Classification of Diseases

Classification
of Diseases
To Begin Class:
◼ There are different pictures of bacteria on
the front table. Choose one picture for the
assignment. We are going to be creating a
story or song about this bacteria. You have
two minutes to name your bacteria & give
it a back story (what animal could it be
infecting, what country could it be in, etc.)
Get creative!
Disease
Any condition that causes the
systems of a plant or animal
to not function properly.
How diseases occur
◼ Sporadic: isolated incident in a single animal
◼ Enzootic: disease occurs repeatedly in a
particular locality (within 30-mile radius)
◼ Epizootic: disease that effects a large number of
animals in a short period of time in a particular
area (larger area than enzootic) Example =
entire state
◼ Panzootic: disease that spreads rapidly over a
very large area and effects many animals in a
short period of time (foot & mouth disease)
Noninfectious Diseases
◼ Injuries
◼ Poisons/chemicals
◼ Poor nutrition
◼ Birth defects
◼ Other things not caused by an
organism living within the animal
Infectious diseases
◼ Caused by other living
microorganisms (called
pathogens) that invade the
animal’s body
◼ Usually contagious diseases
that the animal can pass to
another animal
3 Types of infectious pathogens
◼Bacteria
◼Viruses
◼Protozoa
Bacteria
◼ Live in a wide range of conditions
◼ Live on and in the bodies of all
animals
◼ Many can be harmful
◼ Invade the cells of an animal’s
body
Parasitic bacteria
◼May harm the animal by
feeding off the body cells or
secreting a material known
as a toxin
Toxin
◼A poison that destroys the
cells
Harmful bacteria
◼ When large numbers invade,
the animal becomes ill
◼ Type and form of the illness
depends on the type of
bacteria that invades the
animal
Cocci
◼ Round
spherical
shaped
bacteria
From The Science of Agriculture – A Biological Approach
Cocci
◼ Staphylococci: cocci bunched together like
grapes
 Cause diseases like mastitis in cattle
◼ Steptococci: cocci are strung together like
a chain
 Causes disease like distemper and meningitis
Bacilli
◼ Rod shaped
◼ Single, pairs, or
arranged in
chains
◼ Move by small
whip-like
projections
called flagella
Bacilli
◼Cause some of the most
dreaded livestock diseases:
Anthrax
Blackleg
Tuberculosis
Spiral Bacteria
◼ Shaped like
spirals or
corkscrews
◼ Very motile
◼ Require moist
atmosphere to
live
Spirilla
◼Live very well in the
reproductive tracts of
animals
◼Leptospirosis
◼Vibrosis and spirochetosis
Viruses
◼Have characteristics of both
living and nonliving material
◼Are on the borderline
between living and non
living
Viruses
◼Made up of some of the
material found in cells but
are not cells because they
do not have a nucleus or
other cell parts.
Viruses
◼ Do not grow and cannot
reproduce outside a living cell
◼ Once inside a living cell, virus
reproduces using energy and
materials in the invaded cell
Viruses
◼Harm cells by causing them
to burst during reproduction
◼And by using material that
the cell needs to function
properly
Virus
◼Viraldiseases cause the
animal to be sick by
preventing certain cells in
the body from functioning
properly
Virus
◼More difficult to treat than
bacterial diseases
◼Antibiotics are not effective
against viral infections
Viral diseases
◼Foot and mouth disease
◼Influenza
◼Hog cholera
◼Pseudorabies
Viral diseases
◼Bestmeans of dealing with
them is prevention
Protozoa
◼ Microorganism that cause
disease
◼ Single-celled organisms that
are often parasitic
◼ Trichomoniasis
◼ Coccidiosis
Antibiotics
◼ Useful in controlling bacteria – not
viruses
◼ Are drugs that originate from
living sources
◼ Usually those living sources are
molds and fungi
Penicillin
◼Firstfounded in 1928
◼Many forms are now
produced
◼Very effective against
bacterial infection
The immune system
◼Several lines of defense in
fighting disease
◼Physical barriers that keep
pathogens out
The immune system
◼Mucous membranes secrete
viscous water substance
that trap and destroy
bacteria and viruses
The immune system
◼Nostrils are lined with hairs
that attract particles that
harbor germs before they
can enter the body
The immune system
◼Digestive and respiratory
systems – greatest avenue
for entry
◼Some disease germs can
live in the soil for many
years –Anthrax 20 years
2 nd line of defense
◼ Blood cells
◼ White and Red
◼ Red – carry oxygen and other
nutrients to other body cells-
fuel truck
White Blood Cells
◼ Are produced in the bone
marrow
◼ Circulate throughout the body
to get rid of dead and worn-out
cells—trash truck
Phagocytes
◼ White blood cells that intercept
and destroy pathogens-
soldiers
◼ Also migrate to certain organs
and remain there to intercept
pathogens
Phagocytes
◼ Release chemicals that can
induce the production of more
white blood cells to help fight
disease
Phagocytes
◼ An elevated WBC count
indicates that there are
disease organisms present in
the animal’s body and a large
number of phagocytes have
been produced to combat
them
Lymphocytes
◼ Lymph glands that produce
certain WBCs
◼ These cells react to foreign
substances by releasing
chemicals that kill the pathogen or
inactivate the foreign substance
Antigens
◼ Substances that cause the
release of chemicals
◼ May be viruses, bacteria,
toxins, or other substances
Antibodies
◼ Thechemicals released by the
lymphocytes
2 nd Immune Response
◼ Lymphocytes become memory
cell and are ready to release
the antibody if the antigen
enters the body at a later time
2 nd Immune Response
◼ Response occurs much more
quickly
◼ Lasts longer than primary
response
Immunity
◼ Means that an animal is protected
from catching a certain disease
◼ Animal’s body is capable of
producing enough antibodies fast
enough to neutralize the disease
Immunity
◼ Animals are born with some
immunity
◼ Colostrum is rich in antibodies
◼ Serve the new animal until its
own immune system can take
over
Immunity
◼ Activeor passive
◼ Active–animal is more or less
permanently immune
◼ Passive–animal is only
temporarily immune
Immunity
◼ As the animal is exposed to more
antigens, antibodies build up
within the animal.
◼ Naturally acquired active
immunity results from the animal
actually contracting the disease
and recovering
Artificial Active
◼ Induced by injecting antigens
into the animal
◼ Causes phagocytes to react
without making the animal
seriously ill
Edward Jenner
◼ Late 1700s
◼ Began vaccination process
◼ Smallpox and cowpox
◼ Collected material from sores
of people with cowpox
Edward Jenner
◼ Injected healthy people with
material
◼ Became mildly ill with cowpox
◼ Then were immune
Louis Pasteur
◼ Developed several vaccines
following Jenner’s lead
Vaccines
◼ Live
◼ Killed or weakened strain
◼ Both stimulate production of
antibodies
◼ Killed–less dangerous than live
vaccine

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