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The Factories Act, 1948
UNIT 7 THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948

Objectives
After reading this unit you will be able to:

• know the objectives, scope and coverage of the Act
• take note of the provisions relating to health, safety and welfare
• understand the provisions relating to working hours, holidays and leave
• develop an understanding about the special provisions for women and young
persons
• appreciate the administrative and enforcement machinery.
Structure
7.1 Historical Development of Factory Legislation
7.2 Object of the Act
7.3 Scope and Applicability of the Act
7.4 Definitions
7.5 Approval, Licencing and Registration of Factories
7.6 The Inspecting Staff
7.7 Certifying Surgeons
7.8 Health
7.9 Safety
7.10 Provisions Relating to Hazardous Processes
7.11 Welfare of Workers
7.12 Working Hours of Adult Workers
7.13 Employment of Young Persons
7.14 Annual Leave with Wages
7.15 Other Features
7.16 Self-Assessment Test
7.17 Further Readings
7.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FACTORY

LEGISLATION
With the establishment of a Cotton Mills in 1851, and a Jute Mill in Bengal in 1855,
modern factory system was founded in India. Women and children were employed.
There were excessive and long hours of work with little recreation. The employers
used to have their way. In 1881, Indian Factories Act was passed which gave
protection to the employees, especially to the children. The Factory Commission was
appointed in 1890 by the Government of India. On the basis of the recommendations
of the Commission an Act was passed in 1891, whereby the definition of Factory was
amended to include premises in which fifty persons or more were employed. The
Local Governments were empowered to extend it to premises in which twenty
persons or more were employed. There were provisions about women employees and
hours of work for them were limited with a provision for thirty minute's interval for
rest. The Act was amended from time to time. The Act of 1911 was amended in 1922
to implement 1.2.0. Convention of 1919 on Hours of Work. It was amended twice in
1923 and 1926. The Act was thoroughly revised and redrafted in 1934 on the. lines of
recommendations made by the Royal Commission on Labour, which was appointed
in 1929. 5
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Law on Working
Conditions The Factories Act, 1934, was several times, amended and then the new Act of 1948
was passed. Under the 1934 Act, Provincial Government had power to apply the Act
to the establishments where power was used and where more than ten person were
employed. It reduced the hours of work and aimed to improve the working condition
in factories; provisions were also made for adequate inspection and enforcement of
the Act.
In the year 1948, the Factories Act, 1934 was revised and its scope extended to
include welfare, health, cleanliness, overtime payments and similar measures. The
Factories Act was to ensure proper, safe and healthy working conditions in the
factories, so that the workers may feel interest and while in factories, devote their
time and labour in the working process of the factory without being afraid of bodily
strain and without fear and danger of accidents. The Act was amended periodically
upto 1976.
By this time a very large number of chemical factories had been set up involving the
manufacture and handling of hazardous and toxic chemicals. This brought in more
problems of safety and health. By the time the Government could assess the possible
impact of the problem and foresee the possibilities of major disasters, the world's
worst tragedy shocked Bhopal wiping out in hours thousands of innocent, ignorant,
lives and rendering many more incapacitated. In 1987, Factories (Amendment) Act,
1987 was passed, a memorial to the victims of Bhopal.
It provides better safeguards in the use and handling of hazardous substance in
factories. It calls upon the management to provide for greater safety measures
(including precautions regarding the use of portable electric light in the factories),
appointment of safety officers in factories where 1000 or more workers are
employed, or where in any manufacturing process or operation is carried on, which
involves any risk of bodily injury, poisoning or disease, or any other hazard to health
to the persons employed in the factory. The amended Act also provided for
investigations of all fatal accidents within a month of their occurrence. It also
empowered the Chief Inspector or the Director General of Factory Advice Service
and Labour Institutes or the Director General of Health Services to the Government
of India or such other officer as may be authorised by them, to undertake safety and
occupational health surveys. The Act also brought under its protective clause the
contract labour, as also any other category of labour employed directly or through
any agency with or without the knowledge of the principal employer, whether for
remuneration or not. The amended Act further prescribed the provision of creche
facility in every factory wherein more than 30 women workers (instead of 50, as
provided in the Principal Act) are ordinarily employed. According to the Act, if a
worker is discharged or dismissed from service or quits his employment or is
superannuated or dies while in service, during the course of the calendar year, he or
his heir or nominee, as the case may be, shall be entitled to wages in lieu of the
quantum of leave due. The amended Act also provided for modified rates of general
penalty for offences and enhanced penalty after previous conviction.
Besides amendments to Sections 2, 4, 9, 13, 16, 18, 19, 23, 25, 28-32, 36-A, 64, 70,
80, 87, 89, 90, 91-A, 92, 94-99, 114, 119 and schedule to the Principal Act, the
amended Act of 1987 also provides for omission of Section 100 of the Principal Act
and insertion of new Section 7-A, 7-13, 87-A, 96-A, 104-A, 106-A, 111-A and 118-
A, substitution of new sections for Sections 36.and 38, insertion of a new Chapter IV-
A, after Chapter IV and the insertion of two new schedules before the schedule to the
Principal Act. The newly inserted Sections 7-A, 7-B, 87-A, 96-A, 104-A, 106-A,
111-A and 118-A relate to general duties of the occupier, general duties of
manufacturers, etc., regarding articles and substances for use in factories; power to
prohibit employment on account of serious hazard; penalty for contravention of the
provisions of Sections 41-B, 41-C and 41-H, onus of providing limits of what is
practicable, etc; jurisdiction of a court. for entertaining proceedings, and so on, for
offence, right of workers, etc.; and restriction on disclosure of information;
respectively.
6 The new Sections 36 and 38 relate to precautions against dangerous fumes, gases,
etc., and precautions in case of fire, respectively. The new Chapter IV-A
Inserted after Chapter IV of the principal Act , includes the following provisions
relating to hazardous processes:
i) Consititution of Site Appraisal
ii) Compulsory disclosure of information by the occupier
iii) Specific responsibility of the occupier in relation to hazardous processes
iv) Power of Central Government to appoint Inquiry Committees
v) Emergency standards
vi) Permissible limits of exposoure of chemical and toxic substances
vii) Workers' participation in safety management
viii) Right of workers to warn about imminent danger.
The new schedules, inserted before the Schedule to the Principal Act, include the list
of industries involving hazardous processes and permissible levels of certain
chemical substances in the working environment.
All the provisions of the Factories (Amendment) Act, 1987 came into force with effect
from 1st December, 1987 except the Schedule containing list of notifiable diseases and
Sections 7-13 and 41-F which came into force with effect from 1st June, 1988.
7.2 OBJECT OF THE ACT

The object of the Act is to protect human beings from being subject to unduly long
hours of bodily strain or manual labour. It also seeks to provide that employees
should work in healthy and sanitary conditions so far as the manufacturing process
will allow and that precautions should be taken for their safety and for the prevention
of accidents.
7.3 SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY OF THE ACT

