ISRO EC 2018:

1
Easy Op-Amp and Voltage Reference Circuits
The circuit shown in the fig. below is a:

(A1 & A2 are ideal op-amps)

ALogarithmic Multiplier
BLogarithmic Amplifier
CAntilog Amplifier
DNone of the above

SOLUTION

&

We know, Diode current = in forward bias.

Nodal at B, - = 0 , where

……………………….(1)
Also we have,,

Nodal at D, =- where

……………………………..(2)
Divide equation (1) by (2)

On solving , we get

That means given circuit is Anti-log amplifier.

2. Medium Single-Stage BJT and MOSFET Amplifiers

.Determine the change in collector. due to change in base emitter voltage VBE from
250 C to 1000 C for a Silicon Transistor in Fixed Bias Configuration having
=100.(Consider follwing variatio in Silicon transistor parameters with temperature- At
T=250C, VBE = 0.65 V and At T = 1000C. VBE = 0.5 V)

A
B
C
D

SOLUTION

Change in collector current w.r.t temperature (T)

=
As only is changing with temperature, remaining all are constant.

Therefore, =
= 0.5-0.65
= -0 .15
Given,
After Putting all values in the equation and we get,
Report Easy Antenna

3.An antenna is fed with 200 W power. The efficiency of the antenna is 75%. If the

radiation pattern of the antenna is pattern of the antenna is

for (azimuth angle) and (elevation angle). =0 elsewhere
Find the radiation intensity in the direction of maximum radiation
A225 W/sterdian
B150 W/steradian
C200 W/steradian
D250 W/steradian

SOLUTION

= =>
Maximum radiation intensity is given by,

=> , where

Also it is given , for (azimuth angle) and

(elevation angle).

For a given radiation pattern ,

Now, => = 225 watt/str

Report
Easy Microwave Strip Lines & Cavity Resonators

4.A reflex klystron is oscillating at 10GHZ when operated in mode, find the transit time
of the electron in repeller space in nano seconds (ns).
A0.25
B0.275
C0.036
D0.55

SOLUTION

f= 3GHz

Transit time (t)=

=
= 0.275 ns

Report Medium Ripple Removal and Regulation

5 .Identify A and B current limiting techniques in a.c to d.c power supplies respectively, in
the grapgh below.

ACurrent limiting Mode, Constant Current Mode

BRe-entrant limiting Mode, Current limiting Mode
CCurrent limiting Mode, Fold back limiting Mode
DFold back limiting Mode, Re-entrant limiting Mode

SOLUTION
Fold-Back Current Limiting:When this method is employed if an overload condition exists,
the output voltage and current reduce to safe levels. As can be seen from the following curve,
should an overload occur the supply will provide current up its current limit point (aka
‘knee’), and then the output current will fold-back to a lower value as the output voltage
reduces towards zero.
This technique is employed in linear power supplies because it reduces the strain on the
supply’s internal power devices to minimum. One drawback of fold-back current limiting is
that if the supply turns on into a heavy capacitive load, it could latch-up at a reduced current
before reaching its full output voltage. Depending upon the design, recovery from a fold-back
current limit condition can be automatic, or after a built-in time delay when the overload
condition is removed.
Constant Current Limiting : In this method, should an overload occur, the output current
stays at its limit point and the output voltage reduces towards zero in a somewhat linear
fashion. This technique is used in many switch mode power supply designs. Typically, the
supply will automatically return to its normal output voltage when the overload condition is
no longer present.

Report
6
Medium Microwave Strip Lines & Cavity Resonators
A Gold cavity resonator at 10 GHz is fully coated using m YBCO (Yttrium Barium
Copper Oxide) material and operating at boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen. What is the
Skin Depth of RF at this frequency?

Assume = 4X107 Siemens/meter at cavity operating temperature.

A m
B m
C m
DNone of the above
SOLUTION

f=10GHz

henry/m

Skin depth( ) =
On putting values , we get

7
Easy Time Domain and Frequency Analysis of Linear circuits

A steady state is achieved in following Network at T = 0, find the time when Vc(t) will be
maximum

AIn(9) sec
Bln(9)0.125 sec
Cln(9)0.25 sec
D9 sec

SOLUTION

Taking laplace transform of given circuit then finding the voltage across capacitor . then after
using of concept of maxima/minima , we get the time when Vc(t) will be maximum i.e.
t=ln(9)0.125 sec
 8
Easy Two Port Networks
Y-parameter for following network is given as

D
SOLUTION

for parallel connection Y-parameters will be added , from the given figure we can observe
that given circuit is symmetrical and reciprocal.
We can split the given circuit in two equivalent circuit which are connected in parallel.

Y-parameters for this circuit will be :

2nd circuit consist of only capacitors., it is also a reciprocal and symmetrical circuit, Y-
parameters for this circuit will be
 =

=
On adding these two parameters , we get eqivalent Y-parameter.

9
Easy Satellite and Optical Communication

A satellite transmits a signals at a frequency of 6 GHz to a user 40000 km away. The free
space path loss incurred by the signal is nearly:
A100 dB
B150 dB
C200 dB
D300 dB

SOLUTION

free space path loss =

d =distance in meters.
F= frequency in Hz
c= 3 m/s.

free space path loss(in db) = 10

= 200dB

10
Medium
Satellite and Optical Communication

The satellite communication link between two point is established with uplink carrier-to-
noise ratio of 20 dB and downlink carrier to noise ratio of 14 dB. The overall C/N is close to:
A34 dB
B6 dB
C13 dB
D13.5 dB
SOLUTION

overall C/N ratio in satellite communication =

+ ………………………………………………………..(1)
Given,

→
Similarly,

=14dB

→
Put these values in (1)

=13dB

11
Easy
Digital Communication Systems

A system generates data at a rate of 5 Mbps. In order to provide resistance to bit errors, a rate
½ error correcting code is applied. Further, the data is mapper to a 16-QAM constellation.
What is the resulting symbol rate?
A1.25 Msps
B2.5 Msps
C5 Msps
D10 Msps
SOLUTION

Correction code-rate = , it means 1 data bit is encoded into ‘2’ bits by adding 1 extra parity
bit.
Output rate after channel adding error correction = 5 =10Mbps
Because of 16-QAM {16 =

} , symbol rate =

Report
12
Considr a binary code with parity check matrix H given below. Which of the
following is a valid codeward?
Medium
Information Theory
Considr a binary code with parity check matrix H given below.

Which of the following is a valid codeward?

A[1 0 0 1 0 1]
B[1 1 1 1 0 1]
C[0 1 0 0 1 0]
D[1 1 0 1 1 0]

SOLUTION

The matrix H is called parity check matrix of any code word only if C

13
Easy
Information Theory

The minimum distance of a (n,k) = (7,4) linear block code is upper bounded by:
A1
B2
C3
D4

SOLUTION
linear block code,(7,4)=(n,k)
It means 4 bit data is encoded in 7 bit codeword.it will correct any single bit error.

t=no of error correction , here t=1.

