Oisd Standard - 116

OISD STANDARD - 116
Second Edition, August 2007

st
1 Amendment (July’08)
nd
2 Amendment (Oct’ 10)
FOR RESTRICTED CIRCULATION
ONLY
FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES
FOR
PETROLEUM REFINERIES & OIL/GA S PROCESSING PLA NTS
OISD – STD – 116

st
nd
2 Amendment (Oct’ 10)
Oil Industry Safety Directorate

Government of India
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
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OISD STANDARD - 116

st
nd
2 Amendment (Oct ’10)
FOR RESTRICTED CIRCULATION
ONLY
FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES

FOR
PETROLEUM REFINERIES AND OIL/GAS PROCESSING
PLANTS
Prepared by
COMMITTEE ON FIRE PROTECTION
OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

7th Floor, New Delhi House 27-Barakhamba Road
New Delhi - 110001
NOTES
OISD (OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE) publications are

prepared for use in the oil and gas industry under Ministry of Petroleum
& Natural Gas. These are the property of Ministry of Petroleum and
Natural Gas and shall not be reproduced or copied and loaned or
exhibited to others without written consent from OISD.
Though every effort has been made to assure the accuracy and
reliability of the data contained in these documents, OISD hereby
expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage
resulting from their use.
These documents are intended only to supplement and not to

replace the prevailing statutory requirements.
"OISD hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from use of the OISD
Standards/ Guidelines/ Recommended Practices."
II
FOREWORD
The oil industry in India is over 100 years old. Variety of practices have been
in vogue because of collaboration / association with different foreign companies
and governments. Standardisation in design philosophies & operating and
maintenance practices at a national level was hardly in existence. This coupled
with feedback from some serious accidents that occurred in the recent past in India
and abroad, emphasised the need for the industry to review the existing state of art
in designing, operating and maintaining oil and gas installations.
With this in view, Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) was established in
1986 staffed from within the industry for formulating and implementing a series of
self regulatory measures aimed at removing obsolescence, standardising and
upgrading the existing standards to ensure safer operations. OISD constituted a
number of committees comprising of experts nominated from the industry to draw
up standards and guidelines on various areas of concern.
The present document on 'Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Refineries

& Oil/Gas processing plants' is First Revision of the document prepared by the
Committee
have been on 'FiretoProtection'
made which
incorporate the was srcinally
latest published
technological in 1991.experience
changes, Attempts
gained in its implementation during last 4-5 years and relevant changes in the light
of various national and international codes and practices.
It is hoped that the provision of this document, if implemented objectively will

go a long way in improving the safety in the oil & gas industry.
This document will be reviewed periodically for improvements based on the

new experiences and better understanding. Suggestions from users/industry
members shall be addressed to:
The Co-coordinator
Committee on 'Fire Protection'
Oil Industry Safety Directorate
th
7 Floor, New Delhi House
27-Barakhamba Road
New Delhi 110001
III
FUNCTIONAL COMMITTEE
(First Edition - March, 1991)
Name Designation / Organisation Status

S/Shri
1. M.M.Kapoor Engineers India Limited Leader
(w.e.f. 1.1.95)
R.P. Bhatla Engineers India Limited Leader
(upto 31.12.94)
2. A.A. Raichur Hindustan Petroleum Member
Corporation Limited
3. S. Neelkanthan Madras Refineries Member
Limited
4. P.J. Joshuva Cochin Refineries Member
Limited
5. Sunil Kumar Indian Oil Corporation Member
Limited
6. V.P. Vaidhya Hindustan Petroleum Member
Corporation Limited
7. S.N. Mukharjee Bharat Petroleum Member
Corporation Limited
8. A.K. Das Bongaigaon Refineries Member
& Petrochemicals Ltd.
9. R.P. Saxena Oil & Natural Gas Member
Corporation Ltd.
10. H.K. B. Singh IBP Co. Ltd. Member
11. Vijay M. Ranalkar Oil Industry Safety Member
Directorate Coordinator
In addition to the above, several other experts from industry contributed in the preparation, review and
finalisation of the document.
IV
FUNCTIONAL COMMITTEE
(Second Edition - March 2007)
Name Organisation
LEADER
Shri Arvind Kumar Engineers India Limited, New Delhi
MEMBERS
Shri A.A. Raichur Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, Mumbai.
Shri S. P. Garg GAIL (India) Limited, Pata (UP).
Shri G. B. Tolmore Indian Oil Corporation Limited, New Delhi.
Shri G. C. Kundu Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Panipat.
Shri S.N. Mukherjee Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited. Mumbai.
Shri P. K. Bora Bongaigaon Refineries & Petrochemicals Ltd,
Bongaingaon.
Shri A.K. Das Kochi Refineries Limited, Kochi.
Shri K. V. Singh Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, Vizag.
Shri J.P.K.Hepat Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, Chennai.
Shri D. K. Varshney Oil Industry Safety Directorate, New Delhi.
MEMBER COORDINATOR
Shri P. Kulshreshtha Oil Industry Safety Directorate, New Delhi.
In addition to the above, several other experts from industry contributed in the preparation, review
and finalisation of the document.
V
FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES FOR
PETROLEUM A ND OIL/GAS PROCESSING PLANTS
SECTION DESCRIPTION
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Scope
3.0 Definitions
4.0 Fire Protection philosophy
4.1 General considerations
4.2 Design criteria
5.0 Fire Water System
5.1 Basis for Firewater system
5.2 Firewater Flow Rate
5.3 Header Pressure
5.4 Firewater Storage & Make up
5.5 Firewater Pumps
5.6 Firewater Distribution Network
5.7 Hydrants and Monitors - Details
5.8 Material Specifications
5.9 Fixed Water Spray System
5.10 Fixed Water Sprinkler System
6.0 Foam Systems
6.1 Types of Foam
6.2 Low Expansion Foam
6.3 Foam Conveying Systems
6.4 Floating Roof Tank Protection using foam
6.5 Fixed Roof Tank Protection using foam
6.6 Floating cum Fixed Roof Tank Protection using foam
6.7 Dyke Area/Spill Fire Protection using foam
6.8 Foam Application Rate
6.9 Duration of Foam Discharge
6.10 Foam Quantity Requirement
6.11 Foam Compound Storage
7.0 Clean Agent based Protection System for Control room Satellite Rack room
and computer room
8.0 Carbon Dioxide Systems
9.0 Dry Chemical Extinguishing System
9.1 Recommended use of Dry chemical extinguishing system
9.2 Design of Dry Chemical Extinguishing System
10.0 Modernization plan for firefighting equipments
11.0 First Aid Fire-fighting & other Equipment
11.1 Criteria to determine the Quantity needed
11.2 Other fire fighting Equipment
12.0 Mobile Fire-fighting Equipment
12.1 Fire Tenders
12.2 Other Mobile Equipment
12.3 Other Fire Fighting Equipment
13.0 Storage of Fire Fighting Agents
14.0 Detection system and Alarm
14.1 Areas to be covered with detectors
"OISD hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from use of the
OISD Standards/ Guidelines/ Recommended Practices."
7
SECTION DESCRIPTION
15.0 Communication System
16.0 Inspection & Testing of Fire Protection System
16.1 Fire water tank, reservoirs & foam tanks
16.2 Fire Water Pumps
16.3 Fire Water Ring Main
16.4 Fire Water Spray System
16.5 Fixed Foam System
16.6 Clean Agent based Extinguishing System
16.7 Mobile Fire Fighting Equipment and Accessories
16.8 DCP / CO2 / Foam type Fire Extinguishers
16.9 Communication System
16.10 Detectors
17.0 Fire Fighting Organisation
18.0 Fire Protection Training
19.0 Mutual Aid
20.0 Fire Emergency Procedures
21.0 Fire Station/Control Room
22.0 Passive Fire Protection Measures / Other Safety measures
23.0 Fire Protection system Audit
24.0 References
ANNEXURES
I Example for calculation of Fire Water Flow Rate
II
III Example for calculation
Broad specifications for of Foam
Fire Compound
Fighting Requirement
Equipment
IV Fire Training Ground - Facilities
V Arrangement of Mutual Aid
VI example of fire case in a large Floating Roof Tank after
sinking of floating roof
VII System of automatic actuated rim seal fire detection and
extinguishing system for external floating roof tanks storing
Class- A petroleum
VIII Brief description of fire-fighting foam
IX Explanatory Note for Implementation
------
8
FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES FOR PETROLEUM REFINERIES
AND OIL /GAS PROCESSING PLANTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION same management and in close proximity

to the refineries & gas processing plants.
Even though petroleum refineries and oil/ gas For such cases, common firewater storage
processing installations are generally located and pumping facilities should be
in remote areas, experience shows that considered.
residential/industrial units come up in close
proximity with the passage of time. Hence, Otherwise, to protect the facilities located
these installations which store, process and outside the following OISD standards shall
handle large quantity of flammable materials, apply:
pose threat to surroundings as well, in addition • LPG storage, handling & bottling
to their own safety. Such conditions, therefore, plants --- under OISD-STD-144
necessitate the introduction of in-built fire & OISD-GDN-169. Mounded
protection facilities. storage – under OISD-STD-150.
• Petroleum Depots, Terminals,
It is impractical and prohibitively costly to AFS, Lube Blending plants &
design fire protection facilities to control Pipeline Installations --- under
catastrophic fires. Usual requirement of an OISD-STD-117.
effective fire protection system is to prevent • Central Tank Farm (CTF) ---
emergencies from developing into major threat OISD-STD – 117.
to the installations and surroundings. • Group Gathering Station (GGS),
Oil Collecting Stations (OCS) ---
The requirement of fire fighting facilities, under OISD-STD-189.
described in the following chapters is based
on the consideration that the fire fighting
services from city fire brigade and/or from 3.0 DEFINITIONS
other neighbouring industries will not be
i) PETROLEUM REFINERY
available.
A plant where crude oil is received
2.0 SCOPE and processed to produce various
intermediates and finished products.
i) This standard covers the design criteria ii ) OIL/GAS PROCESSING PLANT
and details of the various fire protection
facilities to be provided in petroleum A plant where oil/natural gas is
refineries and oil/gas processing plants. collected and processed to produce
Oil/LPG and other petroleum
ii) This standard also covers the facilities fractions. Drilling activities and
located within the refineries and oil/ gas facilities upstream of the Christmas
processing plants which includes: tree of a well are not covered under
• LPG storage, handling and this definition.
bottling plants,
• Marketing & Pipeline Terminals iii) LPG BOTTLING PLANT
with theirand
pumping loading / un-loading/
handling facilities A plant where LPG is stored and filled
into cylinders. Receipt and despatch
of LPG by rail, road and pipeline are
iii) This standard does not cover the facilities also considered under this definition.
located outside the premises of Refineries
& gas processing plants such as LPG iv) PETROLEUM DEPOTS, TERMI-
mounded storage, handling & bottling NALS AND OIL & GAS
plants, LNG storage Petroleum Depots, INSTALLATIONS
Terminals, Lube Blending plants &
Pipeline Installations located out side. These include locations where
Petroleum crude/Products/LPG are
However, this standard shall be applicable received by tanker, pipelines, tank
to those of above mentioned facilities wagons and tank trucks and stored or
located outside the premises under the blended in bulk and despatched by
9
tankers, pipelines, tank wagons, tank product shall be considered as Class
trucks, portable tanks or containers. 'A' product.
Lube oil installations including lube
ix ) CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
blending plant / Grease manufacturing
plants and can-filling facilities also
Class A Fires: involve combustible
form part of such installations.
materials of organic nature, such as
wood, paper, rubber and many
v) INSTALLATION plastics, etc., where the cooling effect
of water is essential for extinction of
For the purpose of this Standard, fires.
installation includes all the facilities as
listed in 3(i) to 3(iv) which are located Class
liquids, B petroleum
Fires: involve flammable
products, or the
in a Refinery or Oil/Gas Processing like, where a blanketing effect is
Plant. essential.
vii) FLASH POINT:
Class C Fires: involve flammable
gases under pressure including
The minimum temperature at which
liquefied gases and energised
the liquid gives so much vapour that
electrical equipment where it is
this vapour, when mixed with air,
necessary to inhibit the burning gas at
forms an ignitable mixture and gives a
a fast rate with an inert gas, powder or
momentary flash on application of a
vapourising liquid for
small pilot flame under specified
extinguishment.
conditions of test.
vi ii ) CLASSIFICATIO N OF PETROLEUM Class D Fires: involve combustible
PRODUCTS materials such as magnesium,
a) General Classification of Petroleum aluminum, zinc, sodium, potassium.
Products: The burning metals are reactive to
Petroleum products are classified waterin and

and water
certain containing
cases agents,
carbon dioxide,
according to their closed cup FLASH halogenated hydrocarbons and
POINTS as follows: ordinary dry powders. These fires
require special media and technique
Class 'A' Petroleum: Liquids having to extinguish.
flash point below 23 degrees C. x) Shall: indicates provision that is
mandatory in nature.
Class 'B' petroleum: Liquids having xi) Should: indicates that provision is
flash point of 23 degrees C and above recommendatory as per good
but below 65 degrees C. engineering practices.
xii) Clean Agent: electrically non-
Class 'C' petroleum : Liquids having conductive, volatile or gaseous fire
flash point of 65 degrees C and above extinguishants that does not leave a
but below 93 degrees C. residue upon evaporation and meets
the requirements given in the latest
Excluded Petroleum: Liquids having NFPA 2001 on clean agent fire
flash point of 93 degrees C and extinguishing systems in line with
above. environmental consideration of Kyoto
and Montreal Protocols & latest MoEF
Liquefied gases including LPG, do not regulations.
fall under this classification but form a xiii) GPM denotes US gallons
separate category. (1GPM=3.785 LPM)
b) Classification for heated products :
4.0 FIRE PROTECTION PHIL OSOPHY
At locations where the handling
temperatures are higher than the flash The Fire Protection Philosophy is
point of the product in circumstances based on Loss Prevention and
where product handled is artificially Control. It considers that a
heated to above its flash point, class hydrocarbon processing plant carries
'C' product shall be considered as inherent potential hazard. A fire in one
Class 'B' product and Class 'B' part/section of the plant can endanger
10
other sections of plant as well. If fire as per guidelines given in
breaks out, it must be controlled / Annexure-l.
extinguished as quickly as possible to
minimise the loss to life and property iii) All the tank farms and other areas
and to prevent further spread of fire. of installation where hydrocarbons
are handled shall be fully covered
4.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS by hydrant System.
The size of process plant, pressure 4.2.1 Fixed Water Spray on storage Tanks
and temperature conditions, size of
storage, plant location and terrain i) Class Petroleum storage in above
determine the basic fire protection ground tanks shall have fixed
need. Layout of an installation shall be water spray system, whether
done in accordance with OISD- floating roof or fixed roof.
Standard-118 on Layouts to ensure
adequate fire fighting access, means ii) Class 'B' Petroleum storage tanks
of escape in case of fire and also of following dimensions shall be
segregation of facilities so that the provided with fixed water spray.
adjacent facilities are not endangered
during a fire. - Floating roof tanks of diameter
larger than 30 M.
Material of construction for - Fixed roof tanks of diameter larger
infrastructure facilities shall conform to than 20 M.
National Building Code (NBC) /
statutory regulations. 4.2.2 Semi-fixed Foam sys tem for Storage
The following fire protection facilities i) Semi-fixed Foam system shall be

