A Textbook of Tibetan Language Excerpt PDF
A Textbook of Tibetan Language Excerpt PDF
A Textbook of Tibetan Language Excerpt PDF
Introduction
Tibetan is spoken by approximately ten million people in more than a half a dozen of countries
in the Asian subcontinent including Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, India and South West China.
It is understood by Mongolians who have had traditional monastic education. Tibetan is a
member of the TibetoBurman group of languages, but has no great association with Chinese,
so it is a mistake to coin the term 'SinoTibetan language family'. Tibetan language with its
separate alphabet is a powerful expression of Tibet's independence. Its written language was
based on the 7th century Gupta script of India and its logical grammar is easy to follow in
spite of its close association with Sanskrit.
After studying Indian linguistics including Panini, Kalapa and Candra Sanskrit grammars
under eminent linguists, the Brahmin Lipikara and Devavidyasinha, Thonmi Sambota, the
intelligent minister of the famous Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo (srong btsan sgam po)
invented the written Tibetan in early 7th century. He was first sent to India with fifteen other
Tibetan youths for the sole purpose of mastering Indian languages so that a suitable written
language is invented to translate the entire Buddhist teachings into Tibetan.. After returning
from India, Thonmi together with the king Songtsen Gampo went into retreat in the temple of
Maru..Palace in Lhasa to finalise his works which he had already began in India. He decided
to have four vowels i, u, e and o instead of sixteen vowels which existed in Sanskrit. Of the
thirty consonants, twenty four consonants were based on the Sanskrit alphabet while six
consonants were created according to the need of Tibetan speaking tongue which did not
exist even in the Sanskrit alphabet. Six reversed consonants were later added to facilitate the
standard transliteration of Sanskrit into Tibetan. Of his eight great grammatical treatises only
two, namely sum cupa and rtags kyi jug pa are extant today. Sum cupa primarily deals with
the eight fold case system and the use of the various dependent and independent particles.
Rtags kyi jug pa discusses the unique consonantal gender system which determines the
phonological and morphological relationship between consonants in order to systematize the
rules of spelling in relation to the three tenses and imperative mood.
Within several decades, many Buddhist scriptures were translated into Tibetan from Sanskrit
by Kawa Paltsek, Chokro Lui Gyaltsen and Shang Nanamde, who all belonged to the old
Tibetan translation school. Those who have the opportunity to read any Tibetan translation
will frequently see these three names in the colophons. During the reign of Trisong Deutsen
(khri srong lde'u btsan), Tibetan language received an extensive revision. In spite of the dark
era caused by the prosecution of Buddhism by Lang Darma, it gave a much needed
motivation amongst the Tibetans to send more Tibetans to study Buddhadharma in India. As
a result, in 10th century galaxies of eminent Tibetan translators emerged including Lochren
Rinchen Sangpo, Drogmi Lotsawa Shakya Yeshi, Ngok Lotsawa Lodhen Sherab and others.
They were responsible for the revival of Buddhism in Tibet and standardisation of the complex
Tibetan Buddhist terminology. The entire Tibetan Buddhist canon were compiled under the
supervision of Buton Rinpoche and were printed in wooden xylographs.
The firm reestablishment of Dharma in Tibet through the dedication of countless scholars
became instrumental in subduing the ruthless Mongols and the nation building of Tibet. Since
Tibet came under the one united Dharma rule of the great Sakyapas who allowed all traditions
to prosper in harmony, Tibet had some of the biggest monasteries in the world attracting
hundreds of students from many neighbouring countries. From mid 11th century Tibetans
could learn Sanskrit grammar through Tibetan without having to use the Sanskrit alphabet as
the written Tibetan was so meticulously invented that every Sanskrit syllable can be
transliterated into Tibetan. Modern Buddhist scholars who have done comparative study on
the translations in several Buddhist languages all agree that there is no translation which can
match the consistency and accurateness of Tibetan translations of the Buddhist canon. Since
most Sanskrit Buddhist literature are not extant, Tibetan Buddhist canon is amongst the best
translations to further the study and practice of Buddhism.
The communist invasion of Tibet can never be forgiven and is a great threat to the survival of
traditional culture. Maoist anarchists from China has tried to destroy Tibet's cultural and our
national heritage. The study of the unique Tibetan language was prohibited and 6000
monasteries and educational institutions in Tibet were destroyed. In spite of all the
catastrophic destruction of the Tibetan culture, religion and language, Tibetans have
managed to preserve their language and culture in exile under the leadership of His Holiness
the Dalai Lama. In exile many Tibetans schools were opened and monasteries were rebuilt.