The Act extends to whole of India. It applies to all factories including factories
belonging to Central or any State Government unless otherwise excluded. The
benefits of this Act are available to persons who are employed in the factory and be
covered within the meaning of the term "worker" as defined in the Act. It would,
therefore, be desirable to discuss the meaning and definition of the term "factory" and
"worker". Since the term "factory" refers to manufacturing process, it would be
helpful to know the meaning of the term "manufacturing process" as defined by the
Act.
7.4 DEFINITIONS
i) Factory
section 2(no of the factories Act , 1948 defines “factory” to mean:
any premises including the precincts thereof-
i) whereon ten or more workers are working, or were working on any day of the
preceding twelve months, and in any part of which a manufacturing process is
being carried on with the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on.
ii) whereon, twenty or more workers are working, or were working on any day of
the preceding twelve months, and in any part of which a manufacturing process
is being carried on without the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on.
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Law on Working
Conditions It specifically excludes:
A mine subject to the operation of the Mines Act, 1952, or a mobile unit belonging to
the armed forces of the Union, a railway running shed or a hotel, restaurant or eating
place.
Meaning of the words Premises and Precinct
The word 'premises' means open land or land with building or building
alone.Therefore salt works where process of converting seawater into salt is carried
on in the open comes within `premises' as defined in the Act. [(ARDESHIR H.
BHIWANDIWALA v. State of Bombay, A.I.R. 1962 SC 29.)] Precincts means a
space enclosed by wall. [(in re K.V.V. Sharma v. Manager, Gemini Studio, Madras,
A.I.R 1953 Mad. 29.)] Any `premises' to be categorised as factory two conditions
must be fulfilled.
i) Ten or more persons are employed in the premises using power or be employed
not using power.
ii) Twenty or more workers must be employed not using power.
ii) Manufacturing Process
The expression "manufacturing process" has been defined in Section 2(k) to mean
any process.
i) making, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, packing, oiling, washing,
cleaning, breaking up, demolishing, or otherwise treating or adapting any article
or substance with a view to its use, sale, transport, delivery or disposal; or
ii) pumping oil, water, sewage, or any other substance; or
iii) generating, transforming or transmitting power; or
iv) composing types for printing, printing by letter press, lithography, photogravure
or other similar process or book binding; or
v) constructing, reconstructing, refitting, finishing or breaking up ships or vessels;
or
vi) preserving or storing any article in cold storage.
It was held in State of Bombay v Ali Saheb Kashim Tamboli, -[(1995) 2 LLJ 182.)]
that bidi making is a manufacturing process.
In Ardeshir v Bombay State [(Air 1962 SC 29.)] the process carried out in the salt
works comes within the definition of `manufacturing process' in Section 2 (k) in as
much as salt can be said to have been manufactured from sea water by the process of
treatment and adaptation of sea water into salt.
In re K. V V Sharma [((1950) 1 LLJ 29.)] conversion of raw films into a finished

product was held to be a manufacturing process. Similarly in New Taj Mahal Cafe
Ltd., Managalore v. Inspector of Factories, Managalore, 1956 1 LLJ 273 the
preparation of foodstuffs and other eatable in the kitchen of a restaurant and use of a
refrigerator for treating or adapting any article with a view to its sale were also held
to be manufacturing process.
iii) Worker
Section 2 (1) of the Factories Act, 1,948 defines a "worker" to mean:
A person employed, directly or through any agency (including a contractor) with or

without knowledge of principal employer, whether for remuneration or not, in any
manufacturing process, or in cleaning any part of the machinery or premises used for
a manufacturing process or in any other kind of work incidental to, or connected
8 with, the manufacturing process, or the subject of the manufacturing process but does
not include any member of the armed forces of the Union.
Broadly speaking, therefore, worker is a person The Factories Act, 1948
i) who is employed;
ii) who is employed either directly or through any agency;
iii) who is employed in any manufacturing process, or in clearing any part of the
machinery or premises used for a manufacturing process or in any other kind of
work incidental to, or connected with the manufacturing process or the subject
of the manufacturing process.
If the aforesaid conditions are satisfied, then it is immaterial whether a person was
employed for remuneration or not.
In Chintaman Rao v State of Madhya Pradesh,[(AIR 1958 All 44.)] the factory
entered into contracts with independent contractors known as sattedars. The sattedars
were supplied tobacco by the factories and, in some cases, bidi leaves also. The
sattedars were neither bound to work in the factory nor were they bound to prepare
the bidis themselves but could get them prepared by others. In fact they engaged
coolies for rolling bidis and made payments to them. They used to collect bidis from
these coolies and take them to the factory where the bidis were sorted and checked by
the workers of the factory. The factory made payments to the sattedars for work of
rolling bidis. The Supreme Court gave the restricted meaning to words "directly or
through any agency" in Section 2(l) and held that (i) worker was a person employed
by the management and (ii) there must be a contract of service and a relationship of
master and servant between them. On the facts of the case the Supreme Court held
that the sattedars were independent contractors and they and the coolies engaged by
them for rolling bidis were not workers.
In Dharangadhra Chemical Works v. State of Saurashtra, [(A I R 1957 SC 264)] the
Supreme Court held that the test of the relationship of master and servant is -the
master's right of superintendence and control of the method of doing the work.
In State of Kerala v V M Patel, [1961(1) LLJ 549 (SC)] the Supreme Court held that
the work of garbling pepper by winnowing, cleaning, washing and drying in lime and
laid out to dry in a warehouse are manufacturing processes and therefore the persons
employed in these processes were workers within the meaning of Section 2(I) of the
Act.
In Shankar Balaji Waje v. State of Maharashtra, [(AIR 1957 SC 517)] Pandurang
was engaged for rolling bidis. Although the hours of work were fixed but there was
no obligation to attend during those hours. There was freedom to come and go. There
was no faxed salary nor actual supervision on the work. Payment was made on the
quantum of work. The Supreme Court held that such person were not workers
because there was no control and the supervision over pandurang.
In Birdh Chand Sharma v First Civil Judge, Nagpur, [(AIR 1961 SC 644)] where the
respondents prepared bidis at the factory and they were not at liberty to work at their
homes. They worked within certain hours which were the factory hours. They were,
however, not bound to work for the entire period and they could go whenever they
like. Their attendance was noted in the factory. They could come and go away at any
time they liked. However no worker was allowed to work after midday even though
the factory was closed at 7 p.m. and no worker was allowed to continue work after 7
p.m. There were standing orders in the factory and, according to these orders a
worker who remained absent for eight days presumably without leave could &_
removed. The payment was made on piece rate according to the quantum of work
done, but the management had the right to reject such bidis as dad not come up to the
proper standard. On these facts the Supreme Court held that respondents were
workers under section 2 (1) of the Act.
iv) Occupier
Section 2 (n) of the Act defines "occupier" of a factory to mean
The person who has ultimate control over the affairs of the factory: Provided that -
i) in the case of a farm or other association of individulas, any one of the
9
individual partners or members thereof shall be deemed to. be the occupier;
Law on Working
Conditions ii) in the case of a company, any one of the directors shall be deemed to the
occupier;
iii) in the case of a factory owned or controlled by the Central Government or any
State Government, or any local authority, the person or persons appointed to
manage the affairs of the factory by the Central Government, the State
Government or the local authority, as the case may, be shall deemed to be the
occupier;
Provided further that in the case of a ship which is being repaired, or on which
maintenance work is being carried out, in a dry dock which is available for hire,
1) the owner of the dock shall be deemed to be the occupier for the purposes of any
matter provided for by or under -
(a) Section 6, Section 7, Section 7-A, Section 7-B, Section 11 or Section 12;
(b) Section 17, in so far as it relates to the providing and maintenance of
sufficient suitable lighting in or around the dock;
(c) Section 18, Section 19, Section 42, Section 46, Section 47 or Section 49, in
relation to the workers employed on such repair or maintenance;
2) the owner of the ship or his agent or master or other officer-in-charge of the ship
or any person who contracts with such owner, agent or master or other officer-in-
charge to carry out the repair or maintenance work shall be deemed to be the
occupier for the purpose of any matter provided for by or under Section 13,
Section 14, Section 16 or Section 17 (save as otherwise provided in this
provided) or Chapter IV (except Section 2'7) or Section 43, Section 44 or Section
45, Chapter VI, Chapter VII, Chapter VIII or Chapter IX or Section 108, Section
109 or Section 110, in relation to
(a) the workers employed directly by him, or by or through any agency; and
(b) the machinery, plant or premises in use for the purpose of carrying out such
repair or maintenance work by such owner, agent, master or other Officer-
incharge or person;
General Duties of the Occupier
Section 7A has been inserted by the Factories (Amendment) Act and the new section
lays down the general duties of an occupier as follows
1. Plant maintenance that is safe and without risk to health of workers.
2. Safeguard health and safety with the use, handling, storage and transport of
articles and substance.
3. Provide information, instruction, training and supervision to ensure health and
safety of all workers.
4. Monitoring of work environment.
It also lays down a duty on the occupier to prepare 9 written statements of policy
with respect to the health and safety of workers and to give notice to the workers as
per rules.
General duties of manufacturers etc. as regards articles and substances for use in
factories (for the purpose of this section 7B, article includes plant and machinery). It
lays down general duties of designers, manufacturers; importers, suppliers. As regard
the articles and substances used in the factory, it Would be the duty of the designers
to ensure that the articles designed would be safe and without risk to the health of the
workers. It would also be this duty to carry out necessary tests and provide adequate
information regarding of safety and risk to health.
Importers of articles also will have to ensure that articles imported conforms to the
10 standard set out in the country or of the standard adopted outside the country.
v) Other Definitions
(a) Adult means a person who has completed his 18th year of age.
[Section 2 (a)]
(b) Adolescent means a person who has completed his 15th year of age but has
not completed his 18th year. [Section 2 (b).]
(c) Calendar year means the period of twelve months beginning with the first
day of January in any year. [Section 2 (bb).]
(d) Child means a person, who has not completed his 15th year of age.
[Section (c).]
(e) Young person means a person, who is either a child or an adolescent.
[Section 2 (d)]
(f) Day means period of twenty-four hours beginning at mid-night
[Section 2 (e).]
(g) Week means a period of seven days beginning at mid-night on Saturday
night or such other night as may be approved in writing for a particular area
by the Chief Inspector of Factories. [Section 2 (f)]
(h)
Power means electrical energy, or any other form of energy, which is
mechanically transmitted and is not generated by human or animal agency.
[Section 2 (g)]
(i) Prime Mover means any engine, motor or other appliance, which generates
or otherwise provides power. [Section 2 (h).]
(j) Transmission Machinery means any shaft, drum, pulley, system of pulleys,
coupling clutch, driving belt or other appliance or device by which the
motion of a prime mover is transmitted to or received by any machinery or
appliance, [Section 2 (i):]
(k) Machinery includes prime movers, transmission machinery and all other
appliances, whereby power is generated, transformed, transmitted or
applied. [Section 2 (j).]
(l) Managing Agent has the meaning assigned to it in the Indian Companies
Act, 1913 (VII of 1913). [Section 2 (o)].
(m) Prescribed means prescribed by rules made by the State Government under
this Act. [Section 2 (p).]
(n) Relay and Shift means where work of the same kind is carried out by two
or more sets of workers working during different periods of the day, each of
such sets is called a ‘relay’ and each of such period is called `shift'.
[Section 2 (r)].
Activity 1
1. Give a brief history of Factory Legislation.
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2. What amendments have been made by Act. No. 20 of 1987.
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Law on Working
Conditions 3. What is the object of the the Factories Act.
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4. Discuss the scope and appliability of the Act.
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5. Explain the essentials of the term "Factory".
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6. What do you mean by premises and precinct?
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7. Are the following manufacturing process?

