Certificate

VAISHNAVI BHATE A STUDENT OF CLASS XII OF

SECTION ANTARES HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE
PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROJECT ON THE TOPIC CRICKET.
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MR.PURNA
SHRESTHA(SUBJECT TEACHER) AS REQUESTED
ACCORDING TO SYLLABUS PRESENTED BY CBSE FOR
SESSION 2019-20.THIS PROJECT IS ABSOLUTELY
GENUINE AND DOES NOT INDULGE IN PLAGIARISM OF
ANY KIND.THE REFERANCES TAKEN IN MAKING THIS
PROJECT HAVE BEEN DECLARED AT THE END OF THIS
REPORT.

Mr.Purna Shrestha Mrs.Nalini Samuel

 Acknowledgement
I WISH TO EXPRESS MY DEEP GRATITUDE AND
SINCERE THANKS TO PRINCIPAL MRS.NALINI
SAMUEL,THE ORBIS SCHOOL,KESHAVNAGAR FOR
HER ENCOURAGEMENT AND FOR ALL THE
FACILITIES THAT SHE HAS PROVIDED TO US.I
EXTEND MY HEARTLY THANKS TO OUR PHYSICAL
EDUCATION TEACHER MR.PURNA SHRESTHA,WHO
GUIDED ME TO THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF

INDEX
History
Rules and regulations
Playground
Fundamental skills
Sports gears and equipments
Officials and their duties
Important tournaments
Sport personalities
Awards
Bibliography

