Ansi Iso Iec PDF
Ansi Iso Iec PDF
Ansi Iso Iec PDF
ANSI is the sole U.S. member body of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) . Through ANSI, the U.S. has immediate access to the ISO
and IEC standards development processes. ANSI participates in almost the entire technical program of both
the ISO (78% of all ISO technical committees) and the IEC (91% of all IEC technical committees) , and
administers many key committees and subgroups. As part of its responsibilities as the U.S. member body of
the ISO and the IEC, ANSI accredits U.S. Technical Advisory Groups (TAGs), whose primary purpose is to
develop and transmit, through ANSI, U.S. positions on activities and ballots of the international technical
committees.
In many instances, U.S. standards are taken forward (to the ISO or IEC) through ANSI or the USNC, where
they are adopted in whole or in part as international standards. Since the work of international technical
committees is carried out by volunteers from industry and government, not by ANSI staff, the success of these
efforts depends upon the willingness of U.S. industry and the U.S. government to commit the resources
required to ensure strong U.S. technical participation in the international standards process.
One of the best indicators of the strength of the U.S. system is the government's extensive reliance on, and use
of, private sector voluntary standards. Pursuant to OMB Circular A119, federal government agencies are
required to use voluntary standards for regulatory and procurement purposes when appropriate. State and local
governments and agencies have formally adopted thousands of voluntary standards produced by ANSI, and the
process appears to be accelerating.
ANSI's mission is to enhance both the global competitiveness of U.S. business and the quality of life by
promoting and facilitating voluntary consensus standards and conformity assessment systems.
ANSI has four basic functions: (1) to facilitate U.S. standardization policy developments; (2) to accredit
national standards developers, which provides consistency in the national standards system and helps to ensure
the consensus process; (3) to promote U.S. standardization interests globally, and (4) to provide information
and training regarding standardization.
ANSI does not write standards, but serves as an impartial organization which, through its procedures, validates
the general acceptability of the work of the technical experts. It ensures that the standards writing group used
democratic procedures that gave everyone who will be "directly and materially" affected by the use of the
standard an opportunity to participate in the development work or to comment on the document's provisions.
It assures users that those interested in the work reached consensus on the standard's provisions and that the
document is technically sound and does not conflict with or unnecessarily duplicate other national standards.
ANSI voluntary standards include more than 100,000 product standards developed by more than 400 standards
development organizations, including government, industry, technical societies, trade associations and
companies. There are hundreds of thousands of standards users, including companies of all sizes; federal, state
and local government agencies; universities, colleges and trade schools; businesses; consultants and
individuals.
ISO, a non-governmental organization, was established in 1947. Its mission is to promote the development of
standardization and related activities in the world with a view toward facilitating the international exchange of
goods and services, and to developing cooperation in the spheres of intellectual, scientific, technological and
economic activity. ISO's work results in international agreements that are published as international standards.
"ISO" is not an acronym, but is a word, derived from the Greek "isos" meaning "equal." This is the root of the
prefix "iso-" that occurs in may terms, such as "isometric" (of equal measure or dimensions - Shorter Oxford
English Dictionary) and "isonomy" (equality of laws, or of people before the law - ibid). From "equal" to
"standard," the line of thinking that led to the choice of "ISO" as the name of the organization is easy to
follow. In addition, the name has the advantage of being valid in each of the organization's three official
languages, English, French and Russian. The confusion that would arise through the use of an acronym is thus
avoided.
The scope of ISO covers standardization in all fields except electrical and electronic engineering standards,
which are the responsibility of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Together, ISO and IEC
form the specialized system for worldwide standardization: the world's largest non-governmental system for
voluntary industrial and technical collaboration at the international level.
The work in the field of information technology is carried out by a joint ISO/IEC technical committee (JTC 1).
The results of ISO technical work are published in the form of international standards. There are nearly
10,000 international standards and technical reports covering hundreds of industry fields.
ISO work is decentralized, being carried out by 2,850 technical committees, subcommittees and working
groups organized and supported by technical secretariats in 35 countries. In these committees, qualified
representatives of industry, research institutes, government authorities, consumer bodies and international
organizations from all over the world come together as equal partners in the resolution of global
standardization problems. The Central Secretariat in Geneva assists in coordinating ISO operations,
administers voting and approval procedures, and publishes the international standards.
Developers of international standards are an estimated 30,000 engineers, scientists and administrators. They
are nominated by ISO members to participate in the committee meetings and to represent the consolidated
views and interests of industry, government, labor and individual consumers in the standards development
process. Approximately 500 international organizations are in liaison with ISO technical committees,
including nearly all of the UN specialized agencies.
The Central Secretariat in Geneva acts to ensure the flow of documentation in all directions, to clarify
technical points with secretariats and chairmen, and to ensure that the agreements approved by the technical
committees are edited, printed, submitted as Draft International Standards to ISO member bodies for voting,
and published.
Each member body interested in a subject has the right to be represented on a committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The ISO Technical Committee that develops standards for the graphic arts is TC 130. The U.S. Technical
Advisory Group (US TAG) to TC 130 consists of experts from the graphic arts industry who provide guidance
to ANSI on the development of the U.S. position on international standards relating to the graphic arts. ISO
TC 130 and the US TAG to ISO TC 130 are described more fully in another section of this book.
