FM - GTU Paper Analysis - 04032016 - 080503AM

GTU Paper Analysis (New Syllabus)
Chapter 1 – Fluid and their Properties
June -15
Jan - 16
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
Explain the following terms:
1. 1. Relative density 2. Kinematic viscosity 3. Cavitation 7
4. Vapour pressure 5. Continuum 6. Compressibility
7. Capillary effect
Define or explain following terms
2. 1. Newton’s law of viscosity 2
2. Capillarity
Examples
Calculate the shear stress developed in oil of viscosity 1.2 poise, used for lubricating the
1. clearance between a shaft of diameter 12 cm and its journal bearing. The shaft rotates at 7
180 rpm and clearance is 1.4 mm.
A 150 mm diameter vertical cylinder rotates concentrically inside cylinder of diameter 151
2. mm. both the cylinders are 250 mm high. The space between the cylinders is filled with a 7
liquid whose viscosity is unknown. If a torque of 12 Nm is required to rotate the inner
cylinder at 100 rpm, determine the viscosity of the liquid.
Fluid Mechanics (2141906)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
GTU Paper Analysis (Old Syllabus)
Chapter 1 – Fluid and their Properties
June– 15
May - 11
May - 12
May - 13
May - 14
Dec – 11
Dec – 14
Nov - 13
Dec - 09
Dec - 10
Mar -10
Jan - 13
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
1. Explain the continuum concept used in fluid mechanics 2 3
2. Explain the difference between the behavior of solids and 3

fluids under an applied force.
3. With neat sketch write about the Newtonian and Non – 3
Newtonian fluids
4. Derive an expression for capillary rise (depression) between 3
two vertical parallel plates.
Define the capillarity and derive an expression for capillary rise
5. h=4s/ρgd where, h= rise of water, s=surface tension of liquid, 4 4 7
ρ=density of liquid and d= diameter of droplet
6. Explain the phenomenon of capillarity. Obtain and expression
7
for capillary rise and capillary fall of a liquid
(i) Define capillarity and develop a formula for capillary rise of
7. a liquid between two concentric glass tubes with usual 3
7
notations.
(ii) State and explain Newton’s law of viscosity.
8. What is the difference between dynamic viscosity and
3
kinematic viscosity? State their units.
9. What is compressibility? Derive an expression for it? 3
Define following (any seven)
10. - Density 7 7 4 4 4
- Dynamic viscosity

- Kinematic viscosity
- Capillary
- Bulk modulus of elasticity
- Surface tension
- Vapor presser
- Cavitation
- Cohesion
- Adhesion
- Continuum
- Non-Newtonian Fluid
11. What is fluid? How fluid is differing from solid? Define 7
viscosity, surface tension, compressibility and vapour pressure.
Examples
A flat plate 30 cm x 50 cm slides on oil ( µ = 0.8 N-s/m2 ) over a
1. large plane surface. What is the force required to drag the 4
plate at 2m/s if separating oil film is 0.4 mm thick ?
A disc of 100 mm diameter rotates on a table separated by an
2. oil film of 2mm thickness. Find the torque required to rotate 7
the disc at 60 rpm, if the dynamic viscosity of oil is 0.05 poise.
Assume the velocity gradient in oil film to be linear.
A plate 0.05 mm distance from a fixed plate moves at 1.2 m/s
3. and requires a force of 2.2 N/m2 to maintain this speed, find 4
the viscosity of the fluid between the plates.
A soap bubble 62.5 mm diameter has an internal pressure in
4 excess of the outside pressure of 20 N/m2.what is the tension 3
in soap film?
The capillary rise in the glass tube is not to exceed 0.4 mm of

5 water. Determine its minimum size, given that surface tension 4
for water in contact with air s =0.0725 N/m and contact angle
θ = 25.
A rectangular plate, 1m X 0.5m, weighing 980.7 N slides down
a 30º inclined surface at a uniform velocity of 2.0 m/sec. If the
6 2 mm gap between the plate and the inclined surface is filled 4
with caster oil, determine the viscosity (in Poise) of the castor
oil.
An oil of viscosity 4 poise is used for lubrication between a
7 shaft and sleeve. The diameter of the shaft is 0.5 m and it 7
rotates at 250 rpm. Calculate the power lost in oil for a sleeve
length of 100 mm. The thickness of oil film is 1 mm.
A 50 mm diameter shaft rotates with 500 rpm in a 80 mm long
journal bearing with 51 mm internal diameter. The annular
8 space between the shaft and bearing is filled with lubricating 7
oil of dynamic viscosity 1 poise. Determine the torque required
and power absorbed to overcome friction.
Calculate the capillary rise in a glass tube of 3mm diameter
9 inserted in water. Surface tension for water is 0.075 N/m. 7
What will be the percentage increase in capillary height if the
diameter of glass tube is 2mm.

Chapter 2 – Pressure & Head
Jun - 15
Jan - 16
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
1. Enlist the various Mechanical gauges for pressure measurement and 09

describe their working with suitable diagram.
2. State and prove pascal’s law with usual notations. 04
Examples
Find the depth of point below sea water surface where the pressure
1. 03
intensity is 404.8 kN/m2. The specific gravity of sea water is 1.03.

