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Universiti
Malaysia
Y PAHANG Enneering Creativity

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL & NATURAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING

FINAL EXAMINATION

COURSE TRANSPORT PROCESSES

COURSE CODE : DKK1493

LECTURER : NUR AMINATULMIMI ISMAIL

SHARIFAII FATHIYAH SY MOHAMAD
MAZRUL BIN ABU SEMAN
SITI HATIJAH BINTI MORTAN

DATE 08 JUNE 2012

DURATION 3 HOURS

SESSION/SEMESTER SESSION 2011/2012 SEMESTER II

PROGRAMME CODE KRIM-

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

1. This question paper consists of FOUR (4) questions. Answer ALL questions.
2. All answers to a new question should start on new page.
3. All the calculations and assumptions must be clearly stated.
4. Candidates are not allowed to bring any material other than those allowed by
the invigilator into the examination room.

EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS:

1. APPENDICES- Related Formulas

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

This examination paper consists of TWELVE (12) printed pages including front page.
CONFIDENTIAL DKKIDCE/1 1 12111DKK1493

QUESTION 1

a) Derive an expression for heat conduction through a hollow sphere.

(5 Marks)

b) Two identical spherical reactors are insulated with different materials. The first
reactor is insulated with a 10 cm layer of fused silica (kj = 1.38 W/m.K). The
inner and outer surface temperatures of the silica insulation are 85°C and 35°C
respectively. The second reactor is covered with a 8 cm thick layer of borosilicate
(k2 = 1.09 W/m.K), and the temperature drop across the borosilicate insulation is
55°C.

i) If the heat losses from both reactors are identical, calculate the outer
diameter of the reactors.
(12 Marks)

ii) If both reactors are in the same environment (Tj T 2= 25°C) with the
same outside heat transfer coefficient (qconvj= qconv2), calculate the inner
and outer surface temperatures of the borosilicate insulation.
(8 Marks)

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CONFIDENTIAL DKKIDCE/1 1 12111DKK1493

QUESTION 2

in and an emissivity of
A bare stainless-steel pipe having an outside diameter of 0.1638
0.79 is placed horizontally in air at 279.4K and 10 1.325 kPa in a large enclosure. The
length of the pipe is 3 m. A saturated steam at 232.1kPa flows through the pipe. The
thermal resistance of the pipe wall is negligible. The heat is lost from the pipe by
combined radiation and natural convection. Calculate the following:

a) The radiation heat transfer coefficient, h.

(6 Marks)

b) The convective heat transfer coefficient, h.

(14 Marks)

C) The rate of heat loss, q.

(2 Marks)

d) The rate of steam condensation, in.

(3 Marks)

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CONFIDENTIAL DKKIDCE/1 1 12111DKK1493

QUESTION 3

a) The gas hydrogen is diffusing through a sheet of vulcanized rubber 20 mm thick

at 25°C. The partial pressure of H2is 1.5 atm inside and 0 outside.

i) Define the term permeability and explains how permeability of a gas in a

solid related to the solubility of the gas in that solid.
(2 Marks)

ii) Calculate the diffusivity DAB from the permeability PMand solubility, S
and compare with the value in Table 6.5-1 in the Appendix given.
(5 Marks)

iii) Calculate the flux, NA of H2 at steady state.

(3 Marks)

b) The solute HCl is diffusing through a thin film of water with 2.0 mm thick at 283
K. the concentration of HCl at point 1 at one boundary of the film is 12.0 wt %
HCl (p 1 1060.7kg/m3), and at the other boundary at point 2 it is 6.0 wt % HCl
(p2=1030.3kgIm3). The diffusion coeeficient of HC1 in water is 2.5 x 10-'m2/s.
Assuming steady state and one boundary impermeable to water, calculate the flux
of HCl in kg mol/s m2.
(15 Marks)

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CONFIDENTIAL DKKIDCE/1 112H1DKK1493

QUESTION 4

a) A heat exchanger is to be selected to cool a hot liquid chemical at a specified rate to

a specified temperature. Explain the steps involved in the selection process.
(5 Marks)

b) A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger as shown in Figure 1 is used to heat

water (C= 4.18 kJ/kg °C) from 20°C to 80°C at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to
be accomplished by geothermal water (C = 4.31 kJ/kg °C) available at 160°C at a
mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-walled and has a diameter of 1.5
cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 640 W/m2°C,
determine the length of the heat exchanger required to achieve the desired heating.
(20 Marks)

Hot
geothermal
vater
2 kg/s.
Cold
water .

