o Perceived View

PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE & - Can’t take out subjectivity of research

participants & researcher
NURSING o Subjectivity: Each individual is very
unique
 Nursing can be considered an aspiring or - Interview done to participants are
evolving profession. important in finding new knowledge
 Nursing is a professional discipline that draws o Can’t be captured by received view
much of its knowledge base from other - Qualitative Research is used (control
disciplines: variables)
o Psychology 1. Humanism
o Sociology 2. Phenomenology
o Physiology 3. Constructivism
o Medicine  Each individual is unique
Florence Nightingale  According to phenomenologist and
- Observed then presented her theory constructivist, “you cannot deny the fact
o Easily accepted because that you are studying the human person
empiricism was popular then and that they will not have their own
- Theory presented less mortality by opinion or processes of such experiment”
numbers
- Her intervention was effective because of o Postmodernism
the decrease of mortality - Leaning to specificity
- W/c are we applying our findings?
NURSING INFLUENCERS - Combo of quali & quanti research
o Received View - Knowledge is viewed as uncertain,
- Paved way for nursing theories & laws contextual and relative
because it was the 1st developed in - Allows for multiple meaning of reality and
which they subject their studies with multiple ways of knowing and interpreting
different experimentations reality
1. Empiricism: - Emphasis on discovering practical
- Based on facts significance and relevance of research
- Looks into the objectivity of something findings.
- “To see is to Believe”
- Things discovered from NURSING PHILOSOPHY
experimentation should be - Refers to the worldview(s) of the
independent from bias (for the profession and provides perspectives for
researcher and subject) practice, scholarship, and research.
- Quantitative research - No single dominant philosophy has
o Measures variables that can be prevailed in the discipline of nursing.
statistically manipulated Worldview
- Like Nightingale: observed -> - Certain perception on how a situation is
intervention -> observed again perceived
2. Positivism - Can be shared in a common group
3. Logical Positivism
 Human person – it is in nature for man to NURSING SCIENCE
be competitive, and strive to do better and - Discipline-specific knowledge that focuses
gain knowledge paving the way for a on the human-environment-health
perceived view process
- Articulated in nursing theories and
generated through nursing research
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IN NURSING conceptual models and theories, and the
- Dig deeper of basic nursing science empirical indicators that operationalize
- Aim to come up w/ something greater to theoretical concepts (Fawcett, 1996)
pave a new way of understanding nursing Sense of autonomy
science - All these 4 govern nursing practice & are
- Aim: Make something new – philosophy constant in any nursing situation
and/or theory - These 4 are defined differently by theorists
- Establishes the meaning of science PURPOSE OF METAPARADIGM
through examination of nursing concepts, - To summarize the intellectual and social
theories, and laws as they relate to nursing missions of the discipline and place
practice. boundaries on the subject matter of that
Stop learning = stop growing discipline.
NURSING EPISTEMOLOGY
- Epistemology: Study of knowledge FOUR NURSING METAPARADIGMS
- Ways of knowing in nursing 1. Person
o To be a holistic nurse, you must be - Recipients of care
equipped to know in these 4 aspects : - Not limited to the individual patient
1. Empirical knowledge - May be grp, family, communities
- Books, experience, skill, knowledge - May consider nurse as person depending
- Science in nursing on theory
2. Esthetic Knowledge 2. Health
- Art; creativity - Defined depends on person
o Beauty & art in nursing 3. Environment
- Personal touch - Internal & external factors of person,
- Nursing as an art mostly patient
o Way of doing things creatively o Nurse may be part of environment
- Art of nursing (both a science & an art) of patient
o Way we do things  Mere presence of the nurse is already the
3. Personal Knowledge patient’s environment
- Therapeutic Use of Self 4. Nursing
o Makes nurses therapeutic to - Nursing actions done to patient
patients - Nurse – patient interaction
- How you do things
4. Ethical Knowledge RELATIONSHIPS AMONG METAPARADGIM
- Morality of nursing practice CONCEPTS
o What is right & wrong o Person & Health
o Ethical dilemmas faced daily in - Nursing is concerned with the
professional practice principles and laws that govern
Personal & ethical human processes of living and
- Personality is involved dying

o Person & Environment

METAPARADIGM - Nursing is concerned with the
- The most abstract and general component patterning of human health
of the structural hierarchy of nursing experiences within the context of
knowledge. the environment
- Refers “globally to the subject matter of
greatest interest to member of a o Health & Nursing
discipline” (Powers & Knapp, 2011) - Nursing is concerned with the
- Includes: Major philosophical orientations nursing actions or processes that
or worldviews of a discipline, the are beneficial to human beings
 o Person, Environment & Health a. A description of a particular
- Nursing is concerned with the phenomenon
human processes of living and b. An explanation of the
dying, recognizing human beings relationship between
are in a continuous relationship phenomena
with their environments c. A prediction of the effects of
one phenomenon or another
CLASSIFICATIONS OF NURSING THEORIES 4. Situation-Specific, Microtheories, Or
Broader scope = more abstract it is Practice Theories
More specific = more concrete - More specific than middle range
More concrete = more chance to measure theories and produce specific
statistically direction for practice
Measure statistically = more operational - Contain fewest concepts and refer to
definitions specific, easily defined phenomena
• Scope of a theory - Limited to specific populations or
• Refers to the complexity and fields of practice and often use
degree of abstraction knowledge from other disciplines.
1. Metatheory, Philosophy, Or Worldview - “Situation-specific theory”
- A theory about a theory - Requires specific nursing situation
- Focuses on broad issues as the - Applicability is specific
processes of generating - Postpartum depression theories
knowledge and theory
development
- A forum for debate within the
discipline
2. Grand Theories Or Macro Theories
- The most complex and broadest in
scope
- Attempt to explain broad areas
within a discipline and may
incorporate numerous other
theories.
- Nonspecific and are composed of
relatively abstract concepts that
lack operational definitions.
- Nightingale’s theory
o Can be applied to diff nursing
situations
o Applied to diff scenarios
3. Middle-Range Or Midrange Theories
- Variables = more specific,
concrete, measurable
- Substantively specific and
encompass a limited number of
concepts and a limited aspect of
the real world.
- Composed of relatively concrete
concepts that can be operationally
defined and relatively concrete
propositions that may be
empirically tested.