Chapter 2 – Pressure & Head
June– 15
May - 11
May - 12
May - 13
May - 14
Dec – 11
Dec – 14
Dec – 15
Nov - 13
Dec - 10
Jan - 13
Mar-10
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
Define atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure and absolute pressure.
State and prove Pascal’s law for static fluid. Also mention its
application. 04 04 07 04 07
1.
OR
Prove that “Intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is same
in all direction”
What do you mean by gauge pressure, vacuum pressure and absolute
2. pressure? Explain the working principle of U-tube differential 07 03
manometer with neat sketch.
3. State Pascal’s law and hydrostatic law. 03 07
Describe vertical single column manometer? How will you measure
the fluid pressure with it?
OR
4. 04 07 07
Define manometer. List different types of manometer. Explain single
column manometer with usual notation. State advantages and
limitations of manometer.
Enlist types of manometers. Differentiate between u-tube manometer 07
5. 07 04
and u-tube differential manometer.
6. Explain: Bourden tube pressure gauge and Diaphragm gauge 07

What is fluid statics? What are the forces acting on the fluid particle in
7. fluid statics? State Pascal law. Also prove that pressure at same level 07
in static fluids is equal.
Examples
A U-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure of water in a
pipe line, which is in excess of atmospheric pressure. The right limb
of the manometer contains mercury and is open to atmosphere. The
contact between water and mercury is in the left limb. Determine the
1. pressure of water in the main line, if the difference in level of mercury 07
in the limbs of U-tube is 12cm and the free surface of mercury is in
level with the centre of the pipe. If the pressure of water in pipe line is
reduced to 9810 N/m2. Calculate the new difference in the level of
mercury.
The left limb of a u-tube manometer containing mercury is connected
to a pipe in which a fluid of specific gravity 0.85 is flowing. The right
limb is open to atmosphere. Mercury levels in the left and right limbs
2. are 0.12 m and 0.4 m below center of the pipe respectively. Calculate 07
the vacuum pressure in the pipe. Also express this vacuum pressure
in terms of: i) absolute pressure and, ii) m of water. Take atmospheric
pressure as 101.3 KN/m2 and specific gravity of mercury as 13.6.
(i)Distinguish between ‘absolute pressure’ and ‘gauge pressure’.
An open tank contains water up to a depth of 2m and above it, oil of 07
3.
specific gravity 0.9 for 1m depth. Find the pressure at the bottom of
the tank (ii)State and discuss: Hydrostatic law of pressure variation.
An inverted differential manometer is connected with two pipes A
4. and B in which water is flowing as shown in fig. 1. The manometric 07
fluid is oil of specific gravity 0.8. Refer the figure and find the

pressure difference between A and B.

Chapter 3 – Static Forces on Surface and Buoyancy
Jan - 16
Jun - 15
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
1. Derive expressions for total pressure and centre of pressure for 07
vertically immersed surface
2. Show that the distance between the meta-centre and centre of 07
buoyancy is given by
3. Explain the conditions of stability for a submerged and floating body 07
with neat diagrams.
Examples
A rectangular pontoon 8 m long, 6 m wide and 2 m deep, floats in sea
water (sp. weight = 10000 N/m3). It carries an empty boiler on its
1. upper dock of 4 m diameter. The weight of pontoon and boiler are 600 07
kN and 200 kN respectively. The center of gravity of each unit coincides
with geometric centre of the arrangement and lie on same vertical line.
Find the metacentric height of arrangement and check the stability.
A block of wood has a horizontal cross section 500 mm X 500 mm and
2. height h.it floats vertically in water. If the specific gravity of wood is 0.6, 07
find the maximum height of block so that it can remain in stable
equilibrium.
A barge in the shape of a rectangular block 8 m wide, 12.8 m long and 3 m
deep floats in water with a draft of 1.8 m. the centre of gravity of the
3. barge is 0.3 m above the water surface. State whether the barge is in 07
stable equilibrium. Calculate the righting moment when the barge heels by
100

Chapter 3 – Static Forces on Surface and Buoyancy
June– 15
May - 11
May - 12
May - 13
May - 14
Mar - 10
Dec – 11
Dec – 14
Nov - 13
Dec - 10
Jan - 13
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
1. Define the following terms: (I) Total pressure (II) Centre of pressure 04
(III) Force of buoyancy (IV) Metacentre
2. Derive the expression for total pressure and centre of pressure for a 07 07 07
vertical plate submerged in the liquid with usual notations.
3. Explain the condition of stability for a submerged body. 07
Show that the distance between the meta-centre and center of
buoyancy is given by BM=I/∀.
4. OR 07 07 07
Define metacenter and metacentric height. Explain analytical method
for determination of metacentric height.
5. Prove that the centre of pressure for any immersed surface always
04
lies below its centroid.
Define buoyant force, center of buoyancy, metacenter and
6. metacentric height. Also describe conditions of equilibrium for 03 07 03 07
floating and submerged bodies.
7. For inclined immersed surface derive with usual notations, 07
expression for total pressure and center of pressure.
Examples
A body has the cylindrical upper portion of 4m diameter and 2.4m
1. deep. The lower portion, which is curved, displaces a volume of 800 07
litres of water and its centre of buoyancy is situated 2.6m below the

