ASSIGNMENT

PHARMACOGNOSY

TOPIC;
“DATA OF PLANTS IN PHARM-D 2ND YEAR SYLABUS”

SUBMITTED BY;

MUHAMMAD BAQIR RAZA NAQVI

CLASS # 27 (M) EXAM # 2686 PHARM-D (2015-20)

SUBMITTED TO;

Mr. HAFIZ IMRAN AZIZ (Lecturer)

FACULTY OF PHARMACY
GOMAL UNIVERSITY, D.I.KHAN
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ACONITE
FAMILY; Ranunculaceae

SYNONYMS; Monkshood, Mouse bane, Aconite root, Friar's cowl, Mitha zahar(Hindi) and
Radix acuniti.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE; Aconitum napellus.

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE; Europe, also occur in Alps & Carpatian mountains, hills of
Germany and Himalayas.

CULTIVATION & COLLECTION; Aconite is a perennial

herb with a fusiform tuberous root. The plant is propagated from
the daughter tubers. In the autumn season the tuber become
thick. An apical bud on the apex and six lateral buds on its
surface are developed. A lateral shoot bearing a thin lateral root
is produced from each lateral bud. The lateral roots are called
''Daughter roots'' and the main root is called ''parent root''. The
daughter root develops gradually, become thick in autumn and
buds are produced on its apex and its surface.

Daughter roots are planted in soil containing leaf mould

and some amount of lime. The roots are collected in autumn. Collection if aconite from wild
plants is done during flowering season. Roots are dried at 40-50*. Thus aconite arises from one
or more lateral shoots which develop into conical daughter tubers.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS; Aconite contains aconitine (0.4-0.8%), hypaconiticine,

mesaconitine, aconine, napelline, neoline, ephidrine, sparteine, and are mixed with A. spicatum
and A. ferox., A. luridum, an erect plant, is a potent drug as A. ferox. Picraconitine, acotinic acid,
itaconic acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, fat, starch, and levulose (fructose).

The aconitines are diacyl esters of polyhydric amino alcohols and are extremely poisonous.
Antisines
are also amino
alcohols
but are less
toxic. The
basic skeleton of
aconite
alkaloid is
consisted of
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a pentacyclic diterpene which is derived from phyllocladene. The toxicity of alkaloids is

decreased on hydrolysis.

USES; Aconite is cardiac affective. It is used externally as a local analgesic in liniments and to
treat neuralgia, rheumatism and inflammation. Tincture aconite is antipyretic in small doses.
Aconitine in amount 2-3mg can lead respiratory failure, heart failure and in the end even death.

COLCHICUM
FAMILY; Liliaceae

SYNONYMS; Meadow
Saffron, Autumn Crocus,
Wild Saffron, Colchicum root
and colchicum seed.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE;
Colchicum autumnale, and
Colchicum luteum.

GEOGRAPHICAL
SOURCE; Found in
England, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia,
U.S.A. and Holland. Also in
India Colchicum luteum is
used as a substituent for
Colchicum autumnale.

CULTIVATION &
COLLECTION; Fresh seeds
are sown which germinate up
to about 30%. In August-
September 2-6 flowers bloom
which are identical to Saffron
and has liliac or pale purple
color. More than half the
length of the flower is below
in ground. Leaves and
capsular fruit are produced in
the next spring. The fruit is a
three lobbed, three celled and
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septicidal capsule. On expansion of the leaves in spring, fruits comes out the ground. It is
collected in July or August before its dehiscence and kept in muslin bags. Numerous seeds are
liberated on septicidal dehiscence of the fruit into three valves. The matured seeds are dark in
color and surrounded by a sweet saccharine secretion. Before flowering corms are dug out for
medicinal use, their outer membranous scale are removed, cut in transverse or longitudinal
pieces and dried up to 65*C.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS; Colchicum contains the alkaloids colchicine (0.3-0.8%),

colchicein, colchicoresin, demecolcine, starch etc. Colchicine is an amorphous, yellowish white
alkaloid, readily soluble in water, alcohol, or chloroform. Indian colchicum corms contain
abundant starch and
alkaloid. On exposure to
UV light, colchicine is
converted to
lumicolchicine.

