involve the Philippines; or
(b) exposure of Filipino citizens to reprisals on their persons or property.
Penalties:
(1) Reclusion temporal if offender is a public officer or employee;
(2) Prision mayor if offender is a private individual.
Art. 119. Violation of neutrality.
Elements:
(1) There is a war in which the Philippines is not involved;
(2) There is a regulation issued by a competent authority to enforce neutrality;
(3) Offender violates the regulation.
Penalty: Prision correccional.
Art. 120. Correspondence with hostile country.
Elements:
(1) It is in time of war in which the Philippines is involved;
(2) Offender makes correspondence with an enemy country or territory occupied by enemy troops;
(3) The correspondence is either—
(a) prohibited by the Government;
(b) carried on in ciphers or conventional signs; or
(c) containing notice or information which might be useful to the enemy.
Penalties:
(1) Prision correccional if the correspondence has been prohibited by the Government;
(2) Prision mayor if the correspondence be carried on in ciphers or conventional signs; and
 (3) Reclusion temporal if notice or information be given thereby which might be useful to the
enemy. If the offender intended to aid the enemy by giving such notice or information, he shall
suffer the penalty of from reclusion temporal to death.
Art. 121. Flight to enemy’s country.
Elements:
(1) There is a war in which the Philippines is involved;
(2) Offender must be owing allegiance to the Government;
(3) Offender attempts to flee or go to an enemy country;
(4) Going to the enemy country is prohibited by competent authority.
Penalty: Arresto mayor.
Art. 122. Piracy in general and mutiny on the high seas or in Philippine waters.
Elements of piracy:
(1) The vessel is on high seas or Philippine waters;
(2) Offenders are neither members of its complement nor passengers of the vessel;
(3) Offenders either—
(a) attack or seize a vessel on the high seas or in Philippine waters;
(b) seize in the vessel while on the high seas or in Philippine waters the whole or part of the
cargo of said vessel, its equipment, or personal belongings of its complement or passengers.
(4) There is intent to gain.
Penalty: Reclusion perpetua.
Elements of mutiny:
(1) The vessel is on high seas or Philippine waters;
(2) Offenders are members of its complement or passengers of the vessel;
(3) Offenders either—
(a) attack or seize a vessel on the high seas or Philippine waters;
(b) seize in the vessel while on the high seas or in Philippine waters the whole or part of the
cargo of said vessel, its equipment, or personal belongings of its complement or passengers.
Penalty: Reclusion perpetua.
Art. 123. Qualified piracy.
Elements:
(1) The vessel is on the high seas or Philippine waters;
(2) Offenders may or may not be members of its complement, or passengers of the vessel;
(3) Offenders either—
(a) attack or seize the vessel; or
(b) seize the whole or part of the cargo, its equipment, or in personal belongings of the crew or
passengers.
(4) The preceding were committed under any of the following circumstances:
(a) Whenever they have seized a vessel by boarding or firing upon the same;
(b) Whenever the pirates have abandoned their victims without means of saving themselves; or
(c) Whenever the crime is accompanied by murder, homicide, physical injuries, or rape.
Penalty: Reclusion perpetua to death.