THE HISTORY OF CRICKET

The game of cricket has a known history
spanning from the 16th century to the near day,
with international matches played since 1844,
though the official history of international Test
cricket began in 1877. During this time, the
game urban from its start in England into a
game which is now played competently in most
of the Commonwealth of nation.
Cricket faced its first real calamity during the
18th century when chief matches practically
ceased during the Seven Years War. This was
mostly due to shortage of players and lack of
venture. But the game survives and the
"Hambledon Era" proper began in the mid-
1760s.
Cricket faced another chief disaster at the
beginning of the 19th century when a
termination of chief matches occur during the
culminate period of the Napoleonic Wars.
Again, the causes were lack of players and lack
of investment. But, as in the 1760s, the game
survives and a slow revival began in 1815.
A Treacherous Game
It was a treacherous game – the first
documented fatal accident related to cricket
was in 1624, at Hosted Green in Sussex. Sadly,
Jasper Venal died after being struck by a bat
while trying to catch the ball. Its unclear if this
was an accident, or if the batsman simply put
too high a price on his wicket.
Cricket matches between village teams are
documented before the English Civil War
(1642-1651). The game developed steadily
after the war, as town and city teams
developed.
The history of cricket also records how the
sport first attracted gambling for significant
sums of money in the 18th century. This was an
unattractive, though perhaps inevitable
development, but did have the benefit of being
the cause for the establishment of the first Laws
of Cricket in 1744.
The most famous early club was Hambledon in
Hampshire, which became the headquarters of
the game for about 30 years until the opening of
Lords and the MCC in 1787. The MCC has been
the custodian of the Laws of Cricket ever since
then.
English colonialism brought cricket to other
parts of the world; to North America in the 17th
century, to the West Indies, India and Australia
in the 18th century, and to New Zealand and
South Africa in the 19th Century. The USA
played Canada in the first international match
in 1844.
The game developed into today’s club, county
and international structure through the 20th
century. The International Cricket Conference
(ICC) has become the global governing body,
while the MCC remains the custodian of the
rules.
 DATES IN CRICKET
HISTORY
550 (approx) Evidence of cricket being played in Guildford,
Surrey.
1598 Cricket mentioned in Florio’s Italian-English dictionary.
1610 Reference to “cricketing” between Weald and Upland near
Chevening, Kent. 1611 Randle Cotgrave’s French-English
dictionary translates the French word “crosse” as a cricket
staff.Two youths fined for playing cricket at Sidlesham, Sussex.
1624 Jasper Vinall becomes first man known to be killed playing
cricket: hit by a bat while trying to catch the ball – at Horsted
Green, Sussex.
1676 First reference to cricket being played abroad, by British
residents in Aleppo, Syria.
1694 Two shillings and sixpence paid for a “wagger” (wager)
about a cricket match at Lewes.
1697 First reference to “a great match” with 11 players a side for
fifty guineas, in Sussex.
1700 Cricket match announced on Clapham Common.
1709 First recorded inter-county match: Kent v Surrey.
1710 First reference to cricket at Cambridge University.
1727 Articles of Agreement written governing the conduct of
matches between the teams of the Duke of Richmond and Mr
Brodrick of Peperharow, Surrey.
1729 Date of earliest surviving bat, belonging to John Chitty, now
in the pavilion at The Oval.
1730 First recorded match at the Artillery Ground, off City Road,
central London, still the cricketing home of the Honourable
Artillery Company.
1744 Kent beat All England by one wicket at the Artillery
Ground.First known version of the Laws of Cricket, issued by the
London Club, formalising the pitch as 22 yards long.
1767 (approx) Foundation of the Hambledon Club in Hampshire,
the leading club in England for the next 30 years.
1769 First recorded century, by John Minshull for Duke of
Dorset’s XI v Wrotham.
1771 Width of bat limited to 4 1/4 inches, where it has remained
ever since.
1774 LBW law devised.
1776 Earliest known scorecards, at the Vine Club, Sevenoaks,
Kent.
1780 The first six-seamed cricket ball, manufactured by Dukes of
Penshurst, Kent.
1787 First match at Thomas Lord’s first ground, Dorset Square,
Marylebone – White Conduit Club v Middlesex.
Formation of Marylebone Cricket Club by members of the White
Conduit Club.
1788 First revision of the Laws of Cricket by MCC.
1794 First recorded inter-schools match: Charterhouse v
Westminster.
1795 First recorded case of a dismissal “leg before wicket”.
1806 First Gentlemen v Players match at Lord’s.
1807 First mention of “straight-armed” (i.e. round-arm) bowling:
by John Willes of Kent.
1809 Thomas Lord’s second ground opened at North Bank, St
John’s Wood.
1811 First recorded women’s county match: Surrey v Hampshire
at Ball’s Pond, London.
1814 Lord’s third ground opened on its present site, also in St
John’s Wood.
1827 First Oxford v Cambridge match, at Lord’s. A draw.
1828 MCC authorise the bowler to raise his hand level with the
elbow.
1833 John Nyren publishes his classic Young Cricketer’s Tutor
and The Cricketers of My Time.
1836 First North v South match, for many years regarded as the
principal fixture of the season.
1836 (approx) Batting pads invented.
1841 General Lord Hill, commander-in-chief of the British Army,
orders that a cricket ground be made an adjunct of every military
barracks.
1844 First official international match: Canada v United
States.1845 First match played at The Oval.
1846 The All-England XI, organised by William Clarke, begins
playing matches, often against odds, throughout the country.
1849 First Yorkshire v Lancashire match.
1850 Wicket-keeping gloves first used.
1850 John Wisden bowls all ten batsmen in an innings for North v
South.
1853 First mention of a champion county: Nottinghamshire.
1858 First recorded instance of a hat being awarded to a bowler
taking three wickets with consecutive balls.
1859 First touring team to leave England, captained by George
Parr, draws enthusiastic crowds in the US and Canada.
1864 Overhand bowling authorised by MCC.John Wisden’s The
Cricketer’s Almanack first published.
1868 Team of Australian aborigines tour England.
1873 WG Grace becomes the first player to record 1,000 runs and
100 wickets in a season.First regulations restricting county
qualifications, often regarded as the official start of the County
Championship.
1877 First Test match: Australia beat England by 45 runs in
Melbourne.
1880 First Test in England: a five-wicket win against Australia at
The Oval.
1882 Following England’s first defeat by Australia in England, an
“obituary notice” to English cricket in the Sporting Times leads to
the tradition of The Ashes.
1889 South Africa’s first Test match.Declarations first authorised,
but only on the third day, or in a one-day match.
1890 County Championship officially constituted.Present Lord’s
pavilion opened.
1895 WG Grace scores 1,000 runs in May, and reaches his 100th
hundred.
1899 AEJ Collins scores 628 not out in a junior house match at
Clifton College, the highest individual score in any match.Selectors
choose England team for home Tests, instead of host club issuing
invitations.
1900 Six-ball over becomes the norm, instead of five.
1909 Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC – now the International
Cricket Council) set up, with England, Australia and South Africa
the original members.
1910 Six runs given for any hit over the boundary, instead of only
for a hit out of the ground.
1912 First and only triangular Test series played in England,
involving England, Australia and South Africa.

