Stem Cells in Orthodontics

Volume 4, Issue 11, November – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Stem Cells in Orthodontics

Dr. Pooja Katkade1, Dr. N. G. Toshniwal2, Dr. Shubhangi Mani3, Dr. Nilesh Mote4, Dr. Vishal Dhanjani5
1
. PG. Student Dept of Orthodontics, RDC, Loni
2
. H.O.D, Dept of Orthodontics, RDC, Loni.
3
Professor, Dept of Orthodontics, RDC, Loni,
4
. Professor, Dept of Orthodontics, RDC, Loni.
5
Professor, Dept of Orthodontics, RDC, Loni
Abstract:- Stem cells are the foremost attention- I. INTRODUCTION

grabbing cells in cell biology. They have the potential to
evolve as one of the most power ful technologies in the Nowadays faster orthodontic treatment is one among
future. Researchers have discovered a variety of sources the main demands of the patient population, that isn’t
from which stem cells are derived. Craniofacial adequately met by the orthodontists. The traditional method
problems are quite common and occur at all ages. Stem that was used to reduce treatment time were low friction,
cells are often used therapeutically in every field of self-ligating bracket systems, robot preformed archwires,
health science. In fact, several procedures are reformed rapid canine retraction, and alveolar corticotomies. These
after stem cells come into play. The present article gives procedures have positively brought better results, however,
us overview of the current researches being carried out they are the final answer to all or any other issues- newer
on stem cells and its use within the field of orthodontics, and higher technologies are perpetually welcome.
which is a specialized branch of dentistry. Technologies such as stem cell therapy hold good potential
and can bring a revolutionary change within the field of
Keyword:- Orthodontics, Periodontium, Root health science. The information of stem cells and its
Resorption, Stem Cells, Temporomandibular Joint Defects. implications can facilitate the orthodontists to modify their
treatment planning, which is able to acknowledged by the
patient.
Orthodontic Tooth Movement And Development of

Dental stem cellls :
Fig 1:- Stem cells are those cells which have the ability to divide for indefinite period of time and with the ability to divide into a
variety of cell type. have totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent abilities which can be divided into two main categories:embryonic
stem cells and adult stem cells.
IJISRT19NOV565 www.ijisrt.com 544

ISSN No:-2456-2165
Embryonic stem cells originate from the inner cell 4. Bone regeneration in palatal defect after treatment with
mass of the blastocyst stage during embryonic development Poly- L- lactic acid with osteogenically differentiated
whereas adult stem cells are derived from bone marrow. fat- derived stem cells.
The present review article present us the indication of Therefore, from the above study it was concluded that
stem cells in treating orthodontics deformities and Also their stem cells had favourable potential for regeneration of bone
importance for orthopaedic treatment. in oral and maxillofacial region and also it can be used for
repair of alveolar defects, reduction of defect size, less
II. APPLICATION OF STEM CELLS IN postoperative morbidity and also help the teeth to erupt in
ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT their proper position.
The present article presents us the use of stem cells for  Distraction Osteogenesis
dental as well as for the treatment of orthodontic defects. To Distraction osteogenesis is a biological process of new
assess the indications of stem cells in orthodontics and bone formation between the surfaces of osteotomized bone
dentofacial orthopaedics and also temporomandibular joint segments that are separated gradually by incremental
disorders. Also, its role in distraction osteogenesis, cleft lip traction. The pathophysiology of osteogenesis is initiated by
and cleft palate and maxillary expansion has been explained. an immediate inflammatory response which leads to
increase in population of multipotent as well as
 Dentofacial Anomalies: differentiation into chondrocytes that leads to formation of
There are many congenital and dentofacial deformities cartilage and osteoblasts which forms bone. In spite of great
which results from trauma, tumour resection, non-resection, success of long treatment periods and fibrous union or even
non- fusion of fractures. And they are difficult to treat. non fusion of bone are few disadvantages that are
Currently there are numerous techniques like autogenous, obstructing its widespread clinical application.
allogenic and various prosthetic material can be used to
reconstruct the hard and soft tissues. As, we know that every Various efforts were made to reduce the treatment
thing has its own pros and cons likewise these duration, increase the rate of tooth movement, decrease the
reconstruction approaches has many disadvantages which consolidation period and decrease the complications such as
include Inadequate autogenus supply, Receiver site development of infection or fractures. Lately, due to
condition , surface irregularities and post surgical pain. So, involvement of stem cells in osteogenesis, many scientists
to defeat these disadvantages, stem cell therapy was have successfully documented the ability of stem cells on
introduced which was more reliable and advanced approach inducing bone formation and reducing the consolidation
for reconstruction of the craniofacial tissue. period during DO. The various sources of stem cells are
adipose tissue or human exfoliated deciduous teeth are used
The most common congenital birth defect, cleft lip and in few studies. In few studies alone mesenchymal stem cells
palate which occurs due to failure in fusion of lip or palate. and other factor are used to induce bone regeneration
The approximate incidence is 25% are bilateral and 85% is following DO.
unilateral. But the treatment for all such problem would
create problem for oronasal fistula, tooth eruption and also The present articles show us the various sources of
for alar base. Due to newer invention, the best treatment for stem cells alone or its combination with other gene in
cleft patients without any complications is autogenous different phases of treatment can lead to increase in bone
cancellous bone grafts as they are immunologically inert and volume and quality, bone mineral density, trabecular
suppliers of osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. thickness, biomechanical strength.
Anterior iliac crest is the most common site from which
autogenous bone graft material is acquired. Also, the overall  Rapid Maxillary Expansion
success with respect to bone resorption is 88%. RME is usually indicated in patient with maxillary
1. In one case of cleft, the composite scaffold of constriction associated with occlusal disharmony followed
demineralization bone mineral and calcium phosphate by difficult in nasal breathing, tongue position is altered. To
loaded in stem cells showed 34.5 % regenerated bone overcome the above deformities several treatment modalities
whereas in the other it was 25.6%. Also, in few cases have been formulated which include slow expansion, rapid
about 50% bone regeneration has been seen. While in expansion, surgical treated maxillary expansion.
other it it was reported about 79.1 % of bone
regeneration. The gap which is created by expansion, it gets filled by
2. In one of the studies, it proved that the autogenous blood and its granulation tissue which leads to formation of
osteoblast cultured on demineralized bone matrix bone. As, everything has its pros and cons like wise RME
showed reduction in defect size than in control group. It has its own. The faster the treatment time the relapse are
has been reported that 14 d after injection of autologous more if not retented properly. Therefore, the strategy for
stem cells, it showed 90% defect correction. decrease in treatment time will be beneficial only when
3. Results also proved spontaneous eruption of canine after proper retention and stability is provided.
18 months after injection of osteogenic cells in alveolar
cleft.