Therefore,

Report
14
Considr a 4-PSK constellation with points and a 4-PAM constellation . If all the
points in the constellation occur with equal probability, the ratio of avrage
energy of 4-PAM signal to that of 4-PSK signal to that of 4-PSK signal is:
Medium
PSK, DPSK and ASK, FSK

Considr a 4-PSK constellation with points and a 4-PAM

constellation . If all the points in the constellation occur with equal

probability, the ratio of avrage energy of 4-PAM signal to that of 4-PSK signal to that of 4-
PSK signal is:
A1
B1.25
C2.5
D5

SOLUTION
Symbol energy (E) =

Average energy( )= =2

average energy( )=
=5

=
=2.5

Report
15
Difference in number of complex multiplir rquied for 16 point DFT and 16-
point radix-2 FFT is
Easy
DFT and Its Applications
Difference in number of complex multiplir rquied for 16 point DFT and 16-point radix-2 FFT
is
A30
B63
C224
D256

SOLUTION

In N-point DFT,
no. of multiplication = →256
in N-point FFT,

no. of multiplication= →32

required difference =256-32=224

Report
16
No of stages(S) in direct FIR filter is given as S= intger (K*Fs / f) Where Fs =
Sampling Frequency. f= Filter transition band, K=3 (assume) If x(n) is signal
with frequncy rang 0.2.4 MHz and sampled at Fa = 400 MHz and it is filtered
by Assumptions : •Passband Frequency LPF(1): 1.8 MHz, Stopband Frequency
LPF(1): 4MHz •Passband Frequency LPF(2): 1.8 MHz, Stopband Frequency
LPF(2): 2 MHz •Both filters are having flat passbands and stopbands •Passband
attenuation of both filters = 0 dB and stop band attenustion of both filters is
infinity. Calculate total no. stages SLPF1 + SLPF2
Hard
DFT and Its Applications
No of stages(S) in direct FIR filter is given as
S= intger (K*Fs / f)
Where Fs = Sampling Frequency. f= Filter transition band, K=3 (assume)
If x(n) is signal with frequncy rang 0.2.4 MHz and sampled at Fa = 400 MHz and it is filtered
by

Assumptions :
•Passband Frequency LPF(1): 1.8 MHz, Stopband Frequency LPF(1): 4MHz
•Passband Frequency LPF(2): 1.8 MHz, Stopband Frequency LPF(2): 2 MHz
•Both filters are having flat passbands and stopbands
•Passband attenuation of both filters = 0 dB and stop band attenustion of both filters is
infinity.
Calculate total no. stages SLPF1 + SLPF2
A120
B545
C555
D665

SOLUTION
Formula for calculating no. of stages (S)=integer
Given
For LPF1 :
Transition band( ) = |passband frequency-stopband frequency|
= |4-1.8|
=2.2MHz

For LPF2:
input x(n) is fed after decimation by 50. So,

x( ) x( )
therefore ,
now, Transition band( )=|2-0.8| =0.2MHz

= 120
+ = 545+120 => 665

Report
17
Difference in dynamic range of 32-bit binary number (B) and floating point
number(F) is? StANDARD Format for B and F as given below: B =
Medium
Number Systems
Difference in dynamic range of 32-bit binary number (B) and floating point number(F) is?
StANDARD Format for B and F as given below:
B=

A6.02(27-30) dB
B6.02(28-31) dB
C6.02(27-31) dB
D6.02(28-30) dB

SOLUTION

Dynamic range =
Therefore , for 32-bit binary number (B),
dynamic range = →31(6.02)dB
for floating point number (F) ,

dynamic range= → (6.02)dB

now , required difference is = 31(6.02)dB - (6.02)dB
= 6.03( )

Report
18
If Sys clock frequncy is > 4 * clk_ext frequency. What is the functionality of
above circuit?
Easy
Flip Flops and Counters

If Sys clock frequncy is > 4 * clk_ext frequency. What is the functionality of above circuit?
AFalling Edge detector with Pulse width of Qout = one cycle of Sys clk
BRising Edge detector with Pulse width of Qout = one cycle of Sys clk
CFalling Edge detector with Pulse width of Qout = one cycle of clk_ext
DRising Edge detector with Pulse width of Qout = one cycle of clk_ext

SOLUTION

D flip-flop is level triggered.

Sys clock frequncy is > 4 * clk_ext frequency.
It will detect the rising edge of clock external input , but with a delay of seconds and
width of pulse = .

Report
19
Simplify the Boolean expression F(w,x,y,z) =
Easy
Minimization

Simplify the Boolean expression F(w,x,y,z) =

Aw+x+y+z
By’ + w’z’+xz’
Cy +w’z’+xz
Dx+z’w’y+x’

SOLUTION
k-map for given boolean exoression:

F(w,x,y,z)= +
=

Report
20
High State noise margin of standard TTL and 5V CMOS logic gate are
Easy
Logic Families
High State noise margin of standard TTL and 5V CMOS logic gate are
A0.4V, 0.4V
B0.4V, 1V
C1V, 0.4V
D1V, 1V

SOLUTION

in a digital circuit, the noise margin is the amount by which the signal exceeds the threshold
for a proper ‘0’ or ‘1’.

Report
21
Determine the Voltage transfer characteristics of the following circuit
comprising of Zener diodes having identical characteristics with Zener
Breakdown voltage Vz and Diode cut-in voltage VT.
Medium
Simple Diode and Wave Shaping Circuits
Determine the Voltage transfer characteristics of the following circuit comprising of Zener
diodes having identical characteristics with Zener Breakdown voltage Vz and Diode cut-in
voltage VT.

B
C

SOLUTION

Diode cut-in voltage = VT

Zener voltage = VZ
For , 0 <Vi<(VT + VZ)
D1 is in reverse bias because V1 < VZ, so Vo=Vi
For, Vi>(VT + VZ)
D1 is in reverse breakdown i.e. Zener diode acting as voltage source of VZ
D2 is forward biased with voltage drop of VT.
So, Vo = VT + VZ
Similarly,
For 0 > Vi > - (VT + VZ)
D2 is in reverse bias because V2 < VZ , so Vo = Vi
For Vi < - (VT + VZ)
D2 act as zener diode & D1 is in forward biased.
So, Vo = - (VT + VZ)

Report
22
Two resistances of values 2 and 4 made of different materials with temperature
cofficients of resistance 3 ppm/0C and 6 ppm/0C respctively are connected in
series. What is the temperature coefficient of resistance of the nt resistance?
Medium
Basic Electrical Engineering
Two resistances of values 2 and 4 made of different materials with temperature
cofficients of resistance 3 ppm/0C and 6 ppm/0C respctively are connected in series. What is
the temperature coefficient of resistance of the nt resistance?
A5 ppm/0C

B ppm/0C
C9 ppm/0C
D4.5 ppm/0C

SOLUTION

are temperature coefficient of respectively.

When are connected in series. Then
(1+ ),
where ,
equivalent temperature coefficient
= +

=
Given ,

On putting these values ,

Report
23
Which of the following semiconductor compund is not used in the construction
of Light Emitting Diodes?
Easy
Basic Electronics Engineering
Which of the following semiconductor compund is not used in the construction of Light
Emitting Diodes?
AGaAs
BGaP
CGaSe
DGaN

SOLUTION

GaSe compound does not exist .

Report
24
An LC tank circuit resonates at a frequncy ‘fr’. If the temperature coefficient of
prmittivity of the dielectric material used in the Capacitance is 6 ppm/0C, then
what is the temperature coefficient of frequency ‘fr’.
Hard
Steady State equations and Analysis
An LC tank circuit resonates at a frequncy ‘fr’. If the temperature coefficient of prmittivity of
the dielectric material used in the Capacitance is 6 ppm/0C, then what is the temperature
coefficient of frequency ‘fr’.
A-3 ppm/0C
B3 ppm/0C
C-6 ppm/0C
D6 ppm/0C

SOLUTION

Formula for resonance frequency in LC tank circuit =

Differentiate .r.t temperature(T), only Capacitance will vary because here temperature
coefficient of (permittivity ) is given.

