DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SMALL-SCALE

ARTISANAL FISH DESCALING MACHINE

ROGELIO QUIJADA ANGANA, JR.

LEONARDO BAGUIO BITANGCOR, JR.
JACKELINE MIRAFLORES LUMAHANG
JOHN ANDREW SARALIBO MAESTRE
ADRIAN PAUL CUAJAO RELAYOSA

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CENTRAL MINDANAO
UNIVERSITY, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JUNE 2019
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY
Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon

College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

APPROVAL SHEET

The undergraduate thesis attached hereto entitled, “DESIGN, FABRICATION

AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SMALL-SCALE ARTISANAL FISH
DESCALING MACHINE” (Research No.19757), prepared and submitted by
ROGELIO Q. ANGANA JR., LEONARDO B. BITANGCOR JR., JACKELINE M.
LUMAHANG, JOHN ANDREW S. MAESTRE and ADRIAN PAUL C. RELAYOSA,
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in
Mechanical Engineering, is hereby endorsed.

CONSTANCIO M. VERULA, Ph.D.

Adviser, Thesis Advisory Committee
Date:

GLIZELDA L. UY, MSME

Member, Thesis Advisory Committee
Date:

CLEIFFORD S. ALFARERO, MSME

Member, Thesis Advisory Committee
Date:

Recommending Approval:

ARMAN T. GASCON, MSME

Department Chair
Date:

RONALDO C. BALANDRA, MSME

Research Coordinator
Date:

Accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor

of Science in Mechanical Engineering.

Approved:

CHERYL F. DALEON, Ph.D.

College Dean
Date:

JUPITER V. CASAS, Ph.D.

Research Director
Date:
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The author, Rogelio Quijada Angana Jr. was born on December 15,
1996 at Poblacion, Dangcagan, Bukidnon. He is the fourth child of Mr. Rogelio
D. Angana and Mrs. Aida Q. Angana.

He finished his primary education at Dangcagan Central Elementary

School during 2010. He continued his secondary education at Dangcagan
National High School and finished during 2014. He entered college and
pursued Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering at Central Mindanao
University.

He is a member of the College of Engineering Student Council

Organization during the years 2014 to 2019. He is also a member of the
Mechanical Engineering Student Association and Junior Philippine Society of
Mechanical Engineering during the years 2014 to 2019. He is also a member
of Sigma Xi Fraternity and Sorority during the years 2015 to 2019.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The author, Leonardo Baguio Bitangcor Jr. was born at SAA State
Brgy. 26, Gingoog City, Misamis Oriental on January 21, 1998. He is the
second child of Mr. Leonardo A. Bitangcor Sr. and Mrs. Evelyn Bitangcor.

He finished his primary education at Alfonso Ang Militante Elementary

School during the year 2010 as Valedictorian. He continued his secondary
education at Gingoog City Comprehensive National High School and
graduated during 2014. He entered college and studied Bachelor of Science
in Mechanical Engineering at Central Mindanao University.

He is a member of the Mechanical Engineering Student Association

during the years 2014 to 2019. He became a member of Junior Philippine
Society of Mechanical Engineers during the years 2016 to 2019. He is also a
member of Alpha Omega Beta Fraternity and Sorority. He attended many
seminars related to his course and finished his On-the-job-training at Crystal
Sugar Company Inc. located at Maramag, Bukidnon on the year 2018.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The author, Jackeline Miraflores Lumahang was born on February 5,

1998 at P-2 Canituan, Kalilangan, Bukidnon. She is the youngest daughter of
Mr. Raul C. Lumahang and Mrs. Emelia M. Lumahang.

She finished her primary education at Pangantucan Central Elementary

School during the year 2010. She continued her secondary education at
Pangantucan Community High School and finished during the year 2014. She
entered college and pursued Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
at Central Mindanao University.

She is a member of the College of Engineering Student Council

Association during the years 2014 to 2019. She is also a member of the
Mechanical Engineering Student Association during the years 2014 to 2019.
She became the secretary of Lambda Beta Phi Fraternity and Sorority during
the year 2018-2019 and at the same time the secretary of the Junior
Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers. Also, she is a member of the
CMU SSC Political and Electoral Committee during the year 2018-2019. She
attended many seminars highlighting the Leadership Seminar 2018-2019. She
finished her On-the-job-training at King Energy Generation Inc. located at
Dologon, Bukidnon on the year 2018.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The author, John Andrew Saralibo Maestre was born on September

24, 1996 at Valencia City Bukidnon. He is the only son among the four
children of Mr. Johnny R. Maestre and Mrs. Anghelita S. Maestre.

He finished his primary education at Plantation Elementary School at

Camp Phillips, Manolo, Bukidnon during the year 2010. He continued his
secondary education at Libona National High School and graduated during
the year 2014. He entered college and studied Bachelor of Science in
Mechanical Engineering at Central Mindanao University.

He is granted as one of the scholars of their municipality the Municipal

College Educational Assistance Program (MCEAP) during 2014 to 2018. He
is a member of the Mechanical Engineering Student Association and Junior
Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineering during the years 2014 to 2019.
Also, he is a member of the College of Engineering Student Council
Organization during the years 2014 to 2019.
 vii

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The author, Adrian Paul Cuajao Relayosa was born on October 18,
1997 at St. Joseph Hospital, Maramag, Bukidnon. He is the youngest child of
Mr. Ramonito L. Relayosa and Mrs. Florita C. Relayosa.

He finished his primary education at Maramag Central Elementary

School during the year 2010. He continued his secondary education at
Bukidnon National School of Home Industries and finished during 2014. He
entered college and pursued Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
at Central Mindanao University.

He is a member of the College of Engineering Student Council

Organization during the years 2014 to 2019. He is also a member of the
Mechanical Engineering Student Association and Junior Philippine Society of
Mechanical Engineering during the years 2014 to 2019. He finished his On-
the-job-training at Crystal Sugar Company Inc. located at Maramag, Bukidnon
on the year 2019.
 viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was made possible because of the guidance, motivation

and help of many individuals. And for that, the researchers would like to
express their heartfelt gratitude and outmost appreciation to all the people
who shared their knowledge, time, treasure, talent, and support.

First and foremost, the researchers would like to thank the Almighty
God who is the source of everything for giving the researchers knowledge and
wisdom that they need for them to accomplish this research and for the
abundant blessing that He showered upon them.

To the beloved parents of the researchers who constantly gave their

full-time support to accomplish this study. Thank you for the overflowing love
and encouragement that always motivates the researchers to be at their best
and for all the sacrifices just to provide all their needs.

To the researcher’s thesis adviser Dr. Constancio M. Verula Jr. for

patiently checking and correcting the drafts, for giving links of websites for
additional reference, for the helpful advices and suggestions for the research
and for the experience and expertise on the field of research.