top of the cylinder. The centre of gravity of the whole body is 1.6m
below the top of the cylinder and the total displacement of water is
52 kN. Find the 2etacentric height of the body.
A solid cylinder of diameter 4 m has a height of 4 m. Find the
Metacentric height of the cylinder if the specific gravity of the
2. 07
material of cylinder is 0.7 and it is floating in water with its axis
vertical. State whether the equilibrium is stable or unstable.
A wooden block of specific gravity of 0.7 and dimensions 18 cm wide,
30 cm deep and 100 cm long floats horizontally on 18 cm wide
surface in water. Calculate the 2etacentric height and comment on the
3. 07
stability of the block. If the block is given a tilt of 6o in the clockwise
direction. Calculate what should be the mass should be kept at a
distance from the centre 5 cm on the opposite side of offset the tilt.
A square plate of diagonal 2m is immersed in a liquid with its
diagonal vertical and upper corner is 0.5m below the free surface of
4. the liquid. The specific gravity of the liquid is 1.4. 07
Find, (i) The force exerted by liquid on the plate. (ii) The position of
its centre of pressure
A solid cylinder 2.5m in diameter and 2.5m high is floating in water
5. with its axis vertical. If the specific gravity of cylinder material is 0.7, 07
Find 2etacentric height. Also state whether the equilibrium is stable
or unstable.
Determine the total pressure on a circular plate of diameter 1.5 m
which is placed vertically in water in such a way that the centre of the
6. 07
plate is 3 m below the free surface of water. Find the position of
centre of pressure also.
7. A pontoon of 15696 KN displacement is floating in water a weight of 07

245.25 KN is moved through a distance of 8 m across the deck of
pontoon which tilts the pontoon through an angle of 4° find the
3etacentric height of the pontoon.
An equilateral triangular plate having 2.5 m side is immersed in water
with its base coinciding with the free surface. Calculate total force and
6. 07
center of pressure if, i) the plate is vertical and, ii) angle of inclination
of the plate with the free surface is 60o.
A wooden block of specific gravity 0.75 floats in water. If the size of
7. 07
the block is 1m X 0.5 m X 0.4 m, find its 3etacentric height.
An isosceles triangular plate of base 3 m and altitude 3 m is immersed
8. vertically in an oil of specific gravity 0.8. The base of plate coincides 07
with the free surface of oil. Determine total pressure on the plate.
Distinguish between centre of pressure and centre of gravity. A
rectangular plate 3m X 5m is immersed vertically in water such that
9. the 3m side is parallel to the water surface. Determine the hydrostatic 07
force and the depth of centre of pressure if the top edge of the plate is
2m below water surface.
A rectangular body 2 m long, 1 m wide and 0.8 m deep floats in water.
10. The depth of immersion is 0.6 m. What is the weight of the body? Is 04
the body in stable equilibrium?
A cylindrical block weight 22 KN having diameter 2m and height 2.5m
11. 07
is to float in sea water (S=1.025), show that it does not float vertically.
Fig. 2 shows a gate having a quadrant shape of radius of 1 m
12. subjected to water pressure. Find the resultant force and its 07
inclination with the horizontal. Take the length of gate as 2 m.

A solid cube of sides 0.5 m each is made of a material of relative

13. density 0.5. The cube floats in a liquid of relative density 0.95 with 07
two of its faces horizontal. Examine its stability.
A logwood 1meter diameter and 2.5 meter long is floating in water.
14. Calculate the depth of immersion of logwood in water if the specific 07
gravity of logwood is 0.6.
The weight of stone is 530N in air and reduces to 200N while
15. 07
submerging it into water find the specific gravity of stone.

Chapter 4 & 6 – Kinematics
Jun – 15
Jan – 16
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
1. Explain clearly: stream line; path line and streak line. 07

Distinguish clearly between: 1. Rotational and Irrotational flow 2. 07
2.
Laminar and Turbulent flow.
3. Derive the continuity equation in Cartesian co-ordinates 07
Examples
Velocity for a two dimensional flow field is given by
1. V=(3+2xy+4t2)i+(xy2+3t)j 05
Find the velocity and acceleration at appoint (1,2) after 2 sec.

