Manunggul and Maitum Jars

Manunggul Jar
- Burial site
- Found in Tabon Cave Complex in Lipuun Point, Quezon, Palawan
- March 1964 by Victor Decalan, Hans Kasten and several other workers from the United States
Peace Corps.
- Late Neolithic period 890-710 B.C. (Metal tools)
- Robert Fox: the burial jar is a ship-of-the-dead that perhaps unrivalled in the Southeast Asia
 It provides a cultural link between the archeological past and the ethnographic present.
 The boatman is “steering” rather than “padding”
 The mast (pole) of the boat was not recovered
 Both figure have band tied over the crown of their head and under the jaw
 Indigenous pattern
 The upper portion of the jar and cover were incised with curvilinear scroll design and
painted with natural iron or hematite.
 The two figures of man represent two souls on a voyage to the afterlife.
 The boatman is seated behind a man whose hand are crossed to his chest which
represents a traditional Filipino practice observed when arranging the corpse.
- the jar tells us about the connections with our Southeast Asian neighbors
- the design of the roof is a common heritage from our Austronesian-speaking ancestors
- maritime culture- balanghay, the paraw and the caracoa are use in trading
- the belief of afterlife depicts the belief of Austronesian in ANITO.
- Man is compose of life force called ginhawa and the kaluluwa
- This explains the three faces in manunggul jar--- soul, boat driver and the boat itself.
- Animism- nature also have souls
- Depicts the ancestors concept of kaluluwa those who have mabuting kalooban and are
merciful
 It gives life , mind and will to a person
 Compassionate
 During the Philippine Revolution on 1890’s, Andres Bonifacio ought
revive the values of magandang kalooban.
 This showed the world the values of Pananampalataya,
Pakikipagkapwa, Pakikiramay, Pagiging Masiyahin, Bayanihan,
Pagiging Mapayapa, and Pagiging Mlikhain
- Prevention of the cultural heritage—pamana--- testament of art can be a vessel of history and
culture
- The jar becomes the embodiment of our experience and aspirations as a people and how we
look ourselves- Maka-Diyos, Makakalikasan, Makatao at Makabansa.
 “Art as Vessel of Histort” Emotional Reflections on Culture, Nation and the Manunggul
Jar by Michael Charleston B. Chua
Maitum Jar
- Ayub Cave, in Pinol Maitum, Saranggani Province
Ayub Cave
- Hadji Ayub Mindug

- Muslim Maguindanao
- 25 pieces of anthromorphic pottery in his collection
- Secondary or multiple-person jars
- Secondary burial were dated in the Metal Age about 5B.C.-225 A.D.
- FEATURES:  The head-shaped covers portrays different facial expression (sadness,
happiness and contentment)
it is covered with red and black paints (according to Orlando Abinon, Head
chemistry and conservation laboratory section of the National Museum, the red color comes
from haematite painted on the surface before firing and the black is an organic carbon derived
from burned plant materials and other deteriorated organic materials in clay )
 some have earring and other have tattoo
 some head-shaped depicts teeth while other have arms, female breasts and
male genitals
 indicates high level of craftsmanship
- Burying the dead in burial jars was a widespread practice in Southeast Asia during prehistory
as evidenced, for example, by archaeological excavations in China, Taiwan, Thailand, Laos,
Vietnam, East Malaysia, Eastern Indonesia, and the Philippines
- There were great degrees of variation in the jar burial traditions across these sites, for
example, in terms of placement, vessel morphology and decoration, and associated grave
goods.
- The types of burial jars found in Maitum, from both Sagel and Ayub Caves, are secondary
burials.
- SECONDARY BURIALS practice refers to the re-internment of the bones after remains of an
earlier burial have sufficiently decomposed
- The secondary burial jars from Maitum include two types, such as anthropomorphic and
non-anthropomorphic vessels
 An anthropomorphic burial jar is defined as a mortuary vessel that clearly portrays a

human shape,
 Non-anthropomorphic burial jar refers to a typical mortuary vessel without human
form.
- The artifacts associated with the Sagel cave jar burial, particularly the iron knife and the
pendant of fossilized shell interred with the jar burial, are morphologically unique which may
possibly indicate the social, political, and/or economic status of the deceased
 The Anthropomorphic Pottery from Ayub Cave, Pinol, Maitum, South Cotabato, Mindanao,
Philippines by Eusebio Z. Dizon
 Archeological Investigation of Sagel Cave at Maitum, Saranggani Province , Southern
Mindanao , Philippines by Nida Cuevas and Alexandra de Leon

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Manunggul Jar

- Ayub Cave, in Pinol Maitum, Saranggani Province

- Hadji Ayub Mindug

 An anthropomorphic burial jar is defined as a mortuary vessel that clearly portrays a

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