Intermediate Accounting

Intermediate Accounting
IFRS Edition-2nd
Questions & Solutions
Chapter 9
Inventories:
Additional
Valuation Issues
Donald E. Kieso
Jerry J. Weygandt
Terry D. Warfield
BRIEF EXERCISES
1 BE9-1 Presented below is information related to Rembrandt Inc.’s inventory.
(per unit) Skis Boots Parkas
Historical cost $190.00 $106.00 $53.00
Selling price 212.00 145.00 73.75
Cost to sell 19.00 8.00 2.50
Cost to complete 32.00 29.00 21.25
Determine the following: (a) the net realizable value for each item, and (b) the carrying value of each item
under LCNRV.
1 BE9-2 Floyd Corporation has the following four items in its ending inventory.
Net Realizable
Item Cost Value (NRV)
Jokers €2,000 €2,100
Penguins 5,000 4,950
Riddlers 4,400 4,625
Scarecrows 3,200 3,830
Determine (a) the LCNRV for each item, and (b) the amount of write-down, if any, using (1) an item-by-
item LCNRV evaluation and (2) a total-group LCNRV evaluation.
1 BE9-3 Kumar Inc. uses a perpetual inventory system. At January 1, 2015, inventory was R$214,000,000 at
both cost and net realizable value. At December 31, 2015, the inventory was R$286,000,000 at cost and
R$265,000,000 at net realizable value. Prepare the necessary December 31 entry under (a) the cost-of-goods-
sold method and (b) the loss method.
2 BE9-4 Keyser’s Fleece Inc. holds a drove of sheep. Keyser shears the sheep on a semiannual basis and then
sells the harvested wool into the specialty knitting market. Keyser has the following information related to
the shearing sheep at January 1, 2015, and during the first six months of 2015.
Shearing sheep
Carrying value (equal to net realizable value), January 1, 2015 €74,000
Change in fair value due to growth and price changes 4,700
Change in fair value due to harvest (575)
Wool harvested during the first 6 months (at NRV) 9,000
Prepare the journal entry(ies) for Keyser’s biological asset (shearing sheep) for the first six months of 2015.
2 BE9-5 Refer to the data in BE9-4 for Keyser’s Fleece Inc. Prepare the journal entries for (a) the wool
harvested in the first six months of 2015, and (b) when the wool harvested is sold for €10,500 in July 2015.
3 BE9-6 Benke Inc. buys 1,000 computer game CDs from a distributor who is discontinuing those games.
The purchase price for the lot is ¥8,000. Benke will group the CDs into three price categories for resale, as
indicated below (yen in thousands).
Group No. of CDs Price per CD

1 100 ¥ 5
2 800 10
3 100 15
Determine the cost per CD for each group, using the relative standalone sales value method.
4 BE9-7 Kemper Company signed a long-term, non-cancelable purchase commitment with a major supplier
to purchase raw materials in 2016 at a cost of $1,000,000. At December 31, 2015, the raw materials to be
purchased have a fair value of $950,000. Prepare any necessary December 31 entry.
4 BE9-8 Use the information for Kemper Company from BE9-7. In 2016, Kemper paid $1,000,000 to obtain
the raw materials which were worth $950,000. Prepare the entry to record the purchase.
5 BE9-9 Fosbre Corporation’s April 30 inventory was destroyed by fire. January 1 inventory was €150,000,
and purchases for January through April totaled €500,000. Sales for the same period were €700,000.
Fosbre’s normal gross profit percentage is 35% on sales. Using the gross profit method, estimate Fosbre’s
April 30 inventory that was destroyed by fire.
426 Chapter 9 Inventories: Additional Valuation Issues
6 BE9-10 Boyne Inc. had beginning inventory of $12,000 at cost and $20,000 at retail. Net purchases were
$120,000 at cost and $170,000 at retail. Net markups were $10,000; net markdowns were $7,000; and sales
were $147,000. Compute ending inventory at cost using the conventional retail method.
7 BE9-11 In its 2013 annual report, Inditex (ESP) reported inventory of €1,581.297 on January 31, 2013, and
€1,297.009 on January 31, 2012. For 2013, cost of sales was €6,486.825 and net sales were €15,946.143 (all
amounts in millions). Compute Inditex’s inventory turnover and average days to sell inventory for fiscal
year 2013.
EXERCISES
1 E9-1 (LCNRV) The inventory of Oheto Company on December 31, 2015, consists of the following items.
Part No. Quantity Cost per Unit Net Realizable Value per Unit
110 600 $ 95 $100
111 1,000 60 52
112 500 80 76
113 200 170 180
120 400 205 208
121a 1,600 16 1
122 300 240 235
a
Part No. 121 is obsolete and has a realizable value of $1 each as scrap.
Instructions
(a) Determine the inventory as of December 31, 2015, by the LCNRV method, applying this method
to each item.
(b) Determine the inventory by the LCNRV method, applying the method to the total of the inventory.
1 E9-2 (LCNRV) Riegel Company uses the LCNRV method, on an individual-item basis, in pricing its in-
ventory items. The inventory at December 31, 2015, consists of products D, E, F, G, H, and I. Relevant per-
unit data for these products appear below.
Item Item Item Item Item Item

D E F G H I
Estimated selling price €120 €110 €95 €90 €110 €90
Cost 75 80 80 80 50 36
Cost to complete 30 30 25 35 30 30
Selling costs 10 18 10 20 10 20
Instructions
Using the LCNRV rule, determine the proper unit value for statement of financial position reporting pur-
poses at December 31, 2015, for each of the inventory items above.
1 E9-3 (LCNRV) Sedato Company follows the practice of pricing its inventory at LCNRV, on an individual-
item basis.
Item Cost Estimated Cost to Complete

No. Quantity per Unit Selling Price and Sell
1320 1,200 $3.20 $4.50 $1.60
1333 900 2.70 3.40 1.00
1426 800 4.50 5.00 1.40
1437 1,000 3.60 3.20 1.35
1510 700 2.25 3.25 1.40
1522 500 3.00 3.90 0.80
1573 3,000 1.80 2.50 1.20
1626 1,000 4.70 6.00 1.50
Instructions
From the information above, determine the amount of Sedato Company inventory.
Exercises 427
1 E9-4 (LCNRV—Journal Entries) Dover Company began operations in 2015 and determined its ending
inventory at cost and at LCNRV at December 31, 2015, and December 31, 2016. This information is
presented below.
Cost Net Realizable Value

12/31/15 £346,000 £322,000
12/31/16 410,000 390,000
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entries required at December 31, 2015, and December 31, 2016, assuming
inventory is recorded at LCNRV and a perpetual inventory system using the cost-of-goods-sold
method.
(b) Prepare journal entries required at December 31, 2015, and December 31, 2016, assuming inven-
tory is recorded at cost and a perpetual system using the loss method.
(c) Which of the two methods above provides the higher net income in each year?
1 E9-5 (LCNRV—Valuation Account) Presented below is information related to Knight Enterprises.
Jan. 31 Feb. 28 Mar. 31 Apr. 30

Inventory at cost $15,000 $15,100 $17,000 $14,000
Inventory at LCNRV 14,500 12,600 15,600 13,300
Purchases for the month 17,000 24,000 26,500
Sales for the month 29,000 35,000 40,000
Instructions
(a) From the information, prepare (as far as the data permit) monthly income statements in columnar
form for February, March, and April. The inventory is to be shown in the statement at cost; the gain
or loss due to market fluctuations is to be shown separately (using a valuation account).
(b) Prepare the journal entry required to establish the valuation account at January 31 and entries to
adjust it monthly thereafter.
1 E9-6 (LCNRV—Error Effect) LaGreca Company uses the LCNRV method, on an individual-item basis, in
pricing its inventory items. The inventory at December 31, 2015, included product X. Relevant per-unit
data for product X are as follows.
Estimated selling price €50

Cost 40
Estimated selling expenses 14
Normal profit 9
There were 1,000 units of product X on hand at December 31, 2015. Product X was incorrectly valued at
€38 per unit for reporting purposes. All 1,000 units were sold in 2016.
Instructions
Compute the effect of this error on net income for 2015 and the effect on net income for 2016, and indicate
the direction of the misstatement for each year.
2 E9-7 (Valuation at Net Realizable Value) Matsumura Dairy began operations on April 1, 2015, with the
purchase of 200 milking cows for ¥6,700,000. It has completed the first month of operations and has the
following information for its milking cows at the end of April 2015 (yen in thousands).
Milking cows
Change in fair value due to growth and price changes* ¥(200,000)
Decrease in fair value due to harvest (12,000)
Milk harvested during April 2015 (at net realizable value) 72,000
*Due to a very high rate of calving in the past month, there is a glut of milking cows on the market.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entries for Matsumura’s biological asset (milking cows) for the month of April
2015.
(b) Prepare the journal entry for the milk harvested by Matsumura during April 2015.
(c) Matsumura sells the milk harvested in April on the local milk exchange and receives ¥74,000.
Prepare the summary journal entry to record the sale of the milk.
2 E9-8 (Valuation at Net Realizable Value) Mt. Horeb Alpaca Co. has a herd of 150 alpaca. The alpaca are
sheared once a quarter to harvest very valuable alpaca wool that is used in designer sweaters. Mt. Horeb has the
following information related to the alpaca herd at July 1, 2015, and during the first quarter of the fiscal year.
Alpaca
Carrying value (equal to net realizable value), July 1, 2015 $120,000
Change in fair value due to growth and price changes 7,700
Decrease in fair value due to harvest (975)
Alpaca wool harvested during the first quarter (at net realizable value) 13,000
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entries for Mt. Horeb’s biological asset (Alpaca herd) for the first quarter.
(b) Prepare the journal entries for the Alpaca wool harvested in the first quarter.
(c) Prepare the journal entry when the Alpaca wool is sold for $14,500.
(d) Briefly discuss the impact on income of the following events related to the alpaca biological asset:
(1) a female alpaca gives birth to a baby alpaca, and (2) an older alpaca can only be sheared once
every other quarter due to irritation caused by repeated shearing over its life.
3 E9-9 (Relative Standalone Sales Value Method) Larsen Realty Corporation purchased a tract of unim-
proved land for £55,000. This land was improved and subdivided into building lots at an additional cost of
£30,000. These building lots were all of the same size. However, owing to differences in location, the lots
were offered for sale at different prices as follows.
Group No. of Lots Price per Lot