Chapter 4 & 6 – Kinematics
May - 11
May - 12
May - 13
May - 14
Dec – 11
Dec – 14
Dec – 15
Nov - 13
Dec - 10
Jun – 15
Mar -10
Jan - 13
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
1. Define: - (i) path line (ii) stream line (iii) stream tube 3
2. State the characteristics of Laminar flow and Turbulent flow. 4 2
Derive an expression of stream function and velocity potential
3. 4
function for vortex flow.
Define and explain circulation. What is the importance of concept of
circulation?
4. OR 3 7
Define circulation. Prove that circulation Γ = ∫ξdA with usual
notations.
5. Explain Flow-net and state the importance of flow net. 4
Derive an expression for continuity for 3-D flow and reduce it for 7
6. 7 7 7 5 4 7 7
steady, incompressible 2-D flow in Cartesian coordinate system.
Explain briefly :
(I) Steady flow and unsteady flow
(II) Uniform flow and non uniform flow
7. 3 4 7 7
(III) Laminar and turbulent flow
(IV) Compressible and incompressible flow
(V) Rotational and irrotational flow
Explain the following in brief :
8. 4 2
(I) Stream function (II) Velocity potential function (III) Circulation
(IV) Flow net
9. Distinguish between forced vortex and free vortex flow. 2
What do you mean by equipotential line and a line of constant stream
10. 4
function?
11. Explain the following terms: (i) Laminar and turbulent flow. (ii) Draft 7
tube (iii) Stream tube. (iv) Velocity potential function
Examples
Velocity component of a fluid flow are given as
Where, x, y, z are given in meter and time t in sec.

1 5
Determine velocity vector at point P (4, 1, 2) at time t = 4 sec. Also
determine the magnitude of velocity and acceleration of the flow for
given location and time.
An open circular cylinder of 15 cm diameter and 100 cm long
contains water up to a height of 80 cm. Find the maximum speed at
2. 7
which the cylinder is to be rotated about its vertical axis so that no
water spills.
The stream function for a two dimensional flow is given by ψ = 3xy.
3. Calculate the velocity at point P (2, 4). Also find the velocity potential 4
function, Φ.
Explain the terms: Rotational flow, relative equilibrium, buoyant
4. force. A tank, 1 m wide, 6 m long and 2.5 m deep is open at top. It 7
contains water to a depth of 2 m. If the tank is accelerated at 2 m/s2,
calculate the volume of water spilled out of the tank.
Differentiate between streamline and equipotential line.
5. For a 2-D flow field, the velocity potential is given as Φ = 2xy – x. 7
Determine the stream function Ψ at a point P(2, 2).
6. The velocity component in a two-dimensional flow field for an 7

incompressible fluid are as follows:
u = y3/3 + 2x - x2y and v = xy2 – 2y – x3/3
Obtain an expression for the stream function ψ.
A vessel, cylindrical in shape and closed at the top and bottom,
7. contains water up to a height of 80 cm. The diameter of the vessel is 7
20 cm and length of vessel 120 cm. The vessel is rotated at a speed of
400 r.p.m. about its vertical axis. Find the height of parabola formed.
A stream function in a two-dimensional flow is ψ=2xy. Calculate the
8. velocity at the point (3, 2). Find the corresponding velocity potential 7
φ.

Chapter 5 – The Energy Equation and its Application
June -15
Jan - 16
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
1. State assumptions for Bernoulli’s equations. Derive Bernoulli’s equations 7
2. Derive euler’s equation of motion. 7
3. Derive the expressions for discharge over (i) Rectangular notch and (ii) Triangular notch. 7
4. Derive the expression for time required to emptying a tank through an orifice at its bottom. 7
Examples
1. A 300 mm X 150 mm venturimeter is placed vertically with throat 250 mm above the inlet section conveys
kerosene of density 820 kg/m3 . The flow rate is 140 litre/sec. calculate the pressure difference between inlet 7
and throat section. Take Cd= 0.97.
A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal circular pipe of
3. diameter 120 mm and length 12 m. calculate the difference of pressure at the two ends of the pipe, if 785 N 7
of the oil is collected in tank in 25 seconds.

Chapter 5 – The Energy Equation and its Application
June– 15
May - 11
May - 12
May - 13
May - 14
Dec – 11
Dec – 14
Nov - 13
Dec - 09
Dec - 10
Mar -10
Jan - 13
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
1. Derive an expression for the measurement of velocity of flow at 4 7

any point in a pipe or channel by Pitot tube.
2. With usual notations derive the expression for the discharge 5
through a triangular notch.
3. Derive Euler’s equation of motion along a streamline and hence 7 7 7
obtain Bernoulli’s equation clearly state the assumption made.
4. Explain the construction and working of a Venturimeter and 7 7
7 3
also derive an expression for the discharge through it.
Compare a triangular notch with a rectangular notch for
5. measuring discharges and derive an expression for the discharge 7
through a triangular notch.
6. State Bernoulli’s theorem. 3
7. What are the advantages of triangular notch over rectangular
3
notch ?
8. Find an expression for the discharge over a rectangular notch. 4
9. Define Kinetic Energy correction factor and momentum 3 3
correction factor.
10. State assumptions for Bernoulli’s equations. Derive Bernoulli’s 7
equations
11. Explain: Vena-contracta. Discuss the characteristics of flow at 3
vena-contracta, in case of an orifice.
12. State ‘Bernoulli’s theorem’. What are the assumptions in 3