ISSN No:-2456-2165
In a one of the study when MSCs injection were
injected in inter maxillary suture, their bone formation
increased after force application resulting in short treatment
time and retention period.
The above study proves that stem cells are indicated in

maxillary construction cases and reduces the treatment time.
III. APPLICATION IN ORTHODONTICS:
 Accelerated Tooth Movement:

Upon application of mechanical force, tooth movement
is achieved by deposition and resorption of bone and PDL.
The initiating inflammatory event at compression sites is
caused by constriction of the PDL microvasculature,
resulting in a focal necrosis, followed by recruiting of
osteoclasts from the adjacent marrow spaces. The Fig. 3
hematopoietic SCs mostly derived the Osteoclasts Hence,
SCs could be used to accelerate OTM by providing  External Root Resorption:
progenitor cells. It is the most common complications which faced by
most of the orthodontist. There are numerous factors
Therefore stem cells are indicated to increase the rate involved in ERR such as age, sex, orthodontic forces and
of tooth movement by providing Proginetor cells. This new treatment duration and genetics.
method was formulated to overcome the adverse effects of
pain and discomfort, caries, PDL conditions and root Mostly orthodontic forces are considered to be the
trauma. The present stem cell method for increasing tooth main etiologic factors. There are no treatment introduced so
movement has been sought by the doctors. Ideally when far; however it may lead to loss of cementum and in more
orthodontic force is applied tooth movement is stopped until advanced stages dentin. But, one treatment modality could
dead tissue is removed resulting in decrease in tooth be regeneration by application of stem cells and tissue
movement. engineering.
But, when stem cells is transplanted in ne crises area By treating severe ERR it may increase the life of the
leads to increase in rate to tooth movement. In a study it was tooth and also play a major role in treatment duration. In a
proved that PDL progenitor cells were increased with study stem cells driven from PDL were able to form cellular
decrease of COL I and after force removal Collagen cell cementum like hard tissue containing osteocalcin positive
increased. This proves that PDL stem cells are responsible cells. Rodent in his study has proved that stem cells are able
for orthodontic tooth movement while decreasing the to regenerate damage tooth structure such as dentin and
collagen cell. cementum.
IV. CONCLUSION
The present article present s us various indication of

stem cells alone and in conjunction with growth factors or
bone scaffold in correction of orthodontic defects, TMJ
defects and alveolar bone lesions. It has proved recently that
stem cells can reduce the duration of treatment and improve
treatment results. It is also associated with accelerated
healing and less morbidity as compared to surgical
approaches. Also it is indicated in treating RME to increase
considation and reduce relapse rate.
Fig. 2.

ISSN No:-2456-2165
REFERENCES
[1]. Ekizer A, Yalvac ME, Uysal T, Sonmez MF, Sahin F.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance bone
formation in orthodontically expanded maxillae in rats.
Angle Orthod 2015; 85: 394-399
[2]. Masella RS, Meister M. Current concepts in the
biology of orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 129: 458-468
[3]. Meikle MC. The tissue, cellular, and molecular
regulation of orthodontic tooth movement: 100 years
after Carl Sandstedt. Eur J Orthod 2006; 28: 221-240
[4]. Rody WJ Jr, King GJ, Gu G. Osteoclast recruitment to
sites of compression in orthodontic tooth movement.
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001; 120: 477-489
[5]. Cellular and molecular movement in orthodontic tooth
movement. Scientific world journal 2011,11,1788-
1803
[6]. Biological aspect of orthodontic tooth movement: a
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Volume 4, Issue 11, November – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

Stem Cells in Orthodontics

Abstract:- Stem cells are the foremost attention- I. INTRODUCTION

Orthodontic Tooth Movement And Development of

IJISRT19NOV565 www.ijisrt.com 544

IJISRT19NOV565 www.ijisrt.com 545

The above study proves that stem cells are indicated in

III. APPLICATION IN ORTHODONTICS:

 Accelerated Tooth Movement:

The present article present s us various indication of

IJISRT19NOV565 www.ijisrt.com 546

[1]. Ekizer A, Yalvac ME, Uysal T, Sonmez MF, Sahin F.

IJISRT19NOV565 www.ijisrt.com 547

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