= …………………. (1)

And C=C[1+ ], from this …………………. ..(2)

From (1) and (2)

= , on simplifying it we get

Now as we know for any change in temperature( ), new frequency will be

=
This equation shows that temperature coefficient of will be .
Given, 6ppm

Therefore, =
= -3ppm/ .

Report
25
To avoid difficulties with stapping at high frequencies, the type of cavity
structure used in the magnetron is,
Medium
Microwave Strip Lines & Cavity Resonators
To avoid difficulties with stapping at high frequencies, the type of cavity structure used in the
magnetron is,
AHole and Slot
BSlot only
CVane
DRising-Sun

SOLUTION

In a multicavity-magnetron to avoid difficulties with stapping at high frequencies, the

‘Rising-sun’ cavity structure is used. This design utilizes two different resonator arranged
symmetrically around the cylindrical cathode-anode space, with resonators of size varying
alternately larger and smaller.

Report
26
The transmit time in the repeller space of a reflex klystron muct be (n+3/4)
cycles to ensure that,
Medium
Microwave Strip Lines & Cavity Resonators
The transmit time in the repeller space of a reflex klystron muct be (n+3/4) cycles to ensure
that,
AElectrons are accelerated by the gap voltage on their return
BReturing electrons give nrgy to the gap oscillations
CIt is equal to the period of the cavity oscillations
DThe repller is not damaged by striking electrons

SOLUTION

The transmit time in the repeller space of a reflex klystron muct be (n+3/4) cycles to ensure
that returing electrons give nrgy to the gap oscillations .A reference electron passing the gap
when the gap voltage is zero travels with no change in velocity .An electron leaving the gap
earlier during slightly positive voltage would travel further into repeller space and hence
would take longer time then the reference time to return to the gap.An electron leaving the
gap later will face slightly negative voltage and gets retarderd.so it returns back after a shorter
travel in the repeller space .thus all the electrons would arrive back to the gap in bunches.
Report
27
For a circuit given in figure, switch K is closed to position 1 at t = 0. After t = 1
TC (Time Constant), switch is moved to position 2. Find the Current I at 1TC(-)
(just before on-time constant time) and ITC(+) (just after one-time constant
time) respctively (assum 1/e 0.37)
Easy
Time Domain and Frequency Analysis of Linear circuits
For a circuit given in figure, switch K is closed to position 1 at t = 0. After t = 1 TC (Time
Constant), switch is moved to position 2. Find the Current I at 1TC(-) (just before on-time
constant time) and ITC(+) (just after one-time constant time) respctively (assum 1/e 0.37)

A0.0148 A and 0.055 A

B0.0148 A and -0.055 A
C0.0296 A and 0.11 A
D0.0296 A and -0.11 A

SOLUTION

For 0 < t < 1 time constant( )

, switch is connected to “1”. Therefore circuit becomes,

=RC
=500
= 2.5 econds
So the capacitor slowly charges to 20V with following equation
At t= ,
=
= 20[1-0.37]
=12.6 V
i.e At , the capacitor voltage is = 12.6 V

I at = =0.0148A
After 1 time constant ( ) i.e. at t= , equivalent circuit becomes

Therefore, I =

=
= 0.0548A

Report
28
For a network shown in figure, which of the following statement is true.
Medium
Two Port Networks
For a network shown in figure, which of the following statement is true.

AReciprocal and symmetric

BRciprocal but not-symmetric
CSymmetric but non-rciprocal
DNeither symmetric nor reciprocal
SOLUTION

Normally we know dependent source make a circuit non-reciprocal. As for symmetrical

circuit , there should be mirror image in circuit , but in figure we can clearly see that there is
no any line of symmetry. So given circuit is Non-reciprocal and not symmetric.
To check we have to calculate Z-parameter.

When

+ →
When →

+ → =

→
→not symmetrical
→not reciprocal

Report
29
Pair of diffrential equations that describs motion of planet about sun using first
two laws of Kepler is given as :
Hard
Satellite and Optical Communication
Pair of diffrential equations that describs motion of planet about sun using first two laws of
Kepler is given as :

A and

B and

C and

D and

SOLUTION

Kepler's three laws of planetary motion can be described as follows:

•The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the centre of the sun being
located at one focus. (The Law of Ellipses)
•An imaginary line drawn from the centre of the sun to the centre of the planet will sweep out
equal areas in equal intervals of time. (The Law of Equal Areas)
•The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of
their average distances from the sun. (The Law of Harmonies)

Report
30
Two communication antennas A and B, are operating at 300 MHz and other at 3
GHz respectively and having same gain, are illuminated with identical flux
density of -100 dBW/m2. What is the relation between the received powers (PA
: PB)?
Medium
Antenna
Two communication antennas A and B, are operating at 300 MHz and other at 3 GHz
respectively and having same gain, are illuminated with identical flux density of -100
dBW/m2. What is the relation between the received powers (PA : PB)?
A1:10
B10:1
C1:100
D100:1

SOLUTION

For receiving antenna

=
=100:1

Report
31
Consider identical four, 3-faced dice. When the dice are rolled, the faces of the
dice appear with probabilities given below. Which distribution has the
maximum entropy?
Easy
Information Theory
Consider identical four, 3-faced dice. When the dice are rolled, the faces of the dice appear
with probabilities given below. Which distribution has the maximum entropy?
A(1/2, 1/4, 1/4)
B(1/3, 1/3, 1/3)
C(1/6, 2/3, 1/6)
D(1/4, 1/6, 7/12)

SOLUTION

For maximum entropy, all symbols must have equal probability.

, m=no. of symbols.

Report
32
If System 1 and 2 are Linear Time Invariant systems and same input x(n) is
provided both configuration Statement 1: Statement 2: f(n)=g(n)
Easy
Basic of Signals and Systems

If System 1 and 2 are Linear Time Invariant systems and same input x(n) is provided both
configuration

Statement 1:
Statement 2: f(n)=g(n)
AStatement 1 is always true
BStatement 2 is always true
CBoth Statement 1 and Statement 2 are always true
DBoth Statement 1 and Statement 2 are not true

SOLUTION

For given LTI system,

f(n)=x(n) and
in frequency domain,
F(w)=X(w). and

Similarly for the other LTI system,

f(n)= I.F [X(w). ]

g(n)=I.F[X(w). ]
f(n) g(n) because ], so statement 2 is not true.

Report
33
Benefit(s) of Bandpass sampling over low pass sampling
Medium
Sampling Theorem and Applications
Benefit(s) of Bandpass sampling over low pass sampling
AIt reduces speed requirement of A/D convertor
BIncrease the amount of digital memory necessary to capture a given interval of signal
CBoth (A) and (B) are correct
DBoth (A) and (B) are incorrect

SOLUTION
Bandpass sampling require less bandwidth to reconstruct the signal compare to low pass
sampling. Bandpass sampling time is more i.e. speed requirement is less because it will store
less sample compared to low pass sampling . it will decrease the memory requirement ,
because it store less sample when compared to low pass sampling

Report
34
For a signal with FC (Centre Frequency) = 1200 MHz and BW = 100 MHz
which of the following Sampling frequency(Fs) will cause spectrum inversion:
Easy
Sampling Theorem and Applications
For a signal with FC (Centre Frequency) = 1200 MHz and BW = 100 MHz which of the
following Sampling frequency(Fs) will cause spectrum inversion:
A287.5 MHz
B575 MHz
C1150 MHz
D1600MHz

SOLUTION

, m is an even integer.