shall be provided depending upon the provided for the following tanks:
nature of the installation and risk
involved. - Floating roof tanks storing Class
'A' and Class 'B' petroleum
- Fire Water System products.
- Foam System - Fixed roof tanks storing Class 'A'
- Clean Agent Fire Protection and class 'B' petroleum products.
system - Fixed roof tanks storing class 'C'
- Carbon Dioxide System petroleum products, of diameter
- Dry Chemical Extinguishing larger than 40 M.
System
- Detection and Alarm system
4.2.3 Au to matic Ac tu ated Rim seal
- Communication System
Protection System for External
- Portable fire fighting equipment
Floating roof tanks:
- Mobile fire fighting equipment
- First Aid Fire Fighting Equipment.
Automatic actuated rim seal fire
detection and extinguishing system
4.2 DESIGN CRITERIA shall be provided on all existing as
well as new external floating roof
The following
criteria shall
for a fire be the system.
protection basic design tanks storing Class A petroleum.
i) Facilities shall be designed on the Only those Rim seal protection

basis that city fire water supply is systems, which use the linear heat
not available close to the hollow metallic tube type detectors
installation. with foam based extinguishing media,
either for existing/ new or for
ii) Fire protection facilities shall be
designed to fight two major fires replacements of existing detection
simultaneously any where in the system when due, shall be used.
installation. These detection systems shall be
certified by any of the international
Fire water requirements shall be certifying agencies like UL, FM, VdS
11
or LPC to ensure that those systems 4.2.6 Water Spray for Ele ctr ical Installati on
are used which meet with highest
international standards of safety Water spray requirement with mode of
operation to be considered in line with
certification.
provisions of OISD-STD-173. The water
to be used should be clear and non
(Refer Explanatory Note for
saline.
Implementation in Annexure-IX).
4.2.7 Clean Agent (Halon sub sti tut e) for
The minimum requirement for design Control rooms & Satellite Rack
of the system is given in Annexure VII Room (SRR)
This shall be in addition to the water
spray and semi-fixed foam system on Selection of Clean Agent and design of
all the floating roof tanks storing class- Fire protection system for process
A products. control rooms, computer rooms, SRR
and pressurized rooms shall follow the
4.2.4 Au to matic Water Spr ay fo r Standard on “Clean Agent Extinguishing
Pressurised storages including systems NFPA Standard 2001 (Edition
LPG / Hydro gen 2008 and the latest) including its safety
guidelines with respect to “Hazards to
i) LPG and hydrogen Pressure Personnel”, electrical clearance and
storage vessels shall be provided environmental factors in line with
with automatic water spray environmental considerations of Kyoto &
system. Montreal Protocols and latest MoEF
ii) Automatic water spray system regulations. Clean Agents like inert gas,
shall be provided in LPG bottling Fluoro-ketone can be used as fire
stations, LPG loading/unloading suppressant in Control rooms & SRR
gantries and LPG pump and and Computer/Server rooms. (For areas
compressor areas in all new to be covered with clean agent refer
refineries and for existing OISD STD 163).
refineries this conversion to
automatic shall be done in phased 4.2.8 Loading / unloading Gantry
manner.
Oil loading/unloading Tank Truck &
4.2.5 Water Spray Syst em in Process U nit Tank Wagon Gantries shall be provided
with water spray and/or foam system.
i) Water spray system shall be
In case automatic fixed water spray
provided for hazardous locations
system is provided in TW gantry, the
and equipment in process unit
areas. Some of these areas are: gantry may be divided into suitable
- Un-insulated vessels having number of segments (each segment
3
capacity larger than 50 m and having min. length of 15 m length &
containing class A or B flammable width of 12 m) and three largest
liquid. segments operating at a time shall be
- Vessels inaccessible to fire considered as single risk for calculating
tender/ mobile equipment, fire the water requirement.
hydrants Accordingly, a provision shall be made
-Pumps handling petroleum to actuate the water spray system from
products class 'A' under pipe
a safe approachable central location i.e.
racks.
- Pumps handling products above affected zone and adjoining zones.
auto-ignition temperature under
pipe racks 5.0 FIRE WATER SYSTEM
- Air fin coolers in hydrocarbon Based on the site requirement, water
service located above pipe racks / shall be used for fire extinguishment,
elevated location. fire control, cooling of equipment and
- Water spray rings for columns of protection of equipment as well as
height more than 45 M shall be personnel from heat radiation. For
provided these purposes water in appropriate
form should be used such as straight
jet, water fog, water mist, water
12
curtain, water spray, deluge/ sprinkler, supplementary stream, shall be
for foam making etc. based on using 4 single hydrant
outlets and 1 HVLR (1000GPM)
Fire water system shall comprise of simultaneously. Capacity of each
3
fire water storage, fire water pumps hydrant outlet as 36 m /hr and of
3
and distribution piping network along each monitor as 228 m /hr shall
with hydrants and monitors, as the be considered at a pressure of 7
2
main components. kg/cm g.
ii) Fire water flow rate for LPG sphere
5.1 BASIS storage area shall be aggregate of
the following:
In
4.2line
(ii),with
thethe
firedesign
watercriteria
system given at
in an - Water flow calculated for cooling
installation shall be designed to meet LPG sphere on fire at a rate of
the fire water flow requirement for 2
10.2 Ipm/ m of sphere surface
fighting two fires simultaneously or area.
single fire for largest floating roof tank
roof sinking case, whichever requiring - Water flow calculated for all other
largest water demand. spheres falling within a radius of
(R+30) metre from centre of the
5.2 FIREWATER FLOW RATE sphere on fire at the rate of 10.2
2
Ipm/ m of surface area.
Two of the largest flow rates
calculated for different sections as - If the water rate as calculated
shown below shall be added and that above works out to be more than
3
shall be taken as design flow rate. An 2000 m /hr the layout of the
example for calculating design major spheres should be reviewed.
fire water flow rate is given in
Annexure-1. - Water flow for supplementary
stream
3 shall be considered as 372
i) Fire Water flow rate for tank farm m /hr as indicated under item (i).
shall be aggregate of the
following: - The spheres should be laid in two
separate groups with each group
- Water flow calculated for cooling a limited to a maximum of 6 vessels
2
tank-on-fire at a rate of 3 Ipm/m The groups shall preferably be
of tank shell area. separated by a distance of (R+30)
metre.
- Water flow calculated for all other
tanks falling within a radius of iii) Water flow required for applying
(R+30) M from centre of the tank foam into a single largest cone
2
on fire at a rate of 3 Ipm/m of roof or floating roof tank (after the
tank shell area. roof has sunk) burning surface
area of oil, by way of fixed foam
- Water flow calculated for all other system, where provided or by use
tanks falling outside a radius of of water/foam monitors. (Refer
(R+30) M from centre of the tank section 6.8 for foam rates).
on fire and situated in the same
2
dyke area at a rate of 1 Ipm/m of iv) Water flow rate requirements for
tank shell area. fire fighting in other major areas
shall be calculated based on
2
- Water flow required for applying criteria in terms of lpm/ m given
foam into a single largest cone in section 5.9.
roof or floating roof tank (after the 5.3 HEADER PRESSURE
roof has sunk) burning surface
area of oil, by way of fixed foam The fire water system shall be
system, where provided or by use designed for a minimum residual
of water/foam monitors. (Refer 2
pressure of 7.0 kg/cm g at the
section 6.8 for foam rates). hydraulically remotest point of
application at the designed flow rate at
- Fire water flow rate for
that point.
13
The fire water network shall be kept from various sources like ETP, Process
2
pressurised at minimum 7.0 kg/cm g Cooling Water, river, ponds etc. to the fire
at all the time. water system.
5.4 STORAGE & MAK E-UP WATER 5.5 FIREWATER PUMPS
5.4.1 FIREWATER STORAGE Firewater pumps shall be used

exclusively for fire fighting purposes.
Water for the hydrant service shall be
5.5.1 Type of Pumps
stored in any easily accessible surface or
underground lined reservoir or above Fire water pumps shall be of the
ground tanks of steel, concrete or masonry. following type:
The fire water storage should be located as
far away as possible (not less than 60 M) i) Electric motor driven
from hazardous areas to avoid any centrifugal pumps
damage in case of fire/explosion. The ii) Diesel engine driven
effective capacity of the reservoir above centrifugal pumps
the level of suction point shall be minimum The pumps shall be horizontal
4 hours aggregate working capacity of centrifugal type or vertical turbine
submersible pumps.
main pumps (excluding standby pumps).
Where rate of make up water supply is Each pump shall be capable of
50% or more, this storage capacity can be discharging 150% of its rated capacity
reduced to 3 hours aggregate working at a minimum of 65% of the rated
head. The shut-off head shall not
capacity of main pumps.
exceed 120% of rated head, for
Storage reservoir shall be in two equal
horizontal pumps and 140% in case of
interconnected compartments to facilitate vertical turbine type pumps.
cleaning and repairs. In case of Number of diesel driven pumps shall
aboveground steel tanks there shall be
be minimum 50% of the total number
minimum two tanks each having 50 % of
of pumps (inclusive of standby
required capacity.
pumps). Minimum 50% of total flow
Large natural reservoirs having water requirement should be available
capacity exceeding 10 times the aggregate through diesel driven pumps all the
fire water requirement can be left unlined. time. Power supply to the electric
driven pumps should be from two
In addition to fire water storage envisaged separate feeders.
as above, emergency water supply in the
event of depletion of water storage shall be 5.5.2 Capacity of main Pumps
considered. Such water supplies can be
connected from cooling water supply The capacity and number of main fire
header and/or treated effluent discharge water pumps shall be fixed based on
headers. design fire water rate, worked out on
Fire water supply shall be from fresh the basis of design criteria as per
water source such as river, tube well or section 5.2. The capacity of each
lake. Where fresh water source is not pump shall not be less3 than 400 m3/hr
easily available, fire water supply can be or more than 1000 m /hr. All pumps
should be identical with respect to
sea water or other acceptable source like
capacity and head characteristics.
treated effluent water. In case sea water
or treated effluent water is used for fire
5.5.3 Standby pum ps
fighting purposes, the material of the pipe
selected shall be suitable for the service. i) When total number of Working
pumps work out to be one or two,
5.4.2 MAKE UP WATER 100% standby pumps shall be
provided.
Suitable provisions shall be kept for make
up firewater during fire fighting time. ii) When total numbers of working
Provision should be made to divert water pumps are more than two, 50%
14
standby pumps shall be provided.
5.6 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
iii) In cases where two sets of
firewater storage and pumps are 5.6.1 Loopi ng & Maintain abilit y
provided, the number of pumps at
each location shall be according to The fire water network shall be laid in
hydraulic analysis of piping closed loops as far as possible to
network. ensure multi-directional flow in the
system. Isolation valves shall be
5.5.4 Jockey Pumps provided in the network to enable
isolation of any section of the network
The fire water network shall be kept2 without affecting the flow in the rest.
pressurised at minimum 7.0 kg/cm g The isolation valves shall be located
by jockey pumps. 2 Jockey pumps (1 near the loop junctions. Additional
working plus 1 standby) shall be valves shall be provided in the
provided. The capacity of the pump segments where the length of the
shall be sufficient to maintain system segment exceeds 300 M.
pressure in the event of leakages from
For ease of maintenance, Firewater
valves etc. The capacity of jockey
pumps should be segregated in two
pumps shall be 5% minimum and
groups by providing an isolation valve
maximum 10% of the design fire water
on common discharge header of
rate. Its head shall be higher than the
pumps.
main fire water pumps. Auto cut-in /
cut-off facility should be provided for Flushing connections with isolation
jockey pumps valves should be provided at suitable
locations in the firewater ring main.
5.5.5 Power Supply for Fire Water Pumps For branch piping, an isolation valve
shall be provided at the take-off point.
i) A direct
fire waterfeeder
pumpsdedicated only
shall be laid to
from Permanent connection shall not be
the sub-station to ensure reliable taken from fire water line / system for
power supply. The direct feeder purposes other than fire protection/
line shall not run along with other fire prevention.
HT cables.
ii) The diesel engines shall be quick 5.6.2 Criteria for above / undergr ound
starting type with the help of push network
buttons located near the pumps,
or at remote location. The firewater network piping should
iii) Each diesel engine shall have an normally be laid above ground at a
independent fuel tank adequately height of atleast 300 mm above
sized for 6 hours continuous finished ground level. However, the
running of the pump. fire water network piping shall be laid
iv) Main fire water pumps shall start below ground level at the following
automatically and sequentially places. Pipes made of composite
with pressure switches/PLC on fire material shall be laid underground.
water mains. The system shall
ensure auto start of the standby i) Road crossings.
pump in case a pump in sequence
ii) Places where the above ground
failed to take start.
piping is likely to cause
5.5.6 Locati on of pump s obstruction to operation and
vehicle movement, and get
Firewater pumps shall be located as damaged mechanically.
far away as possible (not less than 60
M) from hazardous areas to avoid any iii) Where frost condition warrants,
damage in case of fire/explosion. The the ring main system shall be laid
location and inter-distances for underground beneath the frost
firewater pump house and related layer.
facilities shall follow OISD-STD-118.
15
5.6.3 Protecti on for undergro und water rate. Design flow rates shall be
pipelines distributed at nodal points to give the
most realistic way of water
Where the pipes are laid underground requirements in an emergency.
the following protections shall be Several combinations of flow
provided: requirements shall be assumed for
design of network. For large water
i) The main shall have at least one requirement for floating roof tank
meter earth cushion in open (Annexure-VI), the network around
ground and 1.5 metre earth tank farm shall be suitably designed.
cushion under the roads. In case
of crane movement areas, pipes 5.6.6 Fire hydr ants
should be protected with
concrete/steel encasement. Fire water hydrants shall be provided
ii) The mains shall be provided with on the fire water network (Ref. Section
protection against soil corrosion 5.7 for details). Each of these
by suitable coating/wrapping. connections shall be provided with
independent isolation valves. Refer
iii) Pipe supports under the pipe line item 5.7.1 for further details on
shall be suitable for soil hydrants.
conditions.
5.6.7 Fixed water moni tors
5.6.4 Protection for above ground
pipelines Fixed water monitors shall be provided
on the fire water network (Ref. Section
Where the pipes are laid above 5.7 for details). Each of these
ground, the following protection shall connections shall be provided with
be provided: independent isolation valves.
i) The firewater mains shall be laid 5.6.8 Layout