1 9 £3,000
2 15 4,000
3 19 2,000
Operating expenses for the year allocated to this project total £18,200. Lots unsold at the year-end were
as follows.
Group 1 5 lots
Group 2 7 lots
Group 3 2 lots
Instructions
At the end of the fiscal year, Larsen Realty Corporation instructs you to arrive at the net income realized on
this operation to date.
2 E9-10 (Relative Standalone Sales Value Method) During 2015, Crawford Furniture Company purchases
a carload of wicker chairs. The manufacturer sells the chairs to Crawford for a lump sum of £60,000 because
it is discontinuing manufacturing operations and wishes to dispose of its entire stock. Three types of chairs
are included in the carload. The three types and the estimated selling price for each are listed below.
Type No. of Chairs Estimated Selling Price Each

Lounge chairs 400 £90
Armchairs 300 80
Straight chairs 800 50
During 2015, Crawford sells 200 lounge chairs, 100 armchairs, and 120 straight chairs.
Instructions
What is the amount of gross profit realized during 2015? What is the amount of inventory of unsold straight
chairs on December 31, 2015?
4 E9-11 (Purchase Commitments) Prater Company has been having difficulty obtaining key raw materials
for its manufacturing process. The company therefore signed a long-term, non-cancelable purchase com-
mitment with its largest supplier of this raw material on November 30, 2015, at an agreed price of $400,000.
At December 31, 2015, the raw material had declined in price to $375,000.
Instructions
What entry would you make on December 31, 2015, to recognize these facts?
Exercises 429
4 E9-12 (Purchase Commitments) At December 31, 2015, Volkan Company has outstanding non-cancelable
purchase commitments for 40,000 gallons, at €3.00 per gallon, of raw material to be used in its manufactur-
ing process. The company prices its raw material inventory at lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value.
Instructions
(a) Assuming that the market price as of December 31, 2015, is €3.30, how would this matter be
treated in the accounts and statements? Explain.
(b) Assuming that the market price as of December 31, 2015, is €2.70 instead of €3.30, how would you
treat this situation in the accounts and statements?
(c) Give the entry in January 2016, when the 40,000-gallon shipment is received, assuming that the
situation given in (b) above existed at December 31, 2015, and that the market price in January
2016 was €2.70 per gallon. Give an explanation of your treatment.
5 E9-13 (Gross Profit Method) Each of the following gross profit percentages is expressed in terms of cost.
1. 20%. 3. 331/3%.
2. 25%. 4. 50%.
Instructions
Indicate the gross profit percentage in terms of sales for each of the above.
5 E9-14 (Gross Profit Method) Astaire Company uses the gross profit method to estimate inventory for
monthly reporting purposes. Presented below is information for the month of May.
Inventory, May 1 € 160,000

Purchases (gross) 640,000
Freight-in 30,000
Sales 1,000,000
Sales returns 70,000
Purchase discounts 12,000
Instructions
(a) Compute the estimated inventory at May 31, assuming that the gross profit is 25% of sales.
(b) Compute the estimated inventory at May 31, assuming that the gross profit is 25% of cost.
5 E9-15 (Gross Profit Method) Zidek Corp. requires an estimate of the cost of goods lost by fire on
March 9. Merchandise on hand on January 1 was $38,000. Purchases since January 1 were $92,000;
freight-in, $3,400; purchase returns and allowances, $2,400. Sales are made at 331/3% above cost and totaled
$120,000 to March 9. Goods costing $10,900 were left undamaged by the fire; remaining goods were
destroyed.
Instructions
(a) Compute the cost of goods destroyed.
(b) Compute the cost of goods destroyed, assuming that the gross profit is 331/3% of sales.
5 E9-16 (Gross Profit Method) Castlevania Company lost most of its inventory in a fire in December just
before the year-end physical inventory was taken. The corporation’s books disclosed the following.
Beginning inventory R$170,000 Sales R$650,000

Purchases for the year 450,000 Sales returns 24,000
Purchase returns 30,000 Rate of gross margin on net sales 30%
Merchandise with a selling price of R$21,000 remained undamaged after the fire. Damaged merchandise
with an original selling price of R$15,000 had a net realizable value of R$5,300.
Instructions
Compute the amount of the loss as a result of the fire, assuming that the corporation had no insurance
coverage.
5 E9-17 (Gross Profit Method) You are called by Yao Ming of Rocket Co. on July 16 and asked to prepare a
claim for insurance as a result of a theft that took place the night before. You suggest that an inventory be
taken immediately. The following data are available (amounts in thousands).
Inventory, July 1 ¥ 38,000

Purchases—goods placed in stock July 1–15 90,000
Sales—goods delivered to customers (gross) 116,000
Sales returns—goods returned to stock 4,000
Your client reports that the goods on hand on July 16 cost ¥30,500, but you determine that this figure
includes goods of ¥6,000 received on a consignment basis. Your past records show that sales are made at
approximately 25% over cost. Rocket’s insurance covers only goods owned.
Instructions
Compute the claim against the insurance company.
5 E9-18 (Gross Profit Method) Sliver Lumber Company handles three principal lines of merchandise with
these varying rates of gross profit on cost.
Lumber 25%
Millwork 30%
Hardware 40%
On August 18, a fire destroyed the office, lumber shed, and a considerable portion of the lumber stacked in
the yard. To file a report of loss for insurance purposes, the company must know what the inventories were
immediately preceding the fire. No detail or perpetual inventory records of any kind were maintained. The
only pertinent information you are able to obtain are the following facts from the general ledger, which was
kept in a fireproof vault and thus escaped destruction.
Lumber Millwork Hardware
Inventory, Jan. 1, 2015 $ 250,000 $ 90,000 $ 45,000
Purchases to Aug. 18, 2015 1,500,000 375,000 160,000
Sales to Aug. 18, 2015 2,050,000 533,000 245,000
Instructions
Submit your estimate of the inventory amounts immediately preceding the fire.
5 E9-19 (Gross Profit Method) Presented below is information related to Jerrold Corporation for the cur-
rent year.
Beginning inventory £ 600,000
Purchases 1,500,000
Total goods available for sale £2,100,000
Sales 2,300,000
Instructions
Compute the ending inventory, assuming that (a) gross profit is 40% of sales, (b) gross profit is 60% of cost,
(c) gross profit is 35% of sales, and (d) gross profit is 25% of cost.
6 E9-20 (Retail Inventory Method) Presented below is information related to Luzon Company.
Cost Retail
Beginning inventory R$ 58,000 R$100,000
Purchases (net) 122,000 200,000
Net markups 20,000
Net markdowns 30,000
Sales 186,000
Instructions
(a) Compute the ending inventory at retail.
(b) Compute a cost-to-retail percentage (round to two decimals) under the following conditions.
(1) Excluding both markups and markdowns.
(2) Excluding markups but including markdowns.
(3) Excluding markdowns but including markups.
(4) Including both markdowns and markups.
(c) Which of the methods in (b) above (1, 2, 3, or 4) does the following?
(1) Provides the most conservative estimate of ending inventory.
(2) Provides an approximation of LCNRV.
(3) Is used in the conventional retail method.
(d) Compute ending inventory at LCNRV (round to nearest dollar).
(e) Compute cost of goods sold based on (d).
(f) Compute gross margin based on (d).
Problems 431
6 E9-21 (Retail Inventory Method) Presented below is information related to Kuchinsky Company.
Cost Retail
Beginning inventory € 200,000 € 280,000
Purchases 1,425,000 2,140,000
Markups 95,000
Markup cancellations 15,000
Markdowns 35,000
Markdown cancellations 5,000
Sales 2,250,000
Instructions
Compute the inventory by the conventional retail inventory method.
6 E9-22 (Retail Inventory Method) The records of Mandy’s Boutique report the following data for the
month of April.
Sales £95,000 Purchases (at cost) £55,000

Sales returns 2,000 Purchases (at sales price) 88,000
Markups 10,000 Purchase returns (at cost) 2,000
Markup cancellations 1,500 Purchase returns (at sales price) 3,000
Markdowns 9,300 Beginning inventory (at cost) 30,000
Markdown cancellations 2,800 Beginning inventory (at sales price) 46,500
Freight on purchases 2,400
Instructions
Compute the ending inventory by the conventional retail inventory method.
7 E9-23 (Analysis of Inventories) The financial statements of AB InBev’s (BEL) 2012 annual report dis-
closed the following information.
(in millions) 31 December 2012 31 December 2011