TITLE TWO
Crimes against the Fundamental Laws of the State

CHAPTER ONE
Arbitrary Detention or Expulsion, Violation of Dwelling, Prohibition, Interruption, and Dissolution of
Peaceful Meetings and Crimes against Religious Worship
Art. 124. Arbitrary detention.
Elements:
(1) Offender is a public officer or employee;
(2) Offender detains a person;
(3) The detention is without legal grounds.
Penalties:
(1) Arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period, if the
detention has not exceeded three (3) days;
(2) Prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the detention has continued for
more than three (3) but not more than fifteen (15) days;
(3) Prision mayor, if the detention has continued for more than fifteen (15) days but not more than
six (6) months; and
(4) Reclusion temporal, if the detention shall have exceeded six (6) months.
Art. 125. Delay in the delivery of detained persons to the proper judicial authorities.
Elements:
(1) Offender is a public officer or employee;
(2) He detains a person for some legal grounds;
(3) He fails to deliver such person to the proper judicial authorities within the period of—
(a) twelve (12) hours, for crimes of offenses punishable by light penalties, or their equivalent;
(b) eighteen (18) hours, for crimes or offenses punishable by correctional penalties, or their
equivalent; and
(c) thirty-six (36) hours, for crimes or offenses punishable by afflictive or capital penalties, or
their equivalent.
Penalties:
(1) Arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period, if the
detention has not exceeded three (3) days;
(2) Prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the detention has continued for
more than three (3) days but not more than fifteen (15) days;
(3) Prision mayor, if the detention has continued for more than fifteen (15) days but not more than
six (6) months; and
(4) Reclusion temporal, if the detention shall have exceeded six (6) months.
Art. 126. Delaying release.
Elements:
(1) Offender is a public officer or employee;
(2) There is a judicial or executive order for the release of a prisoner or detention prisoner, or that
there is a proceeding upon a petition for the liberation of such person;
(3) Offender without good reason delays—
(a) the performance of any judicial or executive order for the release of a prisoner or detention
prisoner, or
(b) the service of the notice of such order to said prisoner or
(c) the proceedings upon any petition for the liberation of such person.
Penalties:
(1) Arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period, if the delay
has not exceeded three (3) days;
(2) Prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the delay has continued for more
than three (3) days but not more than fifteen (15) days;
 (3) Prision mayor, if the delay has continued for more than fifteen (15) days but not more than six
(6) months; and
(4) Reclusion temporal, if the delay shall have exceeded six (6) months.
Art. 127. Expulsion.
Elements:
(1) Offender is a public officer or employee;
(2) He either—
(a) expels any person from the Philippines; or
(b) compels such person to change his residence;
(3) offender is not authorized to do so under law.
Penalty: Prision correccional.
Art. 128. Violation of domicile.
Elements:
(1) Entering any dwelling against the will of the owner thereof;
(2) Searching papers or other effects found therein without the pervious consent of such owner; or
(3) Refusing to leave the premises, after having surreptitiously entered said dwelling, and after
having been required to leave the same.
Common elements:
(1) Offender is a public officer or employee;
(2) He is not authorized by judicial order to enter the dwelling or to make a search therein for
papers or other effects.
Penalties:
(1) Prision correccional in its minimum period, in general.
(2) Prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the offense be committed in the
nighttime, or if any papers or effects not constituting evidence of a crime be not returned
immediately after the search made by the offender.
Art. 129. Search warrants maliciously obtained, and abuse in the service of those legally obtained.
Acts punished and their respective elements:
(1) Procuring a search warrant without just cause.
(a) Offender is a public officer or employee;
(b) He procures a search warrant;
(c) There is no just cause.
(2) Exceeding authority or using unnecessary severity in executing a search warrant legally
procured.
(a) Offender is a public officer or employee;
(b) He has legally procured a search warrant;
(c) He exceeds his authority or uses unnecessary severity in executing the same.
Penalty: In addition to the liability attaching to the offender for the commission of any other offense, the
penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period and a fine
not exceeding P1,000.
Art. 130. Searching domicile without witnesses.
Elements:
(1) Offender is a public officer or employee;
(2) He is armed with a search warrant legally procured;
(3) He searches the domicile, papers or other belongings of any person;
(4) The owner, or any member of his family, or two witnesses residing in the same locality are not
present.
Penalty: Arresto mayor in its medium and maximum periods.
Art. 131. Prohibition, interruption, and dissolution of peaceful meetings.
Elements:
(1) Offender is a public officer or employee;
(2) He performs any of the following acts—
(a) prohibiting or interrupting, without legal ground, the holding of a peaceful meeting, or by
dissolving the same;
(b) hindering any person from joining any lawful association or from attending any of its
meetings; or
(c) prohibiting or hindering any person from addressing, either alone or together with others,
any petition to the authorities for the correction of abuses or redress of grievances.
Penalty: Prision correccional in its minimum period.
Art. 132. Interruption of religious worship.
Elements:
(1) Offender is a public officer or employee;
(2) Religious ceremonies or manifestations of any religion are about to take place or are going on;
(3) Offender prevents or disturbs the same.
Penalties:
(1) Prision correccional in its minimum period, in general;
(2) Prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the crime shall have been
committed with violence or threats.
Art. 133. Offending the religious feelings.
Elements:
(1) Acts complained of were performed in a place devoted to religious worship, or during the
celebration of any religious ceremony;
(2) The acts must be notoriously offensive to the feelings of the faithful.
Penalty: Arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision correccional in its minimum period.

TITLE THREE
Crimes against Public Order

CHAPTER ONE
Rebellion, Coup d’etat, Sedition and Disloyalty

Art. 134. Rebellion or insurrection.