20'C -. 80
i.2kg1s D= 1.5 cm

Figure 1: Counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger

END OF QUESTION PAPER


CONFIDENTIAL DKKJDCE/1 1 1211/DKK1493

APPENDICES - Related formulas

Natural convection for various geometries

N L3p2g/JAT
Gr 2
'U
hL
NNU = = a(NGrNpr )

Tf(K)

Convective heat transfer

q =hA(T—T)

Radiation from a body and emmisivity

q = A&iT4

Radiation to a small object from surroundings

q = hA 1 (T1 - T2 ) = A 1 Ea(T - T)

Ecr(T - T)
hr
T1 - T2

Combined radiation and convection heat transfer

q q0+ qraa= (h + !i) A1(T1T2)

Stefan- Boltzmann constant

a = 5.676x10 8 W/m2.K4

Equations for diffusions in liquids

Eguimolarcounterdiffusion:

DAB(CA1 - CA2) DAB XaV (XA1 - XA2)

NA=
2_1 =

(^p\IPi P2"
Cay =
= 1av


CONFIDENTIAL DKK/DCE/1 1 1211/DKK1493

Diffusion of A through nondiffusing B:

DAB Cay
NA (XA1 XA2)
= ( z 2 -z1) XBM

XB2XB1
XBM—
- (XB2/
/X

DAB Cay
NA-
(z2 - Z1)XBM

Molecular diffusion in solids:

Permeability equations
DABS(PA1—PA2) PM( 0A1 —pA2) mol
2
NA - 22.414(z 2 -z1 ) - 22.414(z2 _Z1)S.m

m3STP
PM = DABS atm
s.m2C.S.—
m

Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors

hi - T 0 ) - (Tft0 - T)
L\T
im--(T
ln [(Th - TCO /ThO - T)]
q = Ui A i LXTm = UoAoITm
LTm = Ft/Tim

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CONFIDENTIAL DKKJDCE/1 1 12111DKK1493

TABLE 4 7-1 Constants for Use with Eq (4.7--4) for Natural Convection

Physical Geometry a in Ref

Vertical planes and cylinders

[vertical height L < 1 m (3 ft)]
<10 136 (P3)
104—i09 0.59 4 (Ml)
>101 013 3 (Ml)
Horizontal cylinders
[diameter D used for
L and D <020m(066ft)]
<10 0.49 0 (P3)
10 —10 0.71 (P3)
• 1.09 (P3)
1.09 (P3)
104-109 0.53, 4 (Ml)
>10 0 13 (P3)
Horizontal plates
Upper surface of heated plates or 10-2 X i0 0.54 4 (Ml)
lower surface of cooled plates 2 x 10-3 X 10'0 0 14 (Ml)
Lower surface of heated plates or
- upper surface of cooled plates 10-10" 058 5 (Fl)

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CONFIDENTIAL DKK/DCE/111211/DKKI493

A.2-9 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water (Steam Table), ST Units

Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy

Temper- Vapor 'm/kg) (Id/kg) (kJ/kg. K)
attire Pressure
(°G,) (A Pa) Liquid Satd Vapor Liquid Satd Vapor Liquid Sat 'd Vapor