Inventories $2,500 $2,466
Fiscal Year
2012 2011
Sales $39,758 $39,046
Cost of sales 16,447 16,634
Net income 9,434 7,959
Instructions
Compute AB InBev’s (a) inventory turnover and (b) average days to sell inventory for 2012.
PROBLEMS
1 P9-1 (LCNRV) Remmers Company manufactures desks. Most of the company’s desks are standard mod-
els and are sold on the basis of catalog prices. At December 31, 2015, the following finished desks appear
in the company’s inventory.
Finished Desks A B C D
2015 catalog selling price €450 €480 €900 €1,050
FIFO cost per inventory list 12/31/15 470 450 830 960
Estimated cost to complete and sell 50 110 260 200
2016 catalog selling price 500 540 900 1,200
The 2015 catalog was in effect through November 2015, and the 2016 catalog is effective as of December 1,
2015. All catalog prices are net of the usual discounts.
Instructions
At what amount should each of the four desks appear in the company’s December 31, 2015, inventory, as-
suming that the company has adopted a lower-of-FIFO-cost-or-net realizable value approach for valuation
of inventories on an individual-item basis?
1 P9-2 (LCNRV) Garcia Home Improvement Company installs replacement siding, windows, and louvered
glass doors for single-family homes and condominium complexes. The company is in the process of pre-
paring its annual financial statements for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2015. Jim Alcide, controller for
Garcia, has gathered the following data concerning inventory.
At May 31, 2015, the balance in Garcia’s Raw Materials Inventory account was £408,000, and Allow-
ance to Reduce Inventory to NRV had a credit balance of £27,500. Alcide summarized the relevant inven-
tory cost and market data at May 31, 2015, in the schedule below.
Alcide assigned Patricia Devereaux, an intern from a local college, the task of calculating the amount
that should appear on Garcia’s May 31, 2015, financial statements for inventory under the LCNRV rule as
applied to each item in inventory. Devereaux expressed concern over departing from the historical cost
principle.
Net Realizable
Cost Sales Price Value
Aluminum siding £ 70,000 £ 64,000 £ 56,000
Cedar shake siding 86,000 94,000 84,800
Louvered glass doors 112,000 186,400 168,300
Thermal windows 140,000 154,800 140,000
Total £408,000 £499,200 £449,100
Instructions
(a) (1) Determine the proper balance in Allowance to Reduce Inventory to Net Realizable Value at
May 31, 2015.
(2) For the fiscal year ended May 31, 2015, determine the amount of the gain or loss that would be
recorded (using the loss method) due to the change in Allowance to Reduce Inventory to Net
Realizable Value.
(b) Explain the rationale for the use of the LCNRV rule as it applies to inventories.
1 P9-3 (LCNRV—Cost-of-Goods-Sold and Loss) Malone Company determined its ending inventory at
cost and at LCNRV at December 31, 2015, December 31, 2016, and December 31, 2017, as shown below.
Cost LCNRV
12/31/15 $650,000 $650,000
12/31/16 780,000 712,000
12/31/17 905,000 830,000
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entries required at December 31, 2016, and at December 31, 2017, assuming
that a perpetual inventory system and the cost-of-goods-sold method of adjusting to LCNRV is
used.
(b) Prepare the journal entries required at December 31, 2016, and at December 31, 2017, assuming that
a perpetual inventory is recorded at cost and reduced to LCNRV using the loss method.
2 P9-4 (Valuation at Net Realizable Value) Finn Berge realized his lifelong dream of becoming a vineyard
owner when he was able to purchase the Hillside Vineyard at an estate auction in August 2015 for €750,000.
Finn retained the Hillside name for his new business. The purchase was risky because the growing season
was coming to an end, the grapes must be harvested in the next several weeks, and Finn has limited expe-
rience in carrying off a grape harvest.
At the end of the first quarter of operations, Finn is feeling pretty good about his early results. The first
harvest was a success; 300 bushels of grapes were harvested with a value of €30,000 (based on current local
commodity prices at the time of harvest). And, given the strong yield from area vineyards during this sea-
son, the net realizable value of Finn’s vineyard has increased by €15,000 at the end of the quarter. After
storing the grapes for a short period of time, Finn was able to sell the entire harvest for €35,000.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entries for the Hillside biological asset (grape vines) for the first quarter of op-
erations (the beginning carrying and net realizable value is €750,000).
(b) Prepare the journal entry for the grapes harvested during the first quarter.
(c) Prepare the journal entry to record the sale of the grapes harvested in the first quarter.
Problems 433
(d) Determine the total effect on income for the quarter related to the Hillside biological asset and agri-
cultural produce.
(e) Looking to the next growing season, Finn is doing some forecasting, based on the following two
developments: (1) demand for the type of grapes his vineyard produces is expected to increase, and
(2) there are new producing vineyards coming on line that will increase the supply of similar grape-
vines in the market. Briefly discuss how these developments are likely to affect the value of Hill-
side’s biological assets and agricultural produce in the next growing season.
5 P9-5 (Gross Profit Method) Yu Company lost most of its inventory in a fire in December just
before the year-end physical inventory was taken. Corporate records disclose the following (yen in
thousands).
Inventory (beginning) ¥ 80,000 Sales ¥415,000

Purchases 290,000 Sales returns 21,000
Purchase returns 28,000 Gross profit % based on
net selling price 35%
Merchandise with a selling price of ¥30,000 remained undamaged after the fire, and damaged merchandise
has a residual value of ¥8,150. The company does not carry fire insurance on its inventory.
Instructions
Prepare a formal labeled schedule computing the fire loss incurred. (Do not use the retail inventory
method.)
5 P9-6 (Gross Profit Method) On April 15, 2015, fire damaged the office and warehouse of Stanislaw
Corporation. The only accounting record saved was the general ledger, from which the trial balance below
was prepared.
STANISLAW CORPORATION
TRIAL BALANCE
MARCH 31, 2015
Cash € 20,000
Accounts receivable 40,000
Inventory, December 31, 2014 75,000
Land 35,000
Equipment 110,000
Accumulated depreciation—equipment € 41,300
Other assets 3,600
Accounts payable 23,700
Other expense accruals 10,200
Share capital—ordinary 100,000
Retained earnings 52,000
Sales revenue 135,000
Purchases 52,000
Miscellaneous expenses 26,600
€362,200 €362,200
The following data and information have been gathered.

1. The fiscal year of the corporation ends on December 31.
2. An examination of the April bank statement and canceled checks revealed that checks written during
the period April 1–15 totaled €13,000: €5,700 paid to accounts payable as of March 31, €3,400 for April
merchandise shipments, and €3,900 paid for other expenses. Deposits during the same period
amounted to €12,950, which consisted of receipts on account from customers with the exception of a
€950 refund from a vendor for merchandise returned in April.
3. Correspondence with suppliers revealed unrecorded obligations at April 15 of €15,600 for April
merchandise shipments, including €2,300 for shipments in transit (f.o.b. shipping point) on that
date.
4. Customers acknowledged indebtedness of €46,000 at April 15, 2015. It was also estimated that custom-
ers owed another €8,000 that will never be acknowledged or recovered. Of the acknowledged indebt-
edness, €600 will probably be uncollectible.
5. The companies insuring the inventory agreed that the corporation’s fire-loss claim should be based on
the assumption that the overall gross profit ratio for the past 2 years was in effect during the current
year. The corporation’s audited financial statements disclosed this information:
Year Ended
December 31
2014 2013
Net sales €530,000 €390,000
Net purchases 280,000 235,000
Beginning inventory 50,000 66,000
Ending inventory 75,000 50,000
6. Inventory with a cost of €7,000 was salvaged and sold for €3,500. The balance of the inventory was a
total loss.
Instructions
Prepare a schedule computing the amount of inventory fire loss. The supporting schedule of the computa-
tion of the gross profit should be in good form.
6 P9-7 (Retail Inventory Method) The records for the Clothing Department of Wei’s Discount Store are
summarized below for the month of January (HK$ in thousands).
Inventory, January 1: at retail HK$25,000; at cost HK$17,000

Purchases in January: at retail HK$137,000; at cost HK$82,500
Freight-in: HK$7,000
Purchase returns: at retail HK$3,000; at cost HK$2,300
Transfers-in from suburban branch: at retail HK$13,000; at cost HK$9,200
Net markups: HK$8,000
Net markdowns: HK$4,000
Inventory losses due to normal breakage, etc.: at retail HK$400
Sales at retail: HK$95,000
Sales returns: HK$2,400
Instructions
(a) Compute the inventory for this department as of January 31, at retail prices.
(b) Compute the ending inventory using lower-of-average-cost-or-net realizable value.
6 P9-8 (Retail Inventory Method) Presented below is information related to Waveland Inc.
Cost Retail
Inventory, 12/31/15 $250,000 $ 390,000
Purchases 914,500 1,460,000
Purchase returns 60,000 80,000
Purchase discounts 18,000 —
Gross sales (after employee discounts) — 1,410,000
Sales returns — 97,500
Markups — 120,000
Markup cancellations — 40,000
Markdowns — 45,000
Markdown cancellations — 20,000
Freight-in 42,000 —
Employee discounts granted — 8,000
Loss from breakage (normal) — 4,500
Instructions
Assuming that Waveland Inc. uses the conventional retail inventory method, compute the cost of its end-
ing inventory at December 31, 2015.
Problems 435
6 P9-9 (Retail Inventory Method) Fuque Inc. uses the retail inventory method to estimate ending inventory
for its monthly financial statements. The following data pertain to a single department for the month of
October 2015.
Inventory, October 1, 2015

At cost £ 52,000
At retail 78,000
Purchases (exclusive of freight and returns)
At cost 272,000
At retail 423,000
Freight-in 16,600
Purchase returns
At cost 5,600
At retail 8,000
Markups 9,000
Markup cancellations 2,000
Markdowns (net) 3,600
Normal spoilage and breakage 10,000
Sales 390,000
Instructions
(a) Using the conventional retail method, prepare a schedule computing estimated LCNRV inventory
for October 31, 2015.
(b) A department store using the conventional retail inventory method estimates the cost of its ending
inventory as £60,000. An accurate physical count reveals only £47,000 of inventory at LCNRV. List
the factors that may have caused the difference between the computed inventory and the physical
count.
1 4 P9-10 (Statement and Note Disclosure, LCNRV, and Purchase Commitment) Maddox Specialty Com-
7 pany, a division of Lost World Inc., manufactures three models of gear shift components for bicycles that
are sold to bicycle manufacturers, retailers, and catalog outlets. Since beginning operations in 1983,
Maddox has used normal absorption costing and has assumed a first-in, first-out cost flow in its perpetual
inventory system. The balances of the inventory accounts at the end of Maddox’s fiscal year, November 30,
2015, are shown below. The inventories are stated at cost before any year-end adjustments.
Finished goods $647,000

Work in process 112,500
Raw materials 264,000
Factory supplies 69,000
The following information relates to Maddox’s inventory and operations.

