2014 - AESS Diagrids Cut
2014 - AESS Diagrids Cut
2014 - AESS Diagrids Cut
Architecturally
Exposed Structural
Steel
• originated in the work of
Vladimir Shukhov circa
1896
• creation of tall
hyperbolic paraboloid
structures to support
water towers
• structure had no need of
a core for lateral load
resistance
Shukhov Towers
Evolution: Diagonal Bracing
Diagonals re‐
appeared as
expressions of
bracing
They provided
lateral support for
wind and seismic
loads
Columns carried
the gravity loads
Core was the
primary means of
lateral resistance
Evolution: Eliminating vertical columns
Image: Vincent Hui
Note: The core will be framed in steel or cast in concrete as a function
of local practices and construction sequencing/erection priorities.
A pure steel diagrid tower does not require a core for lateral resistance.
History: Early Diagrids
CURTIS AND DAVIS w/ Exterior steel frame
LESLIE ROBERTSON ENGINEER Aluminum clad
UNITED STEELWORKERS BUILDING 1963 Incorporated glazing system
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Prefabrication
introduction of prefabrication of
the exterior framing elements
color coding of the frames
according to their load carrying
capacity
quicker connections on site
Images: Leslie E. Robertson Associates
History:
Early
y Diagrids
g
I.M. PEI w/
LESLIE ROBERTSON ENG.
BANK OF CHINA 1989
Hong Kong
Diagonal geometry permitted unusual
massing of the tower.
History:
Early
y Diagrids
g
I.M. PEI w/
LESLIE ROBERTSON ENG.
BANK OF CHINA 1989
Hong Kong
Diagonals were constructed of steel that
was embedded in large masses of
concrete at the major nodes.
Early Expressions of Diagonal Bracing
Johnson/Burgee w/
Highly expressive use of diagonal bracing
LESLIE ROBERTSON ENG.
15o lean
Puerta de Europa Towers 1996 Steel frame with reinforced concrete core
Madrid, Spain
Collaboration is critical for success
* New code issues!
Images: ARUP
Diagrids not in current
seismic codes
ARCHITECT
ENGINEER
FABRICATOR
Early Diagrids
Images: ARUP
Adapted well to non rectilinear
geometries.
FOSTER+PARTNERS
w/ARUP
LONDON GLA 2003
London, England
Early Diagrids
diagrid not a complete system
used to support the front glazed
face
combined with sloped columns to
address “egg” shape
structural system designed around
the idea of the central void
FOSTER+PARTNERS
w/ARUP
LONDON GLA 2003
London, England
Early Diagrids
Photo: ARUP
Steel as the exclusive structural system
for exterior, floors and core.
FOSTER+PARTNERS
w/ARUP
SWISS RE 2004
London, England
Early Diagrids
Used for a rectilinear building
Expression of the diagrid on the
detailing of the corners
Exclusive steel structure for core,
exterior diagrid support and floor
system
FOSTER+PARTNERS w/
WSP GROUP
HEARST MAGAZINE TOWER 2006
New York, New York
Potential benefits
Increased stability due to
triangulation
diagrids combine the gravity and
lateral load bearing systems, thereby
providing more efficiency
provision of alternate load paths in
the event of a structural failure
some buildings noting a 20%
reduction in the amount of structural
steel required
FOSTER+PARTNERS w/ ZEIDLER
HALCROW YOLLES
BOW ENCANA 2012
Calgary, Alberta
Potential benefits
reduced use of structural materials
which translates into “carbon” or
environmental savings
reduced weight of the superstructure
translates into reduced load on the
foundations
ability to provide structural support
for a myriad of shapes
MOST APPLICATIONS ARE
ARCHITECTURALLY DRIVEN
ROGERS STIRK HARBOUR +
PARTNERS
w/ ARUP
THE LEADENHALL BUILDING 2013
London, England
Optimization
KYOUNG SUN MOON
YALE UNIVERSITY
OPTIMIZATION WORK
2007 TO PRESENT
Optimization + Modularity
Shear resistance at the top
Bending moment at the base
KYOUNG SUN MOON A tower is a tall cantilever. It experiences moment
OPTIMIZATION WORK towards the base and shear towards the top.
Primary areas of concern for design
Note the unsupported condition of the corner. This
becomes a major concern when designing the
planimetric shape of the tower.
Bracing of the members?