Hundreds of refugees are continuing to escape from Tibet with their young children in hope of
giving them proper Tibetan language training in India and Nepal. I can recall learning how to
read and write Tibetan under a tree in a refugee camp in Pokhara, Nepal. There were no
classes, all the children sat together under a tree learning how to pronounce the alphabet.
The first thing we memorized were Sum cu pa by Thonmi Sambhota. After finishing my high
school, I was fortunate enough to thoroughly study amongst other things, the two grammatical
works under His Eminence Chogye Trichen Rinpoche in Lumbini, the birthplace of the
Buddha. His Eminence is one of the most remarkable Tibetan poets alive today. Having
served as his secretary and personal assistant for some six years, my Tibetan education was
fulfilled beyond my expectation. Subsequently I was fortunate to discuss some of the more
finer elements of Tibetan grammar and poetry in relation to Sanskrit and Prakrit with the
eminent linguist late Khunu Lama Tenzin Gyaltsen when he came and stay at my monastery
a year before he died.
The first interest of the study of Tibetan language in the West was perhaps motivated by
Christian missionaries. Some took crash courses in Tibetan and translated the Bible with the
help of some Tibetan scholars and wrote Tibetan grammar in English giving most of the
examples from the translation of the Bible. The first Tibetan printing press in Kalimpong was
primarily run and owned by Khunu Tharchin, a Tibetan speaking Christian from Spiti in
Jammu. Some hastily compiled Tibetan English dictionaries appeared as early as mid
nineteen century. I recall reading pamphlets entitled "God Will Save You" during my school
days but I did not know they were talking about Christianity. I used to think they were badly
written religious ideas by some foreigners who did not know the Tibetan language properly.
Times have changed since as the written language is enthusiastically studied in many
countries and more recently number of universities have introduced Tibetan studies
programmes. Hundres of Tibetan Buddhist centres around the world have generated much
needed interest in the Tibetan studies. Only recently some fifty young boys from the central
Asian Republics have been sent to India to study Tibetan in Tibetan monasteries. Every three
years some two hundred Tibetologists attend international conference on Tibetan studies as
well as many regional conferences and seminars. Due to its important place in the Buddhist
literature, students in Buddhist studies have realized the significance of the Tibetan language.
There are already a handful of nonTibetan scholars who are teaching the language in the
West and translating important Tibetan works into English and other important languages.
Number of scholars have studied this relatively easy language in less than six months and
have remarked how easy it is if one is prepared to put a steady effort over a period of of a
year or less with a competent Tibetan language teacher.
In spite of many books written on Tibet during the last three decades, texts translated faithfully
from the Tibetan is miserably few. There is a great need for more foreigners learning Tibetan
and engaging in the collaboration of translation works. The prestige of ancient Tibetan
translators are forgotten and very little attention has been given to maintain this important
aspect of Buddhist scholarship. Tibetan Buddhist centres bring out young Tibetan monks to
work as translators for little or no payment, thus disregarding the important role of the
translators. Very few translators are able to stay on the job due to lack of incentive and
prospect for their future. In the old days a pair of a qualified Lotsawa (Translator) and Pandita
(lopan) received equal respect and honour. Lotsawa should not be regarded as someone
who can merely speak two languages, but someone who is equally qualified as a teacher on
his /her own right with special expertise in another language. Training of translators should be
high on the agenda before opening centres and sending resident teachers.
As more material progress is made without obtaining any lasting happiness from wealth, fame
and relationships, the interest of Dharma in the West will continue to grow. However if
Westerners do not master the language in which the Dharma is preserved and dedicate time
to work seriously on the translation of important texts into English, they will be unable to help
their future generation with Dharma. Tibetan, written by Thonmi Sambhota, who is
indisputably regarded as an emanation of Manjushri, is one of the easiest language in the
world. The energy a person devotes for the study of Tibetan can be extremely beneficial for
one's spiritual progress and may help to speed the flourish of Dharma in all corners of the
world if done with the right motivation. I hope that this manual will be of good use to many
students of Buddhism and the Tibetan language.
“Even if one is to die tomorrow, one should study knowledge;
For it is like claiming one's own entrusted possessions in future rebirths”
by Sakya Pandita
In paying my tribute to Thonmi Sambhota and all the Tibetan Lotsawas who unselfishly gave
their lives for the benefit of others, may the fortunate people of this generation do not forget
their compassionate deeds and try to emulate their examples by studying and practising with
diligence and patience.
Lama Choedak T. Yuthok
Tibetan Language Group
Canberra, 1994