Project: Soil Investigation for Construction of Rural Road Bridges in Nawada District

( RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road)

`

EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY:-

Scope of
Work:-

The work included field boring work of 1(One) No. Borehole on the proposed bridge located on RCC
Bridge at Nawada kunj road at chainage 12.52 km in Nawada dist. up to a maximum terminaton depth
of about 15.0m. from Existng Ground Level(EGL). The work also included mobilizaton of men &
equipments to the project site, shifting of the boring rig from one borehole locaton to another,
conductng various laboratory test of soil samples relevant for determinaton of average sub-soil
stratficaton / profile along with the respectve propertes of soil parameters and strength of sub-soil
deposit being prevalent at this exploratory site.

Sub-Soil
Characteristics:-

Based on the findings of field and laboratory test results, judicious interpretation of the same with
many established correlation and considered opinion, the sub-soil deposit has been classified in
diferent stratum. The said sub-soil stratification along with respective relevant soil parameters are
described in borehole log data sheet in this report. The average sub-soil profile, laboratory
test results, generalized sub-soil deposit with design soil Parameters and Comments on sub-soil
properties have been described in detail subsequently.

Type of Foundation with Safe

Load:-

DEEP FOUNDATION:

Considering the type of strata encountered at shallow depth and the total load likely to be imposed
on the foundation for the proposed bridge, we do not envisage provision of any Deep Foundation
System.

OPEN
FOUNDATION
Based on the field test and laboratory test result of soil investigation work the condition of the strata
moderately good and stable bearing media. The overall impression about the site is good for
proposed structural stability and foundation purposes.

Therefore, to support proposed superstructure, provision of open foundation at this site is prudent
proposition.

Accordingly Safe Bearing Capacity for open foundation has been ascertained as per IS 6403 -1981 and
settlement has been calculated as per IS-8009 (Part -I).

Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
 Project: Soil Investigation for Construction of Rural Road Bridges in Nawada District
( RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road)
`

PREFACE
The Executve Engineer, Rural Works Department awarded the preparaton of Detailed Project Report
of Bridges under PIU –Nawada Division of Nawada District to Falak Associates pvt ltd Patna for the
Constructon of Proposed Bridge on RCC Bridge at Nawada Kunj road, Block – Nawada, District-
Nawada.

Objective of the investigation was to determine subsoil characteristics at site and evaluate soil
parameters for design and construction of foundation.

This report has been prepared after careful study of all field and laboratory test data and it deals with
the geo-technical properties of subsoil. Chapter- I to IV of this report covers the field work, laboratory
tests and discussion of foundation recommendation thereon while Annexure contains Borehole Log &
Laboratory test result sheet, Graphical presentation.

Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
 CHAPTER-I

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AND SITE:-

It is understood that the proposed Bridge to be constructed at this exploratory site would be
a of R.C.C. superstructure.

The general topography of the site is found more or less even and regular.

The general topography of the site is found more or less even and regular.

Details of Boreholes:-

The details of Borehole are stated below:

Borehole Existing Ground Termination Ground Water

Exploratory Site No Level (m) Depth (m) Table (m)

Bridge site 1 99.56 15.0 4.5 below EGL

Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
 CHAPTER-II

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIELD AND LABORATORY

WORK:

FIELD WORK:-

A brief description of method of boring, field tests, collection of samples etc. and type of equipment
used are given below:-

Derrick mounted winch rig in accordance with the provision of BIS 1892:1979 was deployed to
execute the boring works. Boreholes of 150 mm dia were made and the borehole was advance with
the combination of Auger boring technique followed by Rotary Mud Circulation method. Wherever
hard strata were met with shrinker bar and chisel were used to proceed with the boring. Casing pipes
and bentonite slurry were used wherever required to prevent collapse of the loose materials inside
the borehole.

Standard Penetration Tests were conducted inside the boreholes generally at 1.5m intervals or
wherever change in strata as per IS 2131:1981. Split spoon sampler 50.8mm OD and 35mm ID with an
open length of 450mm was used. The weight of the dropping hammer was 63.5kg falling freely
through a height of 75cm.

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES:-

Samples were of two

types:

a) Disturbed samples: These were taken by methods, which modify or destroy the natural
structure of the materials. These samples were collected frequently from auger,
spilt spoon sampler of standard penetrometer to maintain as continuous records of
strata encountered. All the samples were labeled and placed in airtight transparent
polythene bags and shifted to the laboratory for identification and testing purposes.

b) Undisturbed samples: During the field investigation it is observed the entire soil
strata at the site is non cohesive granular material hence undisturbed sampling not
possible.

LABORATORY TEST :-

The programme of the laboratory testing was consisted of the

followings:- i) Unit weight of sample

ii) Grain size of soil sample
iii) Hydrometer analysis
iv) Direct shear test
v) Specific Gravity test
vi) Atterberg Limits
Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
The entire test conducted as per relevant IS code and
practice.

Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
 CHAPTER-III

COMMENTS ON SUB-SOIL CONDITION FOR FOUNDATION PURPOSES:-

Sub-Soil exploration was carried out for proposed bridge site in the month September, 2014 by
conducting of total 1 (One) no. borehole up to a maximum termination depth of 20.0m from EGL.
The soil properties were determined from in -situ tests within boreholes and from laboratory tests on
soil samples collected from boreholes.

Based on the field test and laboratory test results of the detail soil investigation work, the average
condition of the strata stated below briefly.
Strata Average Thickness (m) Description Propertes
Loose to medium, light Soil classified as SM
I 0.0 -3.0 grey silty fine to medium SPT N Value to be 12-16
micaceous sand. Angle of fricton 28
0

Medium dense, Soil classified as SM

II 3.0 – 25.0 (TD) brownish grey silty SPT N Value to be 16-45
micaceous fine to 0
Angle of fricton 29 -37
0

medium sand.

From above portrayal it is pragmatic that the entire strata at the site non cohesive sandy layer. The
sandy strata exist in loose to medium dense state of consistency where N value increases with the
increment of depth. However, overall impression of the site is moderately good for proposed
superstructure.

Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
 CHAPTER-IV

RECOMMENDATION WITH CHOICE OF FOUNDATION

An extensive programme of soil investigation work was undertaken for the Proposed Construction of
Bridge, to assess the load carrying capacity and other characteristics of the sub-soil deposit at the
said exploratory site and subsequently to recommend various parameters having due relevance and
importance of the designing of a suitable foundation system for supporting the proposed structure.

GENERAL:

FOUNDATION
TYPE:-

While selecting a particular foundation type, factors like various data, their careful analysis limited
resources and project cost, available time, inadequacy of the design data, non availability of
appropriate equipment etc. all tends to compound the problem. Though the decision-making is
primarily based on technical soundness of the foundation in terms of short and long term
performance during service period. It is also stated that for any system, economy being the priority
choice of shallow foundation seems to be an obvious choice upto a certain permissible bearing
capacity beyond which deep foundaton may be the only choice.

DEPTH OF
FOUNDATION:-

A) Any foundation system for supporting a super structure should necessary satisfy the
following condition:

i) The foundation must seat on or in a stratum of adequate bearing capacity so

that there will be no failure of soil/rock mass.
ii) There should not be any undesirable amount of foundation setlement.

iii) No foundation should be place on loose filled up layer i.e, foundation must be
embedded in virgin soil/rock bed /compacted and consolidated soil/rock
mass.

B) Type of foundation would also depend upon the type of loading and it’s intensity to be
imposed on the foundation system from the super Structure proposed to be constructed.

Any foundation system to be adopted should have an optimum techno-commercial

implication. The depth upto which foundation should be carried out depends upon the

following principal
factors:-

a) The securing of adequate allowable bearing capacity and setlement within permissible
limit. Foundation should be placed of firm virgin soil/rock bed of relatively good
bearing stratum so as to provide adequate stability against shear and setlement failure.

b) In case of expansive clay deposit, foundation should penetrate below the zone
Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
 where shrinkage and swelling due to seasonal weather changes etc. are likely to
cause appreciable movements.

Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
 c) In fine sand and silts, penetration below the zone in which trouble may be
expected from frost.

d) It should be located sufficiently below the maximum depth of scour wherever

relevant. e) The under ground utilities like water supply lines, sewerage lines etc. must

also be
taken into account. The presence of underground defect such as cavities, abandoned
mines etc. must also be carefully considered.

f) In case of foundation for industrial equipment subjected to heavy loads of both

vertical and horizontal in nature along with possibility of high order of overturning
/sliding moment due to transient load such has wind force etc., the foundation should
be provided with sufficient depth of embedment.

g) Any other factors having due relevance and importance in deciding such depth.

Accordingly, based on the field and laboratory test data, their careful analysis and

judicious
interpretation of the same we recommend the following:-

RECOMMENDATION:-

OPEN FOUNDATION:-

In view of load intensity that would be imposed on foundation from superstructure and the soil strata
encountered at shallow depth open foundation in form of raft foundation system would be the wise
proposition for this exploratory site.

Calculated scour level well above the founding level hence scour would not be intricate the
situation. We do not envisage any deep foundation system for this exploratory site.

METHOD OF CALULATIONS:

Following formula has been adopted for the calculation of Safe Bearing Capacity for raft foundation
in soil strata (Ref: IS 6403-1981):-

Qult =CNcScDcIc+ q(Nq - 1)SqDqIq + 0.5BNγSγD γI

γW’ Factor of Safety has been considered as 2.50

Following formula has been adopted for the calculation of settlement for shallow foundation in soil
strata (Ref: IS 8009-I-1979):-
2
i) Immediate Settlement = pB x (1-µ )
xIE
ii) Consolidation Settlement= Hc x Cc log10 p0 + ∆p
1+e0 p0

Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
CALCULATION OF BEARING CAPACITY (Method based on Density Index) AND SETTLEMENT