1. The finished goods inventory consists of the items analyzed below.
Cost Net Realizable Value

Down tube shifter
Standard model $ 67,500 $ 67,000
Click adjustment model 94,500 89,000
Deluxe model 108,000 110,000
Total down tube shifters 270,000 266,000
Bar end shifter
Standard model 83,000 90,050
Total bar end shifters 182,000 187,600
Head tube shifter
Standard model 78,000 77,650
Total head tube shifters 195,000 196,950
Total finished goods $647,000 $650,550
2. One-half of the head tube shifter finished goods inventory is held by catalog outlets on consignment.
3. Three-quarters of the bar end shifter finished goods inventory has been pledged as collateral for a
bank loan.
4. One-half of the raw materials balance represents derailleurs acquired at a contracted price 20 percent
above the current market price. The net realizable value of the rest of the raw materials is $127,400.
5. The net realizable value of the work in process inventory is $108,700.
6. Included in the cost of factory supplies are obsolete items with an historical cost of $4,200. The net
realizable value of the remaining factory supplies is $65,900.
7. Maddox applies the LCNRV method to each of the three types of shifters in finished goods inventory.
For each of the other three inventory accounts, Maddox applies the LCNRV method to the total of each
inventory account.
8. Consider all amounts presented above to be material in relation to Maddox’s financial statements
taken as a whole.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the inventory section of Maddox’s statement of financial position as of November 30, 2015,
including any required note(s).
(b) Without prejudice to your answer to (a), assume that the net realizable value of Maddox’s invento-
ries is less than cost. Explain how this decline would be presented in Maddox’s income statement
for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2015.
(c) Assume that Maddox has a firm purchase commitment for the same type of derailleur included
in the raw materials inventory as of November 30, 2015, and that the purchase commitment is at
a contracted price 15% greater than the current market price. These derailleurs are to be delivered
to Maddox after November 30, 2015. Discuss the impact, if any, that this purchase commitment
would have on Maddox’s financial statements prepared for the fiscal year ended November 30,
2015.
1 P9-11 (LCNRV) Taipai Co. follows the practice of valuing its inventory at the LCNRV. The following
information is available from the company’s inventory records as of December 31, 2015 (amounts in
thousands).
Estimated Completion
Unit Selling & Selling
Item Quantity Cost Price/Unit Cost/Unit
A 1,100 NT$7.50 NT$10.50 NT$1.50
B 800 8.20 9.40 1.30
C 1,000 5.60 7.20 1.75
D 1,000 3.80 6.30 1.80
E 1,400 6.40 6.70 0.70
Instructions
Jay Shin is an accounting clerk in the accounting department of Taipai Co., and he cannot understand how
completion and selling costs affect the determination of net realizable value. Jay is very confused, and he is
the one who records inventory purchases and calculates ending inventory. You are the manager of the
department and an accountant.
(a) Calculate the LCNRV using the “individual-item” approach.
(b) Show the journal entry he will need to make in order to write down the ending inventory from cost
to market.
(c) Then, write a memo to Jay explaining what net realizable value is as well as how it is computed. Use
your calculations to aid in your explanation.
C O N C E P T S F O R A N A LY S I S
CA9-1 (LCNRV) You have been asked by the financial vice president to develop a short presentation on
the LCNRV method for inventory purposes. The financial VP needs to explain this method to the president
because it appears that a portion of the company’s inventory has declined in value.
Concepts for Analysis 437
Instructions
The financial vice president asks you to answer the following questions.
(a) What is the purpose of the LCNRV method?
(b) What is meant by “net realizable value”?
(c) Do you apply the LCNRV method to each individual item, to a category, or to the total of the
inventory? Explain.
(d) What are the potential disadvantages of the LCNRV method?
CA9-2 (LCNRV) The net realizable value of Lake Corporation’s inventory has declined below its cost.
Allyn Conan, the controller, wants to use the loss method to write down inventory because it more clearly
discloses the decline in the net realizable value and does not distort the cost of goods sold. His supervisor,
financial vice president Bill Ortiz, prefers the cost-of-goods-sold method to write down inventory because
it does not call attention to the decline in net realizable value.
Instructions
Answer the following questions.
(a) What, if any, is the ethical issue involved?
(b) Is any stakeholder harmed if Bill Ortiz’s preference is used?
(c) What should Allyn Conan do?
CA9-3 (LCNRV) Ogala Corporation purchased a significant amount of raw materials inventory for a new
product that it is manufacturing.
Ogala uses the LCNRV rule for these raw materials. The net realizable value of the raw materials is
below the original cost.
Ogala uses the FIFO inventory method for these raw materials. In the last 2 years, each purchase has
been at a lower price than the previous purchase, and the ending inventory quantity for each period has
been higher than the beginning inventory quantity for that period.
Instructions
(a) (1) At which amount should Ogala’s raw materials inventory be reported on the statement of
financial position? Why?
(2) In general, why is the LCNRV rule used to report inventory?
(b) What would have been the effect on ending inventory and cost of goods sold had Ogala used the
average-cost inventory method instead of the FIFO inventory method for the raw materials? Why?
CA9-4 (Retail Inventory Method) Saurez Company, your client, manufactures paint. The company’s
president, Maria Saurez, has decided to open a retail store to sell Saurez paint as well as wallpaper and
other supplies that would be purchased from other suppliers. She has asked you for information about the
conventional retail method of pricing inventories at the retail store.
Instructions
Prepare a report to the president explaining the retail method of pricing inventories. Your report should
include the following points.
(a) Description and accounting features of the method.
(b) The conditions that may distort the results under the method.
(c) A comparison of the advantages of using the retail method with those of using cost methods of in-
ventory pricing.
(d) The accounting theory underlying the treatment of net markdowns and net markups under the
method.
CA9-5 (Cost Determination, LCNRV, Retail Method) Olson Corporation, a retailer and wholesaler of
brand-name household lighting fixtures, purchases its inventories from various suppliers.
Instructions
(a) (1) What criteria should be used to determine which of Olson’s costs are inventoriable?
(2) Are Olson’s administrative costs inventoriable? Defend your answer.
(b) (1) Olson uses the LCNRV rule for its wholesale inventories. What are the theoretical arguments for
that rule?
(2) The net realizable value of the inventories is below the original cost. What amount should be
used to value the inventories? Why?
(c) Olson calculates the estimated cost of its ending inventories held for sale at retail using the conven-
tional retail inventory method. How would Olson treat the beginning inventories and net mark-
downs in calculating the cost ratio used to determine its ending inventories? Why?
CA9-6 (Purchase Commitments) Prophet Company signed a long-term purchase contract to buy timber
from the government forest service at $300 per thousand board feet. Under these terms, Prophet must cut
and pay $6,000,000 for this timber during the next year. Currently, the market governmental price is $250
per thousand board feet. At this rate, the market price is $5,000,000. Hu Cho, the controller, wants to recog-
nize the loss in value on the year-end financial statements, but the financial vice president, Rondo Star,
argues that the loss is temporary and should be ignored. Cho notes that market price has remained near
$250 for many months, and he sees no sign of significant change.
Instructions
(a) What are the ethical issues, if any?
(b) Is any particular stakeholder harmed by the financial vice president’s decision?
(c) What should the controller do?
SOLUTIONS TO BRIEF EXERCISES
BRIEF EXERCISE 9-1
Item Cost NRV LCNRV

Skis $190.00 $161.00 $161.00
Boots 106.00 108.00 106.00
Parkas 53.00 50.00 50.00
BRIEF EXERCISE 9-2
(a) Item Cost NRV LCNRV

Item-by-item
Jokers € 2,000 € 2,100 € 2,000
Penguins 5,000 4,950 4,950
Riddlers 4,400 4,625 4,400
Scarecrows 3,200 3,830 3,200
Total €14,600 €15,505 €14,550
(b) 1. Penguins only: €50

2. None on a whole group: €15,505 > €14,600.
BRIEF EXERCISE 9-3
(a) Cost-of-goods-sold-method
Cost of Goods Sold ............................................... 21,000,000
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ..... 21,000,000
(b) Loss method

Loss Due to Decline of Inventory to NRV ........... 21,000,000
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ..... 21,000,000
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kieso, IFRS, 2/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) 9-11
BRIEF EXERCISE 9-4
Biological Assets – Shearing Sheep ......................... 4,125*

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss – Income ..... 4,125
*€4,700 – €575 = €4,125.
BRIEF EXERCISE 9-5
Wool Inventory ............................................................ 9,000

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss – Income ..... 9,000
Cash ............................................................................. 10,500

Cost of Goods Sold .................................................... 9,000
Wool Inventory ................................................... 9,000
Sales Revenue.................................................... 10,500
BRIEF EXERCISE 9-6
Sales Total Relative Cost

Number Price Sales Sales Total Allocated Cost
Group of CDs per CD Price Price Cost to CDs per CD
1 100 ¥ 5 ¥ 500 5/100* X ¥8,000 = ¥ 400 ¥ 4**
2 800 ¥10 8,000 80/100 X ¥8,000 = 6,400 ¥ 8
3 100 ¥15 1,500 15/100 X ¥8,000 = 1,200 ¥12
¥10,000 ¥8,000
*¥500/¥10,000 = 5/100 **¥400/100 = ¥4
BRIEF EXERCISE 9-7
Unrealized Holding Loss—Income ............................ 50,000

Purchase Commitment Liability ....................... 50,000
9-12 Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kieso, IFRS, 2/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only)
BRIEF EXERCISE 9-8
Purchases (Inventory) ...................................................... 950,000

Purchase Commitment Liability ...................................... 50,000
Cash ......................................................................... 1,000,000
BRIEF EXERCISE 9-9
Beginning inventory ......................................................... €150,000

Purchases ......................................................................... 500,000
Cost of goods available ................................................... 650,000
Sales .................................................................................. €700,000
Less gross profit (35% X €700,000) ................................ 245,000
Estimated cost of goods sold ................................ 455,000
Estimated ending inventory destroyed in fire ...... €195,000
BRIEF EXERCISE 9-10
Cost Retail
Beginning inventory ............................................. $ 12,000 $ 20,000
Net purchases ....................................................... 120,000 170,000
Net markups .......................................................... — 10,000
Totals ..................................................................... $132,000 200,000
Deduct:
Net markdowns ........................................... 7,000
Sales ............................................................. 147,000
Ending inventory at retail ........................... $ 46,000
Cost-to-retail ratio: $132,000 ÷ $200,000 = 66%
Ending inventory at LCNRV (66% X $46,000) = $30,360
BRIEF EXERCISE 9-11
Inventory turnover:
€6,486,825,000
= 4.51 times
€1,581,297,000 + €1,297,009,000
2
Average days to sell inventory:
365 ÷ 4.49 = 81.3 days
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
EXERCISE 9-1 (15–20 minutes)
Per Unit Lower-of-

Total Total Cost-or-
Part No. Quantity Cost NRV Cost NRV NRV
110 600 $ 95 $100.00 $ 57,000 $ 60,000 $ 57,000
111 1,000 60 52.00 60,000 52,000 52,000
112 500 80 76.00 40,000 38,000 38,000
113 200 170 180.00 34,000 36,000 34,000
120 400 205 208.00 82,000 83,200 82,000
121 1,600 16 1.00 25,600 1,600 1,600
122 300 240 235.00 72,000 70,500 70,500
Totals $370,600 $341,300 $335,100
(a) $335,100.
(b) $341,300.
Net
Realizable
Item Value Cost LCNRV
D €80* €75 €75
E 62 80 62
F 60 80 60
G 35 80 35
H 70 50 50
I 40 36 36
*Estimated selling price – Estimated selling costs and cost to

complete = €120 – €30 – €10 = €80.
Final
Item Cost Net Realizable Inventory
No. per Unit Value LCNRV Quantity Value
1320 $3.20 $2.90* $2.90 1,200 $ 3,480
1333 2.70 2.40 2.40 900 2,160
1426 4.50 3.60 3.60 800 2,880
1437 3.60 1.85 1.85 1,000 1,850
1510 2.25 1.85 1.85 700 1,295
1522 3.00 3.10 3.00 500 1,500
1573 1.80 1.30 1.30 3,000 3,900
1626 4.70 4.50 4.50 1,000 4,500
$21,565
*$4.50 – $1.60 = $2.90.
December 31, 2015