For minimum sampling frequency ,

Therefore , from the given option spectrum inversion occurs at 1600MHz.

Report
35
If is sampled with Fs = 16000Hz calculate X(0) if X(m)= When N=8, where
Hard
Sampling Theorem and Applications

If is sampled

with Fs = 16000Hz calculate X(0) if X(m)= When N=8,

where
A0.0-j 4.0
B0.0 – j 0.0
C1.414 + j 1.414
D0.0 + j 4.0

SOLUTION
Given ,

………………..(1)

We have , X(m)=

X(0)=

=
As N=8, therefore , n=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
X(0)=x(0)+x(1)+……..x(7)
On putting different values of n in (1) we get values of x(0)….x(7). But as equation (1) is
sum of sinusoidal function , sinusoidal has real values lies in[-1,1]. So all values of x(n) will
also be real.

Report
36
VHDL entity test is port ( data : in std_logic; clk : in std_logic; rset : in
std_logic; q : out std_logic ); end test; architcture behav of test is begin process
(clk) begin if (clk’event and clk =’1’) then if (reset =’0’) then q <= ‘0’; else q
<= data; end if; end if; end process; end behav; VERILOG module test (data,
clk, reset, q); input data, clk, reset; output q; reg q; always @ (posedge clk) if
(reset) q = 1’b0; else q = data; endmodule The Above Verilog/VHDL module
depicts which sequential element:
Medium
Microprocessor
VHDL
entity test is
port
(
data : in std_logic;
clk : in std_logic;
rset : in std_logic;
q : out std_logic
);
end test;
architcture behav of test is
begin
process (clk)
begin
if (clk’event and clk =’1’) then
if (reset =’0’) then
q <= ‘0’;
else
q <= data;
end if;
end if;
end process;
end behav;
VERILOG
module test (data, clk, reset, q);
input data, clk, reset;
output q;
reg q;
always @ (posedge clk)
if ( reset)
q = 1’b0;
else q = data;
endmodule
The Above Verilog/VHDL module depicts which sequential element:
ARising edge Flip-flop with synchrounus Reset
BFalling edge Flip-flop with synchrounus Reset
CRising edge Flip-flop with asynchrounus Reset
DFalling edge Flip-flop with asynchrounus Reset

SOLUTION

in the given programming , ‘if’ condition is used to check occurrence of rising edge . and as
RESET is used with every clock cycle that indicates it is synchronous.

Report
37
An ideal p-n junction diode in seris with a 100 resistance is forward biased such
that the forward current flowing through the diode is 100 mA. If voltage across
this circuit is instantaneously reversed to 20 V at time instant t = to, then the
reverse current flowing through the diode at time instant t = to is approximately
given by
Easy
Basics of Semiconductors
An ideal p-n junction diode in seris with a 100 resistance is forward biased such that the
forward current flowing through the diode is 100 mA. If voltage across this circuit is
instantaneously reversed to 20 V at time instant t = to, then the reverse current flowing
through the diode at time instant t = to is approximately given by
A0 mA
B200 mA
C100 mA
D2 mA

SOLUTION

if a diode is conducting in forward bias and immediately switched to reverse bias voltage ,
the diode will allow to flow the current in reverse bias for short time so that the forward
voltage bleeds off, (or we can say for the time which diode takes to be in complete reverse
bias, it act as a short circuit). This is called reverse recovery time.

I=
= 200mA.

Report
38
Determine output voltage ‘V0’ for below circuit whre Vin = Sin (100 t)
Easy
Op-Amp and Voltage Reference Circuits
Determine output voltage ‘V0’ for below circuit whre Vin = Sin (100 t)

A2 Sin (100 t)
BSin (100 t)
CSin (200 t)
D0.5 Sin (100 t)

SOLUTION

from the figure it is clear that it is negative feedback, so voltage at inverting and non-
inverting terminal is same .
,
,
and
Apply nodal analysis at ‘A’ & ‘D’
 =0

=0
Put , , after solving we get

Sin (100 t)

Report
39
Determine the channel half-width for an n-channel silicon FET having Gate-to-
Source voltage, VGS = VP/4, where VP is the Pinch off voltage and drain
current, Id = 0. (Consider (a) Donor Concentration ND = 1015 electrons/cm3
(b) Channel half-width for VGS = 0 V is 3).
Hard
Single-Stage BJT and MOSFET Amplifiers
Determine the channel half-width for an n-channel silicon FET having Gate-to-Source
voltage, VGS = VP/4, where VP is the Pinch off voltage and drain current, Id = 0. (Consider (a)
Donor Concentration ND = 1015 electrons/cm3 (b) Channel half-width for VGS = 0 V is 3
).
A2.25
B3
C1.5
D0.75

SOLUTION
Given, ,
For,
As we know, for , →a=b
Here channel width='2'a
Therefore,

=3 →a=3

For any junction , width(depletion) =w=

= ,
]
…………………….(1)
For n-channel,

w=

w=width of junction i.e. (a-b)

………………………………………………………………(2)
On comparing (1) and (2)

For , →b=0 therfore,

Therefore,

Given ,

→b=1.5

Report
40
Design a single section, quarter wave impedance transformer at 5 GHz from
3.75 cm x 2 cm guide to 3.75 cm x 1 cm guide. Assume air filled wave guide
with transformer section having same width as that of the input and output
sections.
Hard
Waveguides
Design a single section, quarter wave impedance transformer at 5 GHz from 3.75 cm x 2 cm
guide to 3.75 cm x 1 cm guide. Assume air filled wave guide with transformer section having
same width as that of the input and output sections.
AHeight = 1.414 cm, Length = 3 cm
BHeight = 1.5 cm, Length = 2.5 cm
CHeight = 1.414 cm, Length = 2.5 cm
DHeight = 1.5 cm, Length = 3 cm

SOLUTION

height =1.414cm
Length = 2.5cm

Report
41
A four port directional coupler has 4:1 power splitting ratio and has dissipation
loss of 3dB. The coupler directivity is 40dB. What fraction of input power P1
will go to ports P2 and P3?
Hard
Measurement, Components and Devices
A four port directional coupler has 4:1 power splitting ratio and has dissipation loss of 3dB.
The coupler directivity is 40dB. What fraction of input power P1 will go to ports P2 and P3?

AP2 = 0.4 x P1, P3 = 0.1 x P1

BP2 = 0.8 x P1, P3 = 0.2 x P1
CP2 = 0.6 x P1, P3 = 0.15 X P1
DP2 = 0.1 x P1, P3 = 0.4 x P1
SOLUTION

power splitting ratio =4:1

Directivity = 10

40= 10
P4= P3

Dissipation loss = 10

3 = 10

= =0.5
Loss itself is 0.5P1, remaining power is = P1-0.5P1 =0.5P1
This remaining power is divided into 4:1 power splitting ratio.