0.01 0.6113 0.0010002 206.136 0.00 2501.4 0.0000 9.1562

3 0.7577 0.0010001 168.132 12.57 2506.9 0.0457 9.0773
6 0.9349 0.0010001 137.734 25.20 2512.4 0.0912 9.0003
9 1.1477 0.0010003 113.386 37.80 2517.9 0.1362 8.9253
12 1.4022 0.0010005 93.784 5041 2523.4 0.1806 8.8524
15 1.7051 0.0010009 77.926 62.99 2528.9 0.2245 8.7814
18 2.0640 0.0010014 65.038 75.58 2534.4 0.2679 8.7123
21 2.487 0.0010020 54.514 88.14 2539.9 0.3109 8.6450
24 2.985 0.0010027 45.883 100.70 2545A 0.3534 85794
25 3.169 0.0010029 43.360 104.89 2547.2 0.3674 8.5580
27 3.567 0.0010035 38.774 113.25 2550.8 0.3954 8.5156
30 4.246 0.0010043 32.894 125.79 .2556.3 0.4369 8.4533
33 5.034 0.0010053 28.011 138.33 2561.7 0.4781 8.3927
36 5.947 0.0010063 23940 150.86 2567.1 0.5188 8.3336
40 7.384 0.0010078 19.523 167157 2574.3 0.5725 8.2570
45 9.593 0.0010099 15.258 188.45 2583.2 06387 8J648
50 12.349 0.0010121 11032 209.33 2592.1 0.7038 8.0763
55 15.758 0.0010146 9.568 230.23 2600.9 0.7679 7.9913
60 19.940 0.0010172 7.671 251.13 2609.6 03312 7.9096
65 25.03 0.0010199 6.197 272.06 2618.3 0.8935 7.8310
70 31.19 0.0010228 5.042 292,98 26263 0.9549 7.7553
75 38.58 0.0010259 4.1.31 313.93 2635.3 1.0155 7.6824
80 47.39 0.0010291 3.407 334.91 2643.7 1.0753 7.6122
85 57.83 0.0010325 2.828 355.90 2651.9 1.1343 7.5445
90 70.14 0.0010360 2.361 376.92 26601 1.1925 7.4791
95 84.55 0.0010397 1.9819 397.96 2668.1 1.2500 7.459
100 101,35 0.0010435 1.6729 419.04 2676.1 1.3069 7.3549

CONFIDENTIAL DKK/DCE/1112I1/DKK1493

A.2-9 Si Units, Continued

Specific Volume Enthalpy Entropy
Temper- Vapor (n3/kg) (k//kg) (k//kg. K)
attire Pressure
( C C) (kPa) Liquid Said Vapor Liquid Satd Vapor Liquid Satd Vapor

105 120.82 0.0010475 1.4194 440.15 2683.8 1.3630 7.2958

110 143.27 0.0010516 1.2102 46130 2691.5 1.4185 7.2387
115 169.06 0.0010559 1.0366 482.48 2699.0 1.4734 7.1833
120 198.53 0.0010603 0.8919 503.71 2706.3 1.5276 71296
125 232,1 0.0010649 0.7706 524.99 2713.5 13813 7.0775
130 270.1 0.0010697 0.6685 546.31 2720.5 1.6344 7.0269
135 313.0 0.0010746 03822 567.69 2727.3 1.6870 6.9777
140 316.3 0.0010797 0.5089 589.13 2733.9 1.7391 6.9299
145 415.4 0.0010850 0.4463 610.63 2740.3 1.7907 6.8833
150 475.8 0.0010905 03928 632.20 2746.5 1.8418 6.8379
155 543.1 0.0010961 0.3468 653.84 2752.4 1.8925 6.7935
160 617.8 0.001 1020 0.3071 675.55 2758.1 1.9427 6.7502
165 700.5 0.0011080 0.2727 697.34 2763.5 1.9925 6.7078
170 791.7 0.0011143 0.2428 '119.21 2768.7 2.0419 6.6663
175 892.0 0.0011207 0.2168 741.17 2773.6 2.0909 6.6256
180 1002.1 0.0011274 0.19405 763.22 2778.2 2.1396 6.5857
190 1254.4 0.0011414 0.15654 807.62 2786.4 2.2359 6.5079
200 1553.8 0.0011565 0.12736 852.45 2793.2 .23309 6.4323
225 2548 0.001 1992 0.07849 966.78 2803.3 2.5639 6.2503
250 3973 0.0012512 0.05013 1085.36 2801.5 2.7927 .6.0730
275 5942 0.0013168 0.03279 1210.07 2785.0 3.0208 5.8938
300 8581 0.0010436 0.02167 1344.0 2749.0 3.2534 5.7045
Source: Abridged from 3, IL Keenan. F. G. Keyes, P. Cl Hill, and 3. G. Moore, Steam Tables-Metric Units. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Inc., 1969. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

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DKK/DCE/1112IIJDKK1493
CONFIDENTIAL

A.3-3 Physical Properties of Air at 101.325 IPa (1 Atm Abs), SI Units

X 105
)3X 101 g(3pZ/u2
T T p c, (Fa . s,or k
Np, (11K) (11K m3)
(°C) (K) (kg/rn3) (kJ/kg- K) kg/rn s? (W/rn . K)