To the panel examiners, Engr. Cleifford S. Alfarero and Engr. Glizelda

L. Uy, and to the rest of the Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Engr. Arman T.
Gascon, Engr. Diomedes T. Gabule Jr., Engr. Rey F. Polon, Engr. Ronaldo C.
Balandra and Engr. Johned Nino Balandra, for sharing their time and
knowledge, for the formative criticisms which have contributed greatly to the
improvement of their study.

To the owner of Rainwell Machine Shop who make an extra effort in

fabricating the machine.

To Sir Escarlos for helping the researchers in the electrical

components.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Authors’ Biographical Sketch iii

Acknowledgement viii

Table of Contents ix

List of Tables xi

List of Appendices xii

List of Figures xiii

Nomenclature xvi

Abstract xvii

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 1

1.3 Significance of the Study 2

1.4 Objectives of the Study 2

1.5 Scopes and Limitation of the study 2

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 4

III. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Conceptual Framework 12

3.2 Components of the Machine 14

3.3 Design Calculations 15

3.4 Material Selection 24

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3.5 Machine Fabrication 24

3.6 Preliminary Testing 25

3.7 Machine Working Principle 26

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Fish Data 27

4.2 Economic Analysis 34

4.3 Fish Samples 35

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 37

VI. REFERENCES 40

VII. APPENDICES 42
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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page

3.1 Components of the Machine 14

3.2 Determination of Time to use as constant 25

4.1 Data of Milkfish at 4 minutes and 40 RPM 28

4.2 Data of Milkfish at 4 minutes and 50 RPM 29

4.3 Data of Milkfish at 4 minutes and 60 RPM 30

4.4 Data of Tilapia at 4 minutes and 40 RPM 31

4.5 Data of Tilapia at 4 minutes and 50 RPM 32

4.6 Data of Tilapia at 4 minutes and 60 RPM 33

5.1 Efficiency of Descaling Machine for each RPM for 37

Milkfish

5.2 Efficiency of Descaling Machine for each RPM for 38

Tilapia
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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX Page

A Design of Descaling Machine Components 42

B Machine Fabrication 52

C Data Gathering 56

D Gantt Chart 58

E Materials and Fabrication Cost 59

 xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Page

2.1 Nahak Design of Descaling Machine 4

2.2 Variable Speed Descaling machine 8

2.3 Hand Operated Low-cost Fish Descaling machine 8

2.4 The Simor 8

2.5 Non-Circular Rotary Drum 11

3.1 Conceptual Framework 12

3.2 Components of the Machine 14

4.2.1 Descaling Test of Milkfish Samples at 40 rpm 35

4.2.2 Descaling Test of Milkfish Samples at 50 rpm 35

4.2.3 Descaling Test of Milkfish Samples at 60 rpm 35

4.2.4 Descaling Test of Tilapia Samples at 40 rpm 36

4.2.5 Descaling Test of Tilapia Samples at 50 rpm 36

4.2.6 Descaling Test of Tilapia Samples at 60 rpm 36

5.1 Efficiency of Descaling Machine for each Rotational 37

Speed for Milkfish

5.2 Efficiency of Descaling Machine for each Rotational 38

Speed for Tilapia

A.1 Octagonal Drum Frame 42

A.2 Drive Shaft 42

A.3 Customized Descaling Plate 43

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A.4 Hole Extrusion 43

A.5 Lower Cover 44

A.6 Fish Outlet 44

A.7 Top Cover 45

A.8 Descaling Table 45

A.9 Filter Screen 46

A.10 Fish Container 46

A.11 Water Tube 47

A.12 Caster Wheel 47

A.13 Hinges 48

A.14 Pillow Block Bearing 48

A.15 Belt and Pulleys 49

A.16 Allen Key 49

A.17 Variable Frequency Drive 50

A.18 Water Hose 50

A.19 Electric Motor 50

A.20 Descaling Machine Whole Assembly 51

B.1 Building of Descaling Table 52

B.2 Descaling Table, Top and Lower Cover 52

B.3 Full Welding Process 53

B.4 Threading of Descaling Drum 53

B.5 Painting of the Descaling Table 54

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B.6 Preparing for Machine Assembly 54

B.7 Final Adjustments 55

B.8 Side view of the Actual Machine 55

C.1 Loading of Fish 56

C.2 Locking of the Descaling Drum 56

C.3 Washing off the remaining scales 57

C.4 Gathering of Data 57

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NOMENCLATURE

Rated Motor Power, HP

N Motor speed, rpm

T Torque, N-m

TOTAL Total Moment of Inertia, kg-m2

Angular acceleration, rad/s2

DESCALINGDRUM Moment of Inertia of the Descaling Drum, kg-m2

SHAFT Moment of Inertia of the Shaft, kg-m2

PULLEY Moment of Inertia of the Pulleys, kg-m2

FISH Moment of Inertia of the Fish, kg-m2

mD Mass of the Descaling Rectangular Plate, kg

LD Length of the Rectangular Descaling, m

m1 Mass of the Rectangular Plate, kg

Volume of the Rectangular Plate, m3

D Diameter of the Hole, cm

d Distance of each Hole, cm

m2 Mass of a single hole in a descaling plate, kg

Volume of a single hole in a descaling plate, m3

D Volume of the Descaling Plate, m3

f Final angular acceleration, rad/s

i Initial angular acceleration, rad/s

 xvii

ABSTRACT

DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SMALL-

SCALE ARTISANAL FISH DESCALING MACHINE by Rogelio Q. Angana
Jr., Leonardo B. Bitangcor Jr., Jackeline M. Lumahang, John Andrew S.
Maestre and Adrian Paul C. Relayosa, Bachelor of Science in Mechanical
Engineering, Central Mindanao, University Town, Musuan, Maramag,
Bukidnon, June 2019.

Thesis Adviser: Dr. Constancio M. Verula Jr.

This Fish Descaling Machine uses a different method of descaling,

provided that its purpose is to produce fresh, hygienically cleaned and well-
scaled fish to the market. The machine is a small-scale, as the convenience of
the customers is also taken into consideration. With the machine’s design, it
would be easy to transport the machine to different places.
The researchers aimed to fabricate a small-scale fish descaling
machine and evaluate its performance and determine the efficient rotational
speed of the octagonal drum. Some components of the machine were
fabricated and installed to put up the whole set-up of the fish descaling
system.
The machine is designed to descale one kilogram of artisanal fishes
such as tilapia and milkfish at specified rotational speed tests with water is
sprinkled in the system with water hose connected to a faucet within four
minutes of continuous operation.
The stainless-steel perforated descaling drum was custom-built
enabling each hole of the drum capable enough to descale the fish.
Based on the tested rotational speeds of the descaling drum, the most
efficient speed for descaling is at 40 RPM for Tilapia and Milkfish at four
minutes of operation. The efficiency of the descaling machine is 96.83% for
Milkfish and 94.146% for Tilapia.
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Fishery is a very important industry in the Philippines. Its importance is