USES; Colchicum corm

or colchicine is gout
depressant and used to cure
gout and rheumatism. Its
higher doses causes vomiting and diarrhoea. It is also prescribed to treat myeloid leukemia.
Colchicine is also used to produce polyploidy in biological experiments. Anti-cancer activity of
colchicum has also been reported.

VERBASCUM
FAMILY; Scrophulariaceae.

SYNONYMS; Barbasco, Mullein, blanket herb, our

lady‘s flannel, rag paper etc.

BOTANICAL SOURCE; Verbascum thapsus

PART USED; Dried leaves and flowers oil.

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE; Europe, temperate Asia,

North America, Pakistan, India etc.

CULTIVATION & COLLECTION; V.thapsus is an

herbaceous annual or biennial erect and stout weed. It
produces a low vegetable rosette up to 61cm. Flowers are
densely arranged having both male and female
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reproductive organs. Flowers are yellow in color having 5 petals, 5 sepals, two-celled ovary and
five stamens. Fruit is in the form of capsule that split into two valves at maturity and is star
shaped and ovoid, also containing seeds, brown in color, having length 0.5-1mm and seed shaped
ornamented by irregular polygonal cells with or without distinct vesicles. Basal leaves are ovate
or lanceolate having short and long petioles. The plant producing up to 100,000-180,000
numerous seeds per plant during the second or third year of growth, and can remain dormant for
greater than 100 years.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS; Mullein contains various chemical constituents like saponins,

iridoids, phnyl-ethnoid glycosides, flavoniods, carotinoids, Terpenes, vitamin-C, carbohydrates,
lipids, minerals and miscellaneous compounds. It is worldwide famous in various communities.
In short, Mullein is the rich source of minerals, vitamins and health promoting fatty acids.
Presence of saponin and glycosides treat the chronic diseases.

USES; V.thapsus
is used for the
treatment
of

Tuberculosis, earache and bronchitis. It is famous for the treatment of various disorders in both
human and animals also. A number of pharmacological activities have been ascribed to this plant
such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-hepatotoxic
and anti-hyperlipidemic activity.

CONIUM
FAMILY; Apiaceae or Umbelliferae

SYNONYMS; Hemlock, Poison parsley,

Poison hemlock, California fern, Snake
weed.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE; Conium

maculatum

PART USED; Leaves, roots and flowering

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stems.

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE; Europe, Britain, North America, Africa, Chile, Asia, etc.

CULTIVATION & COLLECTION; Conium is aherb growing up to nine feet high that
resembles a carrot plant. Leaves are large and lacy, with alternate distribution. The small and
white flowers are borne in flat clusters like an umbrella (Umbelliferae). The stem is typically
hollow and and has purple spots. The tuberous root is white, fruit is small, 3-4mm long and
flattened on its sides. When crushed, leafs and flowers produce an offensive mousy odor.
Conium often grows in waste places and lands not maintained either by cultivation or cutting.
Conium maculatum blossoms in spring and its fruits are ripped in summer.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS; The whole plant contains coniine, N-methyl coniine,

conhydrine, lambda coniine and psudoconhydrine. Each and every part of hemlock contains
extremely concoction of alkaloids that is sedative and norcotic. Coniine is also a piperidine
alkaloid. Over 98% of total alkaloids were coniceine.

USES;

Preparations containing the active principle were used as an analgesic or sedatives by herbalists.
Pieces of plants, medicinal preparations and teas can be ingested accidentally, in suicide
attempts. Skin contact may cause burning sensation, numbness and dermatitis.

SALVIA
FAMILY; Lamiaceae SYNONYMS; Sage, Sclarea mill, Aitopsis,
Salviastrum Scheele,

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE; Salvia officinalis, and Salvia divinorum.