1.379 1.0048 1.62 0.02250 0.720 3.92 2.79 X 10

-17.8 255.4

1.293 1.0048 1.72 0.02423 0.715 3.65 2.04 X 10

0 273.2
1.246 1.0048 1.78 0.02492 0.713 3.53 1.72 X 108
10.0 283.2
1.137 1.0048 1.90 0.02700 0.705 3.22 1.12 X 108
37.8 311.0
1.043 1,0090 2.03 0.02925 0.702 2.95 0.775 x 108
65.6 338.8
0.964 1.0090 2.15 0.03115 0.694 2.74 0.534 X 10
93.3 366.5
394.3 0.895 1.0132 2.27 0.03323 0.692 2.54 0.386 x 108
121.1
422.1 0.838.. 1.0174 2.37 0.03531 0.689 2.38 0.289 X 10
148.9
0.785 1.0216 2.50 0.03721 0.687 2.21 0.214 X 10
176.7 449.9
477.6 0.740 1.0258 2.60 0.03894 0.686 2.09 0.168 x 10
204.4
0.700 1.0300 2.71 0.04084 0.684 1.98 0.130 X 10
232.2 505.4
0.662 1.0341 2.80 0.04258 0.680 1.87 0.104 X 10
260.0 533.2

A.3-3 Physical Properties of Air at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs), English Units

P c k
(lb- ' pxio7 g$p2/p.2
T
(F) ft3) Ib,n OF (cenipoise) h . ft °F) N5 (11°R) (11°R ft)

0 0.0861 0.240 0.0162 0.0130 0.720 2.18 4.39 X 10

32 0.0807 0.240 0.0172 0.0140 0.715 2.03 3.21 x 106
0.0778 0.240 0,0178 0.0144 0.713 1.96 2.70 x 106
50
0.0710 0.240 0.0190 0.0156 0.705 1.79 1.76 x 106
100
150 0.0651 0.241 0.0203 0.0169 0.702 1.64 1.22 >< 106
200 0.0602 0.241 0.0215 0.0180 0.694 1.52 0.840)< 106
250 0.0559 0.242 0.0227 0.0192 0.692 1.41 0.607 x 106
300 0.0523 . 0.243 0.0237 0.0204 0.689 1.32 0.454 X 106
350 0.0490 0.244 0.0250 0.0215 0.687 1.23 0.336 x 106
400 0.0462 0.245 0.0260 0.0225 0.686 1.16 0.264 x 10
450 0.0437 0.246 0.0271 0.0236 0.674 1.10 0.204 >< 10
500 0.0413 0.247 0.0280 0.0246 0.680 1.04 0.163 x 10
Thermal Properties of Gases, 1949;
Source: National Bureau of Standards, Circular 461C,1947; 564,1955: NBS-NACA, Tables of
F. C. Keyes, Trans. A.S. M.5., 73, 590, 597 (1951)-,74,1303 (1952); D. D. Waginan, SIecicd Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties
Washington, D.C.: National bureau of Standards. 1953

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CONFIDENTIAL DKK/D CE/ill 2IJJDKK 1493

TABLE 6.5-1 - Thffuivities and Permeabilizies in Solids

DAB.
Difftsknr Solubility,S fcrm&abU, PM
SoJue Solid Cbejcknt f n2soT!E(ST? )1 FoIwe(SW)1
(A) (B) T(K) flr t M3 Solid. ami I . s I

I Vulcanized 298 0.85(10-s) 0,040 0342(10-10) (i

rubber
02 299 Q21(10) 0.070 0.152(10°) (85)
N2 298 0.15(10) 0.035 05410 (B5
CO2 298 O.11(10) 0,90 1,01(1010) (B5
H2 Vulcanized
neoprene 290 0.103(107') 0.051
300 0.I80(10 0.053
Polyethylene 298 653(102)
02 303 M!
N2 30 152(l0_1) (R3
02 Nylon 303 0.029(102) (3
N. 303 0.0152(10-22) (P3
Air English
leather 298 0J5-0.68 X 1T4 (B5
HO Wax 306 016(10 05

14z0 Cellophane 311 0.91-1.82(10-"') (

He Pyrex glass 23 4.86(10) 4B5
373 20J(1015) (35)
He SiO2 293 2.4.5.5(1014) 0.01
H2 re 293 i59(10) (BS
Al Cu 293 1.3(1034) 8SI

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