(a) Cost of Goods Sold (€346,000 – €322,000) ............ 24,000
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ....... 24,000
December 31, 2016

Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ................ 4,000
Cost of Goods Sold ........................................ 4,000
December 31, 2015

(b) Loss Due to Decline of Inventory to NRV .............. 24,000
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ....... 24,000
December 31, 2016

Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ................ 4,000*
Recovery of Inventory Loss .......................... 4,000
EXERCISE 9-4 (Continued)
*Cost of inventory at 12/31/15 ..................................... £346,000

LCNRV at 12/31/15 ..................................................... (322,000)
Allowance amount needed to reduce inventory
to NRV (a) ................................................................. £ 24,000
Cost of inventory at 12/31/16 .................................... £410,000

LCNRV at 12/31/16 ..................................................... (390,000)
Allowance amount needed to reduce inventory
to NRV (b) ................................................................ £ 20,000
Recovery of previously recognized loss = (a) – (b)

= £24,000 – £20,000
= £4,000.
(c) Both methods of recording lower-of-cost-or-NRV adjustments have

the same effect on net income.
(a) February March April

Sales $29,000 $35,000 $40,000
Cost of goods sold
Inventory, beginning 15,000 15,100 17,000
Purchases 17,000 24,000 26,500
Cost of goods available 32,000 39,100 43,500
Inventory, ending 15,100 17,000 14,000
Cost of goods sold 16,900 22,100 29,500
Gross profit 12,100 12,900 10,500
Gain (loss) due to market
fluctuations of inventory* (2,000) 1,100 700
$10,100 $14,000 $11,200
* Jan. 31 Feb. 28 Mar. 31 Apr. 30

Inventory at cost $15,000 $15,100 $17,000 $14,000
Inventory at LCNRV (14,500) (12,600) (15,600) (13,300)
Allowance amount needed to
reduce inventory to NRV $ 500 $ 2,500 $ 1,400 $ 700
Gain (loss) due to market
fluctuations of inventory** $ (2,000) $ 1,100 $ 700
**$500 – $2,500 = $(2,000)

$2,500 – $1,400 = $1,100
$1,400 – $700 = $700
January 31
(b) Loss Due to Decline of Inventory to NRV ................. 500
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV .......... 500
February 28
Loss Due to Decline of Inventory to NRV ................. 2,000
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV .......... 2,000
March 31
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ................... 1,100
Recovery of Inventory Loss ............................. 1,100
April 30
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ................... 700
Recovery of Inventory Loss ............................. 700
Net realizable value €50 – €14 = €36

Cost €40
Lower-of-cost-or-NRV €36
€38 figure used – €36 correct value per unit = €2 per unit.
€2 X 1,000 units = €2,000.
If ending inventory is overstated, net income will be overstated.
If beginning inventory is overstated, net income will be understated.
Therefore, net income for 2015 was overstated by €2,000 and net income
for 2016 was understated by €2,000.
(a) Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss – Income ............ 212,000

Biological Assets – Milking Cows ..................... 212,000
(b) Milk Inventory ............................................................ 72,000

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss – Income ...... 72,000
(c) Cash ........................................................................... 74,000

Cost of Goods Sold ................................................... 72,000
Milk Inventory ...................................................... 72,000
Sales Revenue..................................................... 74,000
(a) Biological Assets – Shearing Alpaca

($7,700 – $975) ........................................................ 6,725
(b) Wool Inventory ........................................................... 13,000

(c) Cash ............................................................................ 14,500

Cost of Goods Sold ................................................... 13,000
Wool Inventory .................................................... 13,000
Sales Revenue .................................................... 14,500
(d) (1) The birth of a baby Alpaca may result in a gain on the initial
recognition of the biological asset.
(2) Losses may result as the fair value of the older Alpaca will likely
decrease because the shearing is more limited than with the other
Alpacas.
Total Cost Cost Per Lot
No. of Sales Sales Relative Sales Total Allocated (Cost Allocated/
Lots Price Per Lot Price Price Cost to Lots No. of Lots)
9 £3,000 £ 27,000 £27,000/£125,000 X £85,000 £18,360 £2,040
15 4,000 60,000 £60,000/£125,000 X 85,000 40,800 2,720
19 2,000 38,000 £38,000/£125,000 X 85,000 25,840 1,360
£125,000 £85,000
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Number Cost Cost of
of Lots Per Lots Gross
Sold Lot Sold Sales Profit

4 £2,040 £ 8,160 £12,000 £ 3,840
8 2,720 21,760 32,000 10,240
17 1,360 23,120 34,000 10,880
29 £53,040 £78,000 £24,960
Kieso, IFRS, 2/e, Solutions Manual

Sales (see schedule) £78,000
Cost of goods sold (see schedule) 53,040
Gross profit 24,960
Operating expenses 18,200
Net income £ 6,760
(For Instructor Use Only)

9-21
Sales Total Cost
9-22
No. of Price per Sales Relative Sales Total Allocated Cost per
Chairs Chairs Chain Price Price Cost to Chairs Chair
Lounge chairs 400 £90 £36,000 £36,000/£100,000 X £60,000 £21,600 £54
Armchairs 300 80 24,000 £24,000/£100,000 X 60,000 14,400 48
Straight chairs 800 50 40,000 £40,000/£100,000 X 60,000 24,000 30
£100,000 £60,000
Number Cost Cost of

of Chairs per Chairs Gross
Chairs Sold Chair Sold Sales Profit
Lounge chairs 200 £54 £10,800 £18,000 £ 7,200
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Armchairs 100 48 4,800 8,000 3,200
Straight chairs 120 30 3,600 6,000 2,400
£19,200 £32,000 £12,800
Inventory of straight chairs

(800 – 120) X £30 = £20,400
Kieso, IFRS, 2/e, Solutions Manual

(For Instructor Use Only)
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income

($400,000 – $375,000) .......................................... 25,000
Purchase Commitment Liability................... 25,000
(a) If the commitment is material in amount, there should be a footnote in

the statement of financial position stating the nature and extent of the
commitment. The footnote may also disclose the market price of the
materials. The excess of market price over contracted price is a gain
contingency that should not be recognized in the accounts until it is
realized.
(b) The drop in the market price of the commitment should be charged to
operations in the current year if it is material in amount. The following
entry would be made:
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income ............ 12,000*

Purchase Commitment Liability ...................... 12,000
*(€3.00 – €2.70) X 40,000
The entry is made because a loss in utility has occurred during the
period in which the market decline took place. The account credited in
the above entry should be included among the current liabilities on the
statement of financial position, with an appropriate footnote indicating
the nature and extent of the commitment. This liability indicates the
minimum obligation on the commitment contract at the present time—
the amount that would have to be forfeited in case of breach of
contract.
(c) Assuming the €12,000 market decline entry was made on December
31, 2015, as indicated in (b), the entry when the materials are received
in January 2016 would be:
Raw Materials (€40,000 X €2.70) ............................... 108,000

Purchase Commitment Liability (€40,000 X €3.00).. 12,000
Accounts Payable ............................................. 120,000
This entry records the raw materials at the current cost, eliminates the
€12,000 liability set up at December 31, 2015, and records the contrac-
tual liability for the purchase. This permits operations to be charged
this year with the €108,000, the other €12,000 of the cost having been
charged to operations in 2015.
(1) 20%
= 16.67% OR 16 2/3%.
100% + 20%
(2) 25%
= 20%.
100% + 25%
(3) 33 1/3%
= 25%.
100% + 33 1/3%
(4) 50%
= 33.33% OR 33 1/3%.
100% + 50%
(a) Inventory, May 1 (at cost) ................................... €160,000

Purchases (at cost) ............................................. 640,000
Purchase discounts ............................................ (12,000)
Freight-in .............................................................. 30,000
Goods available (at cost) ........................... 818,000
Sales (at selling price)......................................... €1,000,000
Sales returns (at selling price) ........................... (70,000)
Net sales (at selling price) .................................. 930,000
Less: Gross profit (25% of €930,000)................ 232,500
Sales (at cost) .......................................... 697,500
Approximate inventory,
May 31 (at cost) .................................... €120,500
(b) Gross profit as a percent of sales must be computed:
25%
= 20% of sales.
100% + 25%
Inventory, May 1 (at cost) ................................. €160,000

Purchases (at cost) ........................................... 640,000
Purchase discounts .......................................... (12,000)
Freight-in ........................................................... 30,000
Goods available (at cost) ........................ 818,000
Sales (at selling price) ...................................... €1,000,000
Sales returns (at selling price) ......................... (70,000)
Net sales (at selling price) ................................ 930,000
Less: Gross profit (20% of €930,000) ............. 186,000
Sales (at cost) ........................................ 744,000
Approximate inventory,
May 31 (at cost) ................................... € 74,000
(a) Merchandise on hand, January 1 .................... $ 38,000

Purchases .......................................................... 92,000
Less: Purchase returns and allowances........ (2,400)
Freight-in ........................................................... 3,400
Total merchandise available (at cost) .... 131,000
Cost of goods sold* .......................................... (90,000)
Ending inventory ............................................... 41,000
Less: Undamaged goods ................................ 10,900
Estimated fire loss ............................................ $ 30,100
33 1/3%
*Gross profit = = 25% of sales.
100% + 33 1/3%
Cost of goods sold = 75% of sales of $120,000 = $90,000.
(b) Cost of goods sold = 66 2/3% of sales of $120,000 = $80,000

Total merchandise available (at cost).............................. $51,000
[$131,000 [as computed in (a)] – $80,000]
Less: Undamaged goods ................................................. 10,900
Estimated fire loss............................................................. $40,100
Beginning inventory ................................................... R$170,000

Purchases .................................................................... 450,000
620,000
Purchase returns ........................................................ (30,000)
Goods available (at cost) ........................................... 590,000
Sales............................................................................. R$650,000
Sales returns ............................................................... (24,000)
Net sales ...................................................................... 626,000
Less: Gross profit (30% X R$626,000) ..................... (187,800) 438,200
Estimated ending inventory (unadjusted for
damage) .................................................................... 151,800
Less: Goods on hand—undamaged (at cost)
R$21,000 X (1 – 30%) ....................................... 14,700
Less: Goods on hand—damaged (at net
realizable value) ............................................... 5,300
Fire loss on inventory................................................. R$131,800
Beginning inventory (at cost) .................................... ¥ 38,000