Elements:
(1) There is a public uprising and taking arms against the Government;
(2) The purpose of the uprising or movement is—
(a) to remove from the allegiance to said Government or its laws, the territory of the Republic
of the Philippines or any part thereof, of any body of land, naval or other armed forces, or
(b) to deprive the Chief Executive or the Legislature, wholly or partially, of any of their powers
or prerogatives.
Art. 134-A. Coup d’etat.
Elements:
(1) Offender is a person or persons belonging to the military or police or holding any public office
or employment;
(2) It is committed by means of a swift attack accompanied by violence, intimidation, threat,
strategy or stealth;
 (3) The attack is directed against the duly constituted authorities of the Republic of the Philippines,
or any military camp or installation, communication networks, public utilities or other facilities
needed for the exercise and continued possession of power;
(4) The purpose of the attack is to seize or diminish state power.
Art. 135. Penalty for rebellion, insurrection or coup d’etat.
Persons liable and corresponding penalties:
(1) Any person who promotes, maintains or heads a rebellion or insurrection shall suffer the
penalty of reclusion perpetua.
(2) Any person merely participating or executing the commands of others in a rebellion or
insurrection shall suffer the penalty of reclusion temporal.
(3) Any person who leads or in any manner directs or commands others to undertake a coup d’etat
shall suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua.
(4) Any person in the government service who participates, or executes directions or commands of
others in undertaking a coup d’etat shall suffer the penalty of reclusion temporal in its
maximum period.
(5) Any person not in the government service who participates, or in any manner supports,
finances, abets or aids in undertaking a coup d’etat shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor in
its maximum period.
Art. 136. Conspiracy and proposal to commit coup d’etat, rebellion or insurrection.
Acts punished and their respective elements:
(1) Conspiracy to commit coup d’etat, rebellion or insurrection.
(a) Two (2) or more persons come to an agreement to swiftly attack or to rise publicly and take
arms against the Government for any of the purposes of rebellion or insurrection;
(b) They decide to commit it.
(2) Proposal to commit coup d’etat, rebellion or insurrection.
(a) A person has decided to swiftly attack or to rise publicly and take arms against the
Government for any of the purposes of rebellion or insurrection;
(b) Such person proposes its execution to some other person or persons.
Penalties:
(1) The conspiracy and proposal to commit coup d’etat shall be punished by prision mayor in its
minimum period and a fine which shall not exceed P8,000;
(2) The conspiracy and proposal to commit rebellion or insurrection shall be punished respectively
by prision correccional in its maximum period and a fine which shall not exceed P5,000, and by
prision correccional in its medium period and a fine which shall not exceed P2,000.
Art. 137. Disloyalty of public officers or employees.
Elements:
(1) Offender is a public officer or employee.
(2) Offender commits any of the following acts:
(a) failing to resist a rebellion by all the means in their power;
(b) continuing to discharge the duties of their offices under the control of the rebels; or
(c) accepting appointment to office under them.
Penalty: Prision correccional in its minimum period.
Art. 138. Inciting to rebellion or insurrection.
Elements:
(1) Offender does not take arms or is not in open hostility against the Government;
(2) He incites others to the execution of any of the acts of rebellion specified in Article 134 of the
Revised Penal Code;
 (3) The inciting is done by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, banners or other
representations tending to the same end.
Penalty: Prision mayor in its minimum period.
Art. 139. Sedition.
Elements:
(1) Offenders rise publicly and tumultuously;
(2) Offenders employ force, intimidation, or by other means outside of legal methods;
(3) Purpose is to attain any of the following objects:
(a) to prevent the promulgation or execution of any law or the holding of any popular election;
(b) to prevent the National Government, or any provincial or municipal government, or any
public officer thereof from freely exercising its or his functions, or prevent the execution of
any administrative order;
(c) to inflict any act of hate or revenge upon the person or property of any public officer or
employee;
(d) to commit, for any political or social end, any act of hate or revenge against private persons
or any social class; and
(e) to despoil, for any political or social end, any person, municipality or province, or the
National Government of all its property or any part thereof.
Art. 140. Penalty for sedition.
Penalties:
(1) The leader of a sedition shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor in its minimum period and a
fine not exceeding P10,000;
(2) Other persons participating therein shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its
maximum period and a fine not exceeding P5,000.
Art. 141. Conspiracy to commit sedition.
Elements:
(1) Two (2) or more persons come to an agreement and a decision to rise publicly and tumultuously
to attain any of the objects of sedition;
(2) They decide to commit it.
Penalty: Prision correccional in its medium period and a fine not to exceed P2,000.
Art. 142. Inciting to sedition.
Acts punished:
(1) Inciting others to the accomplishment of any of the acts which constitute sedition by means of
speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, cartoons, banners, or other representations
tending to the same end;
(2) Uttering seditious words or speeches which tend to disturb the public peace;
(3) Writing, publishing, or circulating scurrilous libels against the Government, or any of the duly
constituted authorities thereof, or which tend to disturb or obstruct any lawful officer in
executing the functions of his office, or which tend to instigate others to cabal and meet
together for unlawful purposes, or which suggest or incite rebellious conspiracies or riots, or
which lead or tend to stir up the people against the lawful authorities or to disturb the peace of
the community, the safety and order of the Government, or who shall knowingly conceal such
evil practices.
Elements:
(1) Offender does not take direct part in the crime of sedition;
(2) He incites others to the accomplishment of any of the acts which constitute sedition;
(3) Inciting is done by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, cartoons, banners, or
other representations.
Penalty: Prision correccional in its maximum period and a fine not to exceed P2,000.
CHAPTER TWO
Crimes against Popular Representation
Art. 143. Acts tending to prevent the meeting of the Assembly and similar bodies.
Elements:
(1) There is a projected or actual meeting of Congress or any of its comittees or subcommittees,
constitutional committees or divisions thereof, or of any provincial board or city or municipal
council or board;
(2) Offender, who may be any person, prevents such meetings by force or fraud.
Penalty: Prision correccional or a fine ranging from P200 to P2,000, or both.
Art. 144. Disturbance of proceedings.
Elements:
(1) There is a meeting of Congress of the Philippines or of any of its committees or subcommittees,
constitutional commissions or committees or divisions thereof, or of any provincial board or city
or municipal council or board, or;
(2) Offender does any of the following acts:
(a) He disturbs such meeting; or
(b) He behaves while in the presence of any such bodies in such manner as to interrupt its
proceedings or to impair the respect due it.
Penalty: Arresto mayor or a fine from P200 to P1,000.