Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 61 views

    Regions

    Uploaded by

    lantea1
    1) The document defines regions in the complex plane such as ε-neighborhoods, open sets, domains, and bounded sets. 2) It discusses limits of complex functions as z approaches z0, including properties like uniqueness and combining limits. 3) The notes cover differentiability, analyticity, and differentiation rules for complex functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Regions

    Uploaded by

    lantea1
    61 views3 pages
    1) The document defines regions in the complex plane such as ε-neighborhoods, open sets, domains, and bounded sets. 2) It discusses limits of complex functions as z approaches z0, including properties like uniqueness and combining limits. 3) The notes cover differentiability, analyticity, and differentiation rules for complex functions.

    Original Description:

    acmes 95a handout

    Original Title

    regions

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1) The document defines regions in the complex plane such as ε-neighborhoods, open sets, domains, and bounded sets. 2) It discusses limits of complex functions as z approaches z0, including properties like uniqueness and combining limits. 3) The notes cover differentiability, analyticity, and differentiation rules for complex functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    61 views3 pages

    Regions

    Uploaded by

    lantea1
    1) The document defines regions in the complex plane such as ε-neighborhoods, open sets, domains, and bounded sets. 2) It discusses limits of complex functions as z approaches z0, including properties like uniqueness and combining limits. 3) The notes cover differentiability, analyticity, and differentiation rules for complex functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    ACM 95a/100a Lecture Notes

    Niles A. Pierce
    Caltech 2020

    Regions in the Complex Plane


    An -neighborhood of a point z0 is defined by (Figure 1):

    |z − z0 | < ,  > 0.

    z0
    ε

    Figure 1. -neighborhood of z0 .

    z0 is an interior point of a set S if there is anz1-neighborhood of z0 contained in S.

    If all points in S are interior points, S is an open


    z0 set.
    ρ
    1
    An open set is connected if any two points z1 and z2 in S can be joined by a “polygonal line”
    ρ2 z0
    contained in S (e.g., see Figure 2).
    ε
    z2
    A domain is an open connected set (e.g., see Figure 2).

    z1

    w=f(z)

    z0 w0

    z0 ρ ε
    1

    δ ρ2

    z2

    z plane w plane
    Figure 2. The set ρ1 < |z − z0 | < ρ2 is open and connected so it is a domain.

    z0 is a boundary point of S if every -neighborhood contains a point in S and a point not in S.


    w=f(z)
    A region is a domain plus none, some or all boundary points.
    w0
    ε
    A region containing all of itsz0 boundary points is closed.
    δ
    A set S is bounded if there is a positive real number M such that |z| < M for all z in S (i.e., S
    is contained in a neighborhood of the origin).

    z plane w plane
    1
    z0
    ε

    Limits of Complex Functions z1


    Suppose w = f (z) is defined in a deleted -neighborhood of z0 (i.e. excluding z0 ). We say

    lim f (z)z0 = w0 (1)


    z→z0
    ρ
    1
    if for any  > 0 there exists a δ > 0 such that
    ρ 2

    |f (z) − w0 | <  when 0 z<


    2
    |z − z0 | < δ (2)

    (i.e., any neighborhood of w0 contains all values of f (z) attained in some full deleted neighborhood
    of z0 ).

    w=f(z)

    w0

    z0 ε

    z plane w plane

    If a limit exists, it is unique: z can approach z0 from any direction in the complex plane.

    Suppose f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), z0 = x0 + iy0 , w0 = u0 + iv0 . Then

    lim = w0 ⇐⇒ lim u(x, y) = u0 and lim v(x, y) = v0 . (3)


    z→z0 (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 ) (x,y)→(x0 ,y0 )

    Hence, familiar limit properties hold (e.g. if limz→z0 f = a and limz→z0 g = b then limz→z0 f + g =
    a + b and limz→z0 f g = ab).

    f (z) is continuous at z0 if
    lim f (z) = f (z0 ). (4)
    z→z0

    Using above limit properties, f g is continuous at z0 if f and g are. Example: f (z) = c and f (z) = z
    are continuous so polynomial functions f (z) = c0 + c1 z + c2 z 2 + ... + cn z n are continuous.

    2
    Differentiability
    Necessary Condition
    A necessary condition for f (z) to be differentiable at z is that the Cauch-Riemann equations hold
    at z.

    Sufficient Condition
    The function f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is differentiable at z = x + iy if the partial derivatives ux , uy ,
    vx , vy are continuous and satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at z. (Proof: Brown & Churchill)

    Differentiation Rules
    As for real functions:

    (f + g)0 = f 0 + g 0 (5)
    0 0 0
    (f g) = f g + f g (6)
     0
    f gf 0 − f g 0
    = , g 6= 0 (7)
    g g2
    d
    f (g(z)) = f 0 (g(z))g 0 (z) (8)
    dz

    Analyticity
    A function f (z) is analytic at a point z0 if f (z) is differentiable throughout some -neighborhood of z0 .

    A function is analytic in a region if it is analytic at every point of the region.

    • If S is a domain: differentiability ⇐⇒ analyticity.


    • If S is a region, differentiability may be required on a larger set. For example: f (z) is analytic
    for |z| ≤ 1 if f (z) is differentiable for |z| < 1 + δ with δ > 0.

    A function is entire if it is analytic for the whole complex plane |z| < ∞.

    You might also like