11 Chemistry Notes ch12 Organic Chemistry PDF
11 Chemistry Notes ch12 Organic Chemistry PDF
11 Chemistry Notes ch12 Organic Chemistry PDF
Class 11 Chemistry
Quick Revision Notes
Chapter 12
Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques
In this unit, we have learnt some basic concepts in structure and reactivity of organic
compounds, which are formed due to covalent bonding.
The nature of the covalent bonding in organic compounds can be described in terms of
orbitals hybridisation concept, according to which carbon can have sp3, sp2 and sp
hybridised orbitals.
Carbon has a tetrahedron shape as it is tetravalent. The sp3, sp2 and sp hybridized n carbons
are found in compounds like methane, ethene and ethyne respectively.
The tetrahedral shape of methane, planar shape of ethene and linear shape of ethyne can be
understood on the basis of orbitals hybridisation concept. A sp3 hybrid orbital can overlap
with 1s orbital of hydrogen to give a carbon - hydrogen (C–H) single bond (sigma, σ bond).
Overlap of a sp2 orbital of one carbon with sp2 orbital of another results in the formation of
a carbon–carbon σ bond. The unhybridised p orbitals on two adjacent carbons can undergo
lateral (side-by- side) overlap to give a pi (π) bond.
A functional group is an atom or group of atoms bonded together in a unique fashion and
which determines the physical and chemical properties of the compounds.
Homologus Series
The naming of the organic compounds is carried out by following a set of rules laid down by
the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
In IUPAC nomenclature, the names are correlated with the structure in such a way that the
reader can deduce the structure from the name.
The inductive, resonance, electromeric and hyperconjugation effects may help in the
polarisation of a bond making certain carbon atom or other atom positions as places of low
or high electron densities.
Organic reactions can be broadly classified into following types; substitution, addition,
Purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds are carried out for
determining their structures.
Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens and phosphorus are detected by Lassaigne’s test. Carbon and
hydrogen are estimated by determining the amounts of carbon dioxide and water produced.