1915 WG Grace dies, aged 67.

1926 Victoria score 1,107 v New South Wales at
Melbourne, the record total for a first-class innings.
1928 West Indies’ first Test match.AP “Tich” Freeman of
Kent and England becomes the only player to take more
than 300 first-class wickets in a season: 304.
1930 New Zealand’s first Test match.Donald Bradman’s
first tour of England: he scores 974 runs in the five Ashes
Tests, still a record for any Test series.
1931 Stumps made higher (28 inches not 27) and wider
(nine inches not eight – this was optional until 1947).
1932 India’s first Test match.Hedley Verity of Yorkshire
takes ten wickets for ten runs v Nottinghamshire, the best
innings analysis in first-class cricket.
1932-33 The Bodyline tour of Australia in which England
bowl at batsmen’s bodies with a packed leg-side field to
neutralise Bradman’s scoring.
1934 Jack Hobbs retires, with 197 centuries and 61,237
runs, both records. First women’s Test: Australia v
England at Brisbane.
1935 MCC condemn and outlaw Bodyline.
1947 Denis Compton of Middlesex and England scores a
record 3,816 runs in an English season.
1948 First five-day Tests in England.Bradman concludes
Test career with a second-ball duck at The Oval and a
batting average of 99.94 – four runs short of 100.
1952 Pakistan’s first Test match.
1953 England regain the Ashes after a 19-year gap, the
longest ever.
1956 Jim Laker of England takes 19 wickets for 90 v
Australia at Manchester, the best match analysis in first-
class cricket.
1957 Declarations authorised at any time.
1960 First tied Test, Australia v West Indies at Brisbane.
1963 Distinction between amateur and professional
cricketers abolished in English cricket.The first major one-
day tournament begins in England: the Gillette Cup.
1969 Limited-over Sunday league inaugurated for first-
class counties.
1970 Proposed South African tour of England cancelled:
South Africa excluded from international cricket because
of their government’s apartheid policies.
1971 First one-day international: Australia v England at
Melbourne.
1975 First World Cup: West Indies beat Australia in final
at Lord’s.
1976 First women’s match at Lord’s, England v Australia.
1977 Centenary Test at Melbourne, with identical result to
the first match: Australia beat England by 45
runs.Australian media tycoon Kerry Packer, signs 51 of the
world’s leading players in defiance of the cricketing
authorities.
1978 Graham Yallop of Australia wears a protective
helmet to bat in a Test match, the first player to do so.
1979 Packer and official cricket agree peace deal.
1980 Eight-ball over abolished in Australia, making the
six-ball over universal.
1981 England beat Australia in Leeds Test, after following
on with bookmakers offering odds of 500 to 1 against
them winning.
1982 Sri Lanka’s first Test match.
1991 South Africa return, with a one-day international in
India.
1992 Zimbabwe’s first Test match.Durham become the
first county since Glamorgan in 1921 to attain firstclass
status.
1993 The ICC ceases to be administered by MCC, becoming
an independent organisation with its own chief executive.
1994 Brian Lara of Warwickshire becomes the only player
to pass 500 in a firstclass innings: 501 not out v Durham.
2000 South Africa’s captain Hansie Cronje banned from
cricket for life after admitting receiving bribes from
bookmakers in match-fixing scandal.Bangladesh’s first
Test match.County Championship split into two divisions,
with promotion and relegation.The Laws of Cricket
revised and rewritten.
2001 Sir Donald Bradman dies, aged 92.
2003 Twenty20 Cup, a 20-over-per-side evening
tournament, inaugurated in England.
2004 Lara becomes the first man to score 400 in a Test
innings, against England.
2005 The ICC introduces Powerplays and Supersubs in
ODIs, and hosts the inaugural Superseries.
2006 Pakistan forfeit a Test at The Oval after being
accused of ball tampering.
2008 Inaugural game of the Indian Premier League (IPL)
in Bangalore, India.
 RULES AND REGULATIONS
The rules and regulations of cricket are a set of guidelines
established by the Marylebone Cricket Team (MCC) which explain
the laws and guidelines of cricket globally, to ensure consistency
and equity. There are currently 42 laws and guidelines, which
summarize all aspects of how the overall activity is performed
from how a team benefits an activity title, how a batsman is
ignored, through to requirements on how the message is to be
prepared and managed. The MCC is a private club based in
London in Britain and is no longer the mission's formal guiding
body; however the MCC maintains the trademark in the laws and
guidelines of the overall activity and only the MCC may change the
laws and guidelines, although these days this would usually only
be done after conversations with the mission's global guiding
system the Worldwide Cricket Authorities (ICC).