underscored by the fact that as of 1995 the Philippine ranks twelfth among the
largest fish producer in the world and ranks fourth in terms of aquaculture
production (FAOUN Yearbook, 1995). The country’s archipelagic nature is the
primary reason for its importance. The other reason is the Filipinos’ great
liking for fish. No meal is complete without fish. As a result, the Philippines
have one of the highest per capita fish consumptions in the world at 36
kilograms per year of fish and fishery products (BFAR, 1997). Due to the ease
in the source of fishery considering marine, lake or pond, and rivers, it can be
availed cheaply on comparing with another animal food. It can be easily
understood that fish has been one of the foods of preference. Hence, the
preparation of fish as food requires some precautions as it is being handled
by several machine setups. A fresh, hygienically-cleaned and well-scaled fish
with minimum distortion gets preferred for further food processing.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Removal of fish scale, also called as “descaling”, is considered as one

of the most important unit operations in fish post-harvest processing.
Traditionally, the descaling of fish is performed in a manual operation using a
knife. This is not only time-consuming operation but also frequently causes
harm and wounds to the hands of persons involved in performing the task.

The Fish Descaling Machine uses a different method of descaling,

provided that its purpose is to produce fresh, hygienically cleaned and well-
scaled fish to the market. The machine is a small-scale, as the convenience of
the customers is also taken into consideration. With the machine’s design, it
would be easy to transport the machine to different places. Lastly, the
 2

machine is cost-friendly as it requires minimal maintenance which would

provide work efficiency to the target market.

1.3 Significance of the Study

This study contributes to a new technology innovation of fish descaling

process. The Fish Descaling Machine is designed to be time-efficient on the
descaling process; reduce human labour and safe operation. The machine is
cost-effective, easy to operate and does not require skilled labour. The
machine will produce fresh, hygienically cleaned and well-scaled fish with
minimum distortion get preferred for further operations in making delicious
food.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to design and fabricate a small-scale

fish descaling machine.

Specifically, the study aimed to:

1. Determine the appropriate speed of the descaling drum for

Milkfish and Tilapia; and
2. Determine the efficiency of the descaling machine with a given
period of time, drum configuration and volume of water needed.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The design and operation of the machine is solely intended for removal
of scales of tilapia and milkfish. To attain the objectives of this study, three
fixed speed of the rotating drum have been set with three trials for each speed
for each kilogram of tilapia and milkfish. The time of operation has been
standardized for each species of fish for efficient removal of scales. The
descaling machine is based on a new design equipped with a customized
 3

perforated rotating octagonal drum, operated using an induction motor of

variable frequency drive. The drum of the descaling machine has a capacity of
one kilogram of fish with the appropriate fish weight ranging from 200 grams
to 500 grams. The rotation of the drum has an operational range of 40
revolutions to 60 revolutions per minute. This is a batch process and the
material can be loaded and unloaded easily and one person is required to
operate the machine.
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The design of various machine elements is a critical part of mechanical

engineering and is much essential in developing mechanical systems. Here,
the book entitled “A Textbook of Machine Design 14th Edition” by Gupta, J.K.
& Khurmi, R.S. (2005) and Machine Elements in Mechanical Design by Mott,
L. M. (2004) has been helpful in designing the machine.

In the past, various products have been found to descale the fish but till
not much importance has been given to the idea of developing an efficient
product with reasonable cost for a targeted section of customers in the
society. After the needs analysis and identification of the to-be-developed
product, the search of the idea led to an innovative concept of scaling fishes
succeeding the need of it. Now, there are various machines available in the
market to scale but a system that ascertaining both cost and quality has not
been produced on a mass scale yet. (Nahak, 2015)

Figure 2.1 Nahak Design of Descaling Machine

Further research of Nibedit Nahak (2015) in his study “Design of

Descaling Machine”, states that a blade or a perforated surface can be used
to attain the main purpose of descaling fishes. The surface or the blade
 5

should remove scales away so cautiously that any cut on the skin of the fish is
readily avoided. This should be designed and handled so carefully such that
any interference in descaling a fish would not happen within the system or
even any injury incured to the operator. In addition to descaling operation, any
means of water flushing is necessary for an average production or else it
would hamper the operation if the scales get stuck to the body of the fish even
after the scale removal. For driving shaft, the indicated torque on the motor:
T= 2kg-cm = 0.196133 N-m = 196.133 N-mm with rpm of the motor: N = 60
rpm. The material of the shaft being used was Grade 316 stainless steel (food
grade) having specifications of an Ultimate Tensile Strength = 517.10625 MPa
and Ultimate Yield Strength = 172.36875 MPa. As shear strength = 0.577x
Yield Strength, so the shear stress = 0.577*172.36875= 99.456 MPa. Then,
the diameter of the shaft would be, T= (𝜋/16) d3 so, d= [T/ (𝜋/16) ]1/3 = d=
2.15 cm, of which d= 2.54 cm (1’’ standard). The motor has been chosen
accordingly with its output power. It is commercially available and it can be
well understood what is the power and RPM output of the motor driving shaft.
A standard motor of 0.5 kW with 500 RPM will serve better in this case. The
drum is a cylindrical one which has a diameter of 38 cm and 46 cm length. For
the removal of the scale from the body of the fish, the surface of the cylinder
has been perforated with holes having a diameter of 15 mm. There are two
cylindrical surfaces which have been made into the shape of a drum by a
shearing action and they have an internal gap of 2.5 mm. The surface of the
cylinder has been punched in order to make significant burr. The height of one
burr is approximately around 2.7 mm. By the combination of those surfaces,
all the burrs with respective hole become strong enough to remove the scales
of the fish. There is a pattern of holes that repeats circularly over the body of
the cylinder to fill all the space as possible.

From the simulation and analysis of the model, as the load increases
with the rotational speed remaining constant, the performance of the device
reduces. This is because of a standard load capacity only can be lifted by the
drum. It’s been seen around 4-5 fish of medium length can be descaled
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properly. Similarly, as the load remains constant, but the speed of the motor is
increased, then also the device becomes unable to scale perfectly and
effectively to all the portions of the body of each fish (Nahak, 2015). Fish
descaling machine with the use of perforated surface will not need any
manual change of fish surface for each attempt of descaling. Hence, a
confined space could lessen this job. As the product will be more viable for
the domestic or micro commercial usage we make it sure to build a simple yet
efficient and portable machine. This ensures that the machine is made
keeping in view of an unskilled labor like anyone can easily operate the
machine without any prior knowledge on how to use it.