Therefore, power in P2=

=0.4P1

Similarly, P3 =
= 0.1P1

Report
42
A cell phone transmits at a power level of 800mW with an antenna gain of 3.0
dB. The cell tower has an antenna gain of 10.0 dB and is at a distance of 5 km
away. Transmission frequency is 600 MHz. Noise level at Receiver Input is -95
dBm and required Signal to Noise ratio to close the link is 5dB. Find the link
margin in dB. (assume )
Hard
RADAR and Optical Fibers
A cell phone transmits at a power level of 800mW with an antenna gain of 3.0 dB. The cell
tower has an antenna gain of 10.0 dB and is at a distance of 5 km away. Transmission
frequency is 600 MHz. Noise level at Receiver Input is -95 dBm and required Signal to Noise
ratio to close the link is 5dB. Find the link margin in dB. (assume )
A150 dB
B60 dB
C30 dB
D35 dB

SOLUTION
 = transmitted power
=transmitter gain =3dB=10 =>

=effective aperture =
R= distance from transmitter
= =10dB = 10 =>
On putting values, we get, =
Given noise(N) in dB=-95dBm =10

ratio in dB :

10 =10log - 10logN
=10 log - (-95)
=35dB

Required ratio in dB = 5dB

Link margin in dB=35dB-5dB
= 30dB

Report
43
What is the value of magnetic flux in Weber, if it is 2000 in Maxwell?
Medium
Electrostatics
What is the value of magnetic flux in Weber, if it is 2000 in Maxwell?
A2 x 10-5
B2 x 10-3
C2 x 105
D2 x 103

SOLUTION

1 Maxwell =
2000 Maxwell = 2000
=2

Report
44
How resistence of Eureka varies with temperature?
Medium
Basic Electrical Engineering
How resistence of Eureka varies with temperature?
ADecreases
BLinearly Increases
CRemains Constant
DExponentially increases

SOLUTION

Eureka is a copper-nickel alloy which is also known as constantan wire. It has a constant
resistance over a wide temperature range.

Report
45
A resistor R1 = 4K is connected across the secondary of transformer for which
L1 = 0.2H, 250V Peak voltage at 400 rad/sec is applied to primary winding of
transformer.
Hard
Circuits Analysis and Applications of Diodes, BJT, FET and MOSFET
A resistor R1 = 4K is connected across the secondary of transformer for which L1 =
0.2H, 250V Peak voltage at 400 rad/sec is applied to primary winding of transformer.
A353.55 V
B500 V
C882.3 V
D1000 V

SOLUTION

W= 400rad/sec

Mutual coupling (M)= K

= 0.5
= 0.5
Transformer equation :

+0

250 = (0.2)
…………………………………………………………………………(1)
For secondary,

0.5
Peak value across R 0.5
=882.33V

Report
46
For a network shown in figure, Calculate current i2.
Hard
Network Equations and Solution Methods
For a network shown in figure, Calculate current i2.

A2/3 A
B3/2 A
C1/3 A
DNone of the above

SOLUTION

In the given circuit , we can use superposition principle. While using the voltage source
current source is open circuited, and while using the current source voltage source is short
circuited.

And calculate

Report
47
For a network shown in figure, a steady state is reached with switch k is open.
Switch is closed at time t = 0. Calculate (di1/dt) and (di2/dt) at t = 0+
Hard
Steady State equations and Analysis
For a network shown in figure, a steady state is reached with switch k is open. Switch is
closed at time t = 0. Calculate (di1/dt) and (di2/dt) at t = 0+

A16.67 A/sec and -4.16 x 104 A/sec

B16.67 A/sec and -3.33 x 104 A/sec
C25 A/sec and -4.16 x 104 A/sec
D25 A/sec and -3.33 x 104 A/sec

SOLUTION

In steady state at t=

Inductor short circuit ,

Capacitor open circuit, 0A

=
Inductor does not allow sudden change in current and capacitor does not allow sudden change
in voltage.
So and
The equivalent circuit at t= is,
Where ,

Also,

= v

For inductor,

=
= 16.67 A/sec
KVL for capacitor branch,
100V=
On differentiating w.r.t ‘t’

0=20 + …………………………..(1)

Also, =

Also., C = → ………….(2)
Put (2) in (1)

0= 20
Given, C=2

=-4.16

= =-4.16 A/s

Report
48
Signal flow diagram of following analog computer circuit is
Hard
Basics of Control System
Signal flow diagram of following analog computer circuit is

SOLUTION
Converting this into SFG, we get

Report
49
Find the variance of the distribution shown in the figure.
Medium
Statistics
Find the variance of the distribution shown in the figure.

SOLUTION

As it has constant pdf that means it has uniform distribution. And for uniform distribution of
pdf , we have formula
Variance= mean square value

Mean =

Mean square value =

here, b=

therefore, variance =

Report
50
Fourier transform of te-at u(t), (where, a>0, u(t) is the Unit step function) is:
Medium
Fouries Series and Its Application
Fourier transform of te-at u(t), (where, a>0, u(t) is the Unit step function) is:

SOLUTION

X(w)=
As we know the properties of F.T

(-jt)x(t)

(-jt)

Report
51
Consider waveforms and , (), to be used for non-coherent binary FSK
signalling. If the symbol duration is T seconds, and is constant arbitary angle
from 0 to 2, what is the minimum separation required between f1 and f2 for
non-coherent, orthogonal FSK?
Medium
PSK, DPSK and ASK, FSK

Consider waveforms and ,( ), to be used for non-

coherent binary FSK signalling. If the symbol duration is T seconds, and is constant arbitary
angle from 0 to 2 , what is the minimum separation required between f1 and f2 for non-
coherent, orthogonal FSK?

SOLUTION

For bit ‘1’ →

For bit ‘0’ → ,

Condition for orthogonality of signals,

Therefore,
On further solving and equating the components to zero we get
Sin[2 ]] = Sin …………………(1)
Sin[2 ]= Sin ……………………..(2)
Sin[2 ]= Sin , when
2
n =0 is not possible because it is given that ( )
therefore, 2
Report
52
Let and . If What is x[n] in terms of unit discrete step function u(n)?
Medium
Z-Transform

Let and .

If
What is x[n] in terms of unit discrete step function u(n)?
A2(0.2)nu(n)-(0.1)nu(n)
B2(0.1)nu(n)-(0.2)nu(n)
C(0.2)nu(n)-(0.1)nu(n)
D(0.1)nu(n)-(0.2)nu(n)

SOLUTION

expression for DTFT is :

X[ ]=

x[n] = .dw

DTFT of , when |a|<1

Therefore,

X[ ]=
Using partial fraction,

On solving we get, A=2,B=-1

Now taking inverse DTFT of we get ,

. 2(0.2)nu(n)-(0.1)nu(n)

Report
53
What is the content of Accumulator in binary after execution of following 8051
Assembly code : MOV A, #27h MOV R1, A SWAP A ANLA, # OFH MOV B,
#10 MULAB MOV R2, A MOV A, #R1 ANL A, #0FH ADD A, R2
Easy
 Microprocessor
What is the content of Accumulator in binary after execution of following 8051 Assembly
code :
MOV A, #27h
MOV R1, A
SWAP A
ANLA, # OFH
MOV B, #10
MULAB
MOV R2, A
MOV A, #R1
ANL A, #0FH
ADD A, R2
A00011011
B01110010
C01010101
D11001011

SOLUTION

Report
54
In a 16-Bit micro-controller if a two-dimensional integer array A[5][7] is stored
at base location 0x8000, What is the address of A[4][2]?
Easy
Microprocessor
In a 16-Bit micro-controller if a two-dimensional integer array A[5][7] is stored at base
location 0x8000, What is the address of A[4][2]?
A0x800C
B0x803C
C0x801F
D0x840