Cricket is one of the few sports for which the guiding concepts are
referred to as Laws rather than as Rule or Regulations. However
guidelines to supplement and or differ the laws and guidelines
may be decided for particular challenges.

TEAM PLAYERS AND OFFICIALS

Players
A cricket team includes 11 players, along with a leader or captain.
Outside of formal format, teams can play with more than eleven-
a-side, though no more than 11 players may field.
Substitutes
In cricket, a substitute player can be introduced on for an injured
fielder. However, a substitute should not bat, bowl, keep wicket or
act as captain. The player who was injured can come back if he
has recovered.
The umpires
There are two umpires, who apply the Laws, make all necessary
decisions, and relay the decisions to the scorers. While not
required under the laws of cricket, in higher level cricket a third
umpire (located off the ground and available to assist the on-field
umpires) may be used under the specific playing conditions of a
particular match or tournament.
The scorers
There are two scorers who respond to the umpires' signals and
keep the score
PLAYING FIELD AND EQUIPMENTS
Ball
A cricket ball is between 8 1316 and 9 inches (22.4 cm and 22.9
cm) in circumference, and weighs between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces
(155.9g and 163g). Only one ball is used at a time, unless it is lost,
when it is replaced with a ball of similar wear. It is also replaced
at the start of each innings, and may, at the request of the fielding
side, be replaced with a new ball, after a certain number of overs
have been bowled (80 in Test matches, 34 in ODIs). The gradual
degradation of the ball through the innings is an important aspect
of the game.
Bat
The bat is no more than 38 inches (97 cm) in length, and no more
than 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide. The hand or glove holding the
bat is considered part of the bat. Ever since the Heavy Metal
incident, a highly publicized marketing attempt by Dennis Lillee,
who brought out an aluminum bat during an international game,
the laws have provided that the blade of the bat must be made of
wood (and in practice, they are made from White Willow wood).
Pitch
The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground 22 yards (20 m) long
and 10 ft (3.0 m) wide. The Ground Authority selects and
prepares the pitch, but once the game has started, the umpire's
control what happens to the pitch. The umpires are also the
arbiters of whether the pitch is fit for play, and if they deem it
unfit, with the consent of both captains can change the pitch.
Professional cricket is almost always played on a grass surface.
However, in the event a non-turf pitch is used, the artificial
surface must have a minimum length of 58 ft (18 m) and a
minimum width of 6 ft (1.8 m).
Wickets
The wicket consists of three wooden stumps that are 28 inches
(71 cm) tall. The stumps are placed along the batting crease with
equal distances between each stump. They are positioned so they
are 9 inches (23 cm) wide. Two wooden bails are placed on top of
the stumps. The bails must not project more than 0.5 inches (1.3
cm) above the stumps, and must, for men's cricket, be 4+5⁄16
inches (10.95 cm) long. There are also specified lengths for the
barrel and spigots of the bail. There are different specifications
for the wickets and bails for junior cricket. The umpires may
dispense with the bails if conditions are unfit (i.e. it is windy so
they might fall off by themselves). Further details on the
specifications of the wickets are contained in Appendix A to the
laws.
Bowling, Popping & Return creases
This law sets out the dimensions and locations of the creases. The
bowling crease, which is the line the stumps are in the middle of,
is drawn at each end of the pitch so that the three stumps in the
set of stumps at that end of the pitch fall on it (and consequently it
is perpendicular to the imaginary line joining the centres of both
middle stumps). Each bowling crease should be 8 feet 8 inches
(2.64 m) in length, centered on the middle stump at each end, and
each bowling crease terminates at one of the return creases. The
popping crease, which determines whether a batsman is in his
ground or not, and which is used in determining front-foot no
balls (see law 24), is drawn at each end of the pitch in front of
each of the two sets of stumps. The popping crease must be 4 feet
(1.2 m) in front of and parallel to the bowling crease. Although it
is considered to have unlimited length, the popping crease must
be marked to at least 6 feet (1.8 m) on either side of the imaginary
line joining the centre's of the middle stumps. The return creases,
which are the lines a bowler must be within when making a
delivery, are drawn on each side of each set of the stumps, along
each sides of the pitch (so there are four return creases in all, one
on either side of both sets of stumps). The return creases lie
perpendicular to the popping crease and the bowling crease, 4
feet 4 inches (1.32 m) either side of and parallel to the imaginary
line joining the centre's of the two middle stumps. Each return
crease terminates at one end at the popping crease but the other
end is considered to be unlimited in length and must be marked
to a minimum of 8 feet (2.4 m) from the popping crease.
Covering the pitch
The pitch is said to be covered when the grounds men have
placed covers on it to protect it against rain or dew. The laws
stipulate that the regulations on covering the pitch shall be agreed
by both captains in advance. The decision concerning whether to
cover the pitch greatly affects how the ball will react to the pitch
surface, as a ball bounces differently on wet ground as compared
to dry ground. The area beyond the pitch where a bowler runs so
as to deliver the ball (the 'run-up') should ideally be kept dry so
as to avoid injury through slipping and falling, and the Laws also
require these to be covered wherever possible when there is wet
weather.
BACK TO TOP