Purchases (at cost) .................................................... 90,000
Goods available (at cost) .................................. 128,000
Sales (at selling price)................................................ ¥116,000
Less sales returns ...................................................... 4,000
Net sales ...................................................................... 112,000
Less: Gross profit* (20% of ¥112,000) ..................... 22,400
Net sales (at cost) ........................................... 89,600
Estimated inventory (at cost) .................................... 38,400
Less: Goods on hand (¥30,500 – ¥6,000) ................. 24,500
Claim against insurance company ........................... ¥ 13,900
25%
*Computation of gross profit: = 20% of selling price
100% + 25%
Lumber Millwork Hardware

Inventory 1/1/15 (cost) $ 250,000 $ 90,000 $ 45,000
Purchases to 8/18/15 (cost) 1,500,000 375,000 160,000
Cost of goods available 1,750,000 465,000 205,000
Deduct cost of goods sold* 1,640,000 410,000 175,000
Inventory 8/18/15 $ 110,000 $ 55,000 $ 30,000
*(See computations on next page)
Computation for cost of goods sold:*
$2,050,000
Lumber: = $1,640,000
1.25
$533,000
Millwork: = $410,000
1.30
$245,000
Hardware: = $175,000
1.40
*Alternative computation for cost of goods sold:
Markup on selling price: Cost of goods sold:
25%
Lumber: = 20% or 1/5 $2,050,000 X 80% = $1,640,000
100% + 25%
30%
Millwork: = 3/13 $533,000 X 10/13 = $410,000
100% + 30%
40%
Hardware: = 2/7 $245,000 X 5/7 = $175,000
100% + 40%
Ending inventory:
(a) Gross profit is 40% of sales
Total goods available for sale (at cost) ......... £2,100,000

Sales (at selling price) .................................... £2,300,000
Less: Gross profit (40% of sales) ................. 920,000
Sales (at cost) ...................................... 1,380,000
Ending inventory (at cost) .................. £ 720,000
(b) Gross profit is 60% of cost
60%
= 37.5% markup on selling price
100% + 60%

Less: Gross profit (37.5% of sales) .............. 862,500
Sales (at cost) ...................................... 1,437,500
(c) Gross profit is 35% of sales

Less: Gross profit (35% of sales) ................. 805,000
Sales (at cost) ...................................... 1,495,000
(d) Gross profit is 25% of cost
25%
= 20% markup on selling price
100% + 25%
Total goods available for sale (at cost) ........ £2,100,000

Sales (at selling price).................................... £2,300,000
Less: Gross profit (20% of sales).................. 460,000
Sales (at cost) ....................................... 1,840,000
Ending inventory (at cost) ............................. £ 260,000
(a) Cost Retail

Beginning inventory ....................................... R$ 58,000 R$100,000
Purchases ....................................................... 122,000 200,000
Net markups .................................................... — 20,000
Totals ...................................................... R$180,000 320,000
Net markdowns ............................................... (30,000)
Sales price of goods available ...................... 290,000
Deduct: Sales ................................................. 186,000
Ending inventory at retail............................... R$104,000
(b) 1. R$180,000 ÷ R$300,000 = 60%

2. R$180,000 ÷ R$270,000 = 66.67%
3. R$180,000 ÷ R$320,000 = 56.25%
4. R$180,000 ÷ R$290,000 = 62.07%
(c) 1. Method 3.
2. Method 3.
3. Method 3.
(d) 56.25% X R$104,000 = R$58,500
(e) R$180,000 – R$58,500 = R$121,500
(f) R$186,000 – R$121,500 = R$64,500
Cost Retail
Beginning inventory .......................... € 200,000 € 280,000
Purchases .......................................... 1,425,000 2,140,000
Totals ......................................... 1,625,000 2,420,000
Add: Net markups
Markups ................................... €95,000
Markup cancellations .............. _________ (15,000) 80,000
Totals .................................................. €1,625,000 2,500,000
Deduct: Net markdowns

Markdowns ............................... 35,000
Markdown cancellations .......... (5,000) 30,000
Sales price of goods available ......... 2,470,000
Deduct: Sales .................................... 2,250,000
Ending inventory at retail ................. € 220,000
€1,625,000
Cost-to-retail ratio = = 65%
€2,500,000
Ending inventory at cost = 65% X €220,000 = €143,000
Cost Retail
Beginning inventory .............................. £30,000 £ 46,500
Purchases ............................................... 55,000 88,000
Purchase returns ................................... (2,000) (3,000)
Freight on purchases ............................ 2,400 _______
Totals ............................................. 85,400 131,500
Add: Net markups
Markups ........................................ £10,000
Markup cancellations .................. (1,500)
Net markups ........................................... _______ 8,500
Totals ............................................. £85,400 140,000
Deduct: Net markdowns

Markdowns .................................... 9,300
Markdown cancellations .............. (2,800)
Net markdowns ...................................... 6,500
Sales price of goods available .............. 133,500
Deduct: Net sales (£95,000 – £2,000) ... 93,000
Ending inventory, at retail ..................... £ 40,500
£85,400
£140,000
Ending inventory at cost = 61% X £40,500 = £24,705
(a) Inventory turnover:

2012
$16,447
= 6.62 times
$2,500 + $2,466
2
(b) Average days to sell inventory:

2012
365 ÷ 6.62 = 55.1 days
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 9-1
Net Lower-of-
Realizable Cost-or-
Item Cost Value* NRV
A €470 € 450 €450
B 450 430 430
C 830 640 640
D 960 1,000 960
*Net Realizable Value = 2016 catalog selling price less estimated costs to
complete and sell. (2016 catalog prices are in effect as of 12/01/15.)
PROBLEM 9-2
(a) 1. The balance in the Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV at May

31, 2015, should be £15,200, as calculated in Exhibit 1 below.
Cost NRV LCNRV

Aluminum siding £ 70,000 £ 56,000 £ 56,000
Cedar shake siding 86,000 84,800 84,800
Louvered glass doors 112,000 168,300 112,000
Thermal windows 140,000 140,000 140,000
Totals £408,000 £449,100 £392,800
Inventory cost £408,000

LCNRV valuation 392,800
Allowance at May 31, 2015 £ 15,200
2. For the fiscal year ended May 31, 2015, the gain that would be
recorded due to the change in the Allowance to Reduce Inventory
to Net Realizable Value would be £12,300, as calculated below.
Balance prior to adjustment ................................ £27,500

Required balance ................................................. (15,200)
Gain to be recorded ............................................. £(12,300)
PROBLEM 9-2 (Continued)
(b) The use of the lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value (LCNRV) rule is

based on both the expense recognition principle and the concept of
conservatism. The expense recognition principle applies because the
application of the LCNRV rule allows for the recognition of a decline in
the utility (value) of inventory as a loss in the period in which the
decline takes place.
The departure from the historical cost principle for inventory valuation is
permitted on the basis of conservatism. The general rule is that the
historical cost principle is abandoned when the future utility of an
asset is no longer as great as its original cost.
PROBLEM 9-3
(a) Cost-of-Goods-Sold Method

December 31, 2016
Cost of Goods Sold .................................................. 68,000
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ........ 68,000
($780,000 – $712,000)
December 31, 2017

Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV
[($905,000 – $830,000) – $68,000] ................ 7,000
(b) Loss Method

December 31, 2016
Loss Due to Decline of Inventory to NRV ............... 68,000
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ........ 68,000
($780,000 – $712,000)
December 31, 2017

Loss Due to Decline of Inventory to NRV ............... 7,000
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV
[($905,000 – $830,000) – $68,000] ................ 7,000
PROBLEM 9-4
(a) Biological Assets—Grape Vineyard ....................... 15,000

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss – Income ... 15,000
(b) Grape Inventory ........................................................ 30,000

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss – Income ... 30,000
(c) Cash .......................................................................... 35,000

Grape Inventory................................................ 30,000
Sales Revenue .................................................. 35,000
(d) Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss – Income ........... €15,000

Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss – Income ........... 30,000
Gross Profit on Sold Grapes ................................... 5,000
Total Effect on Income ............................................. €50,000
(e) The increase in demand for the type of grapes that Finn produces
should increase the sales prices received for the grapes, increase the
value of the harvested grapes since the value is based on the current
commodity price, and increase the potential that the full harvest will
be sold. The new producing vineyards coming on line next year will
have negative effects on both the value of any increase in the grape
vineyard (biological asset) and the value of the harvested grapes. The
new vineyards may also increase supply and decrease prices as a
result.
PROBLEM 9-5
Beginning inventory ..................................................... ¥ 80,000

Purchases ...................................................................... 290,000
370,000
Purchase returns .......................................................... (28,000)
Total goods available ................................................... 342,000
Sales............................................................................... ¥415,000
Sales returns ................................................................. (21,000)
394,000
Less: Gross profit (35% of ¥394,000) ......................... 137,900 (256,100)
Ending inventory (unadjusted for damage) ................ 85,900
Less: Goods on hand—undamaged
(¥30,000 X [1 – 35%]) ......................................... 19,500
Inventory damaged ....................................................... 66,400
Less: Residual value of damaged inventory ............. 8,150
Fire loss on inventory................................................... ¥ 58,250
PROBLEM 9-6
STANISLAW CORPORATION
Computation of Inventory Fire Loss
April 15, 2015
Inventory, 1/1/15 ............................................ € 75,000
Purchases, 1/1/ – 3/31/15 .............................. 52,000
April merchandise shipments paid .............. 3,400
Unrecorded purchases on account ............. 15,600
Total ..................................................... 146,000
Less: Shipments in transit........................... € 2,300
Merchandise returned ....................... 950 3,250
Merchandise available for sale..................... 142,750
Less estimated cost of sales:
Sales, 1/1/ – 3/31/15 ............................ 135,000
Sales, 4/1/ – 4/15/15
Receivables acknowledged
at 4/15/15 ..................................... €46,000
Estimated receivables not
acknowledged ............................ 8,000
Total ............................................... 54,000
Add collections, 4/1/ – 4/15/15
(€12,950 – €950) ............................... 12,000
Total ............................................... 66,000
Less receivables, 3/31/15 ................... 40,000 26,000
Total sales 1/1/ – 4/15/15 .............. 161,000
Less gross profit (45%* X €161,000) ............ 72,450 88,550
Estimated merchandise inventory ............... 54,200
Less: Sale of salvaged inventory ................ 3,500
Inventory fire loss.......................................... € 50,700
*Computation of Gross Profit Ratio