on independent sleepers by the
side of road. These shall not be i) Fire water mains shall not pass
laid along with process piping on through buildings or dyke areas.
common sleepers.
ii) Hydrants / monitors shall not be
ii) The mains shall be supported at located inside the dyke area.
regular intervals not exceeding 6
metre. It should be supported at 5.7 HYDRANTS & MONITORS - DETAILS
every 3 M for pipes less than 150
mm diameter. 5.7.1 Hydrants
iii) The system for above ground i) Hydrants shall be located keeping
portion shall be analysed for in view the fire hazards at different
flexibility against thermal sections of the premises to be
expansion and necessary protected and to give most
expansion loops shall be provided effective service. At least one
wherever called for. hydrant post shall be provided for
every 30 M of external wall
measurement or perimeter of unit
5.6.5 Hydraulic Analysis & Sizing of
battery limit in case of hazardous
Firewater Network
areas. Hydrants protecting utilities
i) The hydraulic analysis of network and non plant buildings can be
shall be done. Also whenever fire spaced at 45 M intervals. The
water demand increases due to horizontal range and coverage of
addition of plant & facilities or hydrants with hose connections
extensive extension of network, shall not be considered more than
fresh hydraulic analysis shall be 45 M.
carried out.
ii) The hydrants shall be located at a
ii) Fire water distribution ring main shall minimum distance of 15 M from
be sized for 120% of the design the periphery of storage tank or
16
hazardous equipment under be established based on hazard
protection. For process plants involved and layout considerations.
location of hydrants shall be The location of monitors shall not
decided based on coverage of all exceed 45 M from the hazard to be
areas. In the case of buildings, protected.
this distance shall not be less than
Monitors should be painted with
5 M and more than 15 M from the
luminous color for ease of
face of building. Provision of
identification during emergency.
hydrants within buildings shall be
in accordance with Standard IS
Standard-3844. 5.7.3 Dry/Wet Risers with hydrants should be
provided onstructures.
technological each floor of
iii) Hydrants / Monitors shall be
located along road side berms for
5.7.4 Fixed Remote / Manual operated
easy accessibility as far as
High Volume Long Range Water
possible.
cum Foam Monitors
iv) Double headed hydrants with two Remote / Manual operated high
separate landing valves on 4" volume long range water cum foam
stand post shall be used. All monitors (Capacity 1000 GPM &
hydrant outlets shall be situated at above) shall be variable flow type with
a workable height of about 1.2 flow adjustable manually in the field,
metre above ground level. with foam induction to monitor being
possible from minimum 60 m distance
v) Fire hydrants around the tank
from the monitor and shall be
should be provided with 4” size
provided in
pumper connection.
i) Tank farm area.
vi) Hydrants / Monitors shall be
located with branch connections ii) Inaccessible areas such as column,
and not directly over main header reactor, compressor house etc in
for easy accessibility. critical units like CCRU, DHDS,
HCU, Hydrogen, FCCU, DCU, CDU
5.7.2 Monitors
etc
i) Monitors shall be located at iii) Critical equipments at higher
strategic locations for protection of locations (above 45 mtrs.)
cluster of columns, heaters,
gassifiers, etc., and where it is not The basic water cum foam monitors
possible to approach the higher shall be UL/ FM listed / approved. The
levels. A minimum of 2 monitors electrical or hydraulic remote control
shall be provided for the mechanism shall be in line with
protection of each such area. Hazardous Area Classification.
Water monitors for protection of
heaters shall be installed so that Following criteria shall be followed for
the heater can be isolated from installation of variable flow foam-cum-
the remainder of the plant in an water monitors in tank farm area:
emergency.
ii) Monitors shall be located to direct a) Remote/ manual operated variable
water on the object as well as to flow monitors shall be installed in
provide water shield to firemen
such ways that all the tanks in the
approaching a fire. The monitors
should not be installed less than installation are within the horizontal
15 M from hazardous equipment. range of foam throw.
b) Number and capacity of monitor
iii) Field adjustable variable flow shall be provided in such a way
monitors shall be installed at that foam application rate from the
critical locations. These shall be monitors meet requirement of foam
UL/FM listed / approved. 2
application rate (8.1 LPM/m ) for
The requirement of monitors shall
17
full surface tank fire as per NFPA- than 16” should be provided with
11 gear mechanism.
For determining the total foam solution iii) Hydrant:

requirement, potential foam loss from Standpost: Carbon Steel
wind and other factors shall be Outlet valves: Gunmetal / Aluminium
considered. Landing valves: Stainless Steel / AI-
Zn Alloy/gun metal.
Implementation in An nexur e-IX). iv) Monitors:
Water Monitors: Carbon Steel/ Gun
Metal Foam
5.7.5 Hose Box es Monitors: stainless steel/ brass.
Provision of hose boxes should be given v) Fire Hose: Reinforced Rubber Lined
at critical locations for housing hoses and Hose as per IS 636 (Type A)/Non-
nozzles. percolating Synthetic Hose (Type B).
5.7.6 Water cum Foam moni tors for
Gantry area vi) In case of underground mains the
isolation valves shall be located in
Tank Wagon & Tank Lorry loading/ RCC/brick masonry chamber.
unloading gantry area shall be provided vii) The above ground fire water mains
with alternate water cum foam monitors and the fire hydrant standpost shall be
having multipurpose combination nozzles painted with corrosion resistant "Fire
for jet spray & fog arrangement and fire Red" paint shade 536 of IS: 5.
hydrants located at a spacing of 30 M on viii) Water monitor and hose box shall
either sides of the gantry. These monitors also be painted in "Fire Red" shade
shall be UL/FM listed / approved variable 536 of IS: 5.
flow type. ix) Corrosion resistant paint shall be used
(This is in addition to water spray in corrosion prone areas.
requirement given in 4.2.8.)
5.9 FIXED WATER SPRAY SYSTEM
5.8 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
5.9.1 General
All the materials required for firewater
system using fresh water shall be of It is a fixed pipe system connected to
approved type as indicated below. a reliable source of water supply and
equipped with water spray nozzles for
i) Pipes: Carbon Steel as per IS: specific water discharge and
3589/ IS: 1239/IS:1978 or distribution over the surface of area to
Composite materials as per API be protected. The piping system is
15LR/API 15 HR or its equivalent connected to the hydrant system
shall be used. water supply through an automatically
In case saline water/ treated effluent or manually actuated valve which
water is used , the fire water main of initiates the flow of water.
steel pipes shall be, internally
cement mortar lined or glass i) Fixed water spray system should
reinforced epoxy coated or made of be provided in high hazard areas
pipe material suitable for the quality where immediate application of
of water. Alternatively, pipes made water is required (refer
of composite materials shall be 4.2.1,4.2.5,4.2.6, 4.2.8 above).
used.
Cast iron pipes shall not be used for ii) Water supply patterns and their
fire water services. densities shall be selected
according to need. Fire water spray
ii) Isolation Valves: Cast Steel valves system for exposure protection
shall be used in all areas including shall be designed to operate before
unit areas, offsite and fire water the possible failures of any
pump stations. containers of flammable liquids or
Isolation valves having open/close gases due to temperature rise. The
indication shall be Gate valves more system shall, therefore, be
18
2
designed to discharge effective - LPG cylinder cold repair. 10.2 Ipm/m
water spray within shortest Shed
2
possible time. Oil Tank Truck & 10.2 Ipm/m
Tank Wagon loading/
5.9.2 Water Spray Appl icati on Rates unloading gantries
2
The following water spray application Cable Trays 10.2 Ipm/m
2
rates are recommended for general Transformers 10.2 Ipm/m
guidance. These rates should be
reviewed on case to case basis and 5.10 FIXED WATER SPRINKLER
increased, if required. While SYSTEM
calculating the water rates for spray
application for cases other than i) Fixed water sprinkler system is a fixed
tanks/vessels, the area should be pipe tailor made system to which
divided into suitable segments so that sprinklers with fusible bulbs are
maximum water requirement for spray attached. Each sprinkler riser/system
application should generally not includes a controlling valve and a device
3
exceed 1200 m /hr. for actuating an alarm for the operation
of the system. The system is usually
Ap pl ic ati on Ar ea Water appli catio n rate activated by heat from a fire and
discharges water over the fire area
2 automatically.
Atmospheric storage 3 Ipm/m of tank shell
tanks area for tank on fire
ii) Sprinkler systems are used for fire
2
3 Ipm/m of tank shell extinguishment when the hazards
area for exposure located inside buildings. Some of the
protection for tanks examples being:
located within (R+30) M
from centre of tank-on- a) Car parking in basement
fire within the same b) Building/sheds storing combustible
dyke area. and flammable materials.
2
1 Ipm/m of tank shell
area for exposure iii) The water for sprinkler system shall be
protection for tanks tapped from plant fire hydrant system,
located outside (R+30) the design of which should include the
metre from centre of flow requirement of the largest sprinkler
tank-on-fire within the installation.
same dyke area. iv)The design flow for sprinkler installation
would depend on the type of hazard and
2
Pressure Storage 10.2 Ipm/m of height of piled storage. The water flow
Vessels shell area rate for automatic sprinkler system for
car parking area shall be taken as 5.1
2
Process Unit Area Ipm/m of the area protected by
2
- Pumps (Volatile product 20.4Ipm/m sprinkler installation. The design water
service located under flow shall be restricted to a minimum
3 3
Pipe rack) 100 m /hr and to a maximum 200 m /hr.
2
Columns,
- other 10.2 Ipm/m The design
shall be takenflowasrate
10.2forIpm/
other
2 areas
m of the
Extremely hazardous area
area protected by sprinkler installation,
2 3
LPG pump house 20.4 Ipm/m subject to a minimum of 150 m /hr. and
3
a maximum of 400 m / hr. Higher water
2
LPG Tank Truck 10.2 Ipm/m application rates should be used if
& Tank Wagon loading/ called for depending on risk involved.
Unloading gantries
6.0 FOAM SYSTEMS
LPG Bottling plants:
2
- Carousel machine 10.2 Ipm/m 6.1 TYPES OF FOAM
2
- Filled cylinder storage 10.2 Ipm/m
2
- Empty cylinder storage 10.2 Ipm/m For detailed description of Fire
Fighting Foam Compounds, please
19
refer Annexure-VIII. foam tender. A fixed piping system
connected to foam makers cum
6.2 LOW EXPANSION FOAM vapour seal box in case of cone roof
tanks and foam maker and foam
For combating large hydrocarbon fires pourers in the case of floating roof
particularly in a contained area like tanks conveys foam to the surface of
storage tank, foam has proved useful tank.
for its inherent blanketing ability, heat
resistance and security against burn- 6.3.3 Mobi le Foam Syst em
back. Aqueous Film Forming Foam
(AFFF) compound is technically Mobile system includes foam
superior and compatible with other fire producing unit mounted on wheels
fighting agents. which can be self propelled or towed
Efficient and effective foam delivery by a vehicle. These units supply foam
system is a vital tool for its usefulness through monitors/foam towers to the
in controlling the fire. burning surface.
The process of adding or injecting the 6.3.4 However, certain other systems as
foam to water is called proportioning. follows are also available:
The mixture of water and foam
compound (foam solution) is then Sub-surface foam injection: This is
mixed with air in a foam maker for a system for protection of fixed roof
onward transmission to burning storage tanks. This comprises of high
surface. back pressure foam generator and
connected through product lines or
6.3 FOAM CONVEYING SYSTEMS separate lines near the bottom of the
tank.
The system consists of an adequate
water supply, supply of foam Under the Seal Foam application:
concentrate, suitable proportioning
equipment, a proper piping system, This is a system for floating roof tank
foam makers and discharge devices where the foam travels through a
designed to adequately distribute the flexible pipe inside the tank upto the
foam over the hazard. center of the tank roof and exits at the
Conventional systems are of the open seal rim of the floating roof precisely
outlet type in which foam discharges where the fire is located thus rapidly
from all outlets at the same time, flooding the rim seal area and quickly
covering the entire hazard within the extinguishing the fire.
confines of the system. There are
three types of systems: Au to matic Actu ated Foam Flo od in g
i) Fixed system:
ii) Semifixed
iii) Mobile In this system all the components and
ingredients including premix solution
6.3.1 Fixed Foam Syst em are contained within the system. Such
systems usually have a premix
Fixed foam conveying system solution supply tank pressurised by air
or inert gas. The automatic sensing of
comprises
supply at of fixed piping
adequate for water
pressure, foam fire releases this pressure and places
concentrate tank, eductor, suitable the system into operation. The
proportioning equipment for drawing minimum requirement in design for the
foam concentrate and making foam automatic actuated foam flooding
solution, fixed piping system for system is given in An nexur e VII.
onward conveying to foam makers for
6.4 FLOATING ROOF TANK
making foam, vapour seal box, and
foam pourer. PROTECTION USING FOAM
6.3.2 Semifixed Foam System 6.4.1 Protecti on usi ng Semi-Fixed Foam

