AIR UNIVERSITY

Analog & Digital Communication (LAB)

EXPERIMENT # 03

Band Pass Filter

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

3.1 Objectives:
Basic objectives of today’s lab are:

 To design and construct Active Butterworth Band pass filter.

 To observe the types based on bandwidth.

3.2 Equipment required:

 Oscilloscope
 Function Generator
 Trainer
 Operational Amplifier (LM-741)
 Resistors
 Capacitors

3.3 Theory

A band-pass filter (BPF) passes all input signal frequencies within a given range, called the
bandwidth, while rejecting those frequencies outside this range. The bandwidth encloses a single
frequency at which the output voltage is maximum, called the center frequency.

Figure 3.1 Frequency Response of 2nd order Band-pass Filter

In this experiment we demonstrate the operation characteristics of first a passive band pass filter,
multiple feedback active BPF and active band reject filter.
3.3.1 Passive Band Pass Filter
One simple use for these types of passive
filters is in audio amplifier applications or
circuits such as in loudspeaker crossover
filters or pre-amplifier tone controls.
Sometimes it is necessary to only pass a
certain range of frequencies that do not begin
nd
at 0𝐻𝑧, (DC) or end at some upper high Figure 3.2: Shows Circuit diagram of 2 order
frequency point but are within a certain range passive Band Pass Filter.
or band of frequencies, either narrow or wide.
By connecting or “cascading” together a single Low Pass Filter circuit with a High Pass Filter
circuit, we can produce another type of passive RC filter that passes a selected range or “band” of
frequencies that can be either narrow or wide while attenuating all those outside of this range. This
new type of passive filter arrangement produces a frequency selective filter known commonly as
a Band Pass Filter or BPF for short.
Lower Cut off Frequency:
1
𝑓𝐿 =
2𝜋𝑅1 𝐶1
Higher Cut off Frequency:
1
𝑓𝐻 =
2𝜋𝑅2 𝐶2
Where 𝒇𝑯 > 𝒇𝑳
Center Frequency:
𝑓𝑂 = √𝑓𝐿 . 𝑓𝐻
Bandwidth of Filter:
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝐻 − 𝐹𝐿
Quality factor of Filter:
𝑓𝑂
𝑄=
𝐵𝑊
Unlike the low pass filter which only nd
pass signals of a low frequency range Figure 3.3: Shows Frequency and Phase response of 2
or the high pass filter which pass order Band Pass Filter.
signals of a higher frequency range, a Band Pass Filters passes signals within a certain “band” or
“spread” of frequencies without distorting the input signal or introducing extra noise. This band of
frequencies can be any width and is commonly known as the filters Bandwidth. Bandwidth is
commonly defined as the frequency range that exists between two specified frequency cut-off
points ƒ𝑐 , that are 3dB below the maximum center or resonant peak while attenuating or weakening
the others outside of these two points. Then for widely spread frequencies, we can simply define
the term “bandwidth”, BW as being the difference between the lower cut-off frequency ƒ𝑐𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅
and the higher cut-off frequency ƒ𝑐 𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 points. In other words, 𝐵𝑊 = ƒ𝐻 – ƒ𝐿 . Clearly for a
pass band filter to function
correctly, the cut-off frequency of
the low pass filter must be higher
than the cut-off frequency for the
high pass filter. The “ideal” Band
Pass Filter can also be used to
isolate or filter out certain
frequencies that lie within a
particular band of frequencies, for Figure 3.4: Shows Schematics for Active Band Pass filter.
example, noise cancellation. Band pass
filters are known generally as second-order
filters, (two-pole) because they have “two”
reactive component, the capacitors, within
their circuit design. One capacitor in the
low pass circuit and another capacitor in
the high pass circuit.
Now to increase the pass band gain of this
filter we can utilize op-amp with the gain
of 2. Op-amp is used in non-inverting Figure 3.5: Shows Magnitude response of passive
configuration as shown in fig (3.4). and active Band Pass Filter.
𝑅3
𝐺𝑜𝑝−𝑎𝑚𝑝 = (1 + )
𝑅4
The frequency response (Magnitude) curve
as shown in fig (3.5) shows that after
utilizing op-amp the pass band gain of BPF
increases to 5.1dB as compared to before
-0.9dB.
At cut off points the signal is attenuated at
low frequencies with the output increasing
at a slope of +20dB/Decade (6dB/Octave)
until the frequency reaches the “lower cut- Figure 3.5: Shows Phase response of passive and
active Band Pass Filter.
off” point ƒ𝐿 . At this frequency the output
voltage is again 70.7% of the input signal in linear scale value or -3dB of the input in logarithmic
scale.
𝑉𝑂
𝐺= = 0.707 = 70.7%
𝑉𝐼
𝑉
𝐺𝑑𝐵 = 20 log 𝑉𝑂 = −3𝑑𝐵
𝐼
3.3.2 Multiple Feedback Band Pass Filter
The multiple feedback BPF is only one of a number of possible BPF circuits which enable one to
specify individually the center frequency (𝑓𝑜 ), gain (𝐴𝑣𝑜 ), and quality factor (𝑄). Because of its
simplicity, it is limited for 𝑄𝑠 less than 10.