SOLUTION

microcontroller follows byte addressing storage method, even though it is 16-bit controller
,each address location stores only 1 bye.
Given 2’Dimensional array A[5][7] has total of 5 rows and 7 column. Array will be stored in
memory by each row wise. Each row is having 7 elements , each of 2 bytes (16bits), which
requires total of 14bytes(7 2).
Address of A[4][2]= + +
= +(
=

Report
55
Content of variable flag after following ‘C’ code execution: Unsigned char flag
= 0x7C; flag=flag | 0x80; flag=flag | (1<<4); flag&=~(1<<7); flag^=(1<<6);
Hard
Microprocessor
Content of variable flag after following ‘C’ code execution:
Unsigned char flag = 0x7C;
flag=flag | 0x80;
flag=flag | (1<<4);
flag&=~(1<<7);
flag^=(1<<6);
A0x1C
B0x20
C0x24
D0x3C

SOLUTION

Unsigned char flag = 0x7C;

flag=01111100
flag=flag | 0x80;
it is bitwise OR operation.
Flag =00111100=0x3C

Report
56
Process P1, P2 and P3 with execution time of 6 ms, 4 ms and 2 ms respectively
enter in ready state together in order P1, P2, P3. Calculate the waiting and
turnaround time of Process P1. Assuming no wait time due to I/O and round
scheduling with time slot of 2 ms.
Hard
Microprocessor
Process P1, P2 and P3 with execution time of 6 ms, 4 ms and 2 ms respectively enter in ready
state together in order P1, P2, P3. Calculate the waiting and turnaround time of Process P1.
Assuming no wait time due to I/O and round scheduling with time slot of 2 ms.
A6 ms, 12ms
B6 ms, 10 ms
C4 ms, 4 ms
D4 ms, 6 ms

SOLUTION

Round robin is a CPU scheduling algorithm where each process is assigned a fixed time slot
in a cyclic way.
Turnaround time (TAT) is the time interval from the time of submission of a process to the
time of the completion of the process. It can also be considered as the sum of the time periods
spent waiting to get into memory or ready queue, execution on CPU and executing
input/output

Report
57
A) HDL Coding /RTL Design B) Synthesis C) Static Timing Analysis D) Place
and Route E) Programming file generation What is the correct order of FPGA
design flow?
Hard
Microprocessor
A) HDL Coding /RTL Design
B) Synthesis
C) Static Timing Analysis
D) Place and Route
E) Programming file generation
What is the correct order of FPGA design flow?
AA,B,C,D,E
BA,B,D,C,E
CB,D,C,E,A
DC,A,D,E,B

SOLUTION

Report
58
Electric Field of 1 V/m is applied to a Boron doped Silicon semiconductor slab
having doping density of 1016 atoms/cm3 at 300K temperature. Determine the
approcimate resistivity of the slab. (Consider intrinsic carrier concentration of
Silicon at 300 K = 1.5 x 1010 / cm3 Hole Mobility =500 cm2/Vs at 300 K;
Electron Mobilty = 1300 cm2/Vs at 300 K).
Easy
Carrier Transport
Electric Field of 1 V/m is applied to a Boron doped Silicon semiconductor slab having
doping density of 1016 atoms/cm3 at 300K temperature. Determine the approcimate resistivity
of the slab. (Consider intrinsic carrier concentration of Silicon at 300 K = 1.5 x 1010 /
cm3 Hole Mobility =500 cm2/Vs at 300 K; Electron Mobilty = 1300 cm2/Vs at 300 K).
A0.48 -cm
B0.35 -cm
C0.16 -cm
D1.25 -cm

SOLUTION

conductivity of extrinsic semiconductor( )= nq +pq

here , n and p are no. of electrons and protons respectively
q=1.6
=1300 cm2/Vs
500 cm2/Vs
As it is Boron doped Silicon semiconductor so it is p-type.
Therefore p= =1016 atoms/cm3

Using mass action law , n=

Then , = 1.6 (n )
,

Resistivity ( ) =
=1.25 -cm

Report
59
What will be the voltage reading of DC Volmeter placed across the terminals of
the Diode in the circuit below, Having the following periodical input signal ‘Vi
(t)’ (Assume cut-in voltage of the Diode = 0 V; Forward resistance of the Diode
=2)
Hard
Circuits Analysis and Applications of Diodes, BJT, FET and MOSFET
What will be the voltage reading of DC Volmeter placed across the terminals of the Diode in
the circuit below,
Having the following periodical input signal ‘Vi (t)’

(Assume cut-in voltage of the Diode = 0 V; Forward resistance of the Diode = 2 )

A1.25 V
B2.5 V
C0 V
D0.1 V

SOLUTION

Multimeter always reads average value of a signal in DC mode.

Graph for

Cut in voltage of diode =0V

Forward resistance ( ) = 2 .
For positive half cycle ,D1 is forward biased and it can be replaced by its resistance.

Voltage across 2 is = =

But multimeter is connected in reverse , so voltage in multimeter ( )=

= =-0.4V
i.e. waveform for multimeter becomes,

For (-ve half cycle), diode is in off state because it is reversed biased. Therefore
circuit becomes

=-
So, complete will be:

Average value =

=
=
= 2.5V

Report
60
A monostatic pulsed radar operating at 30GHz has a transmitter with 2KW O/P power and an
antenna with 30dB gain. Minimum detectable signal in the receiver is -100dBm. Determine
the maximum range of the radar, if it is requidred to detect a target having radar cross section
of 10sq.m (consider log10 4 = 1.1). Assume EM wave propagate under ideal conditions.
Easy
RADAR and Optical Fibers
A monostatic pulsed radar operating at 30GHz has a transmitter with 2KW O/P power and an
antenna with 30dB gain. Minimum detectable signal in the receiver is -100dBm. Determine
the maximum range of the radar, if it is requidred to detect a target having radar cross section
of 10sq.m (consider log10 4 = 1.1). Assume EM wave propagate under ideal conditions.
A10 km
B21.5 km
C56 km
D100 km

SOLUTION

Given data are

F=30GHz =>

30 =>

Radar range equation :

R =(
On putting all values. We get
R= m=10km

Report
61
Which of the following statement is not true about delay line cancellers?
Hard
RADAR and Optical Fibers
Which of the following statement is not true about delay line cancellers?
AIt eliminates DC components of fixed targets and passes AC components of moving targets
BIt is used in moving target indicator radar
CTime delay in one channel of the delay line canceller is one half of the pulse repetition
period
DIt rejects any moving target whose Doppler frequency happens to be the same as the PRF or
a multiple thereof

SOLUTION

Delay lines are used in moving target indicator radar. moving target indicator removes the
clutter due to stationary targets and ground objects. The basic principle of moving target
indicator is to compare a set of received echoes with those received during the previous
sweep and cancelling out those whose phase has remain unchanged. Stationary target will
give same phase in every cycle unlike moving targey. A single pulse of the received signal at
the PRF(pulse repetition frequency) i.e the reciprocal of the time between successive pulses

was stored in the delay line. .

Report
62
An air filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 75 mm, b = 37.5 mm has same guide
wavelength at frequencies f1 and f2 when operated at TE10 and TE20 modes respectively. If
the frequency f1 is GHz, what is frequency f2 in GHz?
Hard
Waveguides
An air filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 75 mm, b = 37.5 mm has same guide
wavelength at frequencies f1 and f2 when operated at TE10 and TE20 modes respectively. If the

frequency f1 is GHz, what is frequency f2 in GHz?