Shelley Street – 4 storeys
Tornado Tower – 4 storeys
Midrange Modules: 6 to 8 storeys
Hearst – 6 storeys
400m
Supertall
tower
Taper
towards
top
Rounded
triangular
12 storeys
plan (54m)
Large
scale for
large
building
WILKINSON + EYRE w/ARUP
GUANGZHOU IFC 2010
Guangzhou, China
Module
4+4=
8 storeys
Concealed steel
Gently curved shape
floor edge beams brace diagrid along
its length
MZ ARCHITECTS w/ARUP
ALDAR HQ 2012
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Module
7 storey
“megaframe”
exposed steel
double façade
sloped face
module height linked to trapezoidal
shape/height of building
ROGERS STIRK HARBOUR+PARTNERS
w/ ARUP
LEADENHALL 2013 London, England
Module
Eccentric
geometry
18o backwards
lean
Offset
concrete core
Large
diagonals on
close spacing for
2 storeys structural
reasons
RMJM ARCHITECTS
SELF ENGINEERED
CAPITAL GATE 2012
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Module
2 storeys
2 storeys
Image: Miroslav Munka
Module in atrium matches module for
exterior support system.
RMJM ARCHITECTS
SELF ENGINEERED
CAPITAL GATE 2012
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Module
555m Supertall tower
Taper towards top
Rounded plan at the top
Square plan at the
bottom
steepness of the diagrid
shifts from moment
resisting (steep) at the
base to shear resisting
(shallow) at the top
Image: SOM
SOM
Lotte Super Tower (visionary)
Seoul, Korea
Module
plan changes from square
at the bottom to round at
the top
module height changes
from 10 storeys at the
bottom to 2 storeys at the
top
round open lattice at the
top good for vortex
shedding
angle is steeper at bottom
and shallower at top
SOM
Lotte Super Tower
Image: SOM
(visionary)
Seoul, Korea
Module
4 storey module
Unbraced diagonals due to double
façade
Alternate floors hung from floor above
Low angle with floor
SOM
Diamond Lantern
Beijing, China
Shape choices for members
Wide flange sections and
standard shapes – North
America and Australia
Concrete‐filled steel tubes
Asia and Middle East
Shape choices for members
Image: Brookfield Multiplex Australasia
Wide flange sections and
bolting – worker safety
Completely custom sections
fabricated from plate to
attain sharp corners for
exposure
Node design criteria
8 storeys
Concealed steel
Fixed node
No shoring
Shop fabricated
Bolted on site
FOSTER+PARTNERS w/ WSP GROUP
HEARST TOWER 2006
Node
Concealed steel but tight detailing
to keep a slim profile for cladding.
Images: WSP Group
FOSTER+PARTNERS w/ WSP GROUP
HEARST TOWER 2006
Node design
Images: ARUP
AESS (intumescent coating)
Concrete filled tubes
No shoring
Shop fabricated
Welded on site (temp bolts)
WILKINSON + EYRE w/ARUP
GUANGZHOU IFC 2010
Node design
4 storeys
Tension
rings
Concealed
Fixed node
No shoring
Shop fabricated
Bolted on site
Images: ARUP
FOSTER+PARTNERS w/ARUP
SWISS RE 2004
Node design
AESS
Tensioned connection
Adjusted during construction to correct
lean of building
Node types vary per location
Bolted on site
ROGERS STIRK HARBOUR+PARTNERS
w/ ARUP
LEADENHALL 2013
Node design
Images: Arup
ROGERS STIRK
HARBOUR+PARTNERS w/ ARUP
LEADENHALL 2013
Node design – renderings and actual
Images: Jeff Schofield
Node attached to member
Image: ArcelorMittal
C. BALMOND w/ ARUP
ORBIT TOWER 2012
The node and member
may be erected as a
unit for reasons of Image: Arup
constructability. IBA ARCHITECTS w/ ARUP
CANTON TOWER 2010
Core Design
Other issues:
• Regional preferences
for materials
• Seismic performance
• Excessive wind loads
Centered steel core
Image: Foster + Partners
Swiss Re the most “pure” diagrid tower as core is NOT used for lateral stability
Plan allowed to open up towards the top due to steel only taking gravity loads
No seismic issues
Offset steel core
Image: Foster + Partners
Core offset due to preferred exposure on 3 sides
Added some steel bracing but diagrid doing most of the
structural work
NYC is in a seismic zone, so additional stability issues
External core
Image: Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners
Strength of diagrid/megaframe
allows for core to be external
Core houses elevators and W/C
Provides no lateral stability
K bracing at rear bay adds
stability to the megaframe
Centered concrete core
Image: William Hare
AEDAS w/ ARUP
AL BAHAR TOWERS 2012
Concrete core for a narrow plan
Image: William Hare
Concrete core for
eccentric load
18o lean
Core pre‐cambered 350mm off vertical
Images: Jeff Schofield
to compensate
Core pretensioned on one side to
balance load
Concrete core for a Supertall tower
Image: Wilkinson Eyre Architects
Core required at bottom 2/3 of tower
Core split from floors 69 – 103 to allow for
atrium at center
Diagrid allows for “something special” to
happen at top of tower
Suits new tendency to mix hotel and office
occupancies
Constructability
GENERAL ISSUES:
Eliminate shoring
Quick (bolted) site
connections
Staging area ROM SPECIFIC ISSUES:
Highly skilled labour Geometrical challenges due to lack of
uniformity
LIBESKIND w/ Gravity working against erection (eccentric
ARUP CANADA/HALSALL pieces)
ROM CRYSTAL 2006 Abundance of unique situations
Toronto, Canada
Constructability
ISSUES:
eccentric geometry
no two nodes alike (822 unique)
all welded – welding access
tensioned core to offset lean
RMJM ARCHITECTS
CAPITAL GATE 2011
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Constructability
Façade design
Geometry of building
Expression of diagrid?