In 1984, Opanasenko’s fish descaling proposal “Opanasenko”, a type

of drum apparatus with a horizontal axis which comprises a frame, a hollow
elongate fish scaling drum mounted on the frame. Mechanism behind the
rotating of the fish-scaling drum, with axially spaced abrasive portions was
separated by relatively non-abrasive portions, where the scales of the fish will
get intermittently abraded by the rough-abrasive portions as the fish move
axially downstream to remove the scales. As the drum was rotated, the fish
will be partially rotated by the drum, and after being lifted or rotated through a
portion of the revolution of the rotating drum, the fish will slide and tumble
downwardly toward the lower end of the drum. It has been found that by
elevating the fish-supply end relative to the opposite fish-discharge end, as
the fish fall and tumble, they will more rapidly slide forwardly and will
progressively move from the upstream end to the downstream end of the
drum as it is being rotated and tumbled. By interspersing a smooth spiral strip
with an abraded spiral strip, the fish, as they encounter a portion of the
smooth spiral strip, will axially slide along the smooth spiral strip and upon
reaching a portion of the abrasive strip, will encounter resistance to axial
movement and be "flipped over' so that the opposite side of the fish will be
abraded by the abrasive strip portion which they contact. Another object of the
present invention is to provide fish-scaling apparatus including a rotatable
fish-scaling drum including an internal surface provided with a smooth spiral
 7

strip and an adjacent denticulate spiral strip. At least some of the prior art
devices required an attendant to serially feed the fish to the machine.

Another concern in processing fish is to ensure the complete removal

of scales, particularly from the bellies and backs. Accordingly, it is an object of
the present invention to provide fish-scaling apparatus which will substantially
remove all of the scales from a fish, including both side and the belly and the
back. The setup is too large, so it’s been considered only for a mass
production in big processing industries. (Opanasenko, 1984)

Dr. Rameshwar Singh (2017) in his study “Fish Descaling Machine”,

focuses on the removal of scales from all types of marine as well as
freshwater fishes. It is equipped with a perforated rotating drum and an
induction motor of variable frequency drive. The drum has a capacity to load
10-kg of fish at a time. The time of operation and rpm of the drum has been
standardized for each species under different size categories for efficient
removal of scales. The rpm of the drum can be adjusted at a minimum of two
rotations to a maximum of 80 rotations per minute. Trials conducted have
shown that 98% of the scales could be removed using descaling machine. For
sardine, the process requires five minutes at 20 rpm, for rohu, it is 10 minutes
at 30 rpm and for tilapia, it is eight minutes at 25 rpm. The material can be
loaded and unloaded and operated by a single person, thereby it is a useful
tool to overcome the shortage of skilled manpower in the fish processing
industry. Designed and fabricated different models of fish descaling machines.
They are (1) Variable Speed Descaling machine, 10kg capacity, fitted with
1.5HP induction motor and a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) to vary the
speed of the drum depending on the size/variety of fishes and (2) Hand
Operated Low-cost fish descaling machine.
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Figure 2.2 Variable Speed Figure 2.3 Hand Operated Low-cost

Descaling Machine Descaling Machine

Also, there are numerous patents filed to serve the operation of

descaling a fish. There were several types of products that these patents
claim. In Trifisk Manufacturing, they produced an automatic high speed fish
scaler named as “The Simor”, in which the industry provides a full station set
up with automation. It can handle 25 small size fishes around a minute. The
water requirement is approximately 241 kPa (35 lbs pressure). The set-up
consisted of brushed finish commercial grade stainless steel housing and
feeding table. It was completely automated and descales fish as they get fed
at the feeding table. At first the upper skin gets descaled and then the lower
scale gets descaled as the fish moves on the transmission line. This has a
constraint of limited usage. It is meant only for mass production like in some
fish food processing industries. The challenge with this machine is that it has
a high maintenance cost as it was built for food processing and also it is
profitable for mass production.

Figure 2.4 The Simor

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Another invention is from ZZ Allance Manufacturing Co. Ltd. The

industry makes a vertical axis drum fish scaler set-up with designed brush of
stainless steel inside the machine. This can operate an amount of eight (8) kg
of fish at a time. It can descale fishes at 20 seconds per time. It has a broken
rate of 1%. It was also constrained to a group of customers with mass
production. Wedge Outdoors industry produced a horizontal drum type fish
scaler where a tub houses the setup by allowing a driven shaft of in the drum,
rest on the bearing block one side. The other side of the shaft certainly does
not need any rest because of the coupling between the motor and the shaft
itself. Water is kept at a certain level of the tub and then allowed to start the
operation. The dimension that this model has is 18’’ long with 14.5’’ diameter.
In removing the plate of the cylindrical drum, a fish is put into it and then as
the motor drive coupling shaft rotates the whole drum, what was incorporated
to it also rotates. The descaling operation of fish will be done in fewer minutes
but it has a limitation of certain weight of fish intake and hence it is best for the
medium level usages like household or small enterprises like a fish vendor.
The main job is performed by the edges of the perforated holes inside the
drum. It has several larger holes to clean out the removed scales off the fish.
(Aquatic Fisheries Journal, 2017)

The work of Carlos Hernandez (2009) in his study “Power Operated

Fish Scaling Apparatus”, states that the patent is meant for the household
type aforesaid third category customers, it is an apparatus that had a rotary
motor encased in a cylindrical housing. This motor rotates the rotor and
ultimately the blades rotate at a speed of 1500-2000 RPMs. He had given the
plurality of planar blades with different types of blade profiles. The thickness
of the blades is less than the blade width, which allows the blade to flex.

James Barlow and Carlo Barlow (2003) established a device that is

similar model of “Portable and Rechargeable Fish Scaler Devices”, which
consist of three or four blunt-edged radial arms and is provided with a shaft,
this edges prevent any accidental contact with the user. The invention
 10

provides a reasonably cheap cost and safe method to the aforesaid third type
of customers.

Morris C. Till (1987) patented “Fish Scaler”, a device with an elongated

support shaft having a first free inner end adapted to be received in an electric
drill chuck. A larger diameter hub disk is mounted on the support shaft near
an end received in the drill chuck and a second hub disk is mounted on the
support shaft at a location spaced inwardly from the outer end of the shaft. A
plurality of scale flicker rods is mounted in a conical array on the hub disks
and has one end connected in the end of the shaft.

A patent work of Robert C. Bruckert (1992) in his study “Fish Scaler

Apparatus”, the patent includes an exterior cylindrical container in which,
there is an interior cylindrical insert positioned radially within the exterior
container by an arrangement of setting blocks facing to the exterior surface
there about. A central axle is directed coaxially to the container and exterior
bucket projecting through a lid for accommodating a drill to permit its rotation.