Bernoulli’s theorem?
Sketch the VM and show all the component parts. Why is the
13. length of diverging cone kept larger than the length of 4
converging cone?
What is fluid statics? What are the forces acting on the fluid
14. particle in fluid statics? State Pascal law. Also prove that 7
pressure at same level in static fluids is equal.
Examples
A sharp edged orifice , 5 cm in diameter, in the vertical side of
large tank discharges water under a head of 5 m. If Cc = 0.62 and
1. C = 0.98 , determine ( a ) the diameter of jet at the vena 4
contracta, ( b ) the velocity at the vena contracta and ( c )
discharge in m3/s.
Explain momentum correction factor required for the flow past a
section. A liquid flows through the circular pipe 0.6 m diameter.
Measurements of velocity taken at interval along a diameter as
under.
2. Distance 7
From wall,m 0 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.55 0.6
Velocity,m/s 0 2.00 3.8 4.6 5.0 4.5 3.7 1.6 0
The total momentum per unit time is 2394.00 kg. Find the true
momentum in context of average velocity and find the
momentum correction factor.
The pipe AB is of uniform diameter ( Figure) and the pressure at
3. A and B are 150 and 250 kN/m2 respectively. Find the direction 4
of the flow and head loss in meters of liquid if liquid has a
specific gravity of 0.85

Describe the procedure of measurement of velocity with the

Pitot tube. Find flow rate of water for venturimeter if
mercury manometer reads y = 10 cm for the case where D1 = 20
cm and D = 10 cm and ∆z = 0.45 m ( Refer Figure)
4 7
What is cipolleti weir? For cipolletti weir, derive the slope ( ¼ : 1

5 ) of the sides of the trapezoidal notch by setting the reduction in 7
discharge due to contraction equal to the increase in discharge
due to triangulation area added.
In an experiment on 900 Vee notch, the flow is collected in a 0.90
6 m diameter vertical cylindrical tank . It is found that the depth of
water increases by 0.685 m in 16.8 seconds when the head over

the notch is 0.2 m. Determine the coefficient of discharge. If the
error in observation of head over the notch is 1mm ,what will be
the error in discharge?
The water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100 m having
diameter 600 mm at the upper end and 300 mm at the lower
7 end, at the rate of 50 litres/sec. The pipe has a slope of 1 in 30. 7
Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher
level is 19.62 * 104 N /m2& lower end is 10 m above datum.
A horizontal venturimeter of 200 mm X 100 mm is used to
measure the discharge of an oil of specific gravity 0.85. A
8 mercury manometer is used for the purpose. If the discharged is 7
100 litres per second and if the coefficient of discharge of the
venturimeter is 0.97, find the difference of mercury level in
between two limbs of manometer.
The inlet and throat diameters of a vertically mounted
venturimeter are30 cm and 10 cm respectively. The throat
section is below the inlet section at a discharge of 10 cm. The
9 specific gravity of the liquid is 900Kg/m3. The intensity of 7
pressure at inlet is 140 KPa and the throat pressure is 80 KPa.
Calculate the flow rate in Lps.. Assume that 2 % of the
differential head is lost between inlet and throat. Take
coefficient of discharge 0.97.
A horizontal Venturimeter with inlet diameter 20cm and throat
diameter 10cm is used to measure the flow of oil of sp.gr 0.8.
10 The discharge of oil through venturimeter is 60 Liters/Second. 7
Find the reading of the oil mercury differential manometer take
Cd = 0.98.
The head of water over an orifice of diameter 7.5 cm is 7.5 m.
11 The jet of water coming out from the orifice is collected in a tank 7
having cross-sectional area of 1 m x 1 m. The rise of water level
in this tank is 0.87 m in 25 seconds. The coordinates of a point

on the jet measured from venacontracta are 3.75 m horizontal
and 0.5 m vertical. Find the co-efficient of discharge, co-efficient
of velocity and coefficient of contraction.
A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameters 0.3 m
and 0.15 m respectively is used to measure the flow of water in a
12 pipe. The reading of differential manometer connected to the 4
inlet and the throat is 0.25 m of mercury. Determine the rate of
flow, if the coefficient of discharge is 0.97.
The water is flowing through a tapering pipe having diameters
300 mm and 150 mm at section 1 and section 2 respectively. The
13 discharge through the pipes is 40 liters / sec. The section 1 is 10 7
m above datum and section 2 is 6 m above datum. Find the
intensity of pressure at section 2 if that at section 1 is 400 kN/m2
The co-ordinates of a point on a free jet issued from an orifice
14 under the head of 1.8m are (1.5, 0.4). If the dia. of the orifice is 4
2cm and origin of co-ordinate system is the centre of the jet at
vena-contracta, find coefficient of velocity.
A horizontal venturimeter (VM) connected to a pipe of 20 cm
dia. has 10 cm dia. throat. The difference of pressure between
15 the inlet and the throat is measured by a differential mercury 7
manometer, which shows the deflection of 30 cm. If the
coefficient of discharge of VM is 0.97, calculate the discharge of
water passing through the pipe.
A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.9, changes in
diameter from 250mm diameter at a position 1 to 450 mm
16 diameter at a position 2 which is 6 meter at a higher level. If the 7
pressure at 1 and 2 are 12 N/cm2 and 6 N/cm2 respectively and
the discharge is 250 litre/sec. calculate the loss of head and
direction of flow.
17 A rectangular channel 2 m wide has a discharge of 250 liters/sec, 7
which is measured by a right angled V-notch. Find the position of