(i) bidi making
(ii) process of treatment and adaptation of sea water into salt.
(iii) conversion of raw films into a finished product.
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8. Explain the essentials of the definition of worker under the Act.
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9. Who is an occupier? What are the general duties of occupier?
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10. What are the general duties of manufacturer?
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7.5 APPROVAL, LICENCING AND REGISTRATION OF
FACTORIES
i) General
The responsibility for getting the premises approved, when the factory is to be
established, lies on the occupier. Under Section, 6 the State Government have been
vested with the powers to frame rules which are to be complied with. Section 4
empowers the State Government to declare different departments' or branches of a
factory as separate factories, in case a request is made in writing in this regard by the
occupier. But there is no provision to enable two or more factories of the same
occupier being declared as a single factory. The State Governments are also
empowered to exempt any factory or any class of factories from all or any of the
provisions of the Act (except section 67) for a specified period on the conditions
notified in case of public emergency, which means grave emergency whereby the
security of India or any part thereof is threatened, whether by war or external
aggression or internal disturbance. Such a notification can be made for 3 months at a
time.
ii) Procedure for Approval, Licensing and Registration of Factories
The factory is to be got approved and registered after obtaining a licence by the
occupier in accordance with the rules framed by the State Government in this behalf.
The, State Governments are empowered to frame rules requiring the occupier of a
factory for the purposes of this Act for the submission of plans of any class or
description of factories to the Chief Inspector or. State Government and to obtain
previous permission of the Chief Inspector of Factories with regard to site where
factory is proposed to be constructed, or extension, in case the factory already exists.
A factory shall not be deemed to be extended by reason only of the replacement of
any plant or machinery if such replacement or addition does not reduce the minimum
clear space required for safe working around the plant or machinery or adversely
affects the environmental conditions from the evolution or emission of steam, heat or
dust or fames injurious to health. The occupier is required to submit full building
plans along with necessary particulars of specifications according to which the
building is to be got approved in accordance with the rules. The registration,
obtaining of licence or renewal of licence, as the case may be, is to be done by the
occupier in accordance with the rule by paying the prescribed fees. The permission
relating to site on which the factory is proposed to be constructed or extension to be
executed in the existing factory in accordance with the plan is to be given within 3
months by the authority to whom, the request is made. If no reply is received within
the aforesaid period, the permission is presumed. In case permission is refused then,
in that case, the applicant may appeal to the State Government if permission is
refused by the Chief Inspector or to the Central Government if the permission is
refused by the State Government, within 30 days. No license or renewal of license
shall be granted unless the occupier gives at least 15 days notice in writing to the
Chief Inspector of factories before he proposes to occupy or use any premises as
factory. The notice shall state the full particulars of the factory, namely:
i) the name and situation of the factory;
ii) the name and address of the occupier;
iii) the name and address of the owner of the premises or building;
iv) the nature of manufacturing process;
v) the total rated horse power installed or to be installed in the factory, which shall
not include the rated horse power of any separate standby plant;
vi) The name of manager of the factory for the purpose of this Act;
vii) The number of workers likely to be employed in the factory ;
viii) the average number of workers per day employed during the last twelve months,
in case of a factory, is in existence on the date of the commencement of this Act;
13
ix) such other particulars as may be prescribed under the rules. [Section 7 (1)]
Law on Working
Conditions The occupier is required to give notice to the Chief Inspector of Factories containing
the above particulars with regard to those factories which were already functioning
before this Act, within 30 days from the commencement of the Act. [Section 7 (2)].
Before a factory engaged in a manufacturing process which is ordinarily carried on
for less than 180 working days in a year resumes working, the occupier is required to
send full particulars of the factory to the Chief Inspector within 30 days of such
resumption of work [Section 7 (3)]. Any change in the appointment of a manager or
the factory is to be intimated within 7 days by the occupier to the Chief Inspector,
[Section 7 (4)]. During the time no manager functions in the factory, the occupier is
deemed as manager for the purpose of the Act. Non compliance with the provisions
of Section 6 and 7 is an offence for which the occupier can be punished.
7.6 THE INSPECTING STAFF