System:
Semi-fixed foam system gets supply
of foam solution through the mobile For floating roof tank, foam shall be
20
poured at the foam dam to blanket the rate.
roof’s rim seal. Features of foam
system for floating roof tank protection iii) Tanks should be provided with
shall be as follows: foam discharge outlets/ vapour
seal chambers as indicated below:
i) System shall be designed to Tank Diameter in M. Minimum number of
create foam blanket on the foam discharge
burning surface in a reasonably outlet
short period. upto 20 2
>20 upto 25 3
ii) Foam shall be applied to the >25 upto 30 4
burning hazard continuously at a >30

>35 upto
upto 35
40 5
6
rate high enough to overcome
>40 upto 45 8
the destructive effects of radiant >45 upto 50 10
heat.
The estimation of number of foam
iii) Foam makers/foam pourers shall discharge outlet is based on pourer
be located not more than 24 M capacity of 1000 Ipm at a pressure of
2
apart on the shell perimeter 7 kg/cm g upstream of eductor. This
based on 600 mm foam dam can be suitably adjusted for different
height. The height of foam dam vapour seal chamber capacity in
shall be at least 51 mm above accordance with para 6.4 (iii).
the top of metallic secondary
seal.
6.6 FLOATING CUM FIXED ROOF
iv) A minimum of two foam pourers
TANK PROTECTION USING FOAM
shall be provided.
Protection facilities shall be provided
6.4.2 Protection using Automatic Actuated as required for fixed roof tank.
Foam Flooding system:
Provision of an automatic rim-seal 6.7 DYKE AREA/ SPILLS/ OIL
protection system of foam flooding SEPARATOR PROTECTION USING
type shall be in line with the details FOAM
mentioned at 4.2.3 and at Annexure-
VII.
Portable monitors/ Medium Expansion
foam generator/ foam hose streams
6.5 FIXED ROOF TANK PROTECTION
shall be considered for fighting fires in
USING FOAM
dyke area, spills and oil separator.
Foam conveying system shall have
same features as of floating roof tank 6.8FOAM APPLICATION RATE
excepting that a vapour seal chamber
The minimum delivery rate for primary
is required before the foam discharge
protection based on the assumption
outlet.
that all the foam reaches the area
Features of the foam system for fixed being protected shall be as indicated
roof protection shall be as follows: below. In determining total solution
flow requirements, potential foam
i) The vapour seal chamber shall be losses from wind and other factors
provided with an effective and shall be considered. For cone roof
durable seal, fragile under low tanks containing liquid hydrocarbons,
pressure, to prevent entrance of the foam solution delivery rate shall be
2
vapour into the foam conveying at least 5 Ipm/m of liquid surface area
piping system. of the tank to be protected. For
floating roof tanks containing liquid
ii) Where two or more vapour seal hydrocarbons foam solution delivery
2
chambers are required these shall rate shall be at least 12 Ipm/m of seal
be equally spaced at the periphery area with foam dam height of 600 mm
of the tank and each discharge of the tank to be protected. In case of
outlet shall be sized to deliver floating roof sinking, the rate
2
foam at approximately the same considered should be 8.1 Ipm/m of
liquid surface areas.
21
6.9 DURATION OF FOAM DISCHARGE 6.11 FOAM COMPOUND STORAGE
The equipment shall be capable of - Foam compound should be stored in

providing primary protection at the containers of 20-30 Iitre capacity or
specified delivery rates for the 200 / 210 Iitre capacity barrels in case
following minimum period of time. of protein, fluoroprotein or AFFF.
Foam compound can also be stored in
i) Tanks containing liquid overhead storage tank of suitable
hydrocarbons - Class 'C' capacity for quick filling of foam tender
Petroleum ....30 minutes. / nurser during emergency.
ii) Tanks containing

Petroleum Class
or liquids 'A' & 'B'
heated - Type of foam compound used can be
protein or fluoro-protein or AFFF.
above their flash points --- 65 minutes Alcohol Resistant Foam can be used
for specific application. Minimum of
iii) Where the system's primary purpose is 90% of storage of foam compound
for spill fire protection. --- 30 minutes shall be of AFFF type. Minimum life of
foam compound shall be taken as per
manufacturer's data.
6.10 FOAM QUANTITY
REQUIREMENT - Foam compound should be tested
periodically for ensuring its quality and
Calculation of foam compound the deteriorated quantity replaced.
storage should be based on the The deteriorated foam compound can
design criteria as per item 4.2. be used for fire training purposes.
The aggregate quantity of foam - Quantity of foam compound equal to
solution for a single largest tank fire 100% of requirement as calculated in
should be calculated as sum total 6.11 should be stored in the
indicated below under items (i), (ii) Installation, subjected to a minimum of
and (iii) for a minimum period of 65 60,000 litres. However, for
minutes. The quantity of foam installations having tankages larger
compound required should be than 60 M diameter, minimum of
calculated based on 3% or 6% 77000 liters foam should be stored
concentrate. (refer Annexure VI) or foam sufficient
to fight two major fires whichever is
i) Foam solution application at the more.
2
rate of 5 Ipm/m for the liquid
surface of the single largest cone 7.0 CLEAN AGENT BASED
roof tank or at the rate of 12
2 PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR
Ipm/m of rim seal area of the
CONTROL ROOM , SRR AND
single largest floating roof tank
COMPUTER ROOM PROTECTION
whichever is higher.
Selection of Clean Agent and system
However, a foam solution application design for fire protection shall in line
2
rate of 8.1 Ipm/m of the liquid surface with the “Standard on Clean Agent
of the largest floating roof tank for 65 Fire Extinguishing Systems – NFPA
minutes shall be considered for a roof 2001 (2008 Edition and latest). The
sinking case. (Refer Annexure-VI for clean agent shall comply with the
sample calculation) requirements of the “Ozone Depletion
Substances Regulation & Control
ii) One portable foam monitor of Rules 2000, Ministry of Environment &
4500 Ipm foam solution capacity. Forests, Government of India.
iii) Two hose streams of foam each
with a capacity of 1140 Ipm of QUANTITY AND STORAGE OF
foam solution. A typical example CLEAN A GENT
showing calculation of foam
compound requirement is given at Each hazard area to be protected by
Annexure - II. the protection system shall have an
independent system.
The time needed to obtain the gas for
22
replacement to restore the systems 9.1 RECOMMENDED USE:
shall be considered as a governing
factor in determining the reserve Dry chemical powder extinguishing
supply needed. 100% standby system can effectively be used on
charge of clean agent containers following hazards.
shall be considered for each
protected hazard. - Electrical hazard such as
transformers or oil circuit
Storage containers shall be located breakers.
as near as possible to hazard area
but shall not be exposed to fire. - Combustible solids having burning
Storage containers shall be carefully characteristic like naphthalene or
located so that they are not subjected pit which melts while on fire.
to mechanical, chemical or other
damage. - Class 'A','B','C' & 'D' fire using
multipurpose dry chemical.
All the components of the system Requirement for each item should
shall be capable of withstanding heat be finalised while deciding design
of fire and severe weather conditions. basis.
8.0 CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEMS 9.2 SYSTEM DESIGN:

Fixed CO2 systems shall be provided Basic requirement of designing the dry
in Turbo generator enclosure, Gas chemical extinguishing system is to
turbine enclosure etc as per OISD provide for sufficient quantity and rate
STD 173. Fixed CO2 system should of discharge depending upon the
be designed and installed in hazard.
accordance with NFPA-12.
System consists of dry chemical
Before the CO2 flooding system is powder and expellant gas container
operated; persons in the confined assemblies of capacity sufficient for
area should be evacuated. given hazard with distribution piping
and discharge nozzles. System can
Carbon dioxide is an odourless and be actuated manually or automatically
colourless inert gas having a proven on visual or automatic means of
fire extinguishing property. When detection. Alarm and indication shall
applied in a proper manner and in be provided to show that the system
proper quantities on a fire hazard, it has operated and personnel response
extinguishes fire by cutting off the is needed.
oxygen and creating an inert
atmosphere around the hazard. If the Personnel safety shall include training,
inert atmosphere is maintained for a warning signs, discharge alarm,
reasonable time the possibility of flash respiratory protection and prompt
back also is reduced. evacuation of personnel.
Carbon dioxide is best applied to a fire Following types of systems can be

hazard through a fixed system provided to protect a hazard:
consisting of CO2 storage, distribution
piping and discharge nozzles. a. Total flooding system
9.0 DRY CHEMICAL b. Local application system

EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM c. Hand hose line system, and
The extinguishing system comprises of d. `Pre-engineered system

supplying the Dry Chemical agent,
manually or automatically, through a (Refer NFPA-17 for limitations & precautions
distribution system onto or into the for use of dry chemical and for system design)
protected hazard.
23
10.0 Moderniza tion plan for fire column, exchangers etc. Criteria to
fighting equipme nts: determine the quantity is given in the
following table.
Rapid intervention, Water Mist cum
Compressed air Foam Technology 11.0 FIRST AID FIRE FIGHTING & Other
EQUIPMENT
The technology of water mist cum
compressed air foam system involves 11.1 Criteria to determine the quantity
creation of water mist or a mist needed:
combination of water and foam using
specialized nozzles. The mist droplets Portable

be fire infighting
provided equipment plant
Refinery/Process shall
create an enlarged surface area
as indicated in the following table:
resulting in rapid cooling due to
absorption of heat. Mist droplets turn to
steam on contact with fire resulting in
blanketing effect, thereby cutting off
oxygen & extinguishing the fire very fast.
This is achieved by propelling mixture of
water & foam using compressed air.
Water mist cum Compressed air foam

system is for low as well as high
pressure rating. The suitability of the
system shall be decided for the
particular application based on minimum
recoil jerk, safety of the user and
refillability criteria. The system shall be
approved as per highest international
safety standard DIN EN3 or equivalent
for maximum fire rating.
The water mist cum compressed air

foam system has advantage over
conventional fire fighting systems (DCP,
CO2) as it provides combined effect of
cooling & blanketing which results in
efficient fire fighting thereby helping
control fire in the initial stages. Mist also
helps in blocking radiant heat making it
easier for the fire fighter to approach the
fire.
In addition to the conventional fire

extinguishing systems such as foam,
carbon-dioxide and DCP, the Back
pack/Portable/Trolley mounted (mobile)
water mist cum compressed air foam
technology should be used to fight fires
at critical locations such as hot pumps
handling fluids above auto ignition
temperature, like column bottom pumps
at CDU, VDU, Coker, FCCU & HCU
units, any other high temperature
24
Description Norms/criteria to determine the quantity needed
Conventional fire fighting equipments
i) Dry chemical powder While selecting the Extinguisher, due consideration should be
(DCP)* fire extinguishers given on the factors like flow rate, discharge time and throw in line
-10 kg capacity: IS:15683/ with IS: 2190 / UL711.
UL299 Extinguisher to be located in process units, pump houses, pump
area, LPG storage area, LPG bottling plant, Oil separator, tank
truck/ tank wagon loading areas, substations, Work shops,
laboratory, power station buildings etc.
The number should be determined based on the max. Traveling
distance of 15 M in above areas. At least one fire extinguisher
2
shall be provided for every 250 m of hazardous operating area.
There shall be not less than two extinguishers at one designated
location e.g. pump house.
ii) Dry chemical powder fire The extinguishers with the selection criteria viz. flow rate,
extinguishers 25/50/75 kg discharge time and throw mentioned as above, to be located in
capacity: IS:10658/ UL299 critical operating areas.
2
(in addition to 10kg DCP At least one fire extinguisher should be provided for every 750 m
requirement) of hazardous operating area.
iii) CO2 extinguishers To be located in substations, power stations, office building and
4.5/6.5/9.0/22.5 kg control room. The number should be determined based on the
capacity (IS:2878/UL154) maximum traveling distance of 15 metre.
2
At least one fire extinguisher shall be provided for every 250 m of
hazardous operating area. There shall not be less than 2nos.
extinguishers at one designated location e.g. control room.
iv)Portable clean agent This should be as an alternate to CO2 extinguisher.
extinguishers To be located in control rooms, computer rooms, laboratories and
office buildings.
v) Portable water-cum-foam Minimum 2 no. for Petroleum refinery and 1 no. for Gas
monitor. Processing Plant
vi) Steam lancers(as a part For fighting incipient fires at flange leakages & hot pumps.
of utility station)
vii) Rubber hose reel (25mm) To be located in Process unit battery limits and other process
areas for quenching of incipient fires.
Modernization plan for fire fighting equipments
viii)Rapid intervention, Water
Mist cum Compressed air In addition to the conventional fire extinguishing systems such as
Foam Technology: foam, carbon-dioxide and DCP, Minimum of one trolley type should
be provided as an alternate to existing DCP system at each critical
Filling capacity 35 to 50
locations such as hot pumps handling fluids above auto ignition
litres for trolley mounted &
temperature, like column bottom pumps at CDU, VDU, Coker,
9 litres for backpack
FCCU & HCU units and minimum one back pack at critical high
system. The system shall
temperature column & exchangers in these units.
be approved as per highest
international safety
standard DIN EN3 or
equivalent for maximum fire
rating.
Note : 1) In place of 10 kg, 5 Kg DCP Extinguisher shall be provided at elevated locations.