The general transfer function of a 2nd order BPF is given by

wo
Avo s
Q
Av ( s )  (3.1)
w
s  o s  wo2
2

The quality factor is given by;

frequency f0
Q  (3.2)
bandwidth f H  f L

Where 𝑓𝐻 &𝑓𝐿 are the upper and lower 3dB frequencies.

The circuit diagram for a multiple-feedback active BPF is shown in Fig(3.1).

Figure 3.6 Circuit Diagram of 2nd order Band-pass Filter

The transfer function of such a filter is

(3.3)
Equating the coefficients of Equations (3.1) and (3.3) yields

Q
R1C1  (3.4)
w0 Av0

C1C 2 Q
R3  (3.5)
C1  C 2 w0

(3.6)

From Equations (3.4)-(3.6), the values of R1, R3, C1 and C2 can be obtained for specific values
of 𝑓𝑜 , Q and 𝐴𝑣𝑜 . However, since only three equations for the five parameters are available, we
may select 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 .

2.1 Procedure

Part (a): Band Pass Filter 2nd Order.

 Design and construct a 2nd order BPF having Butterworth characteristics and a cutoff
frequency of your choice (e.g. 3.16 kHz).
 With Vi adjusted to produce a 2 Vp-p sine wave at 100 Hz, measure and record the peak
value of Vo. Since 100 Hz is within the pass band of this filter, these values can be used to
determine the pass band voltage gain Avo .
 Set operational amplifier gain to 2.
 Now increase the frequency of the signal generator until the output voltage V o (and
therefore the voltage gain) equals 3dB less than the peak value. The frequency where this
occurs is the cut off frequency fc of the filter.
 Note the values in the given table for different values of input frequency for passive as well
as for active stage.
 Plot the frequency responses of the filter before (NODE: LPF) and after op-amp (NODE:
LPF1) clearly mentioning the cut-off frequency.
 You can change the quality factor of this filter.
Part (b): Multiple Feedback Band Pass Filter.
 Design and construct a 2nd order multiple feedback BPF having Butterworth characteristics
and a cutoff frequency of your choice (e.g. 10kHz).
 With Vi adjusted to produce a 2 Vp-p sine wave at 100 Hz, measure and record the peak
value of Vo. Since 100 Hz is within the pass band of this filter, these values can be used to
determine the pass band voltage gain Avo .
 Now increase the frequency of the signal generator until the output voltage V o (and
therefore the voltage gain) equals 3dB less than the peak value. The frequency where this
occurs is the cut off frequency fc of the filter.
 Note the values in the given table for different values of input frequency for passive as well
as for active stage.
 Plot the frequency responses clearly mentioning the cut-off frequency.
 Repeat for different values of Q.
 2.2 Observations and Calculations

Part (a1): Band-Pass Filter 2nd order.

Input peak-to-peak voltage, Vi = _______.

No of frequency Before Op-amp After Op-amp Gain before op-amp Gain After op-amp 𝐺𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝐺𝐿𝑃𝐹1
Obs
𝑓𝑖 𝑉𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝑉𝐿𝑃𝐹1 𝑉𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝑉𝐿𝑃𝐹1 𝑉𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝑉𝐿𝑃𝐹1
(Hz) (V) (V) = 20log( ) = 20log( )
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖
(dB) (dB)

Lower Cut-off frequency, 𝑓𝐿 = Gain of op-amp =

Higher Cut-off frequency, 𝑓𝐻 =
Center frequency, 𝑓𝑂 =
Pass band Gain, 𝐺𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 = Stop band Gain, 𝐺𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 =
Roll of factor, dB/Dec =
Frequency Response
Plot frequency response of 𝐺𝐿𝑃𝐹 and 𝐺𝐿𝑃𝐹1 with different color pens.
Label y-axis in dBs according to your range.

Comment:
Is it approximately similar to what you have saw in simulation?
 Part (b): Multiple feedback Band Pass Filter 2nd order.
Input peak-to-peak voltage, Vi = _______.

No of frequency Output voltage 𝑉𝐿𝑃𝐹 No of frequency Output voltage 𝑉𝐿𝑃𝐹

Obs 𝐺𝐻𝑃𝐹 = 20log( ) Obs 𝐺𝐻𝑃𝐹 = 20log( )
𝑓𝑖 𝑉𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝑉𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑉𝐿𝑃𝐹 𝑉𝑖
(Hz) (V) (dB) (Hz) (V) (dB)
𝑄= 𝑄=

𝑄= 𝑄=

Lower Cut-off frequency, 𝑓𝐿 = Gain of op-amp =

Higher Cut-off frequency, 𝑓𝐻 =
Center frequency, 𝑓𝑂 =
Pass band Gain, 𝐺𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 = Stop band Gain, 𝐺𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 =
Roll of factor, dB/Dec =
Frequency Response
Plot frequency response for all 𝑄′𝑠 with different color pens.
Label y-axis in dBs according to your range. There should be four graphs.

Comment:
Is it approximately similar to what you have saw in simulation?