Another patent “Brophy” was been given by Nell Brophy (1993), a tool
for scaling fish which includes a handle with a shaft rotatable mounted to the
handle and projecting therefrom. A generally cylindrical scaling head is
engaged on the shaft and rotated at a high speed. The scaling head has a
circular array of relatively wide ribs spaced around its periphery and extending
the length of the head. When the tool head is brought into contact with a fish,
the moving ribs strip away the fish scales efficiently and effectively without
damaging the underlying flesh of the fish. The design is heavy duty and is
used for mass descaling.
 11

These are few of the designs which are not a circular type:

Figure 2.5 Box-type drum

Source: http://www.youtube.com/fish-scaler_2016

Figure 2.6 Hexagonal-type drum

Source:http://www.google.com/hexagonal-drum-type.industry/property.html
 12

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Project
Planning and
Research

Designing of the Mechanical

System

Material Selection, Canvassing,

and Gathering

Fabrication and Construction

Assembly

Functionality Test

Is the
Machine Adjustments
Acceptable?

Data Gathering and

Performance Test

Conclusion

Figure 3.1 Conceptual Framework

 13

The sequence of the activities that the researchers have undergone is

shown in Figure 3.1. First, the researchers planned and designed the project,
visited various numbers of machine shops for consultations and material
selection and did the preliminary calculations. After the approval of the
proposal, they started the fabrication of the machine. Then they have tested to
verify whether they had met the objectives. After that, they gathered the data
needed and have analysis for the conclusion of the study.
 14

3.2 Machine Components

A
G

F
H

C
J
D

E
I

Figure 3.2 Components of the Machine

Table 3.1 Machine Components

A Top Cover 1.5mm, Stainless Steel

B Lower Cover 1.5mm, Stainless Steel

C Belt V-Belt, B Type, B-60

D Pulley 2”, Cast Iron

E Electric Motor 0.5HP

F Water Tube 1” x 27.7” SS Tube

G Octagonal Drum 1.5mm SS plate and A-bar

H Pillow Block Bearing 1” Bore, Split Type

I Caster Wheels 100-200kg Capacity

J Fish Container 1.5 SS Plate

 15

3.1 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

3.1.1 Electric Motor Selection

Induction motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in

the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction
from the magnetic field of the stator winding. Motor power is given by;

Where:

N= Motor speed, rpm

T= Torque, N-m

Torque is defined as the product of the total moment of inertia and

angular acceleration.

T = ꞮTOTAL x ꞷ

Where:

ꞮTOTAL= Total Moment of Inertia, kg-m2

= angular acceleration, rad/s2

Moment inertia is the sum of the product of mass of each particle with
the square of its distance from the axis of the rotation, expressed as

∑ .

ꞮTOTAL= ꞮDESCALINGDRUM + ꞮDESCALINGSIDES + ꞮSHAFT + ꞮPULLEY + ꞮFISH

Where:

ꞮDESCALINGDRUM = moment of inertia of the descaling drum

ꞮDESCALINGSIDES = moment of inertia of descaling sides

ꞮSHAFT = moment of inertia of the shaft

ꞮPULLEY = moment of inertia of the pulleys

 16

ꞮFISH = moment of inertia of the fish

Solving for the ꞮX DESCALINGDRUM:

ꞮX DESCALING DRUM = Ɪ+ mL2

Where:

Ɪ = moment of inertia of the descaling rectangular plate, expressed as

2
Ɪ=

Then,

2
ꞷXDESCALING DRUM = + mDLD2

Where:

mD = mass of the descaling rectangular plate

LD = length of the rectangular descaling

Thus,

m1=

m1 = mass of the descaling plate

= volume of the rectangular plate per plate

= density of the stainless steel G-304 = 8000 kg/m3

Where:

Solve for

(0.0015m)

m3

Where:

l = length of the descaling plate

 17

w = width of the descaling plate

t = thickness of the descaling plate

Holes of the descaling plate

For the size and distance of each hole,

Let:
D = diameter of the hole
d = distance of each hole
D = 1.5cm
d = 2cm

No. of holes =

No. of holes = 4

No. of holes =

No. of holes = 11
Each plate contains a total of 44 holes.

Vhole= A x t

Vhole = xt

Vhole = x (0.0015m)

Vhole =0.00000026507m3 x 44 holes

Vhole = 0.000011663 m3

Where:

A = area of rectangular descaling plate

d = diameter of the hole

t = thickness of stainless steel plate

Vhole = volume of holes per plate

 18

So,

D= volume of the descaling plate

D= T- Vhole

T- Vhole = m3 - 0.000011663 m3

D= 0.000080177m3

mD =

mD = 8000 kg/m3 x 0.000080177m3

mD = 0.6414 kg

2
ꞮX DESCALINGDRUM = + mDLD2

2
ꞮX = + (0.6414 kg) (0.4)2

ꞮX = (0.1039kg-m2) (8)

ꞮX DESCALINGDRUM = 0.8310kg-m2

Ɪx DESCALING SIDES =

Solve for L:

Tan 22.5 =

L= 18.477 cm

L= 0.18477 m

A triangularplate=

A triangularplate =

A triangularplate =70.7069 cm2 ( )2

A triangularplate = 0.00707 m2 (16)

 19

A triangularplate = 0.11312m2

Where:

A triangularplate = area of triangular plate

t = thickness of stainless steel plate

b = base of the triangular plate

h = height of the triangular plate

V triangular plate = A x t

V triangular plate = 0.11312m2 x 0.0015m

V triangular plate = 0.0001698 m3

m=

m = 8000 kg/m3 x 0.0001698 m3

m = 1.35744 kg x 2 sides

m = 2.71488 kg

Ɪx DESCALING SIDES =

Ɪx DESCALING SIDES =

Ɪx DESCALING SIDES = 3.4631kg-m2

Solve for ꞮX SHAFT:

ꞮX SHAFT = mr2

Where;

= 8000 kg/m3 (for G-316 Stainless Steel)

D = 2.54 cm (standard)

r = 1.27 cm => 0.0127m

 20

Length = 80 cm => 0.8m

Thus,

m=

m= (𝜋 2L)

m = (8000 kg/m3) [𝜋 (0.0127m)2(0.8m)]

m = 3.243 kg

So,

ꞮX = (3.243kg) (0.0127m)2

ꞮX shaft = 0.0002615 kg-m2

Solve for ꞮX pulley1:

ꞮX PULLEY1 = mr2

= 7300 kg/m3 (For Cast Iron)

D = 2” => 5.08cm

r = 2.54cm => 0.0254m

Thickness = 0.0254m

Thus,

m=

m= (𝜋 2t)

m= (7,300 kg/m3) [𝜋 (0.0254m)2 (0.0254m)]

m= 0.3758 kg

So,

ꞮX = (0.3758 kg) (0.0254m)2

 21

ꞮX pulley1 = 0.0001212kg-m2

Solve for ꞮX pulley2:

ꞮX PULLEY2 = mr2

D = 16” => 40.64cm

r = 20.32cm => 0.2032m

m = 2.5 kg

ꞮX pulley2 = 0.05161kg-m2

Solve for ꞮX pulley1+2:

Ɪx PULLEY = ꞮX pulley1 + ꞮX pulley2

= 0.0001212kg-m2 +0.05161kg-m2

Ɪx PULLEY = 0.0517312 kg- m2

2
ꞮXFISH= = + mDLD2

Where;

m= mass of each fish in medium size

w= width of each fish in medium size

L= length of each fish in medium size

2
ꞮXFISH = + (0.375 kg) (0.3)2

ꞮXFISH = 0.0338kg-m2

Solve for ITOTAL:

ꞮTOTAL= ꞮDESCALINGDRUM + Ɪx DESCALING SIDES+ ꞮX SHAFT + ꞮX PULLEY + ꞮX FISH

 22

ꞮTOTAL= 0.8310kg-m2+ 3.4631kg-m2+0.0002615 kg-m2 + 0.0517312 kg-

m2+0.0338kg-m2

ꞮTOTAL= 4.3799kg-m2
Solve for angular acceleration:

Where:

f = final angular acceleration =

f=

f= 𝜋 rad/s

i = initial angular acceleration = 0

Thus,

Ɪ= where: t = 4 mins. (set)

Ɪ= 𝜋 s2

Then:

T = ꞮTOTAL x

T = (4.3799kg-m2) ( 𝜋 s2)

T= 0.9555N-m

Solve for Power Requirement:

Let N = 500 RPM

 23

P=

P = 0.0956W ( )

P = kW ( )

P = 0.1282 hp

3.1.2 Calculation for Pulley and Belt

N1D1= N2D2 ------pulley diameter and speed relationship.

N1= 500 RPM

N2 = 40 RPM

D1 = 2” = 5.08cm = 0.0508m

Solving for D2:

D2 = N1D1/N2
= (500 RPM x 0.0508m)/40rpm
= 0.635m = 25”

Solving for belt length

L= + 2C + -- for v-belt

C= 66.04cm
Then;

L= + 2x0.6604m +

L= 2.5267m

Using a variable frequency drive with the pulley diameter of two (2) and
sixteen (16) inches, yielded a minimum speed of descaling drum which is 40
RPM in four minutes of operation which gives satisfactorily result in descaling.
So, the relationship of pulley diameter and speed serves better in this study.
 24

3.4 Material Selection

Material selection is one of the most critical part in designing and

fabricating the machine. Since this study deals with food processing,
corrosion and food contamination are two of the main criteria in choosing
materials suitable for the design. Materials used should not corrode fast to
avoid food contaminations. Material used should adapt working environment
to prevent instant corrosion.

Moreover, the availability of material in the market was also

considered, especially the desired shapes, size and quantities of the material.
Substitute of materials like using black iron angle bars instead of stainless
steel to reduce the cost of the material, but still yielded a good supporting
quality to the product. Materials used can also be low-cost but high-quality
product to ensure no failure during the run test of the machine.

a. Stainless Steel 304

Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain in water as
ordinary steel does. However, it is not fully stain-proof in low oxygen,
high salinity, or poor air-circulation environments. It contains chromium
by mass and still considered as a steel alloy.

b. Cast Iron
Cast iron is hard, relatively brittle alloy of iron and contains a higher
proportion of carbon than steel; typically, 2.0 to 4.3 percent.

3.5 Machine Fabrication

The following were the steps in making the machine:

a. Construction of the descaling table.

b. Construction of the top cover, lower cover and fish outlet.
c. Machining of the descaling drum and shaft.
 25

d. Painting of the descaling table.

e. Installation of the power transmission system, the motor was
mounted in the bottom part. The belt and pulley system were
connected to the motor and to the descaling drum.
f. Preliminary test was done for adjustments to determine the time
of operation.

3.6 Preliminary Testing

During the final adjustments, the operators ran a preliminary test to

determine the ideal time to utilize for the operation. Table 3.6 shows that in
three minutes of operation each kilogram of tilapia and milkfish were not
descaled properly, both four and five minutes of operation yielded a well
descaled fish but the researchers omitted five minutes because it takes longer
time.

It was established that the time of operation for both species of fish and
for all speed of the descaling drum was uniform in four minutes.

Table 3.2 Determination of time to use as constant

Trial Time RPM

40 50 60

1 3 minutes X X X

2 4 minutes   

3 5 minutes X X X
 26

3.7 Machine Working Principle

The processes involved in producing a well descaled fish using descaling

machine are the following:

1. To immobilize the machine wheels must be locked.

2. To prevent unnecessary movements during operation, the wheels are
locked first.
3. The machine is plugged in.
4. Fish should be weighed to approximately one kilogram.
5. Fish is loaded to the descaling drum and locked in through Allen bolts.
6. The switch is turned on, as well as the VFD.
7. Supply the right frequency to achieve the desired RPM.
8. Run the descaling machine for 4 minutes.
9. The descaling process ends by pressing the OFF button.
10. Open one side of the descaling drum to unload the fish.
11. Collect the descaled fish then weigh.
12. Collect the scales from the filter and let it dry before weighing.
13. Collect the scales that were not descaled and let it dry for weighing.
 27

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Fish Data

The weight of scales remained inside the drum was derived from the
value of the difference between the total weight of scales and the sum of
scales gathered and remained in the fish.

Weight of scales in the Drum =

Table 4.1 shows the average value of scales total weight of 46.41
grams, most of the fish scales were removed which results to a descaling
efficiency of

ᵑD=

Where the total weight of scales removed is equal to the sum of

average scales gathered and average scales remained in the drum.

ᵑDM1=

ᵑDM1= 96.83%
 28

Table 4.1 Data of Milkfish at 4 minutes and 40 RPM

TRIAL No.

1 2 3 Average

Weight of fish with scales

1109.2 1060.8 1080.1 1083.40
(g)

Weight of fish after

1059.76 1018.6 1032.5 1036.95
descaled (g)

Total weight of scales (g) 49.44 42.2 47.6 46.41

Scales collected (g) 40.23 34.21 39.5 37.98

Scales remained in the

1.54 1.45 1.45 1.467
fish (g)

Scales remained in the

7.7 6.55 6.7 6.98
drum (g)

Total weight of scales

47.9 40.76 46.2 44.95
removed (g)
 29

Table 4.2 shows the average value of scales total weight of 44.46
grams, which resulted to a descaling efficiency of

ᵑD =

ᵑDM2 =

ᵑDM2 = 79.55%

Table 4.2 Data of Milkfish at 4 minutes and 50 RPM

TRIAL No.
Average
1 2 3

Weight of fish with scales 1111.0 1114.8 995.4 1073.7

(g)

Weight of fish after 1064.2 1066.5 957.1 1028.27

descaled (g)

Total weight of scales(g) 46.8 48.3 38.3 44.46

Scales collected (g) 32.1 33.2 28.3 31.2

Scales remained in the fish 9.4 9.95 7.94 9.096

(g)

Scales remained in the 5.3 5.15 2.06 4.17

drum (g)

Total weight of scales 37.4 38.35 30.36 35.37

removed (g)
 30

Table 4.3 shows the average value of scales total weight 48.067 grams
and total weight of scales removed of 24.47 grams which resulted to a
descaling efficiency of

ᵑD=

ᵑDM3=

ᵑDM3=50.908%

Table 4.3 Data of Milkfish at 4 minutes and 60 RPM

TRIAL No.