SCORING AND WINNING RULES

Scoring runs
Runs are scored when the two batsmen run to each other's end of
the pitch. Several runs can be scored from one ball.
Boundaries
A boundary is marked round the edge of the field of play. If the
ball is hit into or past this boundary, four runs are scored, or six
runs if the ball didn't hit the ground before crossing the boundary.
Lost ball
If a ball in play is lost or cannot be recovered, the fielding side can
call "lost ball". The batting side keeps any penalty runs (such as
no-balls and wides) and scores the higher of six runs and the
number of runs actually run.
The result
The side which scores the most runs wins the match. If both sides
score the same number of runs, the match is tied. However, the
match may run out of time before the innings have all been
completed. In this case, the match is drawn.
The over
An over consists of six balls bowled, excluding wides and no balls.
Consecutive overs are delivered from opposite ends of the pitch. A
bowler may not bowl two consecutive overs.
Dead ball
The ball comes into play when the bowler begins his run up, and
becomes dead when all the action from that ball is over. Once the
ball is dead, no runs can be scored and no batsmen can be
dismissed. The ball becomes dead for a number of reasons, most
commonly when a batsman is dismissed, when a boundary is hit,
or when the ball has finally settled with the bowler or
wicketkeeper.
No ball
A ball can be a no ball for several reasons: if the bowler bowls
from the wrong place; or if he straightens his elbow during the
delivery; or if the bowling is dangerous; or if the ball bounces
more than twice or rolls along the ground before reaching the
batsman; or if the fielders are standing in illegal places. A no ball
adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other
runs which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed
off a no ball except by being run out, or by handling the ball,
hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field.
Wide ball
An umpire calls a ball "wide" if, in his or her opinion, the batsman
did not have a reasonable opportunity to score off the ball. A ball
is called wide when the bowler bowls a bouncer that goes over
the head of the batsman. A wide adds one run to the batting
team's score, in addition to any other runs which are scored off it,
and the batsman can't be dismissed off a wide except by being run
out or stumped, or by handling the ball, hitting his wicket, or
obstructing the field.
Bye and Leg bye
If a ball that is not a no ball or wide passes the striker and runs
are scored, they are called byes. If a ball that is not a no ball hits
the striker but not the bat and runs is scored, they are called leg-
byes. However, leg-byes cannot be scored if the striker is neither
attempting a stroke nor trying to avoid being hit. Byes and leg-
byes are credited to the teams but not the batsman's total.
MODES OF DISMISSALS
Bowled
A batsman is out if his wicket is put down by a ball delivered by
the bowler. It is irrelevant whether the ball has touched the bat,
glove, or any part of the batsman before going on to put down the
wicket, though it may not touch another player or an umpire
before doing so.
Timed out
An incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball (or be at the
crease with his partner ready to face a ball) within 3 minutes of
the outgoing batsman being dismissed, otherwise the incoming
batsman will be out.
Caught
If a ball hits the bat or the hand holding the bat and is then caught
by the opposition within the field of play before the ball bounces,
then the batsman is out.
Handled the ball
If a batsman willfully handles the ball with a hand that is not
touching the bat without the consent of the opposition, he is out.
Hit the ball twice
If a batsman hits the ball twice, other than for the sole purpose of
protecting his wicket or with the consent of the opposition, he is
out.
Hit wicket
If, after the bowler has entered his delivery stride and while the
ball is in play, a batsman puts his wicket down by his bat or his
body he is out. The striker is also out hit wicket if he puts his
wicket down by his bat or his body in setting off for a first run.
"Body" includes the clothes and equipment of the batsman.
Leg before wicket (LBW)
If the ball hits the batsman without first hitting the bat, but would
have hit the wicket if the batsman was not there, and the ball does
not pitch on the leg side of the wicket, the batsman will be out.
However, if the ball strikes the batsman outside the line of the off-
stump, and the batsman was attempting to play a stroke, he is not
out.
Obstructing the field
If a batsman willfully obstructs the opposition by word or action,
he is out.
Run out
A batsman is out if at any time while the ball is in play no part of
his bat or person is grounded behind the popping crease and his
wicket is fairly put down by the opposing side.
Stumped