Square footings (BxL) = 8.0mx6.0m

Depth of foundation: 2.00 m below
EGL. Average design data of sub soil:-
o 3 3
C=0, Ø= 28 , Submerged Density, γsub = (1.75-1) t/m = 0.75t/m
The Ultimate net bearing Capacity is calculated as per IS 6403:1981, as under
Considering full submergence. i.e. water table at GL (worst condition) General Shear Condition:-
Net Ultimate Bearing capacity = [C Nc Sc Dc Ic+ q (Nq - 1) Sq Dq Iq + 0.5  B Nγ Sγ Dγ Iγ W’]
Where,
Nc, Nq and N are bearing capacity factors
Sc, Sq and S are shape factors
Dc, Dq and D are depth factors
C = Cohesion
q = Overburden pressure,
B = Width of foundation,
 = Bulk density below foundation.
Now, Cohesion, C = 0.00 t/sqm
0
For Ф = 29 , Nq = 16.85, Nγ = 20.10
2
q=2.00 X 0.75=1.50 t/m
Sq=1.200, dq=1.057, Iq
=1.0, Sγ=0.800, dγ=1.057,
Iγ=1.0, W’=0.50
Now, Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity
=

[0+1.50 x (16.85-1) x
1.2x1.057x1+0.50x6.0x1.75x22.10x0.800x1.057x1x0.50]
2
=78.62 t/m

Local Shear
Condition:-
-1 0
Ф’ = tan [2/3 tan Ф] = 20 , Nq’= 6.40, Nγ’= 5.39, dq’= dγ’ =1.048

Now, Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity =

2
[0+1.50 x (6.40-1) x1.200x1.048x1+0.50x6.0x1.75x5.39x0.800x1.048x1x0.50) = 22.05 t/m

On interpolation, net ultimate bearing capacity

2
=22.05 + {(78.62-22.05) / (70-20)} x (27-20) =36.38 t/m (Where Density Index =27% [Ref: Mayerhof-1956]
2
Hence, Net Safe bearing capacity =36.38 / 2.50 = 14.6t/m (Factor of Safety =2.50)

Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
BEARING CAPACITY CHECK FOR

SETTLEMENT:- Immediate setlement

2 2
ρi = qB x (1 -µ ) x I where, µ= 0.40, E =45 kg/cm [Ref : Foundation Engineering by
2
Murti] E I = 0.95, q = 1.177 kg /cm , B= 6000 mm
2
ρi = 1.177 x 6000 x (1 - 0. 4 ) X 0.95 = 125.23 mm
45

Net setlement after correction for depth and rigidity = 125.43 x0.90x0.80 mm = 90.36 mm
2
For permissible 75 mm setlement SBC = (75/90.36) x 14.6 =12.1 t/m

Safe Bearing Capacity for diferent size of raft tabulated below:

Depth of Net Safe Safe

Category of Size of
foundation Founding Bering Settlement Bearing
Foundation footing Capacity Capacity
from EGL Level (m) (mm)
(m) 2 2
(m) (t/m ) (t/m )
2.0 96.554 8.00 x 6.00 13.88 90.36 12.17
3.0 95.554 8.00 x 6.00 16.79 112.86 12.09
Raft
2.0 96.554 8.50 x 6.50 14.84 103.87 12.08
3.0 95.554 8.50 x 6.50 16.84 107.78 12.76

Note: Permissible setlement 75mm has been considered as per IS 1904

Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
LIMITATION:-
The recommendations contained there in are based on the findings and sub-soil conditions
revealed at a restricted number of bore hole locations and analysis of representative soil/rock
samples taken thereof. If during execution of foundation, local sub-soil variations with respect to
the condition revealed at the present boring location were noticed, then the bearing capacity
values must be modified accordingly and the recommendations to be reviewed in the right
perspective.

Therefore, while concluding, it is stated that the aforesaid recommendations may form the basis of
various considerations to be taken by the design engineers and provides them guidance during their
detail engineering design and decision making process. The particular type and nature of the
foundation to be adopted here will, however, depend on the design engineers, their engineering
judgment, a more detail analysis of the super structures, their nature of complexity and geometry.

Soil Investgaton Report Bridge RCC Bridge at Nawada kunj road in Nawada District
 ANNEXURE FOR

⇒ BOREHOLE LOG & TEST RESULT

⇒ GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
 PROJECT:- Consultancy services for preparaton of DPR ,Tender Documents, Evaluaton of Tenders for the Bridges on the
Rural Road Improvement Programme in the state of Bihar- Sub Soil Investigaton work

Client:- Executve Engineer, RWD, Works Division Araria RCC Bridge at L023 Manikpur to Rahikpathara road

Consultant: - Vedom Engineering services pvt. Ltd.

MOHR-COULOMB FAILURE ENVELOPE

BORE HOLE No.- 01 DEPTH (m): 1.50

2.50 C=0.00
0
Ø = 26
2.00
SHEAR STRESS Kg/cm2

0
26
1.50

1.00

0.50

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
2
NORMAL STRESS Kg/cm

BORE HOLE No. - 01 DEPTH (m): 12.0

2.50 C=0.00
0
Ø = 29

2.00
SHEAR STRESS Kg/cm2

0
29
1.50

1.00

0.50

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
2
NORMAL STRESS Kg/cm