the apex of the notch from the bed of the channel if maximum
depth of water is not to exceed 1.3 m. Take Cd = 0.62.
Find the discharge of water flowing through a pipe 30 cm
diameter placed in an inclined position where a venture meter is
inserted, having a throat diameter of 15 cm. The difference of
18 pressure between the main and throat is measured by a 7
liquid of specific gravity 0.6 in an inverted U-tube which gives a
reading of 30 cm. The loss of head between the main and throat
is 0.2 times the kinetic head of the pipe.

Chapter 7 – Dimensional Analysis and Similarity
June -15
Jan - 16
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
State Buckingham’s π-theorem. What do you mean by repeating variables? How the repeating
1.
variables are selected in dimensional analysis? 5
Define the following dimensionless numbers:
(I) Reynold’s No. (II) Froude No. (III) Euler’s No. (IV) Mach No.
2.
OR
State the various dimensionless numbers with their significance in fluid flow situations.
3. Define or explain following terms 2
Dimensional homogeneity, Derived units
Examples
The frictional torque T of a disc of diameter D rotatin
10 7
viscosity µ and density ρin a turbulent flow is given by,
Prove this by Buckingham’s p method
Using the method of dimensional analysis obtain an expression for the discharge Q over a rectangular
11 weir. The discharge depends on the head H over the weir, acceleration due to ravity g, length of the 7
weir crest over the channel bottom Z and the kinematic viscosity v of the liquid.

GTU Paper Analysis(Old Syllabus)
Chapter 7 – Dimensional Analysis and Similarity
June– 15
May - 11
May - 12
May - 13
May - 14
Dec – 11
Dec – 14
Nov - 13
Dec - 09
Dec - 10
Mar -10
Jan - 13
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
State similarity laws. Where are they used? Explain Froude,

1. 4 7
Euler and Weber model law with applications.
State Buckingham’s π-theorem. What do you mean by
2. repeating variables? How the repeating variables are selected 3 4
in dimensional analysis?
Define the following dimensionless numbers:
(I) Reynold’s No. (II) Froude No. (III) Euler’s No. (IV) Mach No.
3. OR 4 4 4
State the various dimensionless numbers with their
significance in fluid flow situations.
Discuss different types of similarities that must exist between
4. 3 4 4
a prototype and its model.
5. Explain Buckingham’s Π – theorem for dimensional analysis. 7
6. Explain euler’s, weber and mach model law. 7
7. Prove that the scale ratio for discharge for a distorted model is
7
given as Q p/Qm = (Lr)H(Lr)v1.5
8. What is similarity? What are the various types of it? Explain. 7
9. Define or explain following terms
Dimensional homogeneity, Derived units

10. Define: Reynolds number. Also, explain “Reynolds’ model 3
law”.
Examples
Using Buckingham’s π-theorem, show that the lift FL on airfoil
can be expressed as,
1. [ ] 7
Where, ρ = mass density, V = velocity of flow, d = characteristic

depth, μ = co-efficient of viscosity, α = angle of incidence.
The pressure difference ΔP in a pipe of diameter D and length l
2. due to turbulent flow depends on the velocity v, viscosity μ,
7 6 7
density ρ and roughness k.
Using Buckingham’s π-theorem, obtain an expression for ΔP.
Derive on the basis of dimensional analysis suitable
parameters to present the thrust developed by propeller.
3. Assume that thrust P depends upon the angular velocity ω,
7
speed of advance V, diameter D, dynamic viscosity μ, mass
density ρ, elasticity of the fluid medium which can be denoted
by speed of the sound in the medium C.
The efficiency η of a fan depends on the density ρ, the
dynamic viscosity μ of the fluid, the angular velocity ω,
4 7
diameter D and discharge Q. Express efficiency η in terms of
dimensionless parameters by using Buckingham’s-π theorem.
A pipe of 1.4m in diameter is required to transport an oil of
specific gravity 0.8 and dynamic viscosity 0.04 poise at the rate
5 7
of 2500 litres per second. Test were conducted on a150mm
diameter pipe using water at 20˚C. The viscosity of water at