1 2 3 Average

Weight of fish with scales

1125.0 876.4 1242.4 1081.3
(g)

Weight of fish after

1075.4 843.1 1181.1 1033.2
descaled (g)

Total weight of scales (g) 49.6 33.3 61.3 48.067

Scales collected (g) 21.7 15.67 25.45 20.94

Scales remained in the fish

24.47 17.43 30.45 24.12
(g)

Scales remained in the

3.43 1.76 5.4 3.58
drum (g)

Total weight of scales

25.13 17.43 30.85 24.47
removed (g)
 31

Table 4.4 shows the average value of scales gathered with 42.3 grams,
other values of the table were not determined because the scales which
remained in the fish were few and other scales joined the waste water which
were not able to be recovered, and then resulted to a descaling efficiency of

ᵑD =

ᵑDT1=

ᵑDT1= 94.146%

Table 4.4 Data of Tilapia at 4 minutes and 40 RPM

TRIAL No.

1 2 3 Average

Weight of fish with scales

971.0 1055.2 1042.6 1022.9
(g)

Weight of fish after

929.3 1007.8 996.9 978
descaled (g)

Total weight of scales (g) 41.7 47.4 45.7 44.93

Scales collected (g) 38.1 45.3 43.5 42.3

Scales remained in the fish

------ ------ ------ -------
(g)

Scales remained in the

----- ------ ------ -----
drum (g)

Total weight of scales

38.1 45.3 43.5 42.3
removed (g)
 32

The Table 4.5 shows the average value of scales total weight of 39.3
grams, and total weight of scales removed of 32.39 grams which resulted to a
descaling efficiency of

ᵑD=

ᵑDT1=

ᵑDT1= 94.146%

Table 4.5 Data of Tilapia at 4 minutes and 50 RPM

TRIAL No.

1 2 3 Average

Weight of fish with scales

911.4 930.4 1221.7 1021.2
(g)

Weight of fish after

880.2 893.0 1172.3 981.83
descaled (g)

Total weight of scales (g) 31.2 37.4 49.4 39.3

Scales collected (g) 20.7 25.05 37.1 27.616

Scales remained in the fish

6.18 7.75 6.9 6.943
(g)

Scales remained in the

4.32 4.6 5.4 4.77
drum (g)

Total weight of scales

25.02 29.65 42.5 32.39
removed (g)
 33

The Table 4.6 shows the average value of scales total weight of 38.13
grams and total weight of scales removed of 28.43 grams which resulted to
descaling efficiency of

ᵑD=

ᵑDT3=

ᵑDT3= 74.56

Table 4.6 Data of Tilapia at 4 minutes and 60 RPM

TRIAL No.

1 2 3 Average

Weight of fish with scales

1018.8 902.4 1078.6 999.9
(g)

Weight of fish after

979. 0 873.9 1032.5 961.8
descaled (g)

Total weight of scales (g) 39.8 28.5 46.1 38.13

Scales collected (g) 20.87 18.525 29.965 23.2

Scales remained in the

12.3 6.25 10.56 9.703
fish (g)

Scales remained in the

6.63 3.725 5.575 5.31
drum (g)

Total weight of scales

27.5 22.25 35.54 28.43
removed (g)
 34

4.2 Economic Analysis

Information about fish processing was taken from local market in

Valencia City, Bukidnon. This includes the price of the milkfish and tilapia and
the number of kilograms being descaled per day.

Price of Milkfish per kilo = ₱138.00

Price of Tilapia per kilo = ₱85.00

Motor Size of the Machine =0.5 hp

Machine Average Rate per fish descaled = 240 sec/kg of fish

Maramag Water District water cost per m³ (as of 2019) = ₱73.00/m3

FIBECO Electrical Cost (as of 2019) =₱ 8.00 kw/hr.

Estimated Power
= Pmotor x x x
Consumption Cost
𝑢 𝐶
= Pmotor x x𝐸 𝑦 𝑢 𝑝 𝑢
x Numbers of Trial
= 0.5hp x x x x

= ₱0.1989/kgfish
Estimated Power Consumption Cost= ₱0.1989/kgfish
and,
Estimated Water
= volume flow of waterx x x
Consumption Cost
𝑢 𝐶
= Pmotor x x𝐸 x Numbers of Trial
where; 𝑦 𝑢 𝑝 𝑢

Volume flow of water = reading in flow meter

= 0.00052 x x x

Estimated Water Consumption Cost = ₱0.15184/kgfish

𝑢 𝐶
= Pmotor x x𝐸 x Numbers of Trial
𝑦 𝑢 𝑝 𝑢
 35

4.3 Fish Samples

Figure 4.2.1 Descaling Test of Milkfish Samples at 40 rpm

Figure 4.2.2 Descaling Test of Milkfish Samples at 50 rpm

Figure 4.2.3 Descaling Test of Milkfish Samples at 60 rpm

 36

Figure 4.2.4 Descaling Test of Tilapia Samples at 40 rpm

Figure 4.2.5 Descaling Test of Tilapia Samples at 50 rpm

Figure 4.2.6 Descaling Test of Tilapia Samples at 60 rpm

 37

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY

The performance evaluation of small-scale artisanal fish descaling

machine was conducted at IEL Building at the College of Engineering, CMU,
Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon. The whole set-up was installed in Rainwell
Machine Shop, Bagontaas, Valencia City, Bukidnon. Some components like
drum frame, descaling table, fish outlet, etc. were fabricated within the shop.
Components like variable frequency drive were bought via online.

The Table 5.1 shows that a speed of 40 RPM is more efficient for
descaling the Milkfish compared to 50 RPM and 60 RPM.

Table 5.1 Efficiency of Descaling Machine for each rotational speed for Milkfish

Drum Rotational Speed, rpm Efficiency, %

40 96.83
50 79.55
60 50.908

The graphical representation shows that after conducting of nine (9) trials, it
was observed that the lower the RPM the higher the efficiency obtained for
Milkfish.

DRUM ROTATIONAL SPEED vs EFFICIENCY

100
80
EFFICIENCY

60
40
20 RPM
0
40 50 60
RPM

Figure 5.1 Efficiency of Descaling Machine for each rotational speed for Milkfish
 38

The Table 5.2 shows that a speed of 40 RPM is more efficient for
descaling the Tilapia compared to 50 RPM and 60 RPM.

Table 5.2 Efficiency of Descaling Machine for each rotational speed for Tilapia

Drum Rotational Speed, rpm Efficiency, %

40 94.146
50 82.417
60 74.56

The graphical representation on Figure 5.2 shows that after conducting

nine (9) trials, it was observed that the lower the RPM the higher the efficiency
obtain for Tilapia.