A10
B5

SOLUTION

Given , a=75mm
b=37.5mm

As we know, guide wavelength in rectangular waveguide,

Cut-off frequency is given by ,

And Cut-off frequency in case of air-filled waveguide ,

For mode,

For mode,

Now,

=
On solving we get,

Report
63
A waveguide of dimensions a = 15 mm and b = 7.5 mm is used as a high-pass filter. If the
stop band attenuation required at 8 GHz is ~109.2 dB, what is the length of the filter?
(assume conductor losses to be zero, approximate = 3.14 and 1 Np ~8.69 dB) (log10 e =
0.4343)
Medium
Waveguides
A waveguide of dimensions a = 15 mm and b = 7.5 mm is used as a high-pass filter. If the
stop band attenuation required at 8 GHz is ~109.2 dB, what is the length of the filter?
(assume conductor losses to be zero, approximate = 3.14 and 1 Np ~8.69 dB) (log10 e =
0.4343)
A100 mm
B869 mm
C86.9 mm
D54.6 mm

SOLUTION

a=15mm, b=7.5mm

For

Propagation constant

If , the will become real and it will attenuate.

Therefore,
For m=1, n=0

For dominate mode ,

=10 =40𝜋
So ,
Attenuation at 8GHz= -109.2dB
As we know in a waveguide, if input is then o/p after travelling z distance

20 = -109.2dB
On solving, we get ,
z=100mm

Report
64
An RF signal is applied to a 50 lossless transmission line which is terminated in a load with
impedance, ZL = j50. The wavelength is 8 cm. Find the position of voltage and current
maximum respectively nearest to the load measured from load end?
Hard
Transmission Lines
An RF signal is applied to a 50 lossless transmission line which is terminated in a load
with impedance, ZL = j50. The wavelength is 8 cm. Find the position of voltage and current
maximum respectively nearest to the load measured from load end?
A1 cm, 3 cm
B3 cm, 1 cm
C3 cm, 5 cm
D5 cm, 3 cm

SOLUTION

, it is purely imaginary.
We know,
if load is resistive then waveform of is

if load is purely inductive then waveform of is

 , this is equation to find location of maxima.

Reflection coefficient ( ) = =

Therefore,

=1cm (it is voltage maxima)

From the above drawn waveform we have seen that current maxima occurs after distance

= 1+ =1+ = 3cm

Report
65
Which of the following Oscillation types this waveform represents when the difference
between input frequency and natural frequency is small? Assume the generating system to be
a lossless mechanical system.
Medium
Basics of Control System
Which of the following Oscillation types this waveform represents when the difference
between input frequency and natural frequency is small? Assume the generating system to be
a lossless mechanical system.
ADamped Forced Oscillation
BUndamped Forced Vibration
CDamped Vibration
DNone of the above

SOLUTION

Damped means gradually reduces to oscillation , but here the oscillations are sustained.

Report
66
Identify the correct sequence of stages in charging of a Lead-Acid battery.
Hard
Basic Electrical Engineering
Identify the correct sequence of stages in charging of a Lead-Acid battery.
AConstant Current, Topping, Float
BTopping, Constant Current, Float
CFloat, Topping, Constant Current
DFloat, Constant Current, Topping

SOLUTION

The lead acid battery uses the constant current constant voltage (CC/CV) charge method. A
regulated current raises the terminal voltage until the upper charge voltage limit is reached, at
which point the current drops due to saturation. Lead acid batteries should be charged in three
stages, which are [1] constant-current charge, [2] topping charge and [3] float charge. The
constant-current charge applies the bulk of the charge and takes up roughly half of the
required charge time; the topping charge continues at a lower charge current and provides
saturation, and the float charge compensates for the loss caused by self-discharge.

Report
67
A rocket with lift-off mass of m0 is launched from ground level. During flight, fuel burns at a
constant rate for seconds and exhaust gases are ejecting from the bottom of the rocket at
Kg/sec with speed of cm/s relative to the rocket. Ignoring air resistance and assume
acceleration due to gravity, g as constant, which of the following expression represents
velocity of rocket v(t).
Hard
Satellite and Optical Communication
A rocket with lift-off mass of m0 is launched from ground level. During flight, fuel burns at a
constant rate for seconds and exhaust gases are ejecting from the bottom of the rocket
at Kg/sec with speed of cm/s relative to the rocket. Ignoring air resistance and assume
acceleration due to gravity, g as constant, which of the following expression represents
velocity of rocket v(t).

A
B

SOLUTION

Initial mass = m0
Rate of decrease in mass = βt
In rocket, mass decreases exponentially and depends upon initial velocity of rocket too.
βt = m0 – m0e-u/c

e-u/c =

u = -c ln
Now applying v(t) = u + at

v(t) = -c ln - gt

Report
68
For a conservative vector field F below, which of the following is the scalar Potential? F = a
is an integer
Hard
Electrostatics
For a conservative vector field F below, which of the following is the scalar Potential?

F= a is an integer
ACannot be found

SOLUTION

for a conservative /irrotational field

=0
 =0
On solving it for ‘a’, we get
a =1
now, ( ) +( ) ……………….(1)
as we know , , where V is scalar potential.

…………………(2)
On comparing (1) and (2)

= + f(y, z) {f(y,z) is a constant}

= + f(y, z)
Similarly, =

Therefore V= + +

V=

Report
69
A cylindrical waveguide with radious of 3.5 cm has waves travelling in TM12 mode. The
value of 1st zero of 2nd order Bessel function is 7. Find the cut-off wavelength for this mode.
Medium
Waveguides
A cylindrical waveguide with radious of 3.5 cm has waves travelling in TM12 mode. The
value of 1st zero of 2nd order Bessel function is 7. Find the cut-off wavelength for this mode.
A cm
B1.5 cm
C2 cm
D /2 cm

SOLUTION

for circular waveguide in modes.

n= 1 (first zero);m=2(second order)

Given, , a=3.5cm
Therefore ,

Cut-off wavelength( = =>

Report
70
Consider a mechanical system shown in figure.Masses are free to slide over frictionless
horizontal surface. The equation of motion of mass m1 is
Hard
Satellite and Optical Communication
Consider a mechanical system shown in figure.Masses are free to slide over frictionless
horizontal surface. The equation of motion of mass m1 is

SOLUTION

In this question by analysing the free body diagram of m1 and m2. We can get the equation of
motion.

Report
71
For a feedback system shown below, If Kt = 0 and Ka = 5, then steady state error for unit
ramp input is 0.2. What will be the new value of Kt and Ka if damping ratio is increased to
0.5 without affecting steady state error.
Hard
Time Domain Analysis
For a feedback system shown below, If Kt = 0 and Ka = 5, then steady state error for unit
ramp input is 0.2. What will be the new value of Kt and Ka if damping ratio is increased to
0.5 without affecting steady state error.