A batsman is out when the wicket-keeper (see Law 40) puts down
the wicket, while the batsman is out of his crease and not
attempting a run.
GROUND AND SPECIFICATION
A cricket field is a large grassy field on which the game of cricket
is played. Although generally oval in shape, there is a wide variety
within this: some are almost perfect circles, some elongated ovals
and some entirely irregular shapes with little or no symmetry –
but they will have entirely curved boundaries, almost without
exception. There are no fixed dimensions for the field but its
diameter usually varies between 450 feet (137 m) and 500 feet
(150 m). Cricket is unusual among major sports (along with golf,
Australian rules football and baseball) in that there is no official
rule for a fixed-shape ground for professional games. On most
grounds, a rope demarcates the perimeter of the field and is
known as the boundary. Within the boundary and generally as
close to the centre as possible will be the square which is an area
of carefully prepared grass upon which cricket pitches can be
prepared and marked for the matches.
Field size
The ICC Standard Playing Conditions define the minimum and
maximum size of the playing surface for international matches.
Law of ICC Men's Test Match Playing Conditions as well as ICC
Men's One Day International Playing
Conditions states:
The aim shall be to maximize the size of the playing area at each
venue. With respect to the size of the boundaries, no boundary
shall be longer than 90 yards (82.29 meters), and no boundary
should be shorter than 65 yards (59.43 meters) from the centre of
the pitch to be used.
In addition, the conditions require a minimum three-yard gap
between the "rope" and the surrounding fencing or advertising
boards. This allows players to dive without risk of injury.
The conditions contain a grandfather clause, which exempts
stadiums built before October 2007. However, most stadiums
which regularly host international games easily meet the
minimum dimensions.
A typical Test match stadium would be larger than these defined
minimums, with over 20,000 sq yd (17,000 m2) of grass (having a
straight boundary of about 80m). In contrast an association
football field needs only about 9,000 sq yd (7,500 m2) of grass,
and an Olympic stadium would contain 8,350 sq yd (6,980 m2) of
grass within its 400m running track, making it difficult to play
international cricket in stadiums not built for the purpose.
Nevertheless, Stadium Australia which hosted the Sydney
Olympics in 2000 had its running track turfed over with 30,000
seats removed to make it possible to play cricket there, at a cost of
$80 million. This is one of the reasons cricket games generally
cannot be hosted outside the traditional cricket-playing countries,
and a few non-Test nations like Canada, the UAE and Kenya that
have built Test standard stadiums.
The pitch
Most of the action takes place in the centre of this ground, on a
rectangular clay strip usually with short grass called the pitch.
The pitch measures 22 yards (20 m) long.
At each end of the pitch three upright wooden stakes, called the
stumps, are hammered into the ground. Two wooden crosspieces,
known as the bails, sit in grooves atop the stumps, linking each to
its neighbour. Each set of three stumps and two bails is
collectively known as a wicket. One end of the pitch is designated
the batting end where the batsman stands and the other is
designated the bowling end where the bowler runs in to bowl.
The area of the field on the side of the line joining the wickets
where the batsman holds his bat (the right-hand side for a right-
handed batsman, the left for a left-hander) is known as the off
side, the other as the leg side or on side.
Lines drawn or painted on the pitch are known as creases.
Creases are used to adjudicate the dismissals of batsmen and to
determine whether a delivery is fair.
Parts of the field
For limited overs cricket matches, there are two additional field
markings. A painted oval is made by drawing a semicircle of 30
yards (27.4 m) radius from the center of each wicket with respect
to the breadth of the pitch and joining them with lines parallel, 30
yards (27.4 m) to the length of the pitch. This line, commonly
known as the circle, divides the field into an infield and outfield.
Two circles of radius 15 yards (13.7 m), centered at middle stump
guard on the popping crease and often marked by dots, define the
close-infield. The infield, outfield, and the close-infield are used to
enforce fielding restrictions.
 FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS
During cricket we are require variety of skills which are known as
fundamental skills of cricket. Today we are going to disclose some
unique fundamental skills of cricket.
Batting Skills
Begin a batsman he must have good wrist power, eye co-
ordination, stamina, running speed, judgment of speed, bat speed
and other knowledge and statistics for cricket.