Consensus
The view of all interests are taken into account: manufacturers, vendors and users, consumer groups,
testing laboratories, governments, engineering professions and research organizations.
Industry-wide
Global solutions to satisfy industries and customers worldwide.
Voluntary
International standardization is market-driven and therefore based on voluntary involvement of all
interests in the marketplace.
There are three main phases in the ISO standards development process.
The need for a standard is usually expressed by an industry sector, which communicates this need to a national
member body. The latter proposes the new work item to ISO as a whole. Once the need for an International
Standard has been recognized and formally agreed, the first phase involves definition of the technical scope of
the future standard. This phase is usually carried out in working groups which comprise technical experts
from countries interested in the subject matter.
Once agreement has been reached on which technical aspects are to be covered in the standard, a second phase
is entered during which countries negotiate the detailed specifications within the standard. This is the
consensus-building phase.
The final phase comprises the formal approval of the resulting Draft International Standard (the acceptance
criteria stipulate approval by two thirds of the ISO members that have participated actively in the standards
Most standards require periodic revision. Several factors combine to render a standard out of date, such as
technological evolution, new methods and materials, new quality and safety requirements. To take account of
these factors, ISO has established the general rule that all ISO standards must be reviewed at intervals of not
more than five years. On occasion, it is necessary to revise a standard earlier.
A member body is the national body "most representative of standardization in its country." Thus, only one
body in each country may be a member of ISO. In the case of the United States, the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) is the voting member.
ensuring that a concerted view of the country's interests is presented during international negotiations
leading to standards agreements; and
providing their country's share of financial support for the central operations of ISO, through payment of
membership dues.
Member bodies are entitled to participate and exercise full voting rights on any technical committee and policy
committee of ISO.
A correspondent member is usually an organization in a country that does not yet have a fully developed
national standards activity. Correspondent members do not take an active part in the technical and policy
development work, but are entitled to be kept fully informed about the work of interest to them.
A subscriber member is generally a country with a very small economy. Subscriber members pay reduced
membership fees that still allow them to maintain contact with international standardization.
Contact information for the national member bodies is listed on the pages that follow.
Venezuela (FONDONORMA)
Fondo para la Normalización y Certificación de la Calidad
Avenida Andrés Bello, Edf. Torre Fondo Común
Pisos 11 y 12, Apartado Postal 51116
VE-Caracas 1050-A
Tel: +58 212 575 41 11
Fax: +58 212 574 13 12
E-mail: [email protected]
WWW: http://www.fondonorma.org.ve
Zimbabwe (SAZ)
Standards Association of Zimbabwe
Northend Close, Northridge Park
ZW-Harare
PO Box 2259
ZW-Harare
Tel: +263 4 88 20 17/9
Fax: +263 4 88 20 20
E-mail: [email protected]
The entire organization of the IEC is designed to ensure that the National Committees play a leading part in all
decision-making instances of the Commission. This enables the widest degree of consensus on standardization
work to be reached at an international level.
IEC work is carried out by technical committees, their subcommittees and working groups. Some 200 such
committees span virtually all electrotechnical sectors as well as associated disciplines such as terminology,
symbols, safety and performance.
The responsibilities of IEC cover the field of electrical and electronic engineering, with all other subject areas
being attributed to ISO. When necessary, attribution of responsibility for work programs to ISO or IEC is
made by mutual agreement. In specific cases of mutual interest, joint technical bodies or working groups are
set up. Common working procedures ensure efficient coordination and the widest possible global application.
ISO and IEC have been working to develop joint procedures and formats.
IEC standards are widely adopted as the basis of national or regional electrotechnical standards, and are often
quoted in manufacturers' specifications and by users when stating their requirements. This widespread
adoption facilitates international trade in the electrical and electronic engineering sectors.
ANSI is the sole U.S. representative to the IEC through the United States National Committee (USNC). Just as
ANSI accredits U.S. Technical Advisory Groups (US TAGs) to ISO, it also accredits USNC Technical
Advisors (TAs) to IEC. The TA's primary purpose is to develop and transmit, via ANSI, U.S. positions on
activities and ballots of the international technical committee. The U.S., through ANSI, is active in 91% of all
IEC committees.
Liaisons
The IEC maintains working relationships with some 200 international governmental and non-governmental
organizations, particularly with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and increasingly with
the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). An initial agreement was signed with ISO in 1976, and ten
years later the two bodies established Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) to cover the vast and expanding
field of information technology.
At the regional level, there is a joint working agreement with the European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization (CENELEC), comprised of 18 national committees of which most are also IEC members, and
a cooperation agreement with COPANT, the Pan American Standards Commission.
Close links are also enjoyed with other bodies in non-electrotechnical areas, such as the liaisons with the
World Health Organization, the International Labour Organization, the International Organization of Legal
Metrology and the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Belgium China
Comite Electrotechnique Belge Chinese National Committee of the IEC
Diamant Building Standardization Administration of China
Boulevard A. Reyers, 80 No.9 Madian East Road, Haidian District
BE - 1030 Bruxelles CN - Beijing 100088
Tel: +32 2 706 85 70 Fax: +86 (10) 8226 0660
Fax: +32 2 706 85 80 E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected] WWW: http://www.sac.gov.cn or http://www.cnca.gov.cn
WWW: http://www.bec-ceb.be