i) Appointment
For the enforcement of the provisions of the Act. the State Government is
empowered to appoint Inspectors having prescribed qualifications. This may be done
by notification. They may be assigned such local limit as the State Government may
think fit.
These are of six types. (i) Chief Inspector (ii) Additional Chief Inspectors, (iii) Joint
Chief Inspectors (iv) Deputy Chief inspectors (v) Inspectors and Additional
Inspectors.
A Chief Inspector shall be appointed by the State Government. Chief Inspector in
addition to the powers conferred on him may exercise the powers of an Inspector
throughout the State. Likewise every Additional Chief Inspector, Joint Chief
Inspector, Deputy Chief Inspector and every other officer so appointed shall, in
addition to the powers of a Chief Inspector exercise the powers of an Inspector
throughout the State.
No person shall be appointed or having been so appointed, shall continue to hold
office, who is or becomes directly or indirectly interested in a factory or in any
process or business carried on therein or in any patent or machinery connected
therewith.
Every district Magistrate shall be an Inspector for his district.
Quite apart from the above appointments the State Government may also appoint-
such public officers as it thinks fit to be additional Inspector for all or any of the
purposes of this Act, within such local limits as it may assign to them respectively.
In any area where there are more Inspectors than one, the State Government may
declare the powers which such Inspectors shall respectively exercise.
ii) Status
Every Chief Inspector, Additional Chief Inspector, Joint Chief Inspector, Deputy
Chief Inspector, Inspector and every other officer appointed shall be deemed to be a
public servant within meaning of the Indian Penal Code, (1860), and shall be
officially subordinate to such authority as the State Government may specify in this
behalf.
iii) Power of Inspectors
According to Section 9 an inspector is vested with the following powers which he
may exercise within the local limits under his Control. The powers are to be
exercised in accordance with the rules framed for this purpose.
(a) He may enter any premises which is used or which he has reason to believe
is used, as a factory. He may be accompanied by such assistants, who are in
the service of the Government or any local or public authority or with an
expert as he thinks fit;
(b) make examination of the premises, plant, machinery, article or substance;
(c) inquire into any accident or dangerous occurrence, whether resulting in
bodily injury, disability or not, and take on the spot or otherwise statements
14 of any person which he may consider necessary for such inquiry;
(d) require the production of any prescribed register or any other document
relating to the factory;
(e) seize, or take copies of an register, record or other document or any portion
thereof as he may consider necessary in respect of any offence under this
Act, which he has reason to believe, has been committed;
(f) direct the occupier that any premises or any part thereof or any thing lying
therein shall be left undisturbed (whether generally or in particular aspects)
for so long as is necessary for the purpose of any examination under clause
M.
(g) take measurements and photographs and make such recordings as he
considers necessary for the purpose of any examination under clause (b),
taking with him any necessary instrument or equipment;
(h) in case of any article or substance found in any premises, being an article or
substance which appears to him as having caused or is likely to cause
danger to the health or safety of the workers, direct it to be dismantled or
subject it to any process or test (but not so as to damage or destroy it unless
the same is in the circumstances necessary for carrying out the purposes of
this Act) and take possession of any such article or substance or a part
thereof, and detain it for so Icing as is necessary for such examination;
(i) exercise such other power as may be prescribed.
iv) Duties of the Inspectors
The Inspectors are required:
i) to carry out duties as laid down under Section 9 (b) and (c);
ii) to ensure that statutory provisions and rules framed are carried out properly; and
iii) to launch prosecutions against factory-owners under the provision of Chapter X
of the Act.
7.7 CERTIFYING SURGEONS

i) Appointment
Section 10 empowers the State Government to appoint qualified medical practitioners

as Certifying Surgeons for the purposes of the Act. These surgeons are appointed to
discharge duties within the local limits placed under their control or for such factory
or class or description of factories as may be assigned to them. The certifying
surgeons with the approval of the State Government may appoint qualified medical
practitioners to exercise any of his. powers for such period as he may specify.
ii) Disqualifications for Appointment
No person shall be appointed or authorised to exercise the power of Certifying

Surgeons or, having been so appointed or authorised, continue to exercise the power:
(a) who is or becomes the occupier of a factory;
(b) who is or becomes directly or indirectly interested therein or in any process

or business carried therein or in any patent or machinery connected
therewith; or
(c) who is otherwise in the employment of the company; provided that State
Government may, be order in writing the subject to such conditions as may
be specified in the order, exempt any person or class of person from the
above provisions in respect of any factory or class or description of
factories. 15
Law on Working
Conditions iii) Duties of Certifying Surgeons
The Certifying Surgeons shall carry out such duties as may be prescribed in
connection with:
(a) the examination and certification of young persons under the Act;
(b) the examination of persons engaged in factories in such dangerous occupations

or processes as may be prescribed;
(c) the exercising of such medical supervision for any factory or class or description
of factories where :
i) cases of illness have occurred which it is reasonable to believe are due to

the nature of the manufacturing process carried on, or other conditions of
work x prevailing therein;
ii) by reason of any change in the manufacturing process carried on or in the