2) For substations, power station; the number and area for placement of extinguishers
should be decided as per OISD STD-173 requirements.
25
which two are for fire fighting one for
11.2 Other fire fighting Equipment:
spill/ standby. The foam tender should
Additionally, following items should also be have foam tank capacity of 3000/3600
provided. The number of units required for Iitre and the pump capacity of
2
these shall be decided by local minimum 4000 Ipm at 8.5 kg/cm .
management, on case-to-case basis.
ii) One DCP tender having 2 vessels
i) Thermal imaging Camera: As an aid to of 2000 kg capacity each with
the fireman during fire fighting operation Nitrogen as expellant gas. These
to locate the seat of the fire and to are required for fighting LPG/Gas
facilitate search and rescue operation in fires.
smoky area e.g. during cable gallery. A monitor should have a variable
throw of 15/25/40 kg/sec. The throw
ii) Personal Protective Equipment required of the monitor shall be 40 to 50 M
during Fire Fighting like Water gel based for the DCP charge.
blanket, Fire Proximity Suit, Self
12.2 Other Mobile Equipment
contained breathing apparatus, Air line
breathing apparatus, Safety Helmets, In addition to fixed monitors provided in
the tank farm, following additional
Fire Helmets, Stretcher, First Aid box,
mobile equipments shall be provided:
Rubber hand gloves, canister mask etc.
i) Minimum 2 nos. of foam tank trailers
iii) Other Equipments like Portable Gas
with field adjustable variable flow
detectors, Explosive meter, Oxygen water cum foam monitors having
meter, Hand operated siren, Red/Green foam tank capacity of 500-1000 liters
Flag for emergency

ladder, fire drill, Safe walk roof
lighting, top
portable and
1000 monitors
GPM andcapacity of minimum
UL/FM listed /
mega phone, various leak plugging approved.
ii) Minimum 2 nos. of Trolley mounted
gadgets, oil dispersants and oil
water cum foam monitors of capacity
adsorbents, lifting jacks (for rescue of of minimum 2000 GPM with field
trapped workers), etc. adjustable variable flow and UL/FM
listed / approved. Foam induction to
Note: The number of unit required for these
the monitor shall be possible from
should be decided by local management, on minimum 60M distance from the
case to case basis. monitor.
iii) 1 to 2 numbers of Foam Nurser (i.e.

MOBILE
12.0 FIRE FIGHTING Trailer mounted foam compound
EQUIPMENT supply tank) with foam compound
tank of 7000 – 16000 litre capacity
12.1 Fire Tenders : with suitable pump for foam transfer.
The exact number of fire tenders shall be iv) 1 to 2 nos. of portable/ trailer fire
higher of the items (a) or (b): pumps of capacity ranging from 1800
to 2250 Ipm at discharge pressure of
2
(a) The quantities firmed up in each case 7 kg/cm g.
based on two simultaneous major 12.3 Other Fire F ighting Equipment
fires taking into consideration the Following other fire fighting equipments shall be
size, location of the plant and provided:
statutory requirements. i) Emergency rescue equipment like
(b) The quantities indicated below. cutters, expanders, inflatable lifting
bags, leak pads, protective clothing,
i) 3 nos. of foam tenders out of breathing apparatus, trolley mounted
26
BA set 13.0 STORAGE OF FIRE FIGHTING
ii) Fire Hoses: IS 636: Type A or AGENTS
Synthetic hose of Type B.
The following quantities of fire fighting
The hose length shall be calculated as agents shall be stored in the Refinery as
follows: given below in the table.
i) For installation with hydrants upto 100
Nos: - One 15 mtrs hose
length/hydrant.
ii) For installation with more than 100

hydrants:
One
- 15 metre hose
length/hydrant, for the first 100
hydrants; and,
- One 15 M hose length for every
10 hydrants above 100.
The hose length so calculated shall be

suitably divided into hose lengths of 15
M, 22.5 M or 30 M. Of the total
requirement of the hoses, minimum
50% of hoses shall be of type B.
iii) Fire jeep (s) with two way radio
communication facility and towing facility.
iv) One ambulance fitted with medical aid
and suitable arrangements.
v) Other accessories, foam making branch
pipes, nozzles, etc. as per requirements.
vi) 4" Hoses of suitable length for feeding to
large capacity monitors wherever
installed.
In addition to above, provision of following

equipment should also be considered:
i) Suitable equipment for fighting high

level fires.
ii) Multipurpose fire fighting skid should

be used as a single self sufficient unit
of having capacity of discharging
foam, water/ water mist & DCP and
thus performing multiple functions
effectively,
saving powerindividually
and time in or together,
combating a
fire. Such a Multipurpose fire fighting
skid should be used in lieu of one
foam tender/ DCP tender as
described in 10.1(b)-(i).
Broad specifications of the fire fighting

equipment listed above are given in
Annexure-lll.
27
S. Description Quantity to be stored
No
i) Dry chemical powder: Reaction product 4000 kg for the DCP tender plus 500 kg
of urea and Potassium bicarbonate i.e. for additional requirement. This is in
Potassium Carbamate or Potassium addition to the charge loaded on tender.
Allophonate base - as spare charge for
the DCP tender/Trolleys. The DCP
product should be UL listed.
While selecting the dry chemical
powder, due consideration should be
given to the typical properties viz.
Apparent Density (0.65 +/- 0.05), Fire
Rating (144B), Thermal Gravimetric
Analysis (with decomposition at around
o
250 C) and foam compatibility.
ii) Siliconised Potassium bicarbonate DCP As required based on shelf life. However,
powder (IS 4308:2003/UL listed) / Mono- minimum 10% of the total charge in the
ammonium phosphate based DCP extinguishers should be maintained.
powder (IS: 14609/UL listed) for
recharging of fire extinguishers.
iii) Foam compound: (IS: 4989 (Part-III) / Higher of the quantities in :

UL listed (UL-162) 1. 60,000 litre (excluding that in foam
tender) for installation having largest
tank of diameter as 60 M.
2. 77,000 litre (excluding that in foam
tender) for installation having largest
tank of diameter as 79 M. Or, (as
calculated in 6.11).
3. In the installation where the largest
tank diameter is less than 60 M,
foam quantity requirement (excluding
that in foam tender) shall be
calculated as per 4.4.11 of OISD-
STD-117.
(Refer Annexure- II and Annexure-VI for
typical calculation for foam requirement)
28
14.0DETECTION SYSTEM AND - LPG bottling, storage, repair
AL ARM sheds.
- Gas compressor
Human beings are excellent fire - Air-intake point for control room,
detectors since they possess sense of in line with OISD-STD-163.
smell, sight, and touch. But since human
senses are also unreliable due to the The exact location and number of points
need
numberfor of
frequent rest andelectrical
mechanical, relaxation,
anda should be decided on need basis.
electronic devices have been developed 14.1.2 Following areas shall be provided with
to mimic human senses in the detection Smoke/ Flame / Heat detectors with
of gases / smoke / heat and flame. alarm and/or system to actuate relevant
fire suppression system:
A flammable gas detector is designed to
give a warning of the presence of - LPG spheres
flammable gases or vapours in air, well
- LPG filling sheds
before they reach explosive
concentrations. Normally, the detector - LPG pumps/compressors
provides visible and audible alarm
signals, but frequently it performs a - LPG loading/unloading, both in
further function by initiating control tank truck and tank wagon gantry
action such as increasing ventilation or
shutting off the source of gas. A 14.1.3 Hydrocarbon detectors shall be
flammable gas detector can also be installed near all potential leak source
used for tracing leaks and checking that of class-A e.g. tank dykes, tank
vessels or tunnels are gas free before manifolds, pump house manifold etc.
entering.
14.1 AREAS TO BE COVERED WITH implementation vide Annexure IX)
DETECTORS
Hydrocarbon detector of proper type
shall be selected and also shall be
14.1.1 The following areas shall be provided
proof tested and shall be maintained in
with hydrocarbon gas detectors:
good condition.
- Light hydrocarbon pumps in
process units. 14.1.4 Additionally, following areas should
also be provided with suitable
- Process cooling tower top detectors:
platform in the units having
pressurised cooling water return. - Extremely hazardous area in
process units
- Fuel gas knock out drum
- Suction side of forced draft air - Computer room, Server room,
blowers if located where Process control rooms, Record
hydrocarbon vapours can be room
present. - Unmanned electric substations /
- Light hydrocarbon pump stations MCC rooms
if located below grade level.
- Cable galleries
- LPG Horton spheres
- Chemical Storage
- LPG pump house
- LPG bulk truck loading area
- LPG bulk wagon loading area
29
15.0 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM least once in a week to keep them in
working condition.
Effective communication is an essential Fire siren code should be as follows:
element in the fire protection system of
any plant. The following communication 1. SMALL FIRE: No siren
systems should be provided in the
Refinery/Process plants. 2. MAJOR FIRE: A wailing siren for two
minutes.
i) TELEPHONE
3. DISASTER: Same type of siren as in
Fire Station Control Room shall be case of Major Fire but the same will be
provided with 2 nos. of internal sounded for three times at the interval of
telephones which are exclusively meant one minutes i.e.( wailing siren 2min +
for receiving fire/emergency calls only. gap 1 min + wailing siren 2min + gap
These phones should have facilities for 1min + wailing siren 2min) total duration
incoming calls only. For general of Disaster siren to be eight minutes.
communication a separate telephone
should be provided.
4. ALL CL EAR (For fire): Straight run siren
Fire Station should also have a direct for two minutes.
P&T telephone. Hot line, telephone for
contacting mutual aid parties shall be 5. TEST: Straight run siren for two minutes
provided wherever possible. at frequency atleast once a week.
ii ) PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM v) WALK IE-TAL KIE / WIRELESS
Public
connectedaddress
to allsystem should
control be
rooms, All
withthe
a Fire Tenders shall
walkie-talkie/ be provided
wireless system
administration building (all floors), all which will help in communicating with
departmental heads, security etc. the people in case the other system
Telephone exchange should control and fails. Besides, key personnel co-
take care of this system. ordinating emergency operations should
also be provided with walkie-talkie.
ii i) A.R.P. (AIR RAID PROTECTION)
SYSTEM / PAGING
vi) FIRE AL ARM SYSTEM
Air raid communication system (with
civil defence) should be provided in the The fire alarm systems includes manual
control room of fire station. The details call points (break glass), automatic
of such a system should be worked out gas/smoke/heat detectors, release &
in association with civil defence inhibit switches for fire suppressing
authorities of the area. clean agent and conventional or micro-
processor based data gathering panels
Alternatively, group communication viz. central fire alarm panel, mimic
system (all call system)/ alpha panels & associated equipments.
numerical pager system should be
considered for group emergency Manual Call Points shall be provided at
communication. suitable locations like access point,
approach roads, walkways etc. to cover
iv ) FIRE SIRENS the critical areas. These manual call
points activate the audio-visual alarm in
The Fire siren/s should be located the Central fire alarm panel installed in
suitably to cover the whole area with the fire station and in the repeater panel
operational control in the Fire station installed in the respective area control
control room. These should be tested at room(s). The location of these points
30
shall be conspicuously marked on the ultrasonic instrument can be considered.
annunciation panel for proper
identification. These manual call points 16.3 FIRE WATER RING MAIN
should also have suitably wired
telephone handset to facilitate The ring main should be checked once
communication with respective area a year for leaks etc. by operating one or
control room and fire station. more pumps with the hydrant points
kept closed as required to get the
16.0 INSPECTION
PROTECTION& SYSTEM:
TESTING OF FIRE maximum operating pressure.
The fire protection equipment shall be The ring main, hydrants, monitors,
kept in good operating condition all the valves should be visually inspected
time and the fire fighting system shall be every month for any pilferage, defects
periodically tested for proper functioning and damage.
and logged for record and corrective
actions. In addition to routine daily All fire main valves should be checked
checks/maintenance, the following for operation and lubricated once in six
periodic inspection/testing shall be months for fresh water and once in three
ensured. months for saline/ETP water.
Thickness survey & inspection of

16.1 FIRE WATER TANK/RESERVOIR
Firewater header should be done once
/Foam Tanks
in three years.
i) Above ground fire water tanks should
Segment - wise flushing of main header
be inspected externally & internally as
should be done once a year.
per OISD-STD-129.
ii) The water reservoir shall be emptied 16.4 FIRE WATER SPRAY SYSTEM
out & cleaned once in 3 years.
However, floating leaves, material or Fixed water cooling spray systems on
algae, if any shall be removed once in storage tanks should be tested at least
6 months or as & when required. once in six months.
iii) The foam tanks shall be inspected Deluge systems on LPG spheres and
every 3 years externally and shall bullets should be tested at least once in
undergo internal inspection every 10 every three months, for proper
years. performance.
Spray system in LPG bottling plant and
16.2 FIRE WATER PUMPS should be tested at least once in every
quarter. Operation of ROVs should be
i) Every pump should be tested by running
checked once in three months.
it minimum two times a week.
ii) Once a month each pump should be 16.5 FIXED / SEMI-FIXED FOAM SYSTEM
checked for the shut off pressure and Foam system on storage tanks should
auto start operation. Observations be tested once in 12 months. This shall
should be logged. include the testing of foam maker/
chamber.
iii) Once in six months each pump shall be
checked for performance. This can be The foam chamber should be designed
done by opening required number of suitably to facilitate testing of foam
hydrants/monitors depending on the discharge outside the cone roof tank.
capacity of the pump and by verifying
that the discharge pressure, flow and Piping should be flushed with water after
the motor load are in conformance with testing foam system.
the design parameters. For flow Thickness survey & inspection of Foam
measurement suitable devices like system piping should be done as per
31
OISD STD 142. 16.8 DCP/ CO2/ FOAM TYPE FIRE
16.6 CLEAN AGENT (HALON EXTINGUISHERS:
SUBSTITUTE) BASED
Inspection and testing frequency and
EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM
procedure should be in line with OISD-
The systems should be checked as STD-142.
given below:
a) Agent quantity and pressure of refillable 16.9 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
containers should be checked, six
monthly. Fire sirens should be tested at least
once a week. Testing of Manual call
b) The complete System should be
points once in a month, walkie-talkies
inspected for proper operation once
every week and other communication
every year (Refer latest NFPA
systems covered under item 13.0 should
2001(2008 Edition & latest) for details of
be done as per manufacturer’s
inspection of various systems).
guidelines.
16.7 MOBILE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT
AND ACCESSORIES 16.10 DETECTORS
Foam tenders should be tested at least
The operability of all types of detectors
once a week. This should include
should be tested once in every three
running of pump and foam generation
months. Calibration of gas detectors
equipment.
using test gas should be done once in
All other mobile equipment should be every six months or as per
checked, serviced and periodically manufacturer's specification whichever
tested under operating conditions, at is earlier.
least once a month.
Trailer mounted pumps should be test
run at least once a week. 17.0 FIRE FIGHTING ORGANISATION
All the fire hoses should be hydraulically
tested at least once in six months. A full-fledged fire fighting organisation
DCP tender should be visually inspected shall be provided. A typical organisation
every week. This should include for the fire and safety department for a
checking of expelled gas. large size, Refinery/Gas Process Plant
Records shall be maintained of all is given below:
maintenance, testing and remedial/
corrective actions taken wherever
necessary.
DG M / CH I EF M ANAG ER
FI RE & SAFET Y
SR MGR / M ANAGER SR M ANAG ER. /