20˚C is 0.01 poise. Find the rate of flow in the model.
A ship 250 m long moves in sea-water, whose density is 1025
kg/m3. A 1:100 model of this ship is to be tested in a wind
tunnel. The velocity of air in the wind tunnel around the model
is 25 m/s and the resistance of the model is 50 N. Determine
6 7
the velocity of ship in sea-water and also resistance of the ship
in sea-water. The density of air is 1.24 kg/m2, the kinematic
viscosity of sea-water is 0.012 stokes and viscosity of air is
0.018 stokes.
The efficiency of fan depend upon diameter of rotor, discharge
7 of fluid, density of fluid, dynamic viscosity of fluid and angular
7
velocity of rotor. Find the expression for efficiency in terms of
dimensionless number.
The resisting force R of a supersonic plane during flight can be
considered as dependent upon the length of the aircraft l,
8 velocity V, viscosity of air µ, air density ρ and bulk modulus of 7
air K. Express the functional relationship between these
variables with the resisting force.
The lift force F on the air foil depends upon the mass density ρ
9 of the medium, velocity of flow V, characteristic length d, the
7
viscosity µ ,and angleof attach a. obtain an expression for the
lift force by using Buckingham’s pi-theorem.
The frictional torque T of a disc of diameter D rotatin
viscosity µ and density ρin a turbulent flow is given by,
10
Prove this by Buckingham’s p method

Using the method of dimensional analysis obtain an expression
11 for the discharge Q over a rectangular weir. The discharge
depends on the head H over the weir, acceleration due to
ravity g, length of the weir crest over the channel bottom Z
and the kinematic viscosity v of the liquid.
Show, using Buckingham’s p-theorem, that the resistance (F)

to the motion of a sphere of diameter (D) moving with a
12 uniform velocity (V) through a real fluid of density (ρ) and 7
viscosity (µ) is given by:

Chapter 8 – Viscous Flow
Jun - 15
Jan - 16
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
Derive the Hagen – Poiseuille equation for laminar flow in the circular
1. 07
pipe.
Examples
A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing
1. through a horizontal circular pipe of diameter 120 mm and length 12 07
m. calculate the difference of pressure at the two ends of the pipe, if
785 N of the oil is collected in tank in 25 seconds.
Calculate the shear stress developed in oil of viscosity 1.2 poise, used
2. for lubricating the clearance between a shaft of diameter 12 cm and 07
its journal bearing. The shaft rotates at 180 rpm and clearance is 1.4
mm.

Chapter 8 – Viscous Flow
May - 11
May - 12
May - 13
May - 14
Dec – 11
Dec – 14
Dec – 15
Nov - 13
Dec - 10
Jun – 15
Mar -10
Jan - 13
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
Derive an expression for velocity distribution for viscous flow
through a circular pipe. Also sketch the velocity distribution and
1. shear stress distribution across the section of a pipe. 7 7 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 7
OR
What is Hagen Poiseuille’s formula? Derive an expression for Hagen
Poiseuille’s formula.
2. Write short note on Say bolt viscometer. 4
3. Derive an expression for power absorbed in overcoming viscous 7

resistance in case of a journal bearing.
Show that the value of the co-efficient of friction for viscous flow
4. through a circular pipe is given by f =- 16/Re where Re = Reynolds 4
number.
5. Explain Dash pot mechanism and its utility. 7
6. Derive an expression for power absorbed in foot step bearing. 7
7. Explain Reynolds’ experiment with neat sketch. 7
Examples
Two parallel plates 80 mm apart have laminar flow of oil between
them with maximum velocity of flow is 1.5 m/s. Calculate :
1. (I) Discharge per meter width (II) Shear stress at the plate (III) The 7 7
difference in the pressure between two points 20 meter apart. (IV)
Velocity gradient at the plates. (V) Velocity at 20 mm from the plate.
Assume viscosity of oil 24.5 poise.
A laminar flow is taking place in a pipe of diameter of 200 mm. The
2. maximum velocity is 1.5 m/sec. Find the mean velocity and the radius 7
at which this occurs. Also calculate the velocity at 4 cm from the wall
of the pipe.
A pipe of 25 cm diameter and 900 m long is carrying an oil of mass
density 940 kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity 1Ns/ m3. The oil flow rate
3. is 0.15 m3/Sec. Due to increase in atmospheric temperature the 7
viscosity of oil changes by a factor of 8. If the same quantity of oil is to
be conveyed compare the cost of pumping.
A 50 mm diameter shaft rotates with 500 rpm in a 80 mm long
journal bearing with 51 mm internal diameter. The annular space
4. between the shaft and bearing is filled with lubricating oil of dynamic 7
viscosity 1 poise. Determine the torque required and power absorbed
to overcome friction.
An oil of viscosity 4 poise is used for lubrication between a shaft and
5. sleeve. The diameter of the shaft is 0.5 m and it rotates at 250 rpm. 7
Calculate the power lost in oil for a sleeve length of 100 mm. The
thickness of oil film is 1 mm.
Two plates are placed at distance of 0.2 mm apart. Lower plate is
6. fixed while upper plate having surface area one m2 is pulled at 0.2 7
m/s. Find force and power required to maintain this speed. If the fluid
separating them is having viscosity of 2.0 poise.
A crude oil of viscosity 0.95 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing
7. through a horizontal circular pipe of diameter 100 mm and a length 7
of 5 meter long. Calculate the difference of pressure at the two ends of
the pipe, if flow rate is 0.004 m3/s.