Some basic following skills batsman required:-

He should try to save his cricket by bat.
Avoid the ball which hits to legs.
Avoid hitting in air the which, can result batsman being out
caught.
He should have perfectly guidance when to take a run.
Hit the ball by prefect chooses of shot, timing and strength.

Different types of shots

Good batsman plays different shots to make more runs he has
prefect knowledge and skills to play the different types of shots.
Usually good, batsman has great balance throughout his body
there are variety of shots a batsman can play.
Types of batting
Block
Cut
Drive
Hook
Leg Glance
Paddle Sweep
Pull
Sweep
Reverse Sweep
Slog Sweep
Slog
Bowling skills

Bowling is important as batting in the cricketing field, bowling

means when the ball is defended by a batsman to save his cricket.
A player who has skills to bowl known as a bowler. When the ball
is thrown to the batsman is called a ball or delivery. One over has
six sets of ball usually a bowler bowls six balls in an over when
one over bowled by any bowler another player from his
teammates bowl the next over. There are some laws of cricket for
bowler how to bowl a ball of the bowls an illegal bowl, an umpire
will rule it a ‘No Ball’. If a bowler bowl very far from batsman then
it’s known as ‘Wide’ and bowler has to bowl another ball.
Types of bowling
Fast bowling
Seam Bowling
Swing Bowling
Bouncer
In dipper
In swinger
Leg Cutter
Off Cutter
Slow Ball
Reverse
Deliveries
Full Toss
Beamer
Spin bowling
Off-Spin
Leg-Spin
Chinaman
Doosra
Googles
Leg Break
Teesra
Arm Ball
Fielding

Fielding
In 21st century fielding is a key point to winning the match a
player required more hard work, practice and flexibility to
become a good fielder. Being a good fielder he should have more
flexibility, and body right behind the ball. He must have judgment
where the going for a catch fielder eye must to on batsman strictly
he should look all the action performed by the batsman to react to
catch the ball.
A good fielder should have great concentration even when the
team field in out of the blazing sun for more than five hours. A
team should have good fielding side to win more matches for his
country a good fielder saves more runs and force him to come in
under pressure. Fielding is an important part of cricket fielding
creates pressure that wins many matches.
Now a day the standard of fielding is on a top level. Every player
of any team is a great fielder because of their fitness and
flexibility.
First aid of sports injuries in cricket;