DRUM ROTATIONAL SPEED vs EFFICIENCY

100
80
EFFICIENCY

60
40
RPM
20
0
40 50 60
RPM

Figure 5.2 Efficiency of Descaling Machine for each rotational speed for Tilapia
 39

5.2 CONCLUSION

Based from the data obtained, the following conclusions were drawn:

The researchers were able to produce a small scale artisanal fish

descaling machine based on the stipulated objectives of the study.

The experiments showed that the machine performed best using 40

revolutions per minute rotating speed at 4 minutes of operation and 20.8 cm 3
of flowing water.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

To improve the efficiency of the machine, the researchers

recommended further study with the consideration that the fish maybe pre-
cooled, reduction of drum rotative speed, use of other species of fish, use of
other method in introduction of water to the drum, other drum configuration,
and fish quality assessment.

This research can also serve as a reference for any future researches
especially in creating machines for massive production of descaled fishes.
 40

REFERENCES

Best Stainless Steel and Alloys. American Iron and Steel Institute,
www.machinedesign.com. Retrieved: March 23, 2019

Barlow, C. & J. (2003). Portable and Rechargeable Fish Scaler, U.S. Patent
0,143,939 A1.

BFAR (1998).Philippine Fisheries Profile: Bureau of Fisheries and Resources,

Quezon City, Philippines.

Brophy, N. (1993). Brophy, U.S. Patent 5,221,229.

Bruckert, R. (1992). Fish Scaler Apparatus, U.S. Patent 5,129,855 A.

Byrd, J. (2012). Fish Scaling Assembly, U.S. Patent 0,190,283 A1.

Hernandez, C. (2009). Power Operated Fish Scaling Apparatus, U.S. Patent

7,618,308 B1.

Khurmi, R.S.&Gupta, J.K (2005).A Textbook of Machine Design. 14th Edition,

“Shafts, Keys and Couplings”, pp.87-115.

Mott, L. M. (2004). Machine Elements in Mechanical Design. 4th Edition,

Pearson Education, Inc.

Nahak, N. (2015). Design of Fish Descaling Machine: National Institute of

Technology Rourkela.

Opanasenko, W. (1984). Opanasenko, U.S. Patent 4,485,526.

 41

Rabanal, H.R. (1995). Aquaculture extension service review: FAO Fisheries

Circular No. 892.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations.

Singh, R. (2017). Fish Descaling Machine Journal: Central Institute of

Fisheries Technology.

Till, M. (1987). Fish Scaler, U.S. Patent 4,667,372.

 42

APPENDICES

Appendix A

Design of Descaling Machine Components

Material: Stainless Steel Abar

Dimensions: 1”x1”x1/8”
Figure A.1 Octagonal Drum Frame

Material:Stainless Steel
Dimenions: 1” x 30.708”
Figure A. 2 Drive Shaft
 43

15.307 cm

40cm

Material: Stainless Steel Plate

Thickness: 1.5mm
Diameter of Hole: 1.5cm
Distances of each hole: 2cm
Figure A.3 Customize Descaling Plate

Extrude

Extrude: 3mm

Thickness: 1.5mm
Material: Stainless Steel Plate
Figure A.4 Hole Extrude
 44

50cm
60cm

Material: Stainles Steel

Thickness: 1.5mm
Figure A.5 Lower Cover

Material: Stainless Steel

Thickness: 1.5mm
Figure A.6 Fish Outlet
 45

50cm 60cm

Material: Stainless Steel

Thickness: 1.5mm
Figure A.7 Top Cover

65cm 53cm

90cm

Material: Blacked Iron Square Tube

Dimensions: 1.5”x1.5”x2mm
Figure A.8 Descaling Table
 46

Material: Stainless Steel

Screen Type: 2mm x 2mm
Figure A.9 Filter Screen

32cm

10cm

37.5cm

Material: Stainless Steel

Thickness: 1.5mm
Figure A.10 Fish Container
 47

Material: Stainless Steel

Dimensions: Diameter 1” and 70cm in length.
Figure A.11 Water Tube

Material: Rubberized Plastic

Capacity: 100kg to 200 kg
Wheel Diameter: 3”
Figure A.12 Caster Wheel
 48

Material: Stainless Steel

Dimensions: 3”x3” and 1”x1”
Figure A.13 Hinges

Material: Cast Iron

Bore: 1”
Classification: Split Type
Figure A.14 Pillow Block Bearing
 49

Material: Cast Iron and Rubber

Pulley 1: 16” x 1”, Single Groove
Pulley 2: 2”x 1”, Single Groove
Belt: V-Belt, B Type, B80
Figure A.15 Belt and Pulleys

Material: Stainless Steel

Size: 0.5mm
Figure A.16 Allen Key (left) and Bolt (right)
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Figure A.17 Variable Frequency Drive (left) and Push Button Electrical Switch (right)

Figure A.18 Water Hose

Rated Power 0.5HP

Figure A.19 Electric Motor
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Figure A.20 Descaling Machine Whole Assembly

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Appendix B

Machine Fabrication

Figure B.1 Building of Descaling Table

Figure B.2 Descaling Table, Top and Lower Cover

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Figure B.3 Full Welding Process

Figure B.4 Descaling Drum Threading

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Figure B.5 Painting of the Descaling Table

Figure B.6 Preparing for Machine Assembly

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Figure B.7 Final Adjustments

Figure B. 8 Side view of the Actual Machine

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Appendix C

Data Gathering

Figure C.1 Loading of Fish

Figure C.2 Locking of the Descaling Drum

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Figure C.3 Washing off the remaining scales

Figure C.4 Gathering of Data

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Appendix D

Gantt Chart

TASKS January February March April May

WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK WEEK

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Project Planning and

Research

Designing of the
Mechanical System

Passing and
checking of 1st Draft

Passing and
checking of 2nd Draft

Research Proposal

Material Selection,
Canvassing, and
Gathering

Fabrication and
Construction

Machine Testing

Data Gathering and

Performance Test

Thesis Final Defense

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APPENDIX E

Materials and Fabrication Cost

Expenses Quantity Amount (Php) Total (Php)

304 Stainless steel angle 6 1500 9000

bars

Stainless steel plate 1 5000 5 000

Electric Motor (0.5Hp) 1 3800 3800

SS Hinge (1”x1”) 16 90 1440

SS Hinge (3”x3”) 2 130 260

SS Shaft (18mm x 11mm) 2 3500 7000

Pillow Block Bearing (1” 2 400 800

bore)

Hose (by Meter) 2 150 300

Caster Wheels 4 200 800

Pulley 2” 1 90 90

Pulley 16” 1 840 840

V-Belt 1 400 400

Fabrication 1 40000 40 000

Tilapia/ kilogram 12 85 1020

Milkfish/ kilogram 12 133 1596

TOTAL 72, 346

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