Chapter 9 – Turbulent Flow
Jun - 15
Jan - 16
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
1. Derive an expression for loss of head due to friction in pipe flow. 07 07

Chapter 9 – Turbulent Flow
May - 11
May - 12
May - 13
May - 14
Dec – 11
Dec – 14
Dec – 15
Nov - 13
Dec - 10
Jun – 15
Mar -10
Jan - 13
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
Derive Darcy-Weisbach equation for the co-efficient of friction in
pipes.
OR
Derive an expression for the loss of head due to friction in pipes. 7 7
1. 7 7 7 6 7
OR
What do you understand by the terms major energy loss and minor
energy losses in pipe? Derive Darcy-Weisbach equation with usual
notations.
What is velocity defect? Derive an expression for the velocity defect
2. 7
for turbulent flow in pipes.
Derive an expression for shear stress on the basis of ‘Prandtl mixing
3. 3
length theory’
Write a short note on moody diagram for calculating the head loss 7
4.
due to friction.

Chapter 11 – Flow Through Pipe
June -15
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
1. Derive an expression for the loss of head due to friction in pipes. 5
Examples
A pipe AB branches into two pipes BC and BD. The pipe has diameter of 30 cm at A, 20 cm at B, 15 cm at C and 10
1. cm at D. Determine the discharge at A if flow velocity at A is 2.5 m/s. Also find the velocity at B and D, if the 7
velocity at C is 4.2 m/s.

Chapter 11 – Compressible Fluid Flow
June -15
Jan - 16
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
1. Prove that the velocity of sound wave in compressible fluid is given by C = √kρ 07
Examples
A supersonic aircraft flies at an altitude of 1.8 km where temperature is 4o C. Determine the speed of
1. the aircraft if its sound is heard 4 seconds after its passage over the head of an observer. Take R = 287 07
J/kg K and  = 1.4.

Chapter 11 – Compressible Fluid Flow
June– 15
May - 11
May - 12
May - 13
May - 14
Dec – 11
Dec – 14
Nov - 13
Dec - 09
Dec - 10
Mar -10
Jan - 13
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
1. Explain Zone of action, Zone of silence, Mach angle, Mach 04 03

number and Mach-cone with the help of diagram.
2. With the help of diagram, explain relationship between 03
mass flow rate and pressure ratio for compressible flow.
Prove that velocity of sound wave in a compressible fluid is
3. given by C= √(k/ρ) Where k= Bulk modulus of fluid and ρ = 07 07 04 06
Density of fluid.
Derive an expression for the velocity of sound wave in a
4. compressible fluid in terms of change of pressure and 07 07
change of density.
Derive and expression for area velocity relationship for a
5. compressible fluid in the form with usual notation dA/A= 07
(dV/V)[M³-1]
6. Define: Sub-sonic flow, Super-sonic flow, Mach angle and
04
Mach cone.
Explain: Mach cone, Zone of silence, stagnation pressure,
7. adiabatic process. Derive the energy equation for 07
compressible flow in an adiabatic process
Explain the propagation of pressure waves when the speed
of the object is more than the speed of sound. Also, derive
8. the relation between Mach number and Mach angle. 07 07
OR
Explain the propagation of pressure waves with neat
sketch.

Examples
Calculate the stagnation pressure temp. and density on the
stagnation point on the nose of the plane which is flying at
1. 07
800 km/hr through still air having a pressure 8 N/square
cm (abs) and temp. – 10 º c. Take R =287 J/Kg –K, γ = 1.4.
Calculate the stagnation pressure and temperature on the
stagnation point on the nose of a plane, which is flying at
2. 900 km/hr through still air having an absolute pressure 9.0 04
N/cm2 and temperature -10oC. Take R = 287 J/Kg K and k =
1.4.
A projectile is travelling in air having pressure and
3. temperature as 0.1 N/mm2 and 00C. The mach angle is 380. 07
Calculate the velocity of the projectile. Assume R=0.287
kJ/kg k.
At what speed the shock wave propels in the flow in the air at
4 1750 kN/m2,absolute, is moving at 150 m/s in the high pressure 4
wind tunnel at 40 C0.Take R=287. State whether the flow super
sonic or not.
A supersonic aircraft flies at an altitude of 1.8 km where
5 temperature is 4o C. Determine the speed of the aircraft if its
sound is heard 4 seconds after its passage over the head of an
observer. Take R = 287 J/kg K and  = 1.4.


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GTU Paper Analysis (New Syllabus)

Chapter 1 – Fluid and their Properties

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Chapter 1 – Fluid and their Properties

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Chapter 2 – Pressure & Head

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Chapter 2 – Pressure & Head

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Chapter 3 – Static Forces on Surface and Buoyancy

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Chapter 3 – Static Forces on Surface and Buoyancy

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Chapter 4 & 6 – Kinematics

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Where, x, y, z are given in meter and time t in sec.

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Chapter 5 – The Energy Equation and its Application

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Chapter 7 – Dimensional Analysis and Similarity

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Chapter 7 – Dimensional Analysis and Similarity

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Chapter 8 – Viscous Flow

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Chapter 9 – Turbulent Flow