( FI RE PRO TECTI O N) MAN AGE R ( SAFETY)
M G R/ D Y. M G R . / MG R/ D Y. MG R /
SAFETY
SR . FI RE O FFI CE R SR . O FFI CE R
OFFICER
( FI R E M A I N T.) ( OP ERATI O NS)
EAC HS HIF T SR . FI RE O FFI C ER & FI RE

OPERATORS
32
The Fire Protection / Fighting 19.0 MUTUAL AID
organisation shall be manned by
personnel having suitable professional Refineries/process plants should have
qualification & training. For ease of written mutual aid agreements with
identification of the fire fighters, the crew similar neighbouring industries fully
members should be provided separate detailing the responsibilities of the
uniform. members of the scheme, the procedures
to be adopted, the minimum number of
18.0 FIRE PROTECTION TRAINING equipment and manpower and minimum
quantity of consumables to be
exchanged/loaned. A model agreement
All the plant personnel shall be trained on
of mutual aid is given in Annexure - V.
fire prevention and fire fighting aspects.
Fire fighting skill upgradation / refresher
A chart showing mutual aid arrangement
training shall be given periodically. The
shall be exhibited prominently at least in
fire crew belonging to the fire fighting
fire station and Disaster Control Room.
department shall be given intensive
training for the use of all equipment and 20.0 FIRE EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
in various fire fighting methods for
handling different types of fires.
Each installation shall prepare a detailed
"Fire emergency procedures" manual
Regular contractors and security
outlining the actions to be taken by each
personnel shall be given safety, fire
personnel during a major incident for use
Fighting and rescue operation Training
by the organization and this manual shall
through oil industry approved reputed
be available to all personnel in the
institute and record maintained.
installation.
A fire training ground with the following The fire emergency procedures including
minimum training facilities should be set
fire fighting plan should be prepared for
up:
fighting fires in the process units, in and
around tanks, in the LPG storage and
a) Trench fire simulation facilities bottling plants, product loading gantries,
b) A small open top tank fire simulation separators, electrical fire, warehouse and
facility building fires etc.
c) Pan fire simulation facility.

21.0 FIRE STATION / CONTROL ROOM
d) Pipeline flange leak fire simulation
facility Fire Station Control Room is of critical
importance as it is main coordinating
e) Fire suits and breathing apparatus. centre between the emergency site and
A mock fire drill should be conducted response crew. Important activities of
once in a month to rehearse the fire control room are communication,
emergency procedure and to keep the mobilisation, up-keeping and
fire fighting team trained and alert and maintenance. The location and
facilities in top order. construction of control room should
A layout of typical fire training ground and therefore be suitable for these activities.
a brief write up on the facilities in the
training ground are given in Annexure-IV. 21.1 LOCATION
Fire station should be located at
For refineries & Gas Processing Plants minimum risk area. It should be spaced
not equipped with adequate fire training at a safe distance from any process plant
facilities; skill up gradation/ refresher and other hazardous areas. For details
training shall be periodically conducted at refer OISD-STD-118.
reputed institutes having live module fire When planning for new fire station,
fighting training facilities.
33
adequate land should be provided for b) Spark Arresters and Flame Arresters
parking and maneuvering of fire c) Fire Separation Walls in concealed
appliances. Also, access and exits of the space/Electrical Substation/
building should not be obstructed by transformer yard/ bays/ cable
other vehicles. galleries.
Fire station control room should be close
to parking bay for fire appliances and d) Fire Seals in underground sewer
should have good view of vehicles system / Flare Knock out Drums
e) Impounding Basins/Dyke Walls
parked.
Additional Fire-post should be considered f) Lightning Arresters
during the expansion for improving the
response time. g) Pressurisation of Enclosure
h) Venting Facilities of process
21.2 COMMUNICATION: equipment
Reliable communication system is must i) Electrical Relays and Fuses, earth

for supporting effective fire service dept. leakage circuit breakers, neutral
operations. Following equipment must be current circuit breaker
available in the Control Room, (i) j) Fire retardant coatings and tapes for
Telephones (2) Wireless sets/ walkie- cables
talkie (with a dedicated frequency) (3)
k) Fire resistant low smoke insulation
Hotlines to neighbouring industries/civil
cable.
Fire Brigade (4) Fire Alarm system with
central control in fire station. l) Flame proof and flame resistant
electrical enclosure.
21.3 GENERAL: m) Insulation of hot surfaces.
a) Fire Station should have 2 overhead 23.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM AUDIT
storage tanks for foam compound
storage, so that during emergency In view of continuous expansion and
refilling is not delayed. additions in refineries, the system should
be internally audited once in 3 years for
b) Control room should have portable compliance of OISD standards and
emergency lights.
statutory requirements
c) Fire Station should have prominently
24.0 REFERENCES
located pressure gauge showing fire
water network pressure.
1) NFPA-11 Standard For Low Expansion Foam
Systems
d) Emergency power supply shall be
ensured for Fire Station & Fire water 2) NFPA 11-A Standard For Medium & High
Pump House. Expansion Foam Systems
3) NFPA 13 Standard For The Installation Of

22.0 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION Sprinkler Systems
MEASURES / OTHER SAFETY
MEASURES 4) NFPA 15 Standard For Installation Of Water
Spray Systems
Although adequate fire protection is
5) NFPA 17 DCP System
provided in an installation, Passive fire
protection measures as indicated below
6) NFPA 20 Standard For Installation Of
should be adopted wherever required.
Centrifugal Fire Pumps
a) Fire Proofing of structural members 7) NFPA-2001(2008 & latest edition Edition)

Clean Fire Extinguishing System
34
8) API - 2001 Fire Protection In Refineries 17) OISD-STD-154 Safety Aspects In Functional
Training
9) Petroleum Rules -2002
18) Ozone Depletion Substances Regulation &
10) Fire Protection Manual (Part-II) Of TAC Control Rules 2000, Ministry of Environment
& Forests, Government of India
11) TAC Building Regulations
19) IS-15683: Portable Fire Extinguishers -
12) TAC Regulations For Electrical Equipment Performance and Construction - Specification
Of Buildings
20) IS:14609 : Dry Chemical Powder for fighting
13) Model Code Of Safe Practices - The A,B,C Class Fires - Specification
Institute Of Petroleum (U. K. )
21) UL154: Carbon-Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
14) International Safe Practices Of Oil Industry
22) UL299:Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers
15) IS:3844- Code Of Practice For Installation Of
Internal Fire Hydrants In Multistorey Building 23) UL711:Rating & Fire Testing of Fire
Extinguishers
16) OISD-STD-142 Inspection Of Fire Fighting
Equipment & Systems
35
ANNEXURE-1
EXAMPLE FOR CALCULATION OF FIRE WATER FLOW RATE
1. DESIGN BASIS
The fire water system in an installation shall be designed to meet the fire water flow requirement
to fight two major fires simultaneously.
2. FIRE WATER DEMAND
Various areas which can be under fire shall be considered and fire water demand for each area
shall be calculated based on design basis, as indicated below:
2.1 FLOATING ROOF TANKS PROTECTION
a) Data:
3
Total storage capacity in one dyke area = 120,000 m
No. of tanks =2
3
Capacity of each tank =60,000 m
Diameter of each tank =79 M
Height of each tank = 14.4 M
b) Cooling w ater requirement:

2
Cooling water rate @ 3 lpm/ m of tank shell area for tank on fire,
Cooling water required = π x79x14.4 x 3
=10721 lpm
3
=643 m /hr
Assuming that second tank is located within the tank dyke at a distance more than 30 meters
from the tank shell.
2
Therefore, in such case cooling water required at the rate of 1 lpm/ m of tank shell area shall be
3
215 m /hr.
3
Total cooling water = 858 m /hr
c) Foam water requirement for rim seal area:

Water flow required for applying foam on a largest tank burning surface area.
For floating roof tank of 79 M diameter,
Diameter of the tank (D1) = 79M
Distance of foam dam from shell = 0.8M
Diameter of roof up to foam dam (D2) = 79- (2X0.8) = 77.4
2 2
the rim seal area = (π /4) x(79 -77.4 )
= (π /4) x 250.2
2
= 196.4 m
2
Foam solution rate @ 12 lpm/ m = 2356.8 lpm
(For 3% foam concentrate) == 0.97 x 2356.8 lpm

2286lpm.
= 2286 x 60 m³/hr
1000
= 137.16 m³/hr.
3
Say 137 m /hr
d) Fire water for supplementary hose stream based on 4 hydrant streams + 2 High Volume Long
Range water monitor.
3 3 3
4x36 m /hr + 2X228 m /hr = 600 m /hr
36
e) Total water required:
3
Tank cooling 858 m /hr
3
Foam application 137 m /hr
3
Supplementary stream 600 m /hr
3
Total 1595 m /hr
2.2 CONE ROOF TANKS PROTECTION
a) Data: 3
Total storage capacity = 50,000 m
3
No. of tanks = 4 with 12500 m capacity each.
Diameter of each tank = 37.5 M
Height of each tank = 12 M
b) Cooling water requirement:
2
Cooling water rate = 3 lpm/ m of tank shell area for tank-on-fire
Cooling water required = π x 37.5 x 12 x 3
= 4241 lpm
3
= 254 m /hr
2
Cooling water required for other tanks at the rate of 3 lpm/ m of shell area for tanks falling
within (R+30) metre from centre of tank on fire,
3
= 3 x 254 m /hr
3
= 762 m /hr
Total cooling water rate = 254 + 762
3
= 1016 m /hr
2
c) Foam water requirement (for 1 tank only) @ 5 lpm/ m ,
Foam solution rate = π x (37.5)2 x 5
4
= 5522 lpm
3
= 331 m /hr
3
d) Fire water for supplementary hose stream = 600 m /hr
e) Total wate r required :

3
3
3
Supplementary stream (including 2 HVLR) 600 m /hr
3
Total 1947 m /hr
2.3 LPG SPHERES AREA PROTECTION

a) Data:
No. of sphere
Diameter in one
of each area
sphere =
= 3
17 mtrs

water rate for cooling = π x172 x 10 lpm
= 9079 lpm
= 545 m3/hr
3
Considering other 2 spheres located within = 3 x 545 m /hr
(R+30) M from centre of sphere and fire
cooling water rate for 3 spheres
37
3
=1655 m /hr
c) Hose stream requirement (including 2 HVLR) = 600 m3/hr
d) Total water requirement =2255 m3/hr
2.4 LPG RAIL WAGON LOA DING GANTRY PROTECTION
a) Data:
Total No. of loading points = 40
Consider 20 loading points on each side =7 M
centre to centre rail spacing

Length of Rail gantry = 160 M
Width of cooling = 12 M

Divide the whole areas into 4 segments and consider 2 segments operating at any time:
Water rate = 2x40x12x10=9600lpm
3
‘ = 576 m /hr
3
c) Supplementary hose requirement (including 1 HVLR) : = 372 m /hr
3
d) Total water requirement = 948 m /hr
2.5 PROCESS UNIT PROTECTION

For process unit protection in case of fire, water is to be applied using fixed water monitors and
hose lines. Unit blocks separation is by 30 metre. Three following alternatives are considered for
fire water rate.
Alter nat e-I
2
Total unit area = 120 x 80 m
Consider water rate @ 1 lpm/ m2 on area basis,
Water rate = 9600 x 1 lpm = 576 m3/hr
Water for supplementary hose stream (including 2 HVLR) = 600 m3/hr
3
Total water rate = 1176 m /hr
Alter nat ive - II
Consider a 10 M x 10 M portion of process unit area on fire. Provide water cover over an area of
2
30mtsx30mts at the rate of 10 lpm/ m ,
Water rate = 900x10 lpm
= 540 m3/hr
3
water for supplementary hose steam (including 2 HVLR) = 600 m /hr
Total water rate = 1140 m3/hr
Alter nat e - III

Water required for portion of unit area provided with fixed spray system (Extreme Hazardous
Area)
Area assumed = 1000 m
2
2
Water rate = 10 lpm/ m
3
Cooling water required = 600 m /hr
3
water for supplementary hose stream (including 2 HVLR)= 600 m /hr
3
Total cooling water required = 1200 m /hr
Considering the maximum water under alternative I, II & III
3
Design flow rate = 1200 m /hr
38
Fire water calculation for full surface fire on largest floating roof tank (roof sinking case) – Treated
as a single contingency
a) Data:
3
Total storage capacity in one dyke area = 120,000 m
No. of tanks = 2
3
Capacity of each tank = 60,000 m
Diameter of each tank = 79 M
b) Cooling w ater requirement:

2
Cooling water rate @ 3 lpm/ m of tank shell area for tank-on-fire
Cooling water required = π x79x14.4 x 3
= 10721 lpm
3
= 643 m /hr
Assuming that second tank is located within the tank dyke at a distance more than 30M from the
tank shell.
2 3
Then, cooling water requirement @ 1 lpm/ m of tank shell area shall be 21 5 m /hr.
3
Total coo ling w ater = 858 m /hr
c) Water requirement in foam application
Foam Application Rate : 8.1 lpm (as per NFPA-11)
Foam Solution Requirement = (π x 79x79)/4 x 8.1

= 39704 lpm
= 2382 m3/hr
Say, = 2400 m3/hr
3
Water required for the foam solution = 97% x 2400 m /hr
3
= 2328 m /hr
3
Say = 2330 m /hr
d) Fire water for supplementary hose stream based on 4 hydrant streams + 2 High Volume Long
Range water monitor.
3 3 3
4x36 m /hr + 2X228 m /hr = 600 m /hr
e) Total water required:

3
3
3
Supplementary stream 600 m /hr
3
Total 3788 m /hr
3
Say Total water requir ement = 380 0 m /hr
39
3.0 TOTAL DESIGN FIRE WATER RATE
For two major fire fought simultaneously

Fire water rates for 5 cases are given below:
3
i) Floating roof tank protection = 1595 m /hr
3
ii) Cone roof tank protection = 1947 m /hr
iii) LPG sphere protection = 2255 m3/hr

3
iv) LPG rail wagon loading gantry = 948 m /hr
Protection
3
v) Process unit protection = 1200 m /hr
For fighting the above two major fires simultaneously, the design firewater rate is the sum of the
two highest water rates i.e.
3 3
Design fire water rate = 2255 m /hr + 1947 m /hr
= 4202 m3/hr
3
Say = 4200 m /hr
For full surface fire of largest floating roof tank (Roof sinking case):
3
Total firewater flow rate required as per typical calculations shown at 2.6 is 3800 m /hr.
The design Firewater rate shall be hig hest of above 3.1 or 3. 2.
Note:
Full surface fire of a floating roof tank roof sinking case being a remote possibility, it is
consid ered as a single largest contingency for the purpo se of a rriving at design fire wate r
requirement.
40
ANNEXURE - II
EXAMPLE FOR CALCULATION OF FOAM COMPOUND REQUIREMENT
1. CONE ROOF TANK PROTECTION:
i) Data :
3
Total Storage capacity in one dyke area =50,000 m
Number of tanks = 4
Diameter of each tank = 37.5 M
Height of each tank = 12 M
ii) The quantity of foam compoun d shall be calculated a s follows:
2
Consider foam solution application @ 5 lpm/ m for the liquid surface of the single largest cone
roof tank in the dyke area.
Foam solution rate = π x (37.5) 2

--------------------X 5
4
= 5522 lpm
Foam compound required = 5522 x 3 / 100
= 166 lpm
Foam compound quantity for 65 minutes =166 x 65
= 10790 litre
iii) Consider one portable foam monitor of 4500 lpm foam solution capacity:
3% Foam compound required = 135 lpm

Foam compound required for 65 minutes =8775 litre
iv) Consider 2 hose streams of foam with a capacity of 1140 lpm of foam solution capacity
3% Foam compound required = 68.4 lpm

Foam compound required for 65 minutes =4446 litr e
v) Total foam compound required for cone roof tank area Protection:
Foam compound required

Foam Compound required for
for Cone Roof
1 Foam Tank =
Monitor = 10790 litre
8775 litre
Foam Compound required for 2 hose streams = 4406 litre
Total : 23971 litre
Say : 24000 litr es
41
2. FLOATING ROOF TANK PROTECTION
i) Data:
3
Total Storage Capacity in one dyke = 120,000 m
No. of Tanks = 2
3
Capacity of Each Tank = 60,000 m
Diameter of each tank = 79 M

2
iii) Consider foam solution application rate of 12 lpm/ m of seal area of the single largest
floating roof tank in the dyke area :
For floating roof tank of 79 M diameter,

Diameter of the tank (D1) = 79M
Distance of foam dam from shell = 0.8M
Diameter of roof up to foam dam (D2) = 79- (2X0.8) = 77.4
2 2
Rim seal area = (π /4) x (79 -77.4 )
= (π /4) x 250.2
2
= 196.4 m
2
Foam solution rate @ 12 lpm/ m = 2356.8 lpm
3% Foam Compound required = 70.7 lpm
Foam Compou nd requir ed for 65 mins . = 4596 liter
iii) Foam Compound required for 1 foam monitor and 2 hose streams as calculated for cone roof
protection
1 Foam monitor 8775 liter
2 Hose streams 4446 litre
iv) Total foam compound required for floating roof tank area Protection:
Foam Compound required for Floating Roof Tank 4596 liter
Foam compound required for 1 foam monitor 8775 liter
Foam compound required for 2 hose streams 4446 litre
Total required 17817 liter

Say, 18000 lit er
3. On the lines of the above example foam compound requirement should be calculated for various
dyke areas. Requirements to fight major fires in two dyke areas (with maximum foam compound
rates requirements) should be added, to arrive at the total requirement of the installation.
For example, for 2 cone roof tank dyke areas with largest tank diameter of 37.5 metres in each
area, foam compound required works out as 2x24000 liters i.e. 48000 liters.
42
Similarly for 2 floating roof tank dyke areas with largest tank diameter of 79 M. in each area, foam
compound required works out as 2 X 18000 liters i.e. 36000 liters.
4. Foam Requirement for Full surface fire of the largest floating roof tank (roof sinking Case):
considered as a single largest contingency & detailed at Annexure-VI
43
ANNEXURE - III
BROAD SPECIFICATIONS FOR FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT
(Refer OISD| STD -115 for details)
N
o Equip
ment Broad Specification
And Si ze Capacity Suitabilit
y
.
I. Foam Tender - Diesel Engine Chassis with - To supply
compatible PTO Unit - 10 ton Foam
payload Solution to
- Foam compound Tank - 3000 lts. Fixed foam
- Water tank - 2600 lts. System.
- Pump capacity - 4000 lpm@
8.5 kg/sq.cm g - To supply
& 2500 lts/min form to
@ 10 kg/sq.cm g spill fires
Foam/water monitor of capacity
2500 to 2800 lts/min – 1 No.
II. Hydraulic Platform - Diesel Engine Chassis with - For foam

with articulated or compatible PTO Unit - MIN.HP280 application
telescopic arm - Foam generating equipment on oil fires
- Cage area – 1.4 sq. mt.
- Extinguishing Articulated boom - For fire fighting
Of 30 M height Of tall columns
- Throwing distance Horizontal :100-120M And inaccessible
Height: 65-75mt. area
- Boom movement – 360 degrees
- Foam/water monitor capacity
5000 to 6000 plum
- Pump capacity – 5000 to 6000
Lts/min. at 10 kg/sq. cm.g - For rescue
- Remote operation from rear of truck
- Operation to suit water
Connection from hydrants
III. DCP Tender - Diesel engine chassis –payload :13 - For gas
- 2 spheres of 2000 kg DCP each Fires and
- Expellent gas system (Nitrogen gas Spill fires
2
cylinders 28x50 lts at 140 kg/cm g
-- Automatic
DCP regulator
monitor for output
with range 15, 25and
andrange
40 kg/second at operating pressure of
2
14 kg/cm g
- Monitor throw - 40 to 50 mtrs
44
IV. Emergency - Rescue equipment - For rescue
Rescue - Breathing equipment Operations
Tender - Protective clothing
- First Aid Equipment
V. Foam Tank - Foam compound storage capacity 1000 litres - For spill
Trailers with - Filed adjustable variable flow Water cum foam monitor of fires
Water-cum- capacity 1000 GPM with UL/FM listed / approved
Foam monitors
VI. Trolley mounted - Filed adjustable variable flow Water cum foam monitor of - For oil fire
Water-foam- capacity 2000 GPM with UL/FM listed / approved. Foam - For hot work
Monitors induction to the monitor shall be possible from minimum
60M distance from the monitor.
VII. Foam Nurser - Foam Compound storage - 4500 litres. - To supply

(Trailor Foam
mounted foam compound
supply tank) - Pump capacity : 160 lts/min During fire
fighting
VIII. Mobile fire - Pump capacity 1800 to 2250 - As a booster

Trailer pump Lts/min at 7 kg/sq.cm. g Pump
- Fire water use
from additional
source
IX. Fire hoses - Reinforced rubber lined hoses type - General fire
-2 ½” “A” or “B” as per IS 636 Fighting
X. Fire jeep - Standard design with two-way radio - Towing trailer

Communication facility Type
equipment
- General
vigilance
XI. Ambulance - Medical first aid equipment - Medical aid

XII. Other accessories - As per standard specifications - For fire
Foam making Lts/min at 7 kg/sq.cm. g Fighting
branch pipes,
nozzle etc.
NOTE: The capacities of equipment given above are minimum required. However, higher
capacities can be provided on need basis.
45
ANNEXURE - IV
FIRE TRAINING GROUND - FACILITIES
1.0 LA YOUT OF TYPICAL FIRE TRAINING GROUND
A typical layout of a fire training ground is shown in fig.1
Fig. 1
LA YOUT OF TYPICAL FIRE TRAINING GROUND
46
2.0 DETAILS OF FACILITIES IN TRAINING GROUND
Details of different facilities in the fire training ground are described below.
2.1. Facility for stor age tank fire
Storage tanks are provided with fixed foam line connection and fixed cooling water
system to fight tank fires. The foam is to extinguish the fire and cooling water is to
prevent spreading of fire in the neighbouring tanks. Training ground should have a
tank with fixed foam installation with isolation valves on product lines.
2.2 Facility for pit fire:
During operation of the refinery, sometimes hydrocarbon liquids get released from the
process equipment and accumulate in the open areas/ pit. To fight such fires, the
facility should be provided on the ground.
2.3 Facility for pipeline fires:
In the refinery equipment are connected by pipelines and to rundown the products
from the process units to storage tanks. These pipes can leak at flange joints and
result in a fire. Facilities should be provided to simulate such fires.
2.4. Facilities for wagon gantry fire:

Gantry fires are difficult to control due to rapid spreading of fires all around the gantry.
Such fires can be controlled with the following arrangements
a) Isolate the oil supply
b) Cooling the area as well as surroundings with water spray & facilities should be
provided for such simulations.
2.5 Facilities for LPG fire
LPG is produced in the refinery and stored in containers from where it is despatched
to the market. Chances of fires due to leakage of LPG in the process unit are less as
it is processed in closed system. Probability of LPG fires during bottling;
loading/unloading of cylinders is more.
The most dangerous aspect in LPG fires is explosion of bullet/cylinders. To tackle
such fires, training facility should be installed.

2.6 Facility for high elevation column fire
In the refinery, there are tall structures such as columns/vessels. To tackle fires on
such equipment the most important activities are isolation and cooling the equipment
as well as surrounding area. Generally, isolation of inlet side of the equipment is not
much difficult, most difficult isolation is on the outlet side. To approach to the isolation
valve, personal protective equipment with water screen is necessary. Facilities should
be provided to simulate all such actions.
47
ANNEXURE-V
ARRANGEMENT OF MUTUAL AID
A typ ic al ar rangem ent thro ug h m ut ual aid agr eemen t is giv en b elow:
Chembur
Industries Trombay
operatingIndustrial beltinclude
in the zone spread oil
over about 10chemical
refineries, sq.KM isand
situated in north-east
petrochemical Greater Bombay.
complexes, fertilizer,
power generation and a nuclear complex. The area at present is inhabited by large population living in
residential buildings, chawls and hutments. The Eastern Express Highway and Bombay-Pune Road pass
on one side of the area, while on other side; it is bounded by sea and creek. The roads in the area are
loaded with passenger and goods traffic including hazardous chemicals. A railway line for goods traffic
also runs from Kurla to the end of Corridor road, to meet the rolling stock requirement of the industries.
The industries in the area have fire fighting and emergency handling equipment and services depending
upon the nature and size of their operations. Industries have also drawn up their On-Site Emergency
Plans which are periodically revised and updated. However, the resources available with a single factory
being limited can not be sufficient to control a major emergency. To overcome such constraints, the
factories have come forward to form the Mutual Aid Scheme of Chembur-Trombay Region.
The main objective of Mutual Aid Scheme is to provide necessary help in case of emergencies when
requisitioned by any of the members, in the minimum possible time to save life, property and minimise
damage.
The members of Mutual Aid Response Group are
• Aegis Chemicals • Apar Industries • BARC • BPCL
• Bombay Paint • CTTL • HPCL • HP BDU
• IOBL • IOCL • MBPT
• ONGC • RCF • TATA Power
The members have agreed to extend help by

a) Rushing fire fighting appliances and d) Mobile equipment
equipment e) Tools, tackles and service equipment
b) Deployment of trained / technical f) Personal Protective / Special equipment
personnel g) Medical and Health Services
c) Passenger transport and ambulance
Mutual Aid members meet and discuss items of common interest like preparedness and compliance
status of Emergency Plans along following lines in scheduled meetings.
a) Location of factory, accessibility, escape c) Likely on-site / off-site emergencies
routes d) Method of communication
b) Information about hazardous chemicals e) Strengths and weaknesses.
All members carryout on-site mock drills in their respective factories as well as combined mock drill for on
site emergencies. All the real emergencies in this area have been so far effectively tackled by Mutual Aid
48
Guidelines for See king
As si stan ce fr om Mut ual Ai d Resp onse Grou p (MARG)
1. An effort has to be made to dovetail On-site emergency plan to Off-site plan.

2. Training sessions and mock drills in First Aid, Fire Fighting, Evacuation, First Responders, should be
conducted to appraise and train different levels of responders in emergency control.
3. During an emergency assistance should be sought from the immediate neighboring MARG members
enlisted having appropriate expertise as per the guidelines and equipments, gadgets for controlling
situation and statutory authorities simultaneously.
4. All the personnel in the factory who are responders for emergencies must be made aware of the
availability of such MARG assistance and methods of getting it.
5. Assisting organization must be properly briefed by the unit seeking the assistance about the nature of
emergency, materials involved and metrological conditions ( wind direction), precise nature of help
required to ensure proper response.
6. Assisting can be requested in the form of either equipment or expertise or both with expert operating
personnel.
7. In case of equipment received from assisting organization :
a. It must be properly used.
b. Returned promptly.
c. In case of damage it should be repaired from approved agency and returned in good working
condition.
d. Consumables should be replaced / reimbursed.
8. It is understood that in case of any accident to any personnel while assisting organization that is
receiving the help should extend its co-operation in bearing a reasonable part of expenses, beyond
that covered by an insurance policy.
General:
MARG also has its limitations
Each organization is primarily responsible for keeping its plants in safe condition, identifying, assessing,
minimizing and eliminating hazards and risk, maintaining necessary equipment for special kinds of risks
that the organization might be facing and training its personnel for emergency control.
It can seek help from others in the MARG in terms of equipment, expertise and special materials.
However, it is only complimentary to its own arrangements and commitment to safety and emergency
control.
Mutual Aid and Response is sought only when in-house efforts seem to be inadequate to meet the
demand of the situation and that of the civic group is not adequately resourced to meet the sudden
requirement without loss of time.
49
ANNEXURE-VI
Example of Fire Case in a large F loating Roof Tank after sink ing o f floating roof
Example for calculation of Foam Requirement for Floating Roof tank with Portable Monitors:
DATA
1. Diameter of Tank : 79 m
2. Type of Roof : Floating Roof
3. Foam Application Rate : 8.1 lpm (as per NFPA-11)
Foam Solution Requirement = π x 79x79

---------- X 8.1
4
= 39704 lpm
= 2382 m3/hr,
Say, = 2400 m3/hr
This much quantities has to be thrown over to sunken roof area with the help of external long
range highbyvolume
achieved 5 nos. monitors
of 2000 gpmfrom such
the road side periphery
monitors. In designoffirewater
the tankrate
farm. The same
calculation in can be
Ann-I,
sinking of floating roof of the largest tank has been considered as a single largest contingency to
sizing the fire water network around tank farms to take up such firewater load so that long range
monitors can be fed from this network by diverting water available in other areas of the installation
to tank farms in such emergency.
Foam Compound Requirement = 39704 x 3/100
= 1191.12 lpm,
Say, = 1191 lpm
Foam Compound Requirement = 1191 x 65

for 65 minutes with 3% concentration
= 77415 litres
50
An nex ur e-VII
SYSTEM OF AUTOMATIC ACTUATED RIM SEAL FIRE DETECTION AND EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM
FOR EXTERNAL FLOATING ROOF TANKS STORING CLASS-A PETROLEUM
The automatic actuated flooding system is designed to automatically detect and extinguish the
floating roof tank rim seal fire at its incipient stage. The system is mounted on the roof of the
tank. The minimum requirement for the design of the system is given below:
1.0 Foam Flooding system:

Selection and design of foam based rim seal fire protection system shall be as defined in
the latest NFPA - 11 & 11A Standard for Low and Medium Expansion Foam. Film Forming
Fluroprotein Foam (FFFP) / Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) type concentrate is used
in the system.
1.1 Foam Application system :

A large storage tank requires one or more than one modular units for foam application in the
entire rim seal. Each such unit consists of a foam distribution pipe, laid along the tank
perimeter over the rim seal area. The spray nozzles for foam application are mounted on
the distribution pipe at suitable intervals. Distribution pipe is permanently connected to a
storage vessel containing pre-mix foam and both are placed on the roof. The foam is kept
pressurised with nitrogen. The premix foam solution is contained in a vessel which is kept
charged with nitrogen. The system is designed for minimum foam application rate of @ 18
2
lpm/ m of rim seal area. For effective control, foam is discharged in approximately 40
seconds.
1.2 Alarm & Auto-actuation system:
In case of fire on the rim seal, it is automatically detected by a device capable to sense the
same. The device then actuates the spray system for application of foam in the complete
area of rim seal to quickly extinguish the fire in its incipient stage. An audio-visual alarm is
also coupled with the detection & extinguishing system for necessary fire alert.
The system includes a fire detector network which senses fire and actuates the automatic
release of the extinguishing medium on the rim seal area. Each tank shall have independent
detection & extinguishing system.
The validity of the approach must be demonstrated by the designer for an effective total
flooding extinguishing system which quickly detects and extinguishes fire in its incipient
stage without re-flash. Also, the design considerations should include the impact of the
weight of the modules placed on the floating roof.
The detection system needs to be highly reliable and shall work at varied site ambient
temperatures for protection of rim seal fire.
Only those Rim seal protection systems, which use the linear heat hollow metallic tube type
detectors with foam based extinguishing media, either for existing/ new or for replacements
of existing detection system when due, shall be used. These detection systems shall be
certified by any of the international certifying agencies like UL, FM, VdS or LPC to ensure
that those systems are used which meet with highest international standards of safety
certification.
51
1.3 Calculations for modular F oam application system for 79 mtr dia tank:
2
 Rim seal area of Tank : π X 79 X 0.3 = 74.5 m (Considering a flexible seal area of
typically 300 mm)
2
 Rate of Foam application @ 18 LPM/ m = 1341 LPM
 Total Foam solution required in 40 sec = 894 litre
 Total nos. of Modular unit required for the tank = 7 *
* (considering a vessel of 150 litre capacity containing 135 litre of Foam)
52
ANNEXURE-VIII
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIRE FIGHTING FOAM
1.0 FIRE FIGHTING FOAM:
Fire fighting foam is a homogeneous mass of tiny air or gas filled bubble of low
specific gravity, which when applied in correct manner and in sufficient quantity, forms
a compact fluid and stable blanket which is capable of floating on the surface of
flammable liquids and preventing atmospheric air from reaching the liquid.
2.0 TYPES OF FOAM COMPOUND
Two Types of foams are used for fighting liquid fires:
2.1 CHEMICAL FOAM: When two or more chemicals are added the foam generates due
to chemical reaction. The most common ingredients used for chemical foam are
sodium bicarbonate and aluminimum sulphate with stabilizer. The chemical foam is
generally used in Fire extinguishers.
2.2 MECHANICAL FOAM: It is produced by mechanically mixing a gas or air to a

solution of foam compound (concentrate) in water. Various types of foam
concentrates are used for generating foam, depending on the requirement and
suitability. Each concentrate has its own advantage and limitations. The brief
description of foam concentrates is given below.
3.0 MECHANICAL FOAM COMPOUND:
Mechanical foam compound is classified in to 3 categories based on its expansion

ratio.
LOW EXPANSION FOAM: Foam expansion ratio can be up to 50 to 1, but usually

between 5:1 to 15:1 as produced by self aspirating foam branch pipes.
The low expansion foam contains more water and has better resistant to fire. It is
suitable for hydrocarbon liquid fires and is widely used in oil refinery, oil platforms,
petrochemical and other chemical industries.
MEDIUM EXPANSION FOAM: Foam expansion ratio vary from 51:1 to 500:1 as
produced by self aspirating foam branch pipes with nets. This foam has limited use in
controlling hydrocarbon liquid fire because of its limitations w.r.t. poor cooling, poor
resistant to hot surface/radiant heat etc.
3.3 HIGH EXPANSION FOAM: Foam expansion ratio vary from 501:1 to 1500:1, usually
between 750:1 to 1000:1 as typically produced by foam generators with air fans. This
foam has also very limited use in controlling hydrocarbon liquid fire because of its
limitations w.r.t. poor cooling, poor resistant to hot surface/radiant heat etc. It is used
for protection of hydrocarbon gases stored under cryogenic conditions and for
warehouse protection.
4.0 TYPES OF LOW EXPANSION FOAM:
Foam concentrates to be used shall conform to IS 4989 & UL-162
53
4.1 PROTEIN BA SE FOAM:
The foam concentrate is prepared from hydrolyzed protein either from animals or
vegetable source. The suitable stabilizer and preservatives are also added.
The concentrate forms a thick foam blanket and is suitable for hydrocarbon liquid fires,
but not on water miscible liquids. The effectiveness of foam is not very good on deep
pools or low flash point fuels which have had lengthy pre-burn time unless applied
very gently to the surface.
The concentrate is available for induction rate of 3 to 6%. The shelf life of concentrate
is 2 years.
4.2 FLUORO PROTEIN FOAM:
This is similar to protein base foam with fluro-chemical which makes it more effective
than protein base foam.
The concentrate forms a thick foam blanket and is suitable for hydrocarbon liquid fires,
but not on water miscible liquids. The foam is very effective on deep pools of low
flash point fuels which have had lengthy pre burn time.
The concentrate is available for induction rate of 3 to 6% and the shelf life is similar to
that of protein base foam.
4.3 AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM (AFFF):
The foam concentrate mainly consists of fluoro carbon surfactants, foaming agent and
stabilizer. This can be used with fresh water as well as with sea water.
It produces very fluid foam, which flows freely on liquid surface. The aqueous film
produced suppresses the liquid vapour quickly. The foam has quick fire knock down
property and is suitable for liquid hydrocarbon fires. As the foam has poor drainage
rate, the effectiveness is limited on deep pool fires of low flash point fuels which have
lengthy pre burn time.
The concentrate is available for induction rate of 3 to 6% and the shelf life is more
than 15 years. This can also be used with non aspirating type nozzles.
4.4 MULTIPURPOSE AFFF:
Multipurpose AFFF concentrate is synthetic, foaming liquid designed specially for fire
protection of water soluble solvents and water insoluble hydrocarbon liquids. This can
be used either with fresh water of sea water.
When applied it forms foam with a cohesive polymeric layer on liquid surface, which
suppresses the vapour and extinguishes the fire. The foam is also suitable for deep
pool fires because of superior drainage rate and more resistive to hot fuels/radiant
heat.
The 3% induction rate is suitable for liquid hydrocarbon fires and 5% for water
miscible solvents. The shelf life of concentrate is not less than 10 years. This can
also be used with non aspirating type nozzles.
54
4.5 FILM FORMING FLOURO PROTEIN (FFFP);
FFFP combines the rapid fire knock down quality of conventional film forming AFFF
with the high level of post fire security and burn back resistance of flouro protein foam.
The concentrate can either be used with fresh water or sea water.
The foam is suitable for hydrocarbon liquid fires including deep pool fires of low flash
point fuels which have had lengthy pre burn time.
The concentrate is available for induction rate of 3 to 6% and the shelf life is not less
than 5 years. This can also be used with non aspirating type nozzles.
5.0 TYPES OF MEDIUM AND HIGH EXPANSION FOAM:
Synthetic foam concentrate is used with suitable devices to produce medium and high
expansion foams. This can be used on hydrocarbon fuels with low boiling point. The
foam is very light in weight and gives poor cooling effect in comparison to low
expansion foams. The foam is susceptible to easy break down by hot fuel layers and
radiant heat.
The induction rate in water can vary from 1.5 to 3%.
Many of the low expansion foam concentrate can also be used with suitable devices
to produce medium / high expansion foam.
55
Annex ur e-IX
Explana tory Note indicating Implementation sch edule
Clause 4.2.3 Auto matic a ctu ated rim sea l fire de tectio n and extingu ishi ng
system shall be provided on all external floating roof tanks
storing Class A p etroleum .
i) The rim seal protection system shall be implemented in all existing installations
progressively within 24 months for class A floating roof tanks above 5000 KL capacity &
balance class A floating roof tanks progressively in 36 months from the date of issuance
of the standard.
ii) Installation of rim seal system shall be done for all new/upcoming external floating roof
tanks storing Class A petroleum storage tanks with immediate effect.
iii) The automatic actuated rim seal fire detection & extinguishing system already provided in
existing tanks shall be replaced with linear heat hollow metallic tube type detectors with
foam based extinguishing media whenever the existing system is due for replacement or
shall be replaced within a period of 4 years from the day of installation whichever is
earlier.
Clause 5.7.4 Remote operated High Volume Water cum Foam Monitors
i) Shall be provided progressively within 24 months from the issuance of the Standard for
existing tank farms.
ii) Installation of monitors for all new/upcoming tanks shall be done along-with commissioning
of the tanks.
Clau se 14.1.3 DETECTION AND AL ARM SYSTEM
i) Hydrocarbon Detectors shall be provided progressively within 24 months from the

issuance of the Standard for existing locations.
ii) For new/upcoming locations it shall be implemented with immediate effect.
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OISD STANDARD - 116

Second Edition, August 2007

FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES

PETROLEUM REFINERIES & OIL/GA S PROCESSING PLA NTS

OISD – STD – 116

Oil Industry Safety Directorate

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Second Edition, August 2007

FOR RESTRICTED CIRCULATION

FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES

OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

OISD (OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE) publications are

These documents are intended only to supplement and not to

The present document on 'Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Refineries

It is hoped that the provision of this document, if implemented objectively will

This document will be reviewed periodically for improvements based on the

(First Edition - March, 1991)

Name Designation / Organisation Status

(Second Edition - March 2007)

I Example for calculation of Fire Water Flow Rate

IX Explanatory Note for Implementation

1.0 INTRODUCTION same management and in close proximity

Petroleum products are classified waterin and

The following fire protection facilities i) Semi-fixed Foam system shall be

i) Facilities shall be designed on the Only those Rim seal protection

5.4 STORAGE & MAK E-UP WATER 5.5 FIREWATER PUMPS

5.4.1 FIREWATER STORAGE Firewater pumps shall be used

i) The firewater mains shall be laid 5.6.8 Layout

For determining the total foam solution iii) Hydrant:

6.3.2 Semifixed Foam System 6.4.1 Protecti on usi ng Semi-Fixed Foam

burning hazard continuously at a >30

The equipment shall be capable of - Foam compound should be stored in

ii) Tanks containing

8.0 CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEMS 9.2 SYSTEM DESIGN:

Carbon dioxide is best applied to a fire Following types of systems can be

9.0 DRY CHEMICAL b. Local application system

The extinguishing system comprises of d. `Pre-engineered system

specialized nozzles. The mist droplets Portable

Water mist cum Compressed air foam

The water mist cum compressed air

In addition to the conventional fire

Note : 1) In place of 10 kg, 5 Kg DCP Extinguisher shall be provided at elevated locations.

Flag for emergency

iii) 1 to 2 numbers of Foam Nurser (i.e.

ii) For installation with more than 100

The hose length so calculated shall be

In addition to above, provision of following

i) Suitable equipment for fighting high

ii) Multipurpose fire fighting skid should

Broad specifications of the fire fighting

iii) Foam compound: (IS: 4989 (Part-III) / Higher of the quantities in :

ii ) PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM v) WALK IE-TAL KIE / WIRELESS

Thickness survey & inspection of

SR MGR / M ANAGER SR M ANAG ER. /

EAC HS HIF T SR . FI RE O FFI C ER & FI RE

c) Pan fire simulation facility.

Reliable communication system is must i) Electrical Relays and Fuses, earth

3) NFPA 13 Standard For The Installation Of