substances used therein or by reasons of the adoption of any new
manufacturing process, there in a likelihood of injury to the health of
workers employed in that manufacturing process;
iii) young persons are about to be employed in any work which is likely to
cause injury to their health.
Activity 2
1. Is it necessary for the occupier to get the premises approved when the factory is
to be established?
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2. What is the procedure for registration of factories?
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3. How are Inspectors appointed and what are their powers?
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4. Who are the Certifying Surgeons? How are they appointed? What are their
duties?
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16
7.8 HEALTH
i) Cleanliness
Section 11 of the Factories Act, 1948 provides for general cleanliness of the factory.
It lays down that dust, fumes and refuse should be removed daily; floors, stair-cases
and passages should be cleaned regularly by sweeping and other effective means
while washing of interior walls and roofs should take place at least once in 14 months
and where these are painted with washable water paint, be repainted after every three
years and -where oil paint is used at least once in five years. Further, all doors and
window frames and other wooden or metallic framework and shutters should be kept
painted or varnished and the painting or varnishing shall be carried out at least once
in five years.
ii) Disposal of Wastes and Effluents
Section 12 of the Factories Act makes it obligatory on the owner of every factory to
make effective arrangements for the treatment of wastes and effluents due to the
manufacturing process carried on therein, so as to render them innocuous and for
their disposal.
iii) Ventilation and Temperature
The occupier is required to make effective and suitable provisions for securing and
maintaining in every workroom adequate ventilation for the circulation of fresh air
and to maintain such tempreature as will secure to workers reasonable conditions of
comfort and prevent injury to health.
iv) Dust and Fume
Section 14 (1) deals with the measures, which should be adopted to keep the
workrooms free from dust and fume. Every factory in which by reason of the
manufacturing process carried on, there is given off any dust or fume or other
impurity of such a nature and to such an extent as is likely to be injurious or offensive
to the workers employed therein, or any dust in substantial quantities, effective
measures shall be taken to prevent its inhalation and accumulation in any work-room.
If any exhaust appliance is necessary for the above purposes, it shall be applied as
near as possible to the point of origin of the dust, fume or other impurity and such
point shall be enclosed as far as possible.
v) Artificial Humidification
Section 15 (1) lays down that in respect off all factories in which the humidity of the
air is artificially increased the State Government may make rules-
(a) prescribing standard of humidification;
(b) regulating the methods used for artificially increasing the humidity of the
air;
(c) directing prescribed tests for determining the humidity of the air to be
correctly carried out and recorded;
(d) prescribing methods to be adopted for securing adequate ventilation and
cooling of the air in the workroom.
vi) Overcrowding
To eliminate overcrowding, the Factories Act, 1948 prescribes that no room of any
factory shall be overcrowded to the extent it is injurious to the health of the workers.
The Act further prescribes that in every work-room, each worker should be provided
with a minimum space of 9.9 cubic meters which was there on the commencement of
this Act, 1948 or 4.2 cubic meters after such commencement (Section 16). No
account shall however be taken of any space which is more than 4.2 meters above the
level of the floor of the room for the aforesaid purpose, 17
Law on Working
Conditions vii) Lighting
Section 17 (1) provides that in every part of the factory, where workers are working
or passing, there shall be provided and maintained sufficient and suitable lighting,
natural, artificial or both.
viii) Drinking Water
Section .18 deals with the provisions relating to arrangements for drinking water in
factories. Sub-section (1) provides that in every factory effective arrangements shall
be made to provide and maintain at suitable points conveniently situated for all
workers employed therein, a sufficient supply of wholesome drinking water.
ix) Conservancy Arrangements
Section 19 provides that in every factory there shall be provided and' maintained,
separate arrangement for toilets for male and female workers at convenient places.
These should be adequately lighted, ventilated and maintained in a clean sanitary
condition.
x) Spittoons
Section 20 (1) lays down that in every factory there shall be provided a sufficient
number of spittoons in convenient places. They shall be maintained in a clean and
hygienic condition.
7.9 SAFETY
i) Fencing of Machinery
Section 21 (1) requires that in every factory, the following must be securely fenced
by safe guards of substantial construction while the machinery are in motion or use :
i) every moving part of a prime mover and fly wheel connected to prime mover,
whether the prime mover or fly-wheel is in the engine house or not;
ii) the headrace and tailrace of every water-wheel and water turbine;
iii) any part of stock-bar which projects beyond the head stock of a lathe; and
iv) unless they are in such position or of such construction as to be safe to every
person employed in the factory as they would be if they were securely fenced,
the following, namely,
(a) every part of electric generator, a motor or rotary converter;
(b) every part of transmission machinery; and
(c) every dangerous part of any other machinery;
shall be securely fenced by safeguards of substantial construction which shall be
cosistently maintained and kept in position while the parts of machinery they are
fencing are in motion or in use.
ii) Work on or Near Machinery in Motion
Section 22 (1) requires that, where in the factory it is essential to examine any part of
the machinery (referred to in Section 21) while it is in motion or as a result of such
examination, it is necessary to carry out:
(a) lubrication or other adjusting operation; or
(b) any mounting or shipping of belts or lubrication or other adjusting
operation.
Such examination or operation shall be made or carried out only by a specially
trained Adult male worker wearing tight-fitting clothing (which shall be supplied by
the occupier) which name has been recorded in the register prescribed in this behalf
18 and who has been furnished with a certificate of his appointment, and while he is so
engaged:
a) such worker shall not handle a belt at a moving pulley unless:
i) the belt is not more than fifteen centimeters in width;
ii) the pulley is normally for the purpose of drive and not merely a flywheel or
balance wheel (in which case a belt is not permissible);
iii) the belt joint is either laced or flush with the belt;
iv) the belt, including the joint and the pulley rim, are in good repair;
v) then: is reasonable clearance between the pulley and any fixed plant or
structure;
vi) secure foothold and, where necessary, secure handhold, are provided for the
operator; and
vii) any ladder in use for carrying out any examination to operation aforesaid is
securely fixed or lashed or is firmly held by a second person.
b) without prejudice to any other provision of this Act relating to the fencing of
machinery, every set screw, bolt and key on any revolving shaft, spindle, wheel,
or pinion, and all spur, worm and other toothed or friction gearing in motion with
which such worker would otherwise be liable to come into contact, shall be
securely fenced to prevent such contact.
iii) Employment of Young Person on Dangerous Machine
Section 23 prohibits the employment of a young person on dangerous machine unless
he has been fully instructed as to the dangers arising from machine and the
precautions to be observed and (i) has received sufficient training in work at the
machine, or (ii) is under adequate supervision by a person who has a thorough
knowledge and experience of the machine
iv) Striking Gear and Devices for Cutting off Power
In order to move the driving belt to and from fast and loose pulleys in transmission
machine and prevent the belt from creeping back onto the fast pulley, suitable
striking gear or other efficient mechanical appliance shall be provided, maintained
and used. No driving belt when mused shall be allowed to rut or ride upon shafting in
motion. Suitable devices are also maintained in every workroom for cutting off
power emergencies.
v) Self-acting Machines
Section 25 of the Factories Act provides further safeguards to the workers injured by
self-acting machines. It provides:
No traversing part of a self-acting machine in any factory and no material carried
thereon shall, if the space over which it runs is a space over which any person is
liable to pass, m1hoefficer in the course of his employment or otherwise, be allowed
to run on its outward or inward traverse within a distance of forty five centimeters
from any fixed structure which is not part of the machine.
vi) Casing of New Machinery
Section 26 (1) provides that in all machinery driven by power, after the
commencement of the Factories Act, 1948, every set screw; bolt or key on any
revolving shaft, spindle, wheel or pinion shall be sunk, encased or effectively
guarded as to prevent danger. [Section 26 (2)]. Further, all spur, worm and other
toothed or friction gearing not requiring frequent adjustment while in motion shall be
completely encased, unless they are safely situated. Furthermore, Section 26 (2)
provides that, whoever sells or lets on hire or; as agent of the seller or hirer, cares or
procures to be sold or let on hire, for use in a factory any machinery driven by power
which does not comply with the provisions of sub-section (1), or any rules made
under sub-section (3), shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may-
extend to three months or with fine which may extend to Rs 500 or with both. Under
the Act, the State Government is empowerd to make rules for the safeguards to be
provided form dangerous part of the machinery,
19
Law on Working
Conditions vii) Prohibition of Employment of Women and Children near Cotton Openers
The Factories Act, 1948 prohibits the employment of women and children in any part
of the factory for pressing cotton where the cotton opener is at work. But if the feed-
end of the cotton-opener is in a room separated from the delivery and by a partition
extending to the roof or to such height as the inspector may in any particular case
specify in writing, women and children may be employed on the side of the partition
where feed-end is situated. (Section 27).
viii) Roust and Lifts
Section 28 (I) requires that hoists and lifts must be of good mechanical construction,
sound material and adequate strength. They should not 'only be properly maintaine
but also thoroughly examined at least twice a year by competent persons.
ix) Revolving Machinery
Section 30 (1) provides that a notice indicating the maximum safe working peripheral
speed of the grindstone or abrasive wheel the speed of the shaft, or spindle, must be
permanently affixed on all rooms in a factory where grinding is carried on the speeds
indicated in notices under sub-section (1) shall not be exceeded. [Sub-section (2) of
Section 30]. Similarly, care shall be taken not to exceed the safe working peripheral
speed of every revolving machine like revolving vessel, cage, basket, fly-wheel,
pulley, disc or similar appliances run by power. [Sub-section (3) of Section 30].
x) Pressure Plant
Section 31 (1) provides that effective measures should be taken to ensure safe
working pressure of any part of the plant or machinery used in the manufacturing
process operating at a pressure above the atmospheric pressure.
xi) Pits, Sump and Opening in Floors
Section 33 (1), of the Factories Act, 1948 requires that every fixed vessel, sump,
tank, pit or opening in the ground or in the floor in every factory should be covered
or securely fenced, if be reason of its depth, situation, construction or contents, they
are or can be a source of danger.
Section 33 (2) empowers the State Government to grant exemption from compliance
of the provision of this section (i) in respect of any item mentioned in the section, (ii)
to any factory or class of factories, and (iii) on such condition as may be provided in
the rules.
xii) Precautions Against Dangerous Fumes, and Gases
In order to prevent the factory workers. against dangerous fumes, special measures
have been taken under the Factories Act. The Act prohibits entry in any chamber,
tank, vat, pit, pipe, flue, or other confined space in any factory in which any gas,
fume, vapour or dust is likely to be present, to such. an extent as to involve risk to
persons being overcome thereby, except in cases where there is a provision of a
manhole of adequate size or other effective means of egress. [Section 36 (1)]. No
person shall be required or allowed to enter any confined space such as is referred to
in sub-section (1) until all practicable measures have been taken to actually remove
the gas, fumes or dust, which may be present so as to bring its level within the
permissible limits and to prevent any ingress of such gas, fume, vapour or dust unless
[Section 36 (2)].
xiii) Precaution Against Using Portable Electric Light
The Act prohibits any factory to use protable electric light or any other electric
appliance of voltage exceeding 24 volts in any chamber, tank, vat, pipe, flue or other
confined space unless adequate safety devices are provided [Section 36-A (a)] The
Act further prohibits the factory to use any lamp or light (other than that of flame-
proof construction if any inflammable gas, fume or dust is likely to be present in such
20 chamber, tank, vat, pet, pipe, flue or other confined space. [Section 36-A (b)].
xiv) Explosive or Inflammable Materials
These measures include : (i) effective enclosures of the plant or machinery used in
the process; (ii) removal or prevention of the accumulation of such dust, gas or
vapour; (iii) exclusion or effective enclosure of all possible sources of ignigion.
[Section 37 (i)].
xv) Precaution in Case of Fire
In every factory all practical measures shall be taken to prevent outbreak of fire and
its spread, both internally and externally, and to provide and maintain (i) safe means
of escape for all persons in the event of fire, and (ii) the necessary equipment and
facilities for extinguishing fire. Further effective measures should be taken to ensure
that in every factory all the workers are familiar with the means of escape in case of
fire and have been trained in the routine to be followed in such cases. (Section 38).
xvi) Safety of Building and Machinery
If it appears to the Inspector that any building or part of building or any part of the
ways, machinery or plant in a factory is in such a condition that it is dangerous to
human life or safety, he may serve on the occupier or manager or both the factory an
order in writing specifying the measures which in his opinion should be adopted, and
requiring them to be carried out before a specified date. [Section 40 (1)].
xvii) Maintenance of Buildings
In order to ensure safety, the inspector is empowered to serve on the occupier or
Manager (or both) of the factory an order specifying the measures to be taken and
requiring the same to be carried out if it appears to him that any building or part of a
building in a factory is in such a state of disrepair as is likely to lead to conditions
detrimental to the health and welfare of the workers. (Section 40-A).
xviii) Safety Officers
In order to prevent accidents, the Act provides for the appointment of Safety Officers
in factories employing 1,000 or more workers or where any manufacturing process or
operation is carried on, which process or operation involves any risk of bodily injury,
poisoning or disease, or any other hazard to health, to the persons employed in the
factory. (Section 40-B).
7.10 PROVISIONS RELATING TO HAZARDOUS