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE; North America, California, Texas,

Argentina, Russia, Israel.
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CULTIVATION &
COLLECTION; Salvia
requires an appropriate climate
for its growth. It prefers a
humid, tropical climate, well-
drained rich soil. The plant
doesn’t tolerate frost or drought.
It grows fine in most potent soil.
Salvia are the perennial herbs.
Plants are harvested after one
year of cultivation. Drying of
leaves is done by placing them
on a plate in a dry room. Turn
the pile once or twice a day until
leaves become thoroughly dry,
but not crispy. Salvia is stable for
long period, several months or even
years. To ensure the quality of salvia,
it is advised to keep the leaves in sealed
jars, in a dark and dry place.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS; Salvia contains

some chemical compounds like salvinorin A, sclareol, flavonoides, terpenoids, and essential oils
are present in some species. The major components present in different concentrations are
cineole, camphor, thujone, linalool, pinene, and ursolic acid.

USES; Salvia officinalis is used to cure and prevent illness such as obesity, diabetes, depression,
cerebral ischemia, dementia, lupus, autism, heart diseases and cancer. It is also used as anti-
oxidant. Sage has been also used traditionally to treat sweating and menopausal hot flashes. It
also has anti-bacterial activity.
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THYME
FAMILY; Lamiaceae.

SYNONYMS; Thyme, common thyme, thymus,

wild thyme.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE; Thymus vulgaris.

PART USED; Flowers, leaves and oils.

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE; Southern Europe,

Greece, Malta, North Africa, Northeastern US.

CULTIVATION & COLLECTION; Thyme is an

evergreen herb with medicinal, culinary and
ornamental uses. The most common variety is
Thymus vulgaris. Thyme is best cultivated in a hot,
sunny location with well-drained soil. It is generally planted in the spring, and thereafter grows
as a perennial. It can be propagated by seeds, cutting or dividing rooted section of plant. It
tolerates drought well. The plants can take deep freezes and are found growing wild on mountain
highlands.

CHEMILCAL CONSTITUENTS; Oil of thyme i.e essential oil, contains 20-54% Thymol.
Also containing cymene, myrcene, borneol and linalool. As shown below;

USES; Thyme is used to boost the immune system, stimulate blood flow, improve heart health
and relieve stress. Before the advent of modern antibiotics thyme was used as medicated
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bandage. Also affective against fungi. Thymol also used in some alcohol free hand sanitizers. It
is also used in cough and bronchitis by infusing the herb in water.

LARKSPUR
FAMILY; Ranulculaceae

SYNONYMS; Alpine delphinium, candle larkspur, Baker’s

Larkspur, yellow larkspur, Flower of July.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE; Delphinium elatum and Delphinium

grandiflorum.

PART USED; Flowers, especially seeds.

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE; California, Northern

Hemisphere, on high mountains of tropical Africa.

CULTIVATION & COLLECTION; Delphinium elatum is the

perennial growing 1m at medium rate. Leaves are deeply lobed with three to seven toothed,
pointed lobes in palmate shape. Larkspur flowers are almost as complex as the Orchids. These
are irregularly shaped and bloom in loose, vertical grouping along the upper end of the plant
main stalk. Larkspur seeds are sown directly in garden in the spring, about 6-8 inches apart.
Divide plants every 3-4 years as new growth begins in the spring, lifting plants and dividing
them into clumps. Larkspur flowers are removed as needed.

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CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS; Major chemical constituent present in Delphinium species is

the delelatine. Seven alkaloids are isolated from the Delphinium elatum, including secopacinine,
delpheline, dehydroeladine, elpacidine and melpheline.

USES; Delphinium is used as anthelmintic, aperient, diuretic, emetic. The seeds contains 1.7%
alkaloids and used as an insecticide. The whole plant but mostly seeds are used specially. It is
used against intestinal worms, poor appetite, water retention and trouble sleeping (insomnia).

THE END

REFRANCES
1- Text Book of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry. (Berien N. Shah | A.K.Seth )

2- Text Book of Pharmacognosy (Mohammad Ali)

3- www.ncbi.org.

4- www.inchem.org.

5- www.WikiPedia.com

6- www.google scholar.com

7- www.theplantist.org

AUTHOR;
MUHAMMAD BAQIR RAZA NAQVI
CLASS # 27 (M) PHARM-D (2015-20)

FACULTY OF PHARMACY,

GOMAL UNIVERSITY, DERA ISMAIL KHAN.

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