AKt = 1.5, Ka = 1.25

BKt = 1.5, Ka = 12.5
CKt = 15, Ka = 12.5
DKt = 15, Ka = 1.25

SOLUTION

G(s) =

G(s)= & H(s)=1

Therefore, =

On comparing it with standard 2nd order equation which is

We get , →

Also , given,
………………………………….(1)

Also steady state error,

As, R(t)=tu(t)→R(s)=

Therefore,

=
Given ,
 …………………………………………………..(2)
On solving (1) and (2), we get

Report
72
For a negative unity feedback system, Gain is given by G(s) = 0.25/((s2+1)(8s+3)) Transfer
function of a lead compensator aimed at achieving gain crossover frequency of 0.5rad/sec and
phase margin of 30 deg is
Medium
Compensators and Controllers
For a negative unity feedback system, Gain is given by
G(s) = 0.25/((s2+1)(8s+3))
Transfer function of a lead compensator aimed at achieving gain crossover frequency of
0.5rad/sec and phase margin of 30 deg is

SOLUTION

Putting ω=0.5rad/sec in all the options, only option (C) gives |G(jω)|=1

G(jω)=
|G(jω)|= 1

Report
73
A sensitivity of transfer function T=(A1+kA2)/ (A3+kA4) with respect to parameter k is
given by
Hard
Feedback Principle and Frequency Response
A sensitivity of transfer function T=(A1+kA2)/ (A3+kA4) with respect to parameter k is given
by
Ak(A2A3 – A1A4)/ ((A3 + kA4) (A1 + kA2))
B(A2A3 – A1A4)/ ((A3 + kA4)2)
Ck(A2A3 – A1A4)/ ((A3 + kA4)2)
D(A2A3 – A1A4)/ ((A3 + kA4) (A1 + kA2))

SOLUTION

T=(A1+kA2)/ (A3+kA4)

Sensitivity , =

=
On putting given values,

Report
74
If over the course of a day, the maximum electron density in the ionosphere varies from 1011
to 1012 m3; the critical frequency changes approximately from:
Hard
Satellite and Optical Communication
If over the course of a day, the maximum electron density in the ionosphere varies from
1011 to 1012 m3; the critical frequency changes approximately from:
A2.2 MHz to 7 MHz
B2.5 MHz to 8 MHz
C2.8 MHz to 9 MHz
D3.2 MHz to 10 MHz

SOLUTION

Critical frequency of ionosphere is the limiting frequency at or below which wave component
is reflected by and above which wave penetrates through ionospheric layer .it depends upon
electron density of ionosphere.
,
For N= , = 2.8MHz
For N= , = 9MHz

Report
75
What is the peak to average power ratio for the signal x(t) = A sin (wt) with 50% duty cycle?
Hard
 Basic of Signals and Systems
What is the peak to average power ratio for the signal x(t) = A sin (wt) with 50% duty cycle?
A0 dB
B1 dB
C3 dB
D6 dB

SOLUTION

x(t)=A sin (wt)

Given, Duty cycle =

Therefore,

Peak power =

10

Report
76
A binary communication system receives equally likely symbole x1 (t) and x2 (t) plus
Additive White Gaussian Noise at the input of matched detector. If the noise power spectral
density (N0) is 10-11 W/Hz, compute Eb/N0 (in dB). Assume system characteristics
impedance as 1 .
Hard
SNR, BER and Bandwidth
A binary communication system receives equally likely symbole x1 (t) and x2 (t) plus
Additive White Gaussian Noise at the input of matched detector. If the noise power spectral
density (N0) is 10-11 W/Hz, compute Eb/N0 (in dB). Assume system characteristics impedance
as 1 .

A3 dB
B4 dB
C7 dB
D10 dB

SOLUTION

As the signal and noise are in additive form, we can do the separate analysis of signal and
noise.
Binary ‘1’ ,
Binary ‘0’ ,

Energy per bit , for binary 1; =

=
=5

Given,

= 10 log 5
=7dB
Report
77
x(t) = { 1, 0tT 0, otherwise } h(t) = { t, 0t2T 0, otherwise } Calculate y(t) =x(t) * y(t), where
* denotes convolution for interval T t 2T
Hard
Convolution and Its Properties
x(t) = {
1, 0 t T
0, otherwise
}
h(t) = {
t, 0 t 2T
0, otherwise
}
Calculate y(t) =x(t) * y(t), where * denotes convolution for interval T t 2T
A0
B0.5t2
CTt – 0.5T2
D-0.5t2 + Tt +2.5T2

SOLUTION

y(t) = x(t) * y(t) .

y(t)=

= [T( )- ] +0
=T

Report
78
Which of these is non-operational attribute of embedded system?
Hard
Microprocessor
Which of these is non-operational attribute of embedded system?
AResponse
BThroughput
CSecurity
DPortability

SOLUTION

Operational Quality Attributes.:- These are attributes related to operation or functioning of

an embedded system. The way an embedded system operates affects its overall quality. Some
of the Operational Attributes are:
•Response
•Throughput
•Reliability
•Maintainability
•Security
•Safety
Non Operational Attributes :- These are attributes not related to operation or functioning of
an embedded system. The way an embedded system operates affects its overall quality.These
are the attributes that are associated with the embedded system before it can be put in
operation. Some of non-operational attributes are :
•Testability and Debug-ability
•Evolvability
•Portability
•Time to prototype and market
•Per unit and total cost

Report
79
For the below mentioned 8051 assembly code Time elapse : MOV R0, #100 Part 1 : MOV
R1, #50 Part 2 : MOV R2, #248 Part 3 : DJNZ R2, Part3 : DJNZ R1, Part2 : DJNZ R0, Part1
Assumptions: •Microcontroller is running at 12 MHz frequency and 1 machine cycle is
having 12 clock cycles •MOV instruction takes 1 Machine cycle •DJNZ instruction takes 2
Machine cycle Calculate time required for execution of Part 1
Hard
Microprocessor
For the below mentioned 8051 assembly code
Time elapse : MOV R0, #100
Part 1 : MOV R1, #50
Part 2 : MOV R2, #248
Part 3 : DJNZ R2, Part3
: DJNZ R1, Part2
: DJNZ R0, Part1
Assumptions:
•Microcontroller is running at 12 MHz frequency and 1 machine cycle is having 12 clock
cycles
•MOV instruction takes 1 Machine cycle
•DJNZ instruction takes 2 Machine cycle
Calculate time required for execution of Part 1
A2495600
B2496300
C2495300
D2496600

SOLUTION

calculation of execution time for part-3:

1 machine cycle=12 = 12 =1

Code in part will be executed 248 times, so part3 execution time is

=248
DJNZ instruction takes 2 Machine cycle
=248
= 496
Code in part 2 will executed 50 times. So execution time for part 2 is
=50[1 ]
=50(499 )
Code in part 1 will executed 100 times. So execution time for part 1 is
=100[1 +50(499 )+2 ]
=2495300

Report
80
A) Program Counter (PC) Pushed to Stack B) Generate LCALL to ISR C) Complete
Execution of instruction in progress D) Clear the interrupt flag E) Set interrupt in progress
Correct order of execution of action taken by 8051 micro-controllers when an interrupt
occurs:
Hard
Microprocessor
A) Program Counter (PC) Pushed to Stack
B) Generate LCALL to ISR
C) Complete Execution of instruction in progress
D) Clear the interrupt flag
E) Set interrupt in progress
Correct order of execution of action taken by 8051 micro-controllers when an interrupt
occurs:
AC,A,D,E,B
BA,B,D,E,C
CC,D,B,E,A,
DA,C,B,D,E

SOLUTION

when an interrupt occurs:

(i) Microcontroller finishes the instruction it is executing.
(ii) Then it saves the address of next instructions (PC) on the stack.
(iii) It jumps to a fixed location in memory called the interrupt vector table that holds the
address of the interrupt service routine.
(iv) Then it generates LCALL to ISR. After executing ISR, the microcontroller returns to the
place where it was interrupted.

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