PROCESSES
Section 2 (cb) of the Factories (Amendment) Act, 1987 defines the term "harardous
process" as
any process or activity in relation to an industry specified in the First Schedule

where, unless special care is taken, raw materials used therein or the
intermediate or finished products, bye-products, wastes or effluents thereof
would :
i) cause material impairment to the helath of the persons engaged in or

connected therewith, or
ii) result in the pollution of the general environment
Provided that the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
amend the First Schedule by way of addition, omission or variation of any industry
specified in the said Schedule.
i) Constitution of site appraisal committee: (i) The State Government may, for
purposes of advising it to consider applications for grant of permission for the initial
location of a factory involving hazardous process or for the expansion of any such 21
factory, appoint a Site Appraisal committee consisting of-
Law on Working
Conditions (a) the Chief Inspector of the State who shall be its Chairman,
(b) a representative of the Central Board for the Prevention and Control of
Water Pollution appointed by the Central Government under Section 3 of
the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
(c) a representative of the Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Air
Pollution referred to in Section 3 of the Air (Prevention and control of
Pollution) Act, 1981;
(d) a representative of the State Board appointed under Section 4 of the Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
(e) a representative of the Central Board for the Prevention and control of Air
Pollution referred to in Section 5 of the Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981;
(f) a representative of the Department of Environment in the State;
(g) a representative of the Meteorological Department of the Government of
India;
(h) an expert in the field of occupational health; and
1). a representative of the Town Planning Department of the State Government, and
not more than five other members who may be co-opted by the State
Government who shall be-
i) a scientist having specialised knowledge of the hazardous process which
will be involved in the factory,
ii) a representative of the local authority within whose jurisdiction the factory
is to be established, and
iii) not more than three other persons as deemed fit by the, State Government.
2). The Site Appraisal Committee shall examine an application for the
establishment of a factory involving hazardous process and make its
recommendation to the State Government within a period of ninety days of the
receipt of such application in the prescribed form.
3). Where any process relates to a factory owned or controlled by the Central
Government or to a corporation or a company owned or controlled by the
Central Government, the State Government shall co-opt in the Site Appraisal
Committee a representative nominated by the Central Government as a member
of that Committee.
4). The State Appraisal committee shall have power to call for any information
from the person making an application for the establishment or expansion of a
factory involving a hazardous process.
5). Where the State Government has granted approval to an application for the
establishment or expansion of a factory involving a hazardous process, it shall
not be necessary for an applicant to obtain a further approval from the Central
Board or the State Board established under the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Pollution) Act, 1981.
ii) Compulsory disclosure of information by the occupier : (1) The occupier of
every factory involving a hazardous process shall disclose in the manner prescribed
all information regarding dangers, health hazards and the measures to overcome them
arising from the exposure to or handling of the materials or substances in the
manufacture, transportation, storage and other processes to : (i) Workers employed in
the factory (ii) the Chief Inspector, (iii) the local authority within whose jurisdiction
the factory is situated and (iv) general public in the vicinity.
Section 41-B (2) provided that at the time of registering the factory involving a
hazardous process, the occupier shall lay down a detailed policy with respect to the
22 health and safety of the workers-and intimate such policy to the Chief Inspector and
the local authority.
3). Such information, shall include accurate information as to the quantity,
specifications and other characteristics of wastes and manner of their disposal
(Sub-section 3).
4). Every occupier with the approval of the Chief Inspector, shall draw up an on site
emergency plan and detailed disaster control measures for his factory and make
known to the workers employed therein and to the general, 4 public living in the
vicinity of the factory the safety measures required to be taken the event of an
accident taking place. [Sub-section 4]
5). Every occupier of the factory is under an obligation to inform the Chief
Inspector of the nature and details of the process in such form and in such
manner as may by prescribed. [Sub-section 5].
6). On contravention of the provisions of sub-section (5), the licence issued under
Section 6 to such factory shall, be cancelled and the occupier shall he liable to
penalty (Sub-section 6).
7). The occupier of the factory involving a hazardous process shall, with the
previous approval of the Chief Inspector, lay down measures for the handling,
usage, transportation and storage of hazardous substances inside the factory
premises and the disposal of such substances outside the factory premises and
publicise them in the prescribed manner among the workers and the general
public living in the vicinity (Sub-section 7).
iii) Specific responsibility of the occupier in relation to hazardous process : Under
section 41-C every occupier of a factory involving any hazardous process is required (a)
maintain accurate and up-to-date health records or, the case may be, medical records, of
the workers in the factory who are exposed to any chemical, toxic or any other harmful
substances which are manufactured, stroed, handled or transported and such records shall
be accessible to the workers subject to prescribed conditions; and (b) appoint persons who
possess qualifications and experience in handling hazardous substances and are competent
to supervise such handling within the factory and to provide at the working place all the
necessary facilities for protecting the workers in the prescribed manner (c) provide for
medical examination of every worker- (i) before such worker is assigned to a job
involving the handling of, or working with, a hazardous substance, and (ii) while
continuing in such job, and after he has ceased to work in such job, at intervals not
exceeding twelve months, in prescribed manner.
iv) Powers of Central Government to appoint Inquiry Committee:
1). The Central government may, in the event of the occurrence of an extraordinary
situation involving a factory engaged in hazardous process, appoint an Inquiry
Committee to inquire into the standards of health and safety observed in the
factory with a view to finding out the causes of any failure of neglect in the
adoption of any measures or standards prescribed for the health and safety of the
workers employed in the factory or the general public affected, or likely to be
affected, due to such failure or neglect and for the prevention and recurrence of
such extraordinary situations in further in such factory or elsewhere.
2). The Committee appointed under sub-section (1) shall consist of a Chairman and
two other members and the terms reference of the Committee and the tenure of
office of its members shall be such as may be determined by the Central
Government according to the requirements of the situation.
3). The recommendation of the Committee shall be advisory in nature.
v) Emergency Standards:
1). Where the Central Government is satisfied that no standards of safety have been
prescribed in respect of a hazardous process or class of hazardous processes, or
where the standards so prescribed are inadequate, it may direct the Director-
General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes or any institution
specialised in matters relating to standards of safety in hazardous processes, to
lay down emergency standards for enforcement of suitable standards in respect 23
of such hazardous processes.
Law on Working
Conditions 2). The emergency standards laid down under sub-section (1) shall, until they are
incorporated in the rules made under this Act, be enforceable and have the same
effect as if they had been incorporated in the rules made under this Act.
vi) Permissible limits of exposure of chemical and toxic substances :
The maximum permissible threshold limits of exposure of chemical and toxic
substances in manufacturing processes (whether hazardous or otherwise) in any
factory shall be of the value indicated in Second Schedule.
vii) Worker's participation is safety management:
1). The occupier shall, in every factory, where a hazardous process takes place,
or where hazardous substance are used or handled, set up a Safety
Committee consisting of equal number or representative of workers and
management to promote co-operation between the workers and
management in maintaining proper safety and health at work and to review
periodically the measure taken in that behalf :
Provided that the State Government may, by order in writing and for
reasons to be recorded, exempt the occupier of any factory or class of
factories from setting up such Committee.
2). The composition of the Safety Committee, the tenure or office of its
members and their rights and duties shall be such as may be prescribed.
viii) Right of workers to warn about imminent danger:
Where the workers employed in any factory engaged in a hazardous process have
reasonable apprehension that there is a likelihood of imminent danger to ;' their
lives or health due to any accident, they may bring the same to the notice of the
occupier, agent, manager or any other person who is incharge of the factory or the
process concerned directly or through their representatives in the Safety Committee
and simultaneously bring the same to the notice of the Inspector
It shall be the duty of such occupier agent , manager or the person incharge or the
factory or process to take immediate remedial action if is satisfied about the
existence of such imminent danger and send a report forthwith of the action taken
to the nearest Inspector.
If the occupier , agent, manager or the person incharge referred to in Sub-section(2)
is not satisfied about the existence of any imminent danger as apprehended by the
worker , he shall , nevertheless , refer the matter forthwith to the nearest Inspector
whose decision on the question of the existence of such imminent danger shall be
final.
7.11 WELFARE OF WORKERS