• diagrid emphasized in curtain
wall design
• curtain wall in front of
structure
Use of space
• open floor area behind
• partitions abutting glazing
Budget for curtain wall
• size of units
• type of glass (# of panes)
• double façade
Shading strategies
Operable units?
Rectilinear vs. triangulated FOSTER+PARTNERS w/ WSP GROUP
HEARST TOWER ‐ RECTILINEAR
Façade design
Diagrid expressed showing its true
irregularity for reinforcement
Tilted but square geometry
Curtain wall wraps large soffit
OMA w/ARUP
CCTV 2012, Beijing, China
RECTILINEAR
Façade design
Diagrid expressed behind
continuous curtain wall
Extra clear glazing chosen to allow
AESS diagrid to show behind the
glass
Tapered building and triangulated
plan required customization of
glazing size at the ‘corners’
Majority of glazing units are
uniform in size and go ‘floor to floor’
Expression of fire refuge floors
WILKINSON + EYRE w/ARUP
GUANGZHOU IFC 2010 ‐ RECTILINEAR
Façade design
Curved shape
Major expression of
diagrid
Non‐rectilinear
geometries
Unique end
condition
MZ ARCHITECTS w/ARUP
ALDAR HQ 2012 ‐ TRIANGULATED
Façade cleaning
18o backwards lean
Some external sun shading
Triangulated glazing to fit form
Abseiling as the method of cleaning RMJM ARCHITECTS
CAPITAL GATE 2012 ‐ TRIANGULATED
Façade cleaning
Curved shape
Triangulated glazing
means no vertical
track for equipment
Need to prevent
cables from hitting
the façade
FOSTER+PARTNERS w/ARUP
SWISS RE 2004
Exposure
Fire engineering a must (codes)
Member selection criteria
Function of space/aesthetic
Impact of scale of members/nodes
RMJM ARCHITECTS
CAPITAL GATE 2012
Exposure
Fire engineering a must (codes)
Concrete‐filled steel tubes +
Intumescent
Function of space/aesthetic
Impact of scale of members/nodes
WILKINSON + EYRE w/ARUP
GUANGZHOU IFC 2010
Exterior structural
Climate restricted (hot or temperate)
Thermal bridging issues
Corrosion protection
FITZPATRICK+PARTNERS w/ARUP
MCQUARIE BANK 2011
Sydney, Australia
Exterior structural
Hot dip galvanized exterior structure
standard structural steel interior
bolted site connections
FITZPATRICK+PARTNERS w/ARUP
MCQUARIE BANK 2011
Sydney, Australia
Exterior structural
Climate restricted
Thermal bridging
Corrosion protection
WARREN + MAHONEY ARCHITECTS Module 5 storeys
w/MJH ENGINEERING Middle node at mid floor height
Manukau Institute of Technology Use of steel cable to tie mid height
Auckland, New Zealand nodes together
Exterior structural
Climate restricted
Thermal bridging
CANTON TOWER
IBA ARCHITECTURE w/ARUP
Guangzhou, China
Communication
Specialty steel modeling software is essential
Images: Walters Inc.
Fabricator more involved in detailing and construction
sequencing decisions
FOSTER+PARTNERS w/ ZEIDLER
HALCROW YOLLES
BOW ENCANA 2012
Communication
2011 2012 2015
Terri Meyer Boake
Professor
School of Architecture
University of Waterloo
[email protected]
www.tboake.com
2014
2014