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    Chapter 2 - Laplace Transform PDF

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    Sritaran Balakrishnan
    This document discusses the Laplace transform, which is used to solve linear, time-invariant differential equations. It provides the definition of the Laplace transform and lists some basic Laplace transform pairs in tables. It also discusses using the Laplace transform to solve example differential equations. The document then covers the inverse Laplace transform and methods for performing it using tables or partial fraction decomposition. It gives examples of taking the inverse Laplace transform. Finally, it discusses using transfer functions to model physical systems as ratios of output to input in the Laplace domain.

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    Chapter 2 - Laplace Transform PDF

    Uploaded by

    Sritaran Balakrishnan
    205 views34 pages
    This document discusses the Laplace transform, which is used to solve linear, time-invariant differential equations. It provides the definition of the Laplace transform and lists some basic Laplace transform pairs in tables. It also discusses using the Laplace transform to solve example differential equations. The document then covers the inverse Laplace transform and methods for performing it using tables or partial fraction decomposition. It gives examples of taking the inverse Laplace transform. Finally, it discusses using transfer functions to model physical systems as ratios of output to input in the Laplace domain.

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    This document discusses the Laplace transform, which is used to solve linear, time-invariant differential equations. It provides the definition of the Laplace transform and lists some basic Laplace transform pairs in tables. It also discusses using the Laplace transform to solve example differential equations. The document then covers the inverse Laplace transform and methods for performing it using tables or partial fraction decomposition. It gives examples of taking the inverse Laplace transform. Finally, it discusses using transfer functions to model physical systems as ratios of output to input in the Laplace domain.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    205 views34 pages

    Chapter 2 - Laplace Transform PDF

    Uploaded by

    Sritaran Balakrishnan
    This document discusses the Laplace transform, which is used to solve linear, time-invariant differential equations. It provides the definition of the Laplace transform and lists some basic Laplace transform pairs in tables. It also discusses using the Laplace transform to solve example differential equations. The document then covers the inverse Laplace transform and methods for performing it using tables or partial fraction decomposition. It gives examples of taking the inverse Laplace transform. Finally, it discusses using transfer functions to model physical systems as ratios of output to input in the Laplace domain.

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    of 34

    MESB323

    MODELLING AND CONTROL


    OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

    CHAPTER 2

    Laplace Transform
    Objectives
    To derive some of the basic functions Laplace
    transform
    To solve DE using Laplace transform
    Laplace transform
    • Function = to solve linear, time invariant differential equations.
    ∞ ∞
    • Transform ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = F s = ‫׬‬0 ℯ −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 [𝑓 𝑡 ]ℯ −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
    Laplace transform
    • Function = to solve linear, time invariant differential equations.
    ∞ ∞
    • Transform ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = F s = ‫׬‬0 ℯ −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 [𝑓 𝑡 ]ℯ −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
    Laplace transform

    Table 2.1: Laplace transform table


    Laplace transform

    Table 2.2: Laplace transform theorem


    Laplace transform

    • Steps to solve;
    1. Identify time function differential equations.
    2. Refer Laplace transform table.
    3. Solve the answers.
    Laplace transform
    Example 2.1

    What is the Laplace transform of the following function?

    f(t) = 0 t0
    = sin (ωt + ) t0

    where  is a constant ?

    Solution:
    sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 = sin 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜔𝑡 sin 𝜃

    Refer Laplace transform table no 10 and 11


    Laplace transform
    Example 2.1

    Solution:

    sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 = sin 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜔𝑡 sin 𝜃

    Refer Laplace transform table no 10 and 11

    L [f (t)] = F (s) = cos 𝜃 . L [ sin ωt] + sin 𝜃 . L [ cos ωt]

    Answer;
    𝜔 𝑠
    L [f (t)] = F (s) = cos 𝜃 . + sin 𝜃 .
    𝜔2 +𝑠 2 𝜔2 +𝑠 2
    Laplace transform
    Example 2.2

    Find the Laplace transform of


    f(t) = 0 t0
    = t e- 5 t t0

    Solution:

    Refer Laplace transform table no 7


    Laplace transform
    • Function = to solve linear, time invariant differential equations.
    ∞ ∞
    • Transform ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = F s = ‫׬‬0 ℯ −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 [𝑓 𝑡 ]ℯ −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
    Inverse Laplace Transform
    • Transform from F(s) to f(t).
    • Two methods;
    1. Tables of Laplace transforms
    2. Use partial-fraction expansion method
    𝐵(𝑠)
    𝐹 𝑠 =
    𝐴(𝑠)

    * Degree of B(s) < Degree of A(s)


    Inverse Laplace Transform
    Inverse Laplace Transform
    Inverse Laplace Transform
    Inverse Laplace Transform
    Inverse Laplace Transform
    Inverse Laplace transforms
    Example 2.3

    Obtain the inverse Laplace transforms of

    𝑠+5
    𝐹 𝑠 =
    𝑠 2 +4𝑠+3
    Answer:

    𝒇 𝒕 = 𝟐𝒆−𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭 ≥ 𝟎


    Inverse Laplace transforms
    Inverse Laplace transforms
    Inverse Laplace transforms
    Inverse Laplace transforms
    Inverse Laplace transforms
    Example 2.4

    Obtain the inverse Laplace transforms of

    𝑠 2 +2𝑠+3
    𝐹 𝑠 =
    (𝑠+1)3
    Solution:

    𝒇 𝒕 = (𝒕𝟐 +𝟏)𝒆−𝒕 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭 ≥ 𝟎


    Inverse Laplace transforms
    Inverse Laplace transforms
    Inverse Laplace transforms
    Inverse Laplace transforms

    Euler’s
    theorem
    Inverse Laplace transforms
    Inverse Laplace transforms
    Example 2.5 (CASE 3)

    Obtain the inverse Laplace transforms of

    2𝑠+12
    𝐹 𝑠 =
    𝑠 2 +2𝑠+5
    Solution:

    𝒇 𝒕 = 𝟓𝒆−𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 + 𝟐𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭 ≥ 𝟎


    Inverse Laplace transforms
    Example 2.6

    Obtain the solution x(t) of this differential equation

    𝑥ሷ + 2𝑥ሶ + 5𝑥 = 3

    Where, 𝑥 0 = 0, 𝑥ሶ 0 = 0

    Solution:

    𝟑 𝟑 −𝒕 𝟑
    𝒙 𝒕 = − 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒕 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭 ≥ 𝟎
    𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
    Transfer function

    The transfer function of linear system is the ratio of the Laplace transform
    of the output to the Laplace transform of the input variable, provided that
    all initial conditions are zero.
    𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑠) 𝑌(𝑠)
    𝐺 𝑠 = =
    𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑠) 𝑋(𝑠)

    In general, a physical system that can be represented by a linear, time-


    invariant differential equation can be modelled as a transfer function. We
    will learn how to represent electrical networks, mechanical system
    (translational and rotational), fluid and thermal systems.
    Transfer function
    Example 2.7:
    Find the transfer function represented by;
    Transfer function
    Example 2.8:
    Find the transfer function represented by;

    𝑑𝑐(𝑡)
    + 2𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑟(𝑡)
    𝑑𝑡
    Solution;
    𝑠𝐶 𝑠 + 2𝐶 𝑠 = 𝑅(𝑠)

    The transfer function G(s) is

    𝐶(𝑠) 1
    𝐺 𝑠 = =
    𝑅(𝑠) 𝑠 + 2

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