i) Washing and Sitting Facilities
In every factory adequate and suitable separate facilities for washing conveniently
situated should be provided and maintained for the use of both male and female
workers. The above facilities provided for the use of female workers, should be
adequately screened in order to provide privacy to female workers. The State
Government is also empowered to prescribe in respect of any factory 'the standards
and suitable facilities for washing by framing rules (Section 42)
ii) The Facilities of First Aid Appliances and Ambulance Room
The occupier of factory is required to provide the facility of first aid boxes to be
made use of by the workers in an emergency The first aid boxes or cupboards should
be readily accessible and equipped with prescribed contents. The number of boxes
24 and cupboards
should not be less than one for every 150 workers ordinarily employed at any time in
a factory Each first aid box or cupboard should be kept in the charge of a separate
responsible person who holds a certificate in first aid treatment recognised by the
State Government and readily available to workers during the working hours of the
factory.
In every factory where more than. 500 workers are ordinarily employed there should
be provided and maintained an ambulance room of the prescribed size, containing the
prescribed equipment and in the charge of qualified medical and nursing staff as
prescribed and the above facilities should be made available during the working
hours of the factories.
iii) Canteen, Rest Room and Lunch Rooms Facilities
Where 250 workers or more arc ordinarily employed, canteen facilities are required
to be provided by the occupier.
In every factory where more than 150 workers are employed adequate and suitable
shifters or rest rooms or lunch rooms with provision for drinking water where
walkers can eat meals should be provided and maintained for the use of workers.
These rooms should be well venerated, sufficiently lighted and maintained in cool
and clean condition. These rooms are to be constructed and furnished in accordance
with the rules framed by the State Government.
iv) Creches Facility
in every factory whew more than thirty women workers are employed rooms of employed
adequate size, well lighted and ventilated, maintained in clean and sanitary condition are
to be provided for the use of children of women workers below 6 years of age.
v) The Appointment of Welfare Officers
The main duty to look after the welfare of the workers lies on the welfare officer of a
factory. Therefore, in every factory where more than 500 workers are ordinarily
employed the occupier of a factory is required to appoint such number of welfare
officers as may be prescribed by the State Government in this respect. The persons
appointed to the above posts are to be fully qualified and to do such duties as are
imposed upon them under the rules.
Activity 3
Enumerate the provisiong relating to protection of the health of workers?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………
What are the safety measures provided for under the Factories Act for the workers
working at or near the machine?
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Is it necessary for all the factories to appoint safety officer? If not what should be the
minimum number of workers in the factories? What do you mean by hazardous
process?
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Law on Working
Conditions 4. What are the provisions of the factories Act relating to hazardous process?
.........................................................................................................................................
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5. Enumerate the provisions relating to welfare of workers?
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7.12 WORKING HOURS OF ADULT WORKERS

i) Weekly and Daily Working Hours
Section 51 and 54 contain general provisions regarding weekly and daily working
hours. According to Section 51 no adult worker shall be required or allowed to work
in a factory for more than 48 hours in a week. As regards daily working hours under
Section 54, no adult worker shall be required or allowed to work in a factory for more
than 9 hours in a day. But with the previous approval of the Chief Inspector the daily
maximum hours may be exceeded in order to facilitate and adjust the change of
shifts. The above restriction is applicable to `workers' only as defined in the Act.
ii) Weekly and Substituted Holidays
Section 52 speaks of weekly holiday to the workers of a factory. Accordingly an

adult worker shall not be allowed or required to work in a factory on the first day of
the week, i.e. Sunday. But if it becomes necessary to make Sunday a working day, a
substituted holiday is made compulsory.
iii) Compensatory Holidays
Such worker who has been deprived of weekly holiday should be allowed
compensatory holidays of equal number to the holidays so lost within the month in
which the holidays were due to him or within a months immediately following that
month.
iv) Intervals for Rest, Spread Over, Night Shifts and Double Employment
Every adult worker working in a factory is to be allowed rest during working hours of
at least half an hour. This interval is to be so placed as to break the working hours for
a maximum of 5 hours at a stretch. This period of 5 hours work can be extended to
six hours by the permission of the State Government or subject to the control of State
Government by the Chief Inspector on sufficient grounds to be recorded in the
permission order. (Section 55, 56, 57, 58).
v) Extra Wages for Overtime
A worker of a factory required to work in excess of the maximum hours of work

prescribed under Section 51 and Section 54 is to be paid extra wages for overtime
work done by him. Therefore a worker required to work for more than 9 hours in any
day or 48 hours in any week shall be paid at twice the ordinary rate of wages for the
extra hours of work done by him. Ordinary rate of wages for this purpose shall be the
basic wages plus such allowances including the cash equivalent or the advantage
accruing through the concessional sale of food grains and other
26
articles made available to workers excluding bonus. Further, where any worker in a
factory is employed on a piece rate basis the time rate wages admissible to worker in.
such jobs shall be deemed to be equivalent to daily average wages for the piece rated
worker.
vi) Notice of Periods of Work for Adult Workers
A notice in the prescribed form containing an abstract of Act and rules framed
thereunder, the name and address of Inspector and name and address of Certifying
Surgeon is required to be displayed in the factory. The notice so displayed should
indicate the periods of work for which an adult worker. is required to work everyday
in a factory. The notice shall be in English language and a language understood by
the majority of workers. The intention behind the displaying of notice is that no
worker is employed to work in contravention of Section 51, 52,54,55,56 and 58 of
the Act.
vii) Section 66
Act provides for further restrictions on employment of women. Thus no exemption

from the provisions of sec. 54 relative to daily hours of work may be granted in
respect of any woman. No woman shall be required or allowed to work in any factory
except between the hours of 6 a.m and 7 p.m; except when the state Govt. vary the
limits laid down. So however there is absolute prohibition on employment of woman
between the hours of 10 p.m and 5 a.m,
viii) Power to Make Exempting Rules and Orders
The State Government has been empowered to make rules for granting exemption
from the restrictions imposed with regard to working hours of adults as enumerated
above on such conditions as it may deem necessary.
7.13 EMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG PERSONS

i) Prohibition of Employment of Children and Adolescents
No factory can employ any person unless he has completed fourteen years of age.
(Section 67) Thus there is total prohibition in employing children below 14 years of
age. With regard to adolescent, i.e., above the age of 15 years but below 18 years, he
too cannot be employed in a factory unless (i) he as well as the manager of a
factory are in possession of certificates of fitness granted by the Certifying Surgeon

and (ii) the adolescent carries with him while at work a token giving a reference to
such certificate issued to him. (Section 68)
ii) Effect of Certificate of Fitness Granted to Adolescent
An adolescent who has been granted certificate of fitness to work as an adult in a

factory by the Certifying Surgeon is to be treated as an adult for the purposes of
working hours and annual leave with wages. But in case, such certificate has not been
granted to him then irrespective of his age he is to be treated as child for the purpose
of this Act. But an adolescent who has not attained the age of seventeen years but has
obtained a certificate of fitness to work in a factory as an adult shall be required or
allowed to work between 6 a.m. and 7 p.m. only. However, the State Government
may by notification in the official Gazette, in respect of any factory or group or class
or description of factories
i) vary the limit laid down in this sub-section. So, however, that no such sub-
section authorise the employment of any female adolescent between 10
p.m. and 5 a.m.;
27
ii) grant exemption from the provision of this sub-section in case of serious
emergency where national interest is involved.
Law on Working
Conditions iii) Working Hours for Children
the Act regulates the working hours for children above age of 14 years eligible for
employment in the factory. They can be employed for maximum hours of work
lasting 4-1/2 hours in a day . The other prohibitions relating to their employment are
a) the period of work is to be limited to shifts only:

b) the shifts are not to overlap;
c) the spread-over is not to exceed 5 hours;
d) the child is to be employed only in one relay;
e) the spread-over is not to change except once in 30 days; there should be no
double employment;
f) no exemption from the provisions of Section 52 dealing with weekly holidays;
and
g) employment during night, i.e., between 10 p.m, and n a.m. is prohibited.
7.14 ANNUAL LEAVE WITH WAGES

i) Annual Leave with Wages
Section 79 of the Act deals with the provisions of annual leave with wages. The basis
of calculation of the annual leave to which a worker would be entitled in a year is the
previous calendar year during which he had worked in a factory.
Qualifying Period
The minimum number of days which entitles a worker to earn leave is 240 during a
calendar year which period should include-
i) the days of lay off which may be as a result of contract or agreement or as

permissible under Standing Orders;
ii) the leave earned in the year prior to that in which leave is applied for; and
iii) in the case of female worker, maternity leave for any number of days not
exceeding 12 weeks.
If according to above computation, the total period comes to 240 days or more, then
the worker in a factory would be entitled to leave with wages in the subsequent
calendar year for a number of days calculated at the rate of:
Rate of Leave
i) In the case of an adult, one day for every twenty days of work performed by him
during the previous calendar year.
ii) In the case of child one day for every fifteen days of work performed by him
during the previous calendar year.
ii) Unavailed Leave
If a worker has not availed of portion of his leave in one calendar year, such
remaining portion of leave shall be carried over and added to the- leave to be allowed
to him in the succeeding calendar year subject to the condition that the total number
of days to be carried forward would not exceed-
a) in the case of adult 30` days;
28 b) in the case of child 40 days; .
However, if the worker applied for leave with wages but such leave was not granted
to him in accordance with any scheme drawn up under the provisions of this section,
then in that case, leave refused shall be carried forward without any limit.
iii) Procedure for Availing of Leave
A worker who wants to avail of leave is required to make an application to the

manager of the factory at least 15 days in advance except in the case of public utility
concern where the application for leave can availed of in 3 instalments in year at the
most. if the worker wants leave with wages due to him to cover a period of illness , in
the worker need not apply in advance. The wages , in such cases , admissible to him
are required to be paid in advance within 15 days and in case of public utility concern
within 30 days from the date of application requesting for grant of leave
iv) Unavailed Leave and Notice of Discharge and Dismissal
The unavailed leave of worker. shall not be taken into consideration in computing the
period of any notice required to be given by the occupier, before discharge or
dismissal. [Section 79 (12)].
v) Wages During Leave Period
The wages admissible to a worker during leave availed of by him under Section 78 or
79 are to be calculated in accordance with Section 80 of the Act.
vi) Advance Payment of Leave Wages
An adult worker who has been allowed leave for not less than 4 days and a child who
has been allowed leave for not less than 5 days can claim payment in advance of
leave wages admissible to him. (Section 81.)
vii) Mode of Recovery of Unpaid Wages
Any sum required to be paid by an employer under the above provisions but not paid
by him to the worker concerned, can be recovered by the worker under the -
provisions of Payment of Wages Act, 1936. (Section 82.) Therefore, where wages are
due to a worker for annual leave and the employer makes a default in making
payment, they can be recovered under the provisions of the above Act.
viii) Powers of the State Government
The State Government is empowered to make rules directing the managers of

factories to keep registers containing such particulars as may be prescribed by it and
such registers to be made available to Inspectors for examination, (Section 83.)
7.15 OTHER FEATURES

Section 85 of the Act empowers the State Govt. by notification to declare that
all or any of the provisions of the Act shall apply to any place wherein a
manufacturing process is carried on or is ordinarily carried on with less then 10
employed persons or less than 20 employed person as the case may be, with or
without using power. Once such a declaration is made it shall be deemed to be
a factory under the Act and the owner shall be deemed to be occupier and any
person-working their-in; a worker.
Section 87 A empowers an inspector to prohibit employment in a factory if it,

appears that conditions are such that they may cause serious hazard by way of
injury or death to the persons employed therein or to the general public in the
vicinity.
29
Law on Working
Conditions 3. Section 91 A empowers the Chief inspector of factories or the Director General
Factory Advisory Services and Labour Institutes or any other authorised officer
to undertake after giving notice, safety and occupational health surveys. Where
for the purposes of such surveys it is required to do medical examination of any
worker then such worker shall present himself for the purpose. Time spent by the
worker on this shall be deemed to be time during which such worker worked in
the factory.
7.16 SELF ASSESSMENT TEST

1. Discuss the various provisions governing working hours of adults?
2. What are the provisions for giant of annual leave with pay?
3. Discuss the provisions for overtime wages?
4. Discuss the provisions relating to employment of young persons in factories?
7.17 FURTHER READINGS

S.C. Srivastava, Commentaries on the Factories Act, (1948), Universal Book
Company, New Delhi (1999).
B.R. Seth, Indian Lahour Laws A Supervisor should know. Revised Eleventh Edition
1997, All India Management Association, Delhi
30

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UNIT 7 THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948

After reading this unit you will be able to:

7.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FACTORY

7.2 OBJECT OF THE ACT

7.3 SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY OF THE ACT

section 2(no of the factories Act , 1948 defines “factory” to mean:

any premises including the precincts thereof-

Meaning of the words Premises and Precinct

In re K. V V Sharma [((1950) 1 LLJ 29.)] conversion of raw films into a finished

Section 2 (1) of the Factories Act, 1,948 defines a "worker" to mean:

A person employed, directly or through any agency (including a contractor) with or

1. Give a brief history of Factory Legislation.

2. What amendments have been made by Act. No. 20 of 1987.

4. Discuss the scope and appliability of the Act.

5. Explain the essentials of the term "Factory".

6. What do you mean by premises and precinct?

7. Are the following manufacturing process?

8. Explain the essentials of the definition of worker under the Act.

9. Who is an occupier? What are the general duties of occupier?

10. What are the general duties of manufacturer?

7.6 THE INSPECTING STAFF

The Inspectors are required:

7.7 CERTIFYING SURGEONS

Section 10 empowers the State Government to appoint qualified medical practitioners

ii) Disqualifications for Appointment

No person shall be appointed or authorised to exercise the power of Certifying

(a) who is or becomes the occupier of a factory;

(b) who is or becomes directly or indirectly interested therein or in any process

(b) the examination of persons engaged in factories in such dangerous occupations

i) cases of illness have occurred which it is reasonable to believe are due to

ii) by reason of any change in the manufacturing process carried on or in the

2. What is the procedure for registration of factories?

3. How are Inspectors appointed and what are their powers?

ii) Work on or Near Machinery in Motion

7.10 PROVISIONS RELATING TO HAZARDOUS

any process or activity in relation to an industry specified in the First Schedule

i) cause material impairment to the helath of the persons engaged in or

7.11 WELFARE OF WORKERS

ii) The Facilities of First Aid Appliances and Ambulance Room

iii) Canteen, Rest Room and Lunch Rooms Facilities

iv) Creches Facility

v) The Appointment of Welfare Officers

Enumerate the provisiong relating to protection of the health of workers?

5. Enumerate the provisions relating to welfare of workers?

7.12 WORKING HOURS OF ADULT WORKERS

ii) Weekly and Substituted Holidays

Section 52 speaks of weekly holiday to the workers of a factory. Accordingly an

iii) Compensatory Holidays

v) Extra Wages for Overtime

A worker of a factory required to work in excess of the maximum hours of work

vi) Notice of Periods of Work for Adult Workers

Act provides for further restrictions on employment of women. Thus no exemption

viii) Power to Make Exempting Rules and Orders

7.13 EMPLOYMENT OF YOUNG PERSONS

factory are in possession of certificates of fitness granted by the Certifying Surgeon

ii) Effect of Certificate of Fitness Granted to Adolescent

An adolescent who has been granted certificate of fitness to work as an adult in a

a) the period of work is to be limited to shifts only: