Ion-Dipole Reports

Key Points
 An ion – dipole interaction occurs between a fully charged ion and a partially
charged dipole.
 The strength of the ion-dipole force is proportionate to ion charge.
 An ion-induced dipole interaction occurs between a fully charged ion and a
temporarily charged dipole. The temporary dipole is induced by the presence of
the ion.
Key Terms
 ion: An atom or group of atoms bearing an electrical charge, such as sodium and
chlorine in table salt.
 ion-dipole forces: An electrostatic interaction involving a permanent dipole in one
molecule and an ion.
 ion-induced dipole force: An electrostatic interaction involving a temporary
dipole in one molecule and a permanently charged ion.
Ion-Dipole Force
Ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole forces operate much like dipole-dipole and induced
dipole-dipole interactions. However, ion-dipole forces involve ions instead of solely polar
molecules. Ion-dipole forces are stronger than dipole interactions because the charge of
any ion is much greater than the charge of a dipole; the strength of the ion-dipole force
is proportionate to ion charge. Ion-dipole bonding is also stronger than hydrogen
bonding. An ion-dipole force consists of an ion and a polar molecule aligning so that the
positive and negative charges are next to one another, allowing for maximum attraction.
Ion-dipole forces are generated between polar water molecules and a sodium ion. The
oxygen atom in the water molecule has a slight negative charge and is attracted to the
positive sodium ion. These intermolecular ion-dipole forces are much weaker than
covalent or ionic bonds.
Ion-Dipole Forces
An ion-dipole force is an attractive force that results from the electrostatic attraction
between an ion and a neutral molecule that has a dipole.
 Most commonly found in solutions. Especially important for solutions of ionic

compounds in polar liquids.
 A positive ion (cation) attracts the partially negative end of a neutral polar
molecule.
 A negative ion (anion) attracts the partially positive end of a neutral polar
molecule.
Ion-dipole attractions become stronger as either the charge on the ion increases, or
as the magnitude of the dipole of the polar molecule increases.
An ion-dipole interaction is the result of an electrostatic interaction between a charged ion
and a molecule that has a dipole. It is an attractive force that is commonly found in
solutions, especially ionic compounds dissolved in polar liquids. A cation can attract the
partially negative end of a neutral polar molecule, while an anion attracts the positive end of
a polar molecule. Ion-dipole attractions become stronger as the charge on the ion
increases or as the magnitude of the dipole of the polar molecule increases. These
interactions can be very significant factors in many chemical situations, so it is important to
learn how to work with them.
Ion-dipole forces
As the name suggests, this type of intermolecular force exists between an ion and a
dipole (polar) molecule. You will remember that an ion is a charged atom, and this will
be attracted to one of the charged ends of the polar molecule. A positive ion will be
attracted to the negative pole of the polar molecule, while a negative ion will be
attracted to the positive pole of the polar molecule. This can be seen when sodium
chloride (\(\text{NaCl}\)) dissolves in water. The positive sodium ion (\(\text{Na}^{+}\))
will be attracted to the slightly negative oxygen atoms in the water molecule, while the
negative chloride ion (\(\text{Cl}^{-}\)) is attracted to the slightly positive hydrogen atoms.
These intermolecular forces weaken the ionic bonds between the sodium and chloride
ions so that the sodium chloride dissolves in the water (Figure 4.2).
https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-11/intermolecular-forces/04-intermolecular-forces-01
This is a simplified diagram to highlight the regions of positive and negative charge. When
sodium chloride dissolves in water it can more accurately be shown as:

Ion-Dipole Reports

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ion-Dipole Reports

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ion-Dipole Reports

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Key Points

 Most commonly found in solutions. Especially important for solutions of ionic

You might also like