Net sales, 2013 ................................................. €390,000
Net sales, 2014 ................................................. 530,000
Total net sales ....................................... 920,000
Beginning inventory ........................................ € 66,000
Net purchases, 2013 ........................................ 235,000
Net purchases, 2014 ........................................ 280,000
Total ........................................................ 581,000
Less: Ending inventory .................................. 75,000 506,000
Gross profit ........................................... €414,000
Gross profit ratio (€414,000 ÷ €920,000) ........ 45%
PROBLEM 9-7
(a) Cost Retail

Beginning inventory................. HK$ 17,000 HK$ 25,000
Purchases ................................. 82,500 137,000
Freight-in ................................... 7,000
Purchase returns ...................... (2,300) (3,000)
Transfers in from suburban
branch .................................... 9,200 13,000
Totals ............................... HK$113,400 172,000
Net markups ............................. 8,000
180,000
Net markdowns ........................ (4,000)
Sales .......................................... HK$(95,000)
Sales returns ............................ 2,400 (92,600)
Inventory losses due to
breakage ................................ (400)
Ending inventory at retail ........ HK$ 83,000
HK$113,400
HK$180,000
(b) Ending inventory at LCNRV

(63% of HK$83,000) ............................ HK$ 52,290
PROBLEM 9-8
Cost Retail
Beginning inventory ............................ $ 250,000 $ 390,000
Purchases ............................................. 914,500 1,460,000
Purchase returns ................................. (60,000) (80,000)
Purchase discounts ............................. (18,000) —
Freight-in .............................................. 42,000 —
Markups ................................................ $ 120,000 —
Markup cancellations .......................... (40,000) 80,000
Totals ........................................... $1,128,500 1,850,000
Markdowns ........................................... (45,000) —
Markdown cancellations ..................... 20,000 (25,000)
Sales...................................................... (1,410,000) —
Sales returns ........................................ 97,500 (1,312,500)
Inventory losses due to breakage ...... (4,500)
Employee discounts ............................ (8,000)
Ending inventory at retail .................... $ 500,000
$1,128,500
$1,850,000
Ending inventory at cost

(61% of $500,000) .............................. $ 305,000
PROBLEM 9-9
(a) Cost Retail

Inventory (beginning)........................ £ 52,000 £ 78,000
Purchases .......................................... 272,000 423,000
Purchase returns ............................... (5,600) (8,000)
Freight-in ............................................ 16,600 —
Totals ........................................ £335,000 493,000
Markups ............................................. £ 9,000
Markup cancellations ........................ (2,000) 7,000
500,000
Net markdowns ................................. (3,600)
Normal spoilage and breakage ........ (10,000)
Sales ................................................... (390,000)
Ending inventory at retail ................. £ 96,400
£335,000
£500,000
Ending inventory at LCNRV

(67% of £96,400) ............................. £ 64,588
(b) The difference between the inventory estimate per retail method and
the amount per physical count may be due to:
1. Theft losses (shoplifting or pilferage).
2. Spoilage or breakage above normal.
3. Differences in cost/retail ratio for purchases during the month,
beginning inventory, and ending inventory.
4. Markups on goods available for sale inconsistent between cost of
goods sold and ending inventory.
5. A wide variety of merchandise with varying cost/retail ratios.
6. Incorrect reporting of markdowns, additional markups, or
cancellations.
PROBLEM 9-10
(a) The inventory section of Maddox’s statement of financial position at

November 30, 2015, including required footnotes, is presented below.
Also presented below are supporting calculations.
Current assets
Inventory Section (Note 1.)
Finished goods (Note 2.)........................... $643,000
Work-in-process ........................................ 108,700
Raw materials ............................................ 237,400
Factory supplies ........................................ 64,800
Total inventories ........................................ $1,053,900
Note 1. Lower-of-cost (first-in, first-out) or-net realizable value is

applied on a major category basis for finished goods, and on
a total inventory basis for work-in-process, raw materials,
and factory supplies.
Note 2. Seventy-five percent of bar end shifters finished goods

inventory in the amount of $136,500 ($182,000 X .75) is
pledged as collateral for a bank loan, and one-half of the
head tube shifters finished goods is held by catalog outlets
on consignment.
Supporting Calculations
Finished Work-in- Raw Factory

Goods Process Materials Supplies
Down tube shifters at NRV ............ $266,000
Bar end shifters at cost .................. 182,000
Head tube shifters at cost .............. 195,000
Work-in-process at NRV ................ $108,700
Derailleurs at NRV .......................... $110,0001
Remaining items at NRV ................ 127,400
Supplies at cost .............................. $64,8002
Totals .................................... $643,000 $108,700 $237,400 $64,800
1
$264,000 X 1/2 = $132,000; $132,000 ÷ 1.2 = $110,000.
2
$69,000 – $4,200 = $64,800.
(b) The decline in the net realizable value of inventory below cost may be
reported using one of two alternate methods, the cost-of-goods-sold
method or the loss method. The decline in the net realizable value of
inventory may be reflected in Maddox’s income statement as a
separate loss item for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2015. The
loss amount may also be written off directly, increasing the cost of
goods sold on Maddox’s income statement. The loss must be reported
in continuing operations. The loss must be included in the income
statement since it is material to Maddox’s financial statements.
(c) Purchase contracts for which a firm price has been established should
be disclosed on the financial statements of the buyer. If the contract
price is greater than the current market price and a loss is expected
when the purchase takes place, an unrealized holding loss amounting
to the difference between the contracted price and the current market
price should be recognized on the income statement in the period
during which the price decline takes place. Also, an estimated liability
on purchase commitments should be recognized on the statement of
financial position. The recognition of the loss is unnecessary if a firm
sales commitment exists which precludes the loss.
PROBLEM 9-11
(a) Schedule A
On Hand Lower-of-Cost-
Item Quantity Cost NRV or-NRV
A 1,100 NT$7.50 NT$9.00 NT$7.50
B 800 8.20 8.10 8.10
C 1,000 5.60 5.45 5.45
D 1,000 3.80 4.50 3.80
E 1,400 6.40 6.00 6.00
Schedule B
Item Cost Lower-of-Cost-or-NRV Difference

A 1,100 X NT$7.50 = NT$8,250 1,100 X NT$7.50 = NT$8,250 None
B 800 X NT$8.20 = NT$6,560 800 X NT$8.10 = NT$6,480 NT$ 80
C 1,000 X NT$5.60 = NT$5,600 1,000 X NT$5.45 = NT$5,450 NT$150
D 1,000 X NT$3.80 = NT$3,800 1,000 X NT$3.80 = NT$3,800 None
E 1,400 X NT$6.40 = NT$8,960 1,400 X NT$6.00 = NT$8,400 NT$560
NT$790
(b) Cost of Goods Sold ................................................... 790

Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV .......... 790
OR
Loss Due to Decline of Inventory to NRV ............... 790
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ........ 790
(c)
To: Jay Shin, Clerk
From: Accounting Manager
Date: January 14, 2016
Subject: Instructions on determining lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value

for inventory valuation
This memo responds to your questions regarding our use of lower-of-cost-

or-net realizable value for inventory valuation. Simply put, value inventory
at whichever is the lower: the actual cost or the net realizable value of the
inventory at the time of valuation.
The term cost is relatively simple. It refers to the amount our company paid
for our inventory including costs associated with preparing the inventory
for sale.
The term net realizable value, on the other hand, is more complicated. As
you have already noticed, this value is the estimated selling price minus
any estimated costs to complete and sell the item. This net realizable value
is then compared to the actual cost in determining the lower-of-cost-or-net
realizable value.
Refer to Item A on the attached schedule. The values for the cost and net
realizable value are NT$7.50, and NT$9.00 (NT$10.50 – NT$1.50),
respectively. Compare the net realizable value with the actual cost,
choosing the lower to value Item A in inventory. In this case, NT$7.50 is the
value chosen to value inventory. Thus, inventory for Item A amounts to
NT$8,250. (See Schedule B, Item A.)
Proceed in the same way, always choosing the lowest among cost, and net
realizable value.
After you have aggregated the total lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value for
all items, you will be likely to have a loss on inventory which must be
accounted for. In our example, the loss is NT$790. You can journalize this
loss in one of two ways:
Cost of Goods Sold ............................................................... 790

Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ..................... 790
OR
Loss Due to Decline of Inventory to NRV ............................ 790
Allowance to Reduce Inventory to NRV ..................... 790
This memo should answer your questions about which value to choose
when valuing inventory at lower-of-cost-or-net realizable value.
Schedule A
On Hand Lower-of- Cost-

Item Quantity Cost NRV or-NRV
A 1,100 NT$7.50 NT$9.00 NT$7.50
B 800 8.20 8.10 8.10
C 1,000 5.60 5.45 5.45
D 1,000 3.80 4.50 3.80
E 1,400 6.40 6.00 6.00
Schedule B
Item Cost Lower-of-Cost-or-NRV Difference