Injured Elbow
Rib Cage Injury
Pulled Hamstring
Finger Fracture
Wicket – Keeper

Wicket keeper
Wicket keeper plays important role in cricket good wicket
keeper can save a number of runs for his teams. His function is to
stop deliveries, which the batsman unable to play or passed by
batsman wicket keeper is the god in cricket because he can
dismiss the batsman in various ways. A first way is when the
bowler ball to a batsman and when it got an edge of the bat and
keeper caught it before it, bouncer.
The wicket keeper position is the best position then other fielders
for high air caught, he can easily catch that he sought another way
to dismiss a batsman for the wicketkeeper. When the batsman
miss to play the shot and he comes out of crease wicketkeeper
caught the ball and fall bails from stumps and at last when the
balls hit into outfield wicket keeper come closer to the stumps
and receive the ball and run out if its possible.
SPORTS GEARS AND EQUIPMENTS
Clothing and protective gear
Collared shirt (usually white) with short or long sleeves
depending on the climate or personal preference.
Long trousers (usually white).
Jumper (a woollen pullover, if necessary). This is usually a
vest.
Jockstrap with cup pocket into which a "box", or protective
cup, is inserted and held in place.
Abdominal guard or "box" or an L Guard for male batsmen
and wicket-keepers (often referred to as a cup, box or
abdo guard). It is usually constructed from high density
plastic with a padded edge, shaped like a hollow half-pear,
and inserted into the jockstrap with cup pocket
underwear of the batsmen and wicket-keeper. This is used
to protect the crotch area against impact from the ball.
Sun hat, cricket cap or baseball cap.
Spiked shoes to increase traction.
Helmet (often with a visor), worn by batsmen and fielders
close to the batsman on strike to protect their heads.
Leg pads, worn by the two batsmen and the wicket-
keeper, used to protect the shin bone against impact from
the ball. The wicket-keeping pads are slightly different
from the batsmen's. Fielders that are fielding in close to
the batsmen may wear shin guards under their trousers.
Thigh guard, arm guards, chest guard, and elbow guards to
protect the body of the batsmen. Some batsmen use these
and others do not, since they reduce mobility.
Gloves for batsmen only, thickly padded above the fingers
and on the thumb of the hand, to protect against impact
from the ball.
Wicket-keeper's gloves for the wicket-keeper. Usually
includes webbing between the thumb and index fingers.
Batsmen are allowed to wear gloves while batting. The
batsman can be also caught out if the ball touches the
glove instead of the bat, provided the hand is in contact
with the bat. This is because the glove is considered to be
the extension of the bat. The batsman may also wear
protective helmets usually with a visor to protect
themselves. Helmets are usually employed when facing
fast bowlers. While playing spinners, it might not be
employed.

Fielders cannot use gloves to field the ball. If they wilfully

use any part of their clothing to field the ball they may be
penalised 5 penalty runs to the opposition. If the fielders
are fielding close to the batsman, they are allowed to use
helmets and leg guards worn under their clothing.[1]
As the wicket-keeper is positioned directly behind the
batsman, and therefore has the ball bowled directly at him,
he is the only fielder allowed to wear gloves and (external)
leg guards.
A thigh pad, worn by batsmen
Equipment
Ball – A red, white or pink ball with a cork base, wrapped
in twine covered with leather. The ball should have a
circumference of 9.1 in (23 centimetres) unless it is a
children's size.
Bat – A wooden bat is used. The wood used is from the
Kashmir or English willow tree. The bat cannot be more
than 38 inches (96.5 cm) long and 4.25 inches (10.8 cm)
wide. Aluminum bats are not allowed. The bat has a long
handle and one side has a smooth face.
Stumps – three upright wooden poles that, together with
the bails, form the wicket.
Bails – two crosspieces made of wood, placed on top of the
stumps.
Sight screen – A screen placed at the boundary known as
the sight screen. This is aligned exactly parallel to the
width of the pitch and behind both pairs of wickets.
Boundary – A rope demarcating the perimeter of the field
known as the boundary.
OFFICIALS AND THEIR DUTIES
UMPIRE
In cricket,an umpire is a person who has the authority to
make judgements on the cricket field,according to laws of
cricket.Besides making decisions about legality of
delivery,appeals for wickets and general conduct of the
game in a legal manner,the umpire also keeps a record of
the deliveries and announces the completion of an over.

A cricket umpire is not to be cconfused with the referee

who usually presides only over international matches and
makes no decisions affecting the outcome of the game.
IMPORTANT TOURNAMENTS
World cup
Indian premier league(IPL)
Champions trophy
World Twenty20
ICC Trophy
International cup
World Cricket League
Super Series
And many more….
SPORTS PERSONALITIES
Virat Kohli

Virat Kohli

MS Dhoni

Sachin Tendulkar
AWARDS
Test player of the year
Player of the year
ODI player of the year
Emerging player of the year
Umpire of the year
Spirit of cricket
World test XI
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna
Dhronacharya award
Dhyan Chand award
Arjuna Award
BIBLIOGRAPHY
en.wikipedia.org
sporteology.com
cricketlab.co
www.scribd.com