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    6 Applications of The Definite Integral

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    Bruce Chiarelli
    This document discusses techniques for evaluating definite integrals. It introduces solids of revolution, cylindrical shells, curve length, and surface areas of revolution which can be calculated using definite integrals. Examples of basic integration formulas are given such as completing the square and trigonometric identities. Integration by parts and repeated integration by parts in a tabular form are also described as techniques for evaluating integrals with multiple factors.

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    6 Applications of The Definite Integral

    Uploaded by

    Bruce Chiarelli
    24 views4 pages
    This document discusses techniques for evaluating definite integrals. It introduces solids of revolution, cylindrical shells, curve length, and surface areas of revolution which can be calculated using definite integrals. Examples of basic integration formulas are given such as completing the square and trigonometric identities. Integration by parts and repeated integration by parts in a tabular form are also described as techniques for evaluating integrals with multiple factors.

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    This document discusses techniques for evaluating definite integrals. It introduces solids of revolution, cylindrical shells, curve length, and surface areas of revolution which can be calculated using definite integrals. Examples of basic integration formulas are given such as completing the square and trigonometric identities. Integration by parts and repeated integration by parts in a tabular form are also described as techniques for evaluating integrals with multiple factors.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views4 pages

    6 Applications of The Definite Integral

    Uploaded by

    Bruce Chiarelli
    This document discusses techniques for evaluating definite integrals. It introduces solids of revolution, cylindrical shells, curve length, and surface areas of revolution which can be calculated using definite integrals. Examples of basic integration formulas are given such as completing the square and trigonometric identities. Integration by parts and repeated integration by parts in a tabular form are also described as techniques for evaluating integrals with multiple factors.

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    6 Applications of the Definite Integral

    6.1 Solids of Revolution


    General cross-sectional areas to find volumes. The volume of a solid
    can be thought of as an infinite sum of infinitesmally thin cross-sectional
    areas times their thickness. Thus
    Z b
    A= F (x)dx
    a

    where F (x) is a function giving the area of an arbitrary cross section. Disk
    and washer methods, a special case of cross sectional area, are given by
    treating the cross section as a circle or annulus, giving the formula
    Z b
    A= πR(x)2 dx
    a

    for a disk or Z b
    A= π(R(x)2 − r(x)2 )dx
    a
    for a “washer,” where x is the axis of rotation, R(x) is the outer radius of
    the annulus and r(x) is the inner radius. Around arbitrary axes (x, y, and
    other lines)

    6.2 Volume by Cylindrical Shells


    The shell method gives the volume of a surface of revolution by taking
    the sum of the volumes an infinite number of infinitesmally thin cylindrical
    “shells” parallel to the axis of rotation. The formula
    Z b
    V = 2π(x − L)f (x)dx
    a

    gives the volume, where x is the axis perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
    In this case, the y axis is the axis of rotation. f (x) is a function representing
    the height of the individual cylinder.

    6.3 Curve Length


    Z bq
    L= f 0 (t)2 + g 0 (t)2 dt
    a

    1
    is the length of an arbitrary planar curve defined parametrically. As
    a special case, Z bq
    L= 1 + f 0 (x)2 dt
    a

    gives the length of the curve on [a, b].

    6.5 Areas of Surfaces of Revolution


    The surface area of revolution can be thought of as the surface generated
    by revolving a path about some axis. Here,
    v
    Z b u !2 !2 Z b
    u dx dy
    S= 2πx
    t
    + dx = 2πρds
    a dt dt a

    gives the area for a parametrically defined path of revolution, where x is the
    axis of rotation, ρ is the radius from the axis of revolution to the arc length
    differential ds.

    6.6 Work
    The general formula for work is given by

    W = Fd

    , where F is a constant force and d is the path along which work is done.
    For a variable force, we can take the integral of infinitesmally small periods
    of the work, along which the force may vary. This gives
    Z b
    W = F (x)dx
    a

    where F (x) is a function modelling the force.

    8 Techniques of Integration
    8.1 Basic formulæ
    There are several techniques for substitution and simplification before
    more advanced techniques are needed.

    2
    2x − 9 du
    Simplifying substitution √ dx = √
    x2 − 9x + 1 u
    √ q
    Completing the square 8x − x2 = 16 − (x − 4)2
    Trigononmetric identity (sec x + tan x)2 = sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x
    = sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x
    +(sec2 x − 1)
    = 2 sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x − 1
    √ √ √
    Eliminating radicals 1 + cos 4x = 2 cos2 2x = 2 |cos 2x|
    3x2 − 7x 6
    Reducing fractions =x−3+
    3x + 2 3x + 2
    3x + 2 3x 2
    Separating fractions √ =√ +√
    1 − x2 1−x 2 1 − x2
    sec x + tan x
    Identity sec x = sec x ·
    sec x + tan x
    sec2 x + sec x tan x
    =
    sec x + tan x

    8.2 Integration by Parts


    The integration by parts formula
    Z Z
    u dv = uv − v du

    allows us to find integrals that have multiple factors in the integrand. Gen-
    erally, dv should be chosen to be as much of the original integrand, including
    dx, as can be readily integrated.
    Repeated integration by parts, often called tabular integration can be
    organized more easily in a table, for instance in
    Z
    x2 ex dx

    if we let u = x2 and dv = ex dx, we can write

    3
    sign of the term u and derivatives v and integrals
    + x2 ex
    − 2x ex
    + 2 ex
    0 ex

    This gives Z
    x2 ex dx = x2 ex − 2xex + 2ex + C

    8.3 Partial Fraction Decomposition

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