A 1,100 X NT$7.50 = NT$8,250 1,100 X NT$7.50 = NT$8,250 None
B 800 X NT$8.20 = NT$6,560 800 X NT$8.10 = NT$6,480 NT$ 80
C 1,000 X NT$5.60 = NT$5,600 1,000 X NT$5.45 = NT$5,450 NT$150
D 1,000 X NT$3.80 = NT$3,800 1,000 X NT$3.80 = NT$3,800 None
E 1,400 X NT$6.40 = NT$8,960 1,400 X NT$6.00 = NT$8,400 NT$560
NT$790
SOLUTIONS TO CONCEPTS FOR ANALYSIS
CA 9-1
(a) The purpose of using the LCNRV method is to reflect the decline of inventory value below its
original cost. A departure from cost is justified on the basis that a loss of utility should be reported
as a charge against the revenues in the period in which it occurs.
(b) The term “net realizable value” in LCNRV generally means the estimated selling price in the
ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion and disposal.
(c) The LCNRV method may be applied either directly to each inventory item, to a category, or to the
total inventory. The application of the rule to the inventory total, or to the total components of each
category, ordinarily results in an amount that more closely approaches cost than it would if the rule
were applied to each individual item. Under the first two methods, increases in net realizable value
offset, to some extent, the decreases in net realizable value. The most common practice is,
however, to price the inventory on an item-by-item basis. Many companies favor the individual
item approach because tax rules in certain jurisdictions require that an individual item basis be
used unless it involves practical difficulties. In addition, the individual item approach gives the most
conservative valuation for statement of financial position purposes.
(d) Conceptually, the LCNRV method has some deficiencies. First, decreases in the value of the asset
and the charge to expense are recognized in the period in which loss in utility occurs—not in the
period of sale. On the other hand, increases in the value of the asset are recognized only at the
point of sale. This situation is inconsistent and can lead to distortions in the presentation of income
data.
Second, net realizable value reflects the future service potential of the asset and, for that reason, it
is conceptually sound. But net realizable value cannot often be measured with any certainty.
From the standpoint of accounting theory, there is little to justify the LCNRV rule. Although
conservative from the statement of financial position point of view, it permits the income statement
to show a larger net income in future periods than would be justified if the inventory were carried
forward at cost. The rule is applied only in those cases where strong evidence indicates that
market declines in inventory prices have occurred that will result in losses when such inventories
are disposed of.
CA 9-2
(a) The accountant’s ethical responsibility is to provide fair and complete financial information. In this
case, the cost-of-goods-sold method distorts the cost of goods sold and hides the decline in
market value.
(b) If Ortiz’s cost-of-goods-sold method is used, management may have difficulty in calculations that
involve the cost of goods sold. For example, these calculations are useful in establishing profit
margins and determining selling prices; but from the investors’ and shareholders’ viewpoint, it is
not good policy to hide declines in market value.
CA 9-2 (Continued)
(c) Conan should use the loss method to disclose the decline in market value and avoid distorting cost
of goods sold. However, he faces an ethical dilemma if Ortiz will not accept the method Conan
wants to use. He should consider various alternatives including the extremes of simply accepting
her boss’s decision to quitting if Ortiz will not change his mind. Conan should assess the
consequences of each possible alternative and weigh them carefully before he decides what to do.
CA 9-3
(a) (1) Ogala’s inventory should be reported at net realizable value consistent with the LCNRV rule
since net realizable value is below original cost.
(2) The LCNRV rule is used to report the inventory in the statement of financial position at its
future utility value. It also recognizes a decline in the utility of inventory in the income
statement in the period in which the decline occurs.
(b) Generally, ending inventory would have been higher and cost of goods sold would have been
lower had Ogala used the average cost inventory method in a period of declining prices. Inventory
quantities increased and average cost associates all purchase prices with inventory. However, in
this instance, there would have been no effect on ending inventory or cost of goods sold had Ogala
used the average inventory method because Ogala’s inventory would have been reported at net
realizable value according to the LCNRV rule. Net realizable value of the inventory is less than
either its average cost or FIFO cost.
CA 9-4
(a) The retail inventory method can be employed to estimate retail, wholesale, and manufacturing
finished goods inventories.
The valuation of inventory under this method is arrived at by reducing the ending inventory at retail
to an estimate of LCNRV. The retail value of ending inventory can be computed by (1) taking a
physical inventory, or by (2) subtracting net sales and net markdowns from the total retail value of
merchandise available for sale (i.e., the sum of beginning inventory at retail, net purchases at
retail, and net markups). The reduction of ending inventory at retail to an estimate of the lower-of-
cost-or-market is accomplished by applying to it an estimated cost ratio arrived at by dividing the
retail value of merchandise available for sale as computed in (2) above into the cost of
merchandise available for sale (i.e., the sum of beginning inventory, net purchases, and other
inventoriable costs).
(b) Since the retail method is based on an estimated cost ratio involving total merchandise available
during the period, its validity depends on the underlying assumption that the merchandise in
ending inventory is a representative mixture of all merchandise handled. If this condition does not
exist, the cost ratio may not be appropriate for the merchandise in ending inventory and can result
in significant error.
Where there are a number of inventory subdivisions for which differing rates of markup are
maintained, there is no assurance that the ending inventory mix will be representative of the total
merchandise handled during the period. In such cases, accurate results can be obtained by sub-
classifications by rate of markup.
CA 9-4 (Continued)
Seasonal variations in the rate of markup will nullify the ending inventory “representative mix”
assumption. Since the estimated cost ratio is based on total merchandise handled during the
period, the same rate of markup should prevail throughout the period. Because of seasonal
variations it may be necessary to use data for the last six months, quarter, or month to compute a
cost ratio that is appropriate for ending inventory.
Material quantities of special sale merchandise handled during the period may also bias the result
of this method because merchandise data included in arriving at the estimated cost ratio may
not be proportionately represented in ending inventory. This condition may be avoided by
accumulating special sale merchandise data in separate accounts.
Distortion of the ending inventory approximation under this method is often caused by an inadequate
system of inventory control. Adequate accounting controls are necessary for the accurate accumula-
tion of the data needed to arrive at a valid cost ratio. Physical controls are equally important
because, for interim purposes, this method is usually applied without taking a physical inventory.
(c) The advantages of using the retail method as compared to cost methods include the following:
1. Approximate inventory values can be determined without maintaining perpetual inventory records.
2. The preparation of interim financial statements is facilitated.
3. Losses due to fire or other casualty are readily determined.
4. Clerical work in pricing the physical inventory is reduced.
5. The cost of merchandise can be kept confidential in intracompany transfers.
(d) The treatments to be accorded net markups and net markdowns must be considered in light of
their effects on the estimated cost ratio. If both net markups and net markdowns are used in
arriving at the cost ratio, ending inventory will be converted to an estimated average cost figure.
Excluding net markdowns will result in the inventory being stated at an estimate of the LCNRV.
The lower cost ratio arrived at by excluding net markdowns permits the pricing of inventory at an
amount that reflects its current utility. The assumption is that net markdowns represent a loss of
utility that should be recognized in the period of markdown. Ending inventory is therefore valued on
the basis of its revenue-producing potential and may be expected to produce a normal gross profit
if sold at prevailing retail prices in the next period.
CA 9-5
(a) (1) Olson’s inventoriable cost should include all costs incurred to get the lighting fixtures ready for
sale to the customer. It includes not only the purchase price of the fixtures but also the other
associated costs incurred on the fixtures up to the time they are ready for sale to the customer,
for example, freight-in.
(2) No, administrative costs are assumed to expire with the passage of time and not to attach to
the product. Furthermore, administrative costs do not relate directly to inventories, but are
incurred for the benefit of all functions of the business.
CA 9-5 (Continued)
(b) (1) The LCNRV rule is used for valuing inventories because of the concept of conservatism and
because the decline in the utility of the inventories below their cost should be recognized as a
loss in the current period.
(2) The net realizable value should be used to value the inventories because the net realizable
value is less than the cost. To carry the inventories at NRV provides a means of measuring
residual usefulness of an inventory expenditure.
(c) Olson’s beginning inventories at cost and at retail would be included in the calculation of the cost
ratio.
Net markdowns would be excluded from the calculation of the cost ratio. This procedure reduces
the cost ratio because there is a larger denominator for the cost ratio calculation. Thus, the concept
of conservatism is being followed and a LCNRV valuation is approximated.
CA 9-6
(a) Accounting standards require that when a contracted price is in excess of market, as it is in this
case (market is $5,000,000 and the contract price is $6,000,000), and it is expected that losses will
occur when the purchase is made, losses should be recognized in the period during which such
declines in market prices take place. It would be unethical to ignore recognition of the loss now if a
loss is expected to occur when the purchase is affected.
(b) If the loss is material, new and continuing shareholders are harmed by nonrecognition of the loss.
Cho’s position as an accounting professional also is affected if he accepts a financial report he
knows violates accounting standards.
(c) If the preponderance of the evidence points to a loss when the purchase is affected, the controller
should recognize the amount of the loss in the period in which the price decline occurs. In this case
the loss is measured at $1,000,000 and recorded as follows:
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income ........................................ 1,000,000

Purchase Commitment Liability ................................................ 1,000,000
Cho should insist on statement preparation in accordance with accounting standards. If Star will
not accept Cho’s position, Cho will have to consider alternative courses of action such as
contacting higher-ups at Prophet and assess the consequences of each course of action.

Intermediate Accounting

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Intermediate Accounting

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Intermediate Accounting

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What are the main inventory valuation methods discussed in the document?

What are the main inventory valuation methods discussed in the document?

What factors need to be considered when using the retail method to value ending inventory?

What factors need to be considered when using the retail method to value ending inventory?

Intermediate Accounting

Group No. of CDs Price per CD

Item Item Item Item Item Item

Item Cost Estimated Cost to Complete

Cost Net Realizable Value

1 E9-5 (LCNRV—Valuation Account) Presented below is information related to Knight Enterprises.

Jan. 31 Feb. 28 Mar. 31 Apr. 30

Estimated selling price €50

Group No. of Lots Price per Lot

Type No. of Chairs Estimated Selling Price Each

Inventory, May 1 € 160,000

Beginning inventory R$170,000 Sales R$650,000

Inventory, July 1 ¥ 38,000

Sales £95,000 Purchases (at cost) £55,000

(in millions) 31 December 2012 31 December 2011

Inventory (beginning) ¥ 80,000 Sales ¥415,000

The following data and information have been gathered.

Inventory, January 1: at retail HK$25,000; at cost HK$17,000

Inventory, October 1, 2015

Finished goods $647,000

The following information relates to Maddox’s inventory and operations.

Cost Net Realizable Value

BRIEF EXERCISE 9-1

Item Cost NRV LCNRV

BRIEF EXERCISE 9-2

(a) Item Cost NRV LCNRV

(b) 1. Penguins only: €50

BRIEF EXERCISE 9-3

(b) Loss method

Biological Assets – Shearing Sheep ......................... 4,125*

*€4,700 – €575 = €4,125.

BRIEF EXERCISE 9-5

Wool Inventory ............................................................ 9,000

Cash ............................................................................. 10,500

BRIEF EXERCISE 9-6

Sales Total Relative Cost

*¥500/¥10,000 = 5/100 **¥400/100 = ¥4

BRIEF EXERCISE 9-7

Unrealized Holding Loss—Income ............................ 50,000

Purchases (Inventory) ...................................................... 950,000

BRIEF EXERCISE 9-9

Beginning inventory ......................................................... €150,000

BRIEF EXERCISE 9-10

Cost-to-retail ratio: $132,000 ÷ $200,000 = 66%

Ending inventory at LCNRV (66% X $46,000) = $30,360

Average days to sell inventory:

365 ÷ 4.49 = 81.3 days

EXERCISE 9-1 (15–20 minutes)

Per Unit Lower-of-

EXERCISE 9-2 (10–15 minutes)

*Estimated selling price – Estimated selling costs and cost to

*$4.50 – $1.60 = $2.90.

EXERCISE 9-4 (10–15 minutes)

